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Kaye JP, Majumdar A, Gries C, Buyantuyev A, Grimm NB, Hope D, Jenerette GD, Zhu WX, Baker L. Hierarchical Bayesian scaling of soil properties across urban, agricultural, and desert ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 18:132-145. [PMID: 18372561 DOI: 10.1890/06-1952.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists increasingly use plot-scale data to inform research and policy related to regional and global environmental change. For soil chemistry research, scaling from the plot to the region is especially difficult due to high spatial variability at all scales. We used a hierarchical Bayesian model of plot-scale soil nutrient pools to predict storage of soil organic carbon (oC), inorganic carbon (iC), total nitrogen (N), and available phosphorus (avP) in a 7962-km2 area including the Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area and its desert and agricultural surroundings. The Bayesian approach was compared to a traditional approach that multiplied mean values for urban mesic residential, urban xeric residential, nonresidential urban, agricultural, and desert areas by the aerial coverage of each land-use type. Both approaches suggest that oC, N, and avP are correlated with each other and are higher (in g/m2) in mesic residential and agricultural areas than in deserts or xeric residential areas. In addition to traditional biophysical variables, cultural variables related to impervious surface cover, tree cover, and turfgrass cover were significant in regression models predicting the regional distribution of soil properties. We estimate that 1140 Gg of oC have accumulated in human-dominated soils of this region, but a significant portion of this new C has a very short mean residence time in mesic yards and agricultural soils. For N, we estimate that 130 Gg have accumulated in soils, which explains a significant portion of "missing N" observed in the regional N budget. Predictions for iC differed between the approaches because the Bayesian approach predicted iC as a function of elevation while the traditional approach employed only land use. We suggest that Bayesian scaling enables models that are flexible enough to accommodate the diverse factors controlling soil chemistry in desert, urban, and agricultural ecosystems and, thus, may represent an important tool for ecological scaling that spans land-use types. Urban planners and city managers attempting to reduce C emissions and N pollution should consider ways that landscape choices and impervious surface cover affect city-wide soil C, N, and P storage.
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Majumdar G, Gaur R, Mittal S, Majumdar A. EMB-001 Comparative analysis of IVF outcomes with intracytoplasmic sperm injection using ejaculated versus testicular spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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178
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Kim W, Singer SL, Majumdar A. Tuning thermal transport in crystalline solids using embedded nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/92/1/012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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179
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Thammanomai A, Majumdar A, Bartolák-Suki E, Suki B. Effects of reduced tidal volume ventilation on pulmonary function in mice before and after acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1551-9. [PMID: 17690203 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00006.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of load impedance on ventilator performance and the resulting effects of reduced tidal volume (Vt) on lung physiology during a 30-min ventilation of normal mice and 10 min of additional ventilation following lavage-induced injury at two positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels. Respiratory mechanics were regularly monitored, and the lavage fluid was tested for the soluble E-cadherin, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule, and surfactant protein (SP) B. The results showed that, due to the load dependence of the delivered Vt from the small-animal ventilator: 1) uncontrolled ventilation in normal mice resulted in a lower delivered Vt (6 ml/kg at 3-cmH2O PEEP and 7 ml/kg at 6-cmH2O PEEP) than the prescribed Vt (8 ml/kg); 2) at 3-cmH2O PEEP, uncontrolled ventilation in normal mice led to an increase in lung parenchymal functional heterogeneity, a reduction of SP-B, and an increase in E-cadherin; 3) at 6-cmH2O PEEP, ventilation mode had less influence on these parameters; and 4) in a lavage model of acute respiratory distress syndrome, delivered Vt decreased to 4 ml/kg from the prescribed 8 ml/kg, which resulted in severely compromised lung function characterized by increases in lung elastance, airway resistance, and alveolar tissue heterogeneity. Furthermore, the low Vt ventilation also resulted in poor survival rate independent of PEEP. These results highlight the importance of delivering appropriate Vt to both the normal and injured lungs. By leaving the Vt uncompensated, it can significantly alter physiological and biological responses in mice.
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Dewanjee S, Kundu M, Maiti A, Majumdar R, Majumdar A, Mandel SC. In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extract from Plants Diospyros peregrina, Coccinia grandis and Swietenia macrophylla. TROP J PHARM RES 2007. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v6i3.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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181
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Majumdar G, Gaur R, Majumdar A, Mittal S. Zygote freezing yields better pregnancy outcome as compared to cleavage stage embryos in frozen-thawed embryo transfers. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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182
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Mittal S, Gaur R, Majumdar G, Majumdar A. Comparison of recombinant hCG vs. urinary hCG for final follicular maturation in IVF. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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183
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Suki B, Majumdar A, Nugent MA, Bates JHT. In silico modeling of interstitial lung mechanics: implications for disease development and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:139-145. [PMID: 18709177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we first review some of the published literature on structural modeling of the mechanical properties of the lung parenchyma. Based on a recent study, we demonstrate why mechanical dysfunction accompanying parenchymal diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema can follow a very different course from the progression of the underlying microscopic pathophysiology itself, particularly in the early stages. The key idea is related to the concept of percolation on elastic networks where the bulk modulus of the network suddenly changes when the fibrotic stiff regions or the emphysematous holes become suddenly connected across the network. We also introduce the concept of depercolation as a basis for the rational optimization of tissue repair. Specifically, we use these network models to predict the functional improvements that a hypothetical biological or tissue engineering repair could achieve. We find that rational targeted repair can have significant benefits over generic random repair. This concept may find application in the treatment of lung fibrosis, surgical, bronchoscopic, or biological lung volume reduction, or any future alveolar regeneration or tissue engineering solution to the repair of connective tissue damage of the lung.
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Chang CW, Okawa D, Garcia H, Majumdar A, Zettl A. Nanotube phonon waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:045901. [PMID: 17678375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.045901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We find that the high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes remains intact under severe structural deformations while the corresponding electrical resistance and thermoelectric power show compromised responses. Similar robust thermal transport against bending is found for boron nitride nanotubes. Surprisingly, for both systems the phonon mean free path exceeds the characteristic length of structural ripples induced by bending and approaches the theoretical limit set by the radius of curvature. The robustness of heat conduction in nanotubes refines the ultimate limit that is far beyond the reach of ordinary materials.
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Bates JHT, Davis GS, Majumdar A, Butnor KJ, Suki B. Linking parenchymal disease progression to changes in lung mechanical function by percolation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:617-23. [PMID: 17575096 PMCID: PMC1994222 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200611-1739oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanical dysfunction accompanying parenchymal diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema may follow a different course from the progression of the underlying microscopic pathophysiology itself, particularly in the early stages. It is tempting to speculate that this may reflect the geographical nature of lung pathology. However, merely ascribing mechanical dysfunction of the parenchyma to the vagaries of lesional organization is unhelpful without some understanding of how the two are linked. OBJECTIVES We attempt to forge such a link through a concept known as percolation, which has been invoked to account for numerous natural processes involving transmission of events across complex networks. METHODS We numerically determined the bulk stiffness (corresponding to the inverse of lung compliance) of a network of springs representing the lung parenchyma. We simulated the development of fibrosis by randomly stiffening individual springs in the network, and the development of emphysema by preferentially cutting springs under the greatest tension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS When the number of stiff springs was increased to the point that they suddenly became connected across the network, the model developed a sharp increase in its bulk modulus. Conversely, when the cut springs became sufficiently numerous, the elasticity of the network fell to zero. These two conditions represent percolation thresholds that we show are mirrored structurally in both tissue pathology and macroscopic computed tomography images of human idiopathic fibrosis and emphysema. CONCLUSIONS The concept of percolation may explain why the development of symptoms related to lung function and the development of parenchymal pathology often do not progress together.
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Jesudason R, Black L, Majumdar A, Stone P, Suki B. Differential effects of static and cyclic stretching during elastase digestion on the mechanical properties of extracellular matrices. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:803-11. [PMID: 17540839 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00057.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme activity plays an essential role in many physiological processes and diseases such as pulmonary emphysema. While the lung is constantly exposed to cyclic stretching, the effects of stretch on the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during digestion have not been determined. We measured the mechanical and failure properties of elastin-rich ECM sheets loaded with static or cyclic uniaxial stretch (40% peak strain) during elastase digestion. Quasistatic stress-strain measurements were taken during 30 min of digestion. The incremental stiffness of the sheets decreased exponentially with time during digestion. However, digestion in the presence of static stretch resulted in an accelerated stiffness decrease, with a time constant that was nearly 3 x smaller (7.1 min) than during digestion alone (18.4 min). These results were supported by simulations that used a nonlinear spring network model. The reduction in stiffness was larger during static than cyclic stretch, and the latter also depended on the frequency. Stretching at 20 cycles/min decreased stiffness less than stretching at 5 cycles/min, suggesting a rate-dependent coupling between mechanical forces and enzyme activity. Furthermore, pure digestion reduced the failure stress of the sheets from 88 +/- 21 kPa in control to 29 +/- 15 kPa (P < 0.05), while static and cyclic stretch resulted in a failure stress of 7 +/- 5 kPa (P < 0.05). We conclude that not only the presence but the dynamic nature of mechanical forces have a significant impact on enzyme activity, hence the deterioration of the functional properties of the ECM during exposure to enzymes.
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187
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Majumdar A, Newton CJP, Robbins JM, Zyskin M. Topology and bistability in liquid crystal devices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:051703. [PMID: 17677080 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We study nematic liquid crystal configurations in a prototype bistable device -- the post aligned bistable nematic (PABN) cell. Working within the Oseen-Frank continuum model, we describe the liquid crystal configuration by a unit-vector field n , in a model version of the PABN cell. First, we identify four distinct topologies in this geometry. We explicitly construct trial configurations with these topologies which are used as initial conditions for a numerical solver, based on the finite-element method. The morphologies and energetics of the corresponding numerical solutions qualitatively agree with experimental observations and suggest a topological mechanism for bistability in the PABN cell geometry.
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188
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Mitra S, Kundu S, Majumdar A, Pattari SK. A young male with paraplegia, massive cervical adenopathy and nondiagnostic biopsy specimens. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2007; 55:238-41. [PMID: 17598339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An 18-year-old man presenting with paraplegia due to spinal epidural infiltration at D6-D7 underwent laminectomy and spinal decompression followed by near-complete resolution of neurological symptoms; but this resolution was followed by progressively enlarging cervical lymph nodes. Leucocytosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a marked polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and a moderate hepatosplenomegaly were found. The diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), also known as Rosai-Dorfman disease was established histologically by lymph node biopsy about 2 years after presentation.
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189
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Bhattacharyya M, Todi SK, Majumdar A. Glargine insulin: an alternative to regular insulin for glycemic control in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2007. [PMCID: PMC4095185 DOI: 10.1186/cc5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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190
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Campistol-Plana J, Majumdar A, Fernández-Alvarez E. Palatal tremor in childhood: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48:982-4. [PMID: 17109787 DOI: 10.1017/s0012162206002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Palatal tremor (PT) is a rhythmic movement of the soft palate that often causes an ear click. PT can be symptomatic (SPT) or essential (EPT). The symptomatic form usually occurs in adults and the essential form mainly occurs in children. Several different treatments for EPT in children appear in the literature with variable reported efficacy. This report details four paediatric patients with EPT (three males, one female; mean age 6y 4mo [SD 6mo]; age at onset 6-7y) treated with piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide). Piracetam was used to treat EPT because of its antimyoclonic properties. All children showed a good response to doses of 100 to 300mg/kg/day. EPT relapsed on withdrawal of piracetam and remitted on reintroduction. Piracetam's effect on EPT was sustained. It is concluded that piracetam is an effective drug for the treatment of EPT in children.
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191
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Abstract
We demonstrated nanoscale solid-state thermal rectification. High-thermal-conductivity carbon and boron nitride nanotubes were mass-loaded externally and inhomogeneously with heavy molecules. The resulting nanoscale system yields asymmetric axial thermal conductance with greater heat flow in the direction of decreasing mass density. The effect cannot be explained by ordinary perturbative wave theories, and instead we suggest that solitons may be responsible for the phenomenon. Considering the important role of electrical rectifiers (diodes) in electronics, thermal rectifiers have substantial implications for diverse thermal management problems, ranging from nanoscale calorimeters to microelectronic processors to macroscopic refrigerators and energy-saving buildings.
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192
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Rosenblatt N, Alencar AM, Majumdar A, Suki B, Stamenović D. Dynamics of prestressed semiflexible polymer chains as a model of cell rheology. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:168101. [PMID: 17155438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a model of a prestressed nonlinear semiflexible polymer chain that links thermally driven dynamics to the creep behavior of living cells. Numerical simulations show that the chain's creep follows a power law with an exponent that decreases with increasing prestress. This is related to the propagation of free energy through the chain in response to stretching, where the propagation speed is regulated by the prestress via the chain's nonlinear elasticity. These results indicate that the main aspects of cell rheology are consistent with the dynamics of single polymer chains under tension.
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193
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Chang CW, Fennimore AM, Afanasiev A, Okawa D, Ikuno T, Garcia H, Li D, Majumdar A, Zettl A. Isotope effect on the thermal conductivity of boron nitride nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:085901. [PMID: 17026316 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.085901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity kappa(T) of individual multiwall boron nitride nanotubes using a microfabricated test fixture that allows direct transmission electron microscopy characterization of the tube being measured. kappa(T) is exceptionally sensitive to isotopic substitution, with a 50% enhancement in kappa(T) resulting for boron nitride nanotubes with 99.5% 11B. For isotopically pure boron nitride nanotubes, kappa rivals that of carbon nanotubes of similar diameter.
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194
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Kwak YD, Brannen CL, Qu T, Kim HM, Dong X, Soba P, Majumdar A, Kaplan A, Beyreuther K, Sugaya K. Amyloid precursor protein regulates differentiation of human neural stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:381-9. [PMID: 16846375 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyloid beta (Abeta) deposition has been a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the absence of a phenotype in the beta amyloid precursor protein (APP) knockout mouse, tends to detract our attention away from the physiological functions of APP. Although much attention has been focused on the neurotoxicity of Abeta, many studies suggest the involvement of APP in neuroplasticity. We found that secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) increased the differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in vitro, while an antibody-recognizing APP dose-dependently inhibited these activities. With a high dose of sAPP treatment or wild-type APP gene transfection, hNSCs were differentiated into astrocytes rather than neurons. In vivo, hNSCs transplanted into APP-transgenic mouse brain exhibited glial differentiation rather than neural differentiation. Our results suggest that APP regulates neural stem cell biology in the adult brain, and that altered APP metabolism in Down syndrome or AD may have implications for the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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195
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Ito S, Majumdar A, Kume H, Shimokata K, Naruse K, Lutchen KR, Stamenovic D, Suki B. Viscoelastic and dynamic nonlinear properties of airway smooth muscle tissue: roles of mechanical force and the cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L1227-37. [PMID: 16414980 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscoelastic and dynamic nonlinear properties of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle tissues were investigated by measuring the storage (G′) and loss (G") moduli using pseudorandom small-amplitude length oscillations between 0.12 and 3.5 Hz superimposed on static strains of either 10 or 20% of initial length. The G" and G′ spectra were interpreted using a linear viscoelastic model incorporating damping (G) and stiffness (H), respectively. Both G and H were elevated following an increase in strain from 10 to 20%. There was no change in harmonic distortion ( Kd), an index of dynamic nonlinearity, between 10 and 20% strains. Application of methacholine at 10% strain significantly increased G and H while it decreased Kd. Cytochalasin D, isoproterenol, and HA-1077, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, significantly decreased both G and H but increased Kd. Following cytochalasin D, G, H, and Kd were all elevated when mean strain increased from 10 to 20%. There were no changes in hysteresivity, G/H, under any condition. We conclude that not all aspects of the viscoelastic properties of tracheal smooth muscle strips are similar to those previously observed in cultured cells. We attribute these differences to the contribution of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, using a network model, we show that the dynamic nonlinear behavior, which has not been observed in cell culture, is associated with the state of the contractile stress and may derive from active polymerization within the cytoskeleton.
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196
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Ito S, Bartolák-Suki E, Shipley JM, Parameswaran H, Majumdar A, Suki B. Early emphysema in the tight skin and pallid mice: roles of microfibril-associated glycoproteins, collagen, and mechanical forces. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:688-94. [PMID: 16439805 PMCID: PMC2644230 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0002oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the development of emphysema in the tight skin (Tsk) and the pallid (Pa) mice are not well understood. We assessed the mechanical and nonlinear properties of the respiratory system, the alveolar structure, and the levels of microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGP) 1 and 2 in Tsk mice with developmental emphysema; in Pa mice, which are thought to develop adult onset emphysema; and their background, the C57BL/6 mice, at an age of 7 wk. Minor differences between collagen-related elastic properties of the lungs of the Pa and C57BL/6 mice were seen at this early age. The lungs of the Tsk mice were significantly softer yet more nonlinear than those of the Pa and C57BL/6 mice. The MAGP-1 levels were similar in all three groups. However, the level of MAGP-2, which is associated with both fibrillin-1 and collagen, was higher in the Tsk than in the Pa mice, which also had more MAGP-2 than the C57BL/6. Both the mean and the variance of alveolar diameters were larger in the Tsk than in the other two groups, while the variance in the Pa was larger than in the C57BL/6 mice, implying early development of heterogeneity. Using a network model of the parenchyma, we linked the pathophysiologic changes in the Tsk mice to mechanical forces and failure of the alveolar walls. Our findings suggest the possibility that MAGP-2-related abnormal collagen assembly, combined with mechanical forces, is involved in the progression of emphysema in the Tsk mice.
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197
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Suki B, Parameswaran H, Majumdar A. Lung tissue mechanics: from extracellular matrix to alveolar network behavior. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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198
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Kharbanda M, Todi S, Majumdar A, Basu S. Crit Care 2006; 10:P277. [DOI: 10.1186/cc4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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199
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Hoyte L, Krysl P, Chukkapalli G, Majumdar A, Choi D, Trivedi A, Warfield S, Damaser M. Computational model of levator ani muscle stretch during vaginal delivery. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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200
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Frey U, Brodbeck T, Majumdar A, Taylor DR, Town GI, Silverman M, Suki B. Risk of severe asthma episodes predicted from fluctuation analysis of airway function. Nature 2005; 438:667-70. [PMID: 16319891 DOI: 10.1038/nature04176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an increasing health problem worldwide, but the long-term temporal pattern of clinical symptoms is not understood and predicting asthma episodes is not generally possible. We analyse the time series of peak expiratory flows, a standard measurement of airway function that has been assessed twice daily in a large asthmatic population during a long-term crossover clinical trial. Here we introduce an approach to predict the risk of worsening airflow obstruction by calculating the conditional probability that, given the current airway condition, a severe obstruction will occur within 30 days. We find that, compared with a placebo, a regular long-acting bronchodilator (salmeterol) that is widely used to improve asthma control decreases the risk of airway obstruction. Unexpectedly, however, a regular short-acting beta2-agonist bronchodilator (albuterol) increases this risk. Furthermore, we find that the time series of peak expiratory flows show long-range correlations that change significantly with disease severity, approaching a random process with increased variability in the most severe cases. Using a nonlinear stochastic model, we show that both the increased variability and the loss of correlations augment the risk of unstable airway function. The characterization of fluctuations in airway function provides a quantitative basis for objective risk prediction of asthma episodes and for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy.
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