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Collinson S, Cairns JE, Ndlala L, Deonovic B, Ligeyo D, Albertsen M, Chivasa W, Mashingaidze K, Olsen MS, Ertiro BT, Prasanna BM. Ms44-SPT: unique genetic technology simplifies and improves hybrid maize seed production in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:32125. [PMID: 39738785 PMCID: PMC11686286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-83931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Hybrid maize seed production in Africa is dependent upon manual detasseling of the female parental lines, often resulting in plant damage that can lead to reduced seed yields on those detasseled lines. Additionally, incomplete detasseling can result in hybrid purity issues that can lead to production fields being rejected. A unique nuclear genetic male sterility seed production technology, referred to as Ms44-SPT, was developed to avoid hybrid seed loss and to improve the purity and quality of hybrid maize production. Hybrid seed yield reduction following detasseling can be attributed to leaf loss. Our analyses showed an average 2.9 leaves are lost during the detasseling process, resulting in a seed yield reduction of 14.0%. These findings suggest that deploying the Ms44-SPT technology would avoid this seed yield loss. By simplifying hybrid production and increasing seed yields, Ms44-SPT could help drive hybrid replacement, providing smallholder farmers with better access to improved hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Collinson
- Corteva Agriscience, 7000 NW 62Nd Ave, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Jill E Cairns
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 12.5 KM Peg, Mazowe Road, Mount Pleasant, MP163, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Lucia Ndlala
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC)- Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Dickson Ligeyo
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 450 30200, Kitale, Kenya
| | - Marc Albertsen
- Corteva Agriscience, 7000 NW 62Nd Ave, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Walter Chivasa
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kingstone Mashingaidze
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC)- Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael S Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Berhanu T Ertiro
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 25171, Nairobi, Kenya
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Islam T, Danishuddin, Tamanna NT, Matin MN, Barai HR, Haque MA. Resistance Mechanisms of Plant Pathogenic Fungi to Fungicide, Environmental Impacts of Fungicides, and Sustainable Solutions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2737. [PMID: 39409607 PMCID: PMC11478979 DOI: 10.3390/plants13192737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
The significant reduction in agricultural output and the decline in product quality are two of the most glaring negative impacts caused by plant pathogenic fungi (PPF). Furthermore, contaminated food or transit might introduce mycotoxins produced by PPF directly into the food chain. Eating food tainted with mycotoxin is extremely dangerous for both human and animal health. Using fungicides is the first choice to control PPF or their toxins in food. Fungicide resistance and its effects on the environment and public health are becoming more and more of a concern, despite the fact that chemical fungicides are used to limit PPF toxicity and control growth in crops. Fungicides induce target site alteration and efflux pump activation, and mutations in PPF result in resistance. As a result, global trends are shifting away from chemically manufactured pesticides and toward managing fungal plant diseases using various biocontrol techniques, tactics, and approaches. However, surveillance programs to monitor fungicide resistance and their environmental impact are much fewer compared to bacterial antibiotic resistance surveillance programs. In this review, we discuss the PPF that contributes to disease development in plants, the fungicides used against them, factors causing the spread of PPF and the emergence of new strains, the antifungal resistance mechanisms of PPF, health, the environmental impacts of fungicides, and the use of biocontrol agents (BCAs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and nanotechnologies to control PPF as a safe and eco-friendly alternative to fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Danishuddin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (D.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Noshin Tabassum Tamanna
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh;
| | - Muhammad Nurul Matin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (D.); (M.N.M.)
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Hasi Rani Barai
- School of Mechanical and IT Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Azizul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (D.); (M.N.M.)
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Maryenti T, Koshimizu S, Onda N, Ishii T, Yano K, Okamoto T. Wheat Cybrid Plants, OryzaWheat, Regenerated from Wheat-Rice Hybrid Zygotes via in Vitro Fertilization System Possess Wheat-Rice Hybrid Mitochondria. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1344-1357. [PMID: 39107984 PMCID: PMC11369819 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization generates biodiversity, and wide hybridization plays a pivotal role in enhancing and broadening the useful attributes of crops. The hybridization barrier between wheat and rice, the two most important cereals, was recently overcome by in vitro production of allopolyploid wheat-rice hybrid zygotes, which can develop and grow into mature plants. In the study, genomic sequences and compositions of the possible hybrid plants were investigated through short- and long-read sequencing analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based visualization. The possible hybrid possessed whole wheat nuclear and cytoplasmic DNAs and rice mitochondrial (mt) DNA, along with variable retention rates of rice mtDNA ranging from 11% to 47%. The rice mtDNA retained in the wheat cybrid, termed Oryzawheat, can be transmitted across generations. In addition to mitochondrial hybridization, translocation of rice chromosome 1 into wheat chromosome 6A was detected in a F1 hybrid individual. OryzaWheat can provide a new horizon for utilizing inter-subfamily genetic resources among wheat and rice belonging to different subfamilies, Pooideae and Ehrhartoideae, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tety Maryenti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Shizuka Koshimizu
- Bioinformation and DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Nonoka Onda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishii
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-001, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- WellGreen-i Co. Ltd., Kanagawa 215-0007, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Balint-Kurti P, Pataky J. Reconsidering the Lessons Learned from the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:2007-2016. [PMID: 38836794 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-24-0105-per] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 caused estimated losses of about 16% for the U.S. corn crop, equivalent to about $8 billion in current terms. The epidemic was caused by the prevalence of Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T), used to produce most of the hybrid corn seed planted that year, combined with the emergence of a novel race of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus that was exquisitely virulent on cms-T corn. Remarkably, the epidemic lasted just a single year. This episode has often been portrayed in the literature and textbooks over the last 50 years as a catastrophic mistake perpetrated by corn breeders and seed companies of the time who did not understand or account for the dangers of crop genetic uniformity. In this perspective article, we aim to present an alternative interpretation of these events. First, we contend that, rather than being caused by a grievous error on the part of the corn breeding and seed industry, this epidemic was a particularly unfortunate, unusual, and unlucky consequence of a technological advancement intended to improve the efficiency of corn seed production for America's farmers. Second, we tell the story of the resolution of the epidemic as an example of timely, meticulously applied research in the public sector for the public good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balint-Kurti
- Plant Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Box 7616, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jerald Pataky
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Nsibo DL, Barnes I, Berger DK. Recent advances in the population biology and management of maize foliar fungal pathogens Exserohilum turcicum, Cercospora zeina and Bipolaris maydis in Africa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1404483. [PMID: 39148617 PMCID: PMC11324496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1404483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Maize is the most widely cultivated and major security crop in sub-Saharan Africa. Three foliar diseases threaten maize production on the continent, namely northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern corn leaf blight. These are caused by the fungi Exserohilum turcicum, Cercospora zeina, and Bipolaris maydis, respectively. Yield losses of more than 10% can occur if these pathogens are diagnosed inaccurately or managed ineffectively. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the population biology and management of the three pathogens, which are present in Africa and thrive under similar environmental conditions during a single growing season. To effectively manage these pathogens, there is an increasing adoption of breeding for resistance at the small-scale level combined with cultural practices. Fungicide usage in African cropping systems is limited due to high costs and avoidance of chemical control. Currently, there is limited knowledge available on the population biology and genetics of these pathogens in Africa. The evolutionary potential of these pathogens to overcome host resistance has not been fully established. There is a need to conduct large-scale sampling of isolates to study their diversity and trace their migration patterns across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Nsibo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Cao S, Zhang H, Liu Y, Sun Y, Chen ZJ. Cytoplasmic genome contributions to domestication and improvement of modern maize. BMC Biol 2024; 22:64. [PMID: 38481288 PMCID: PMC10938767 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on maize evolution and domestication are largely limited to the nuclear genomes, and the contribution of cytoplasmic genomes to selection and domestication of modern maize remains elusive. Maize cytoplasmic genomes have been classified into fertile (NA and NB) and cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterility (CMS-S, CMS-C, and CMS-T) groups, but their contributions to modern maize breeding have not been systematically investigated. RESULTS Here we report co-selection and convergent evolution between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes by analyzing whole genome sequencing data of 630 maize accessions modern maize and its relatives, including 24 fully assembled mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. We show that the NB cytotype is associated with the expansion of modern maize to North America, gradually replaces the fertile NA cytotype probably through unequal division, and predominates in over 90% of modern elite inbred lines. The mode of cytoplasmic evolution is increased nucleotypic diversity among the genes involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism, which are driven by selection and domestication. Furthermore, genome-wide association study reveals correlation of cytoplasmic nucleotypic variation with key agronomic and reproductive traits accompanied with the diversification of the nuclear genomes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate convergent evolution between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes during maize domestication and breeding. These new insights into the important roles of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes in maize domestication and improvement should help select elite inbred lines to improve yield stability and crop resilience of maize hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Nicolia A, Scotti N, D'Agostino N, Festa G, Sannino L, Aufiero G, Arimura SI, Cardi T. Mitochondrial DNA editing in potato through mitoTALEN and mitoTALECD: molecular characterization and stability of editing events. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:4. [PMID: 38183104 PMCID: PMC10768376 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the mutations induced by two TALE-based approaches, double-strand break (DSB) induction by the FokI nuclease (mitoTALEN) and targeted base editing by the DddA cytidine deaminase (mitoTALECD), to edit, for the first time, the mitochondrial genome of potato, a vegetatively propagated crop. The two methods were used to knock out the same mitochondrial target sequence (orf125). RESULTS Targeted chondriome deletions of different sizes (236-1066 bp) were induced by mitoTALEN due to DSB repair through ectopic homologous recombination of short direct repeats (11-12 bp) present in the target region. Furthermore, in one case, the induced DSB and subsequent repair resulted in the amplification of an already present substoichiometric molecule showing a 4288 bp deletion spanning the target sequence. With the mitoTALECD approach, both nonsense and missense mutations could be induced by base substitution. The deletions and single nucleotide mutations were either homoplasmic or heteroplasmic. The former were stably inherited in vegetative offspring. CONCLUSIONS Both editing approaches allowed us to obtain plants with precisely modified mitochondrial genomes at high frequency. The use of the same plant genotype and mtDNA region allowed us to compare the two methods for efficiency, accuracy, type of modifications induced and stability after vegetative propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nicolia
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098, Pontecagnano, SA, Italy
| | - Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Giovanna Festa
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098, Pontecagnano, SA, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sannino
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Gaetano Aufiero
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teodoro Cardi
- CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098, Pontecagnano, SA, Italy.
- CNR-IBBR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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Abstract
Introducing asexual reproduction through seeds - apomixis - into crop species could revolutionize agriculture by allowing F1 hybrids with enhanced yield and stability to be clonally propagated. Engineering synthetic apomixis has proven feasible in inbred rice through the inactivation of three genes (MiMe), which results in the conversion of meiosis into mitosis in a line ectopically expressing the BABYBOOM1 (BBM1) parthenogenetic trigger in egg cells. However, only 10-30% of the seeds are clonal. Here, we show that synthetic apomixis can be achieved in an F1 hybrid of rice by inducing MiMe mutations and egg cell expression of BBM1 in a single step. We generate hybrid plants that produce more than 95% of clonal seeds across multiple generations. Clonal apomictic plants maintain the phenotype of the F1 hybrid along successive generations. Our results demonstrate that there is no barrier to almost fully penetrant synthetic apomixis in an important crop species, rendering it compatible with use in agriculture.
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Xiao S, Xing J, Nie T, Su A, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Song W, Zhao J. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of maize CMS-S subtypes provides new insights into male sterility stability. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:469. [PMID: 36180833 PMCID: PMC9526321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a trait of economic importance in the production of hybrid seeds. In CMS-S maize, exerted anthers appear frequently in florets of field-grown female populations where only complete male-sterile plants were expected. It has been reported that these reversions are associated with the loss of sterility-conferring regions or other rearrangements in the mitochondrial genome. However, the relationship between mitochondrial function and sterility stability is largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we determined the ratio of plants carrying exerted anthers in the population of two CMS-S subtypes. The subtype with a high ratio of exerted anthers was designated as CMS-Sa, and the other with low ratio was designated as CMS-Sb. Through next-generation sequencing, we assembled and compared mitochondrial genomes of two CMS-S subtypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed strong similarities between the two mitochondrial genomes. The sterility-associated regions, S plasmids, and terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) were intact in both genomes. The two subtypes maintained high transcript levels of the sterility gene orf355 in anther tissue. Most of the functional genes/proteins were identical at the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence levels in the two subtypes, except for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1). In the mitochondrial genome of CMS-Sb, a 3.3-kilobase sequence containing nad1-exon1 was absent from the second copy of the 17-kb repeat region. Consequently, we detected two copies of nad1-exon1 in CMS-Sa, but only one copy in CMS-Sb. During pollen development, nad1 transcription and mitochondrial biogenesis were induced in anthers of CMS-Sa, but not in those of CMS-Sb. We suggest that the impaired mitochondrial function in the anthers of CMS-Sb is associated with its more stable sterility. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive analyses revealed diversity in terms of the copy number of the mitochondrial gene nad1-exon1 between two subtypes of CMS-S maize. This difference in copy number affected the transcript levels of nad1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in anther tissue, and affected the reversion rate of CMS-S maize. The results of this study suggest the involvement of mitochondrial robustness in modulation of sterility stability in CMS-S maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jingfeng Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Tiange Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Aiguo Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Dacones LS, Kemerait RC, Brewer MT. Comparative genomics of host-specialized populations of Corynespora cassiicola causing target spot epidemics in the southeastern United States. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:910232. [PMID: 37746203 PMCID: PMC10512278 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.910232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous plant-pathogenic fungi secrete necrotrophic effectors (syn. host-selective toxins) that are important determinants of pathogenicity and virulence in species that have a necrotrophic lifestyle. Corynespora cassiicola is a necrotrophic fungus causing emerging target spot epidemics in the southeastern United States (US). Previous studies revealed that populations of C. cassiicola from cotton, soybean, and tomato are clonal, host specialized and genetically distinct. Additionally, cassiicolin - the necrotrophic effector identified in some C. cassiicola isolates - is an important toxin for virulence on rubber. It is encoded by seven Cas gene variants. Our goal was to conduct comparative genomic analyses to identify variation among putative necrotrophic effector genes and to determine if lack of one of the mating-types explained clonal populations in C. cassiicola causing outbreaks in the southeastern US and the apparent absence of sexual reproduction worldwide. A total of 12 C. cassiicola genomes, with four each from isolates from tomato, soybean, and cotton, were sequenced using an Illumina Next Seq platform. Each genome was assembled de novo, compared with the reference genome from rubber, and searched for known Cas, and other gene clusters with homologs of secondary metabolites. Cas2 and/or Cas6 were present in isolates from soybean in the southeastern US, whereas Cas1 and Cas2 were present in isolates from cotton in the southeastern US. In addition, several toxin genes, including the T-toxin biosynthetic genes were present in all C. cassiicola from cotton, soybean, and tomato. The mating-type locus was identified in all of the sequenced genomes, with the MAT1-1 idiomorph present in all cotton isolates and the rubber isolate, whereas the MAT1-2 idiomorph was present in all soybean isolates. We developed a PCR-based marker for mating-type in C. cassiicola. Both mating types were present in isolates from tomato. Thus, C. cassiicola has both mating-types necessary for sexual reproduction, but the absence of both mating-types within soybean and cotton populations could explain clonality in these populations. Variation in necrotrophic effectors may underlie host specialization and disease emergence of target spot on cotton, soybean, and tomato in the southeastern US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilani S. Dacones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robert C. Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Marin T. Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Yu J, Zhao G, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang P, Fu A, Zhao L, Zhang C, Xu M. A single nucleotide polymorphism in an R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene triggers the male sterility in soybean ms6 (Ames1). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3661-3674. [PMID: 34319425 PMCID: PMC8519818 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Identification and functional analysis of the male sterile gene MS6 in Glycine max. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop providing vegetable oil and protein. The male sterility-based hybrid breeding is a promising method for improving soybean yield to meet the globally growing demand. In this research, we identified a soybean genic male sterile locus, MS6, by combining the bulked segregant analysis sequencing method and the map-based cloning technology. MS6, highly expressed in anther, encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor (GmTDF1-1) that is homologous to Tapetal Development and Function 1, a key factor for anther development in Arabidopsis and rice. In male sterile ms6 (Ames1), the mutant allele contains a missense mutation, leading to the 76th leucine substituted by histidine in the DNA binding domain of GmTDF1-1. The expression of soybean MS6 under the control of the AtTDF1 promoter could rescue the male sterility of attdf1 but ms6 could not. Additionally, ms6 overexpression in wild-type Arabidopsis did not affect anther development. These results evidence that GmTDF1-1 is a functional TDF1 homolog and L76H disrupts its function. Notably, GmTDF1-1 shows 92% sequence identity with another soybean protein termed as GmTDF1-2, whose active expression also restored the fertility of attdf1. However, GmTDF1-2 is constitutively expressed at a very low level in soybean, and therefore, not able to compensate for the MS6 deficiency. Analysis of the TDF1-involved anther development regulatory pathway showed that expressions of the genes downstream of TDF1 are significantly suppressed in ms6, unveiling that GmTDF1-1 is a core transcription factor regulating soybean anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Guolong Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Chunbao Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Soybean, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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12
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Kell DB. A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:1-177. [PMID: 34147184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Textbooks of biochemistry will explain that the otherwise endergonic reactions of ATP synthesis can be driven by the exergonic reactions of respiratory electron transport, and that these two half-reactions are catalyzed by protein complexes embedded in the same, closed membrane. These views are correct. The textbooks also state that, according to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis, a (or the) kinetically and thermodynamically competent intermediate linking the two half-reactions is the electrochemical difference of protons that is in equilibrium with that between the two bulk phases that the coupling membrane serves to separate. This gradient consists of a membrane potential term Δψ and a pH gradient term ΔpH, and is known colloquially as the protonmotive force or pmf. Artificial imposition of a pmf can drive phosphorylation, but only if the pmf exceeds some 150-170mV; to achieve in vivo rates the imposed pmf must reach 200mV. The key question then is 'does the pmf generated by electron transport exceed 200mV, or even 170mV?' The possibly surprising answer, from a great many kinds of experiment and sources of evidence, including direct measurements with microelectrodes, indicates it that it does not. Observable pH changes driven by electron transport are real, and they control various processes; however, compensating ion movements restrict the Δψ component to low values. A protet-based model, that I outline here, can account for all the necessary observations, including all of those inconsistent with chemiosmotic coupling, and provides for a variety of testable hypotheses by which it might be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative, Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Xu Y, Li X, Huang J, Peng L, Luo D, Zhang Q, Dan Z, Xiao H, Yang F, Hu J. A simplified method to isolate rice mitochondria. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:149. [PMID: 33292390 PMCID: PMC7640673 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria play critical roles in plant growth, development and stress tolerance. Numerous researchers have carried out studies on the plant mitochondrial genome structure, mitochondrial metabolism and nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. However, classical plant mitochondria extraction methods are time-consuming and consist of a complicated ultracentrifugation procedure with expensive reagents. To develop a more rapid and convenient method for the isolation of plant mitochondria, in this study, we established a simplified method to isolate rice mitochondria efficiently for subsequent studies. RESULTS To isolate rice mitochondria, the cell wall was first disrupted by enzymolysis to obtain the protoplast, which is similar to animal mitochondria. Rice mitochondria were then isolated with a modified method based on the animal mitochondria isolation protocol. The extracted mitochondria were next assessed according to DNA and protein levels to rule out contamination by the nucleus and chloroplasts. Furthermore, we examined the physiological status and characteristics of the isolated mitochondria, including the integrity of mitochondria, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the activity of inner membrane complexes. Our results demonstrated that the extracted mitochondria remained intact for use in subsequent studies. CONCLUSION The combination of plant protoplast isolation and animal mitochondria extraction methods facilitates the extraction of plant mitochondria without ultracentrifugation. Consequently, this improved method is cheap and time-saving with good operability and can be broadly applied in studies on plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Jishuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Leilei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Dinghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Zhiwu Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
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14
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He W, Chen C, Adedze YMN, Dong X, Xi K, Sun Y, Dang T, Jin D. Multicentric origin and diversification of atp6- orf79-like structures reveal mitochondrial gene flows in Oryza rufipogon and Oryza sativa. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2284-2299. [PMID: 33005224 PMCID: PMC7513716 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widely used genetic tool in modern hybrid rice breeding. Most genes conferring rice gametophytic CMS are homologous to orf79 and co-transcribe with atp6. However, the origin, differentiation and flow of these mitochondrial genes in wild and cultivated rice species remain unclear. In this study, we performed de novo assembly of the mitochondrial genomes of 221 common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and 369 Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions, and identified 16 haplotypes of atp6-orf79-like structures and 11 orf79 alleles. These homologous structures were classified into 4 distinct groups (AO-I, AO-II, AO-III and AO-IV), all of which were observed in O. rufipogon but only AO-I was detected in O. sativa, causing a decrease in the frequency of atp6-orf79-like structures from 19.9% to 8.1%. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses revealed that the different groups of these gametophytic CMS-related genes in O. rufipogon evolved in a multicentric pattern. The geographical origin of the atp6-orf79-like structures was further traced back, and a candidate region in north-east of Gangetic Plain on the Indian Peninsula (South Asia) was identified as the origin centre of AO-I. The orf79 alleles were detected in all three cytoplasmic types (Or-CT0, Or-CT1 and Or-CT2) of O. rufipogon, but only two alleles (orf79a and orf79b) were observed in Or-CT0 type of O. sativa, while no orf79 allele was found in other types of O. sativa. Our results also revealed that the orf79 alleles in cultivated rice originated from the wild rice population in South and South-East Asia. In addition, strong positive selection pressure was detected on the sequence variations of orf79 alleles, and a special evolutionary strategy was noted in these gametophytic CMS-related genes, suggesting that their divergence could be beneficial to their survival in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuang He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Caijin Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | | | - Xilong Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Kun Xi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Yongsheng Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Tengfei Dang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Deming Jin
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
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15
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Lin TK, Lin YP, Lin SF. Genetic Analysis and Fine Mapping of a Spontaneously Mutated Male Sterility Gene in Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1309-1318. [PMID: 32046970 PMCID: PMC7144089 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Male sterility has been widely used in hybrid seed production in Brassica, but not in B. rapa ssp. chinensis, and genetic models of male sterility for this subspecies are unclear. We discovered a spontaneous mutant in B. rapa ssp. chinensis A series of progeny tests indicated that male sterility in B. rapa ssp. chinensis follows a three-allele model with BrMsa , BrMsb , and BrMsc The male sterility locus has been mapped to chromosome A07 in BC1 and F2 populations through genotyping by sequencing. Fine mapping in a total of 1,590 F2 plants narrowed the male sterility gene BrMs to a 400 kb region, with two SNP markers only 0.3 cM from the gene. Comparative gene mapping shows that the Ms gene in B. rapa ssp. pekinensis is different from the BrMs gene of B. rapa ssp. chinensis, despite that both genes are located on chromosome A07. Interestingly, the DNA sequence orthologous to a male sterile gene in Brassica napus, BnRf, is within 400 kb of the BrMs locus. The BnRf orthologs of B. rapa ssp. chinensis were sequenced, and one KASP marker (BrMs_indel) was developed for genotyping based on a 14 bp indel at intron 4. Cosegregation of male sterility and BrMs_indel genotypes in the F2 population indicated that BnRf from B. napus and BrMs from B. rapa are likely to be orthologs. The BrMs_indel marker developed in this study will be useful in marker-assisted selection for the male sterility trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 10617
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 41362
| | - Shun-Fu Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 10617
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16
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Garrett KA, Alcalá-Briseño RI, Andersen KF, Brawner J, Choudhury RA, Delaquis E, Fayette J, Poudel R, Purves D, Rothschild J, Small IM, Thomas-Sharma S, Xing Y. Effective Altruism as an Ethical Lens on Research Priorities. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:708-722. [PMID: 31821114 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-19-0168-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective altruism is an ethical framework for identifying the greatest potential benefits from investments. Here, we apply effective altruism concepts to maximize research benefits through identification of priority stakeholders, pathosystems, and research questions and technologies. Priority stakeholders for research benefits may include smallholder farmers who have not yet attained the minimal standards set out by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; these farmers would often have the most to gain from better crop disease management, if their management problems are tractable. In wildlands, prioritization has been based on the risk of extirpating keystone species, protecting ecosystem services, and preserving wild resources of importance to vulnerable people. Pathosystems may be prioritized based on yield and quality loss, and also factors such as whether other researchers would be unlikely to replace the research efforts if efforts were withdrawn, such as in the case of orphan crops and orphan pathosystems. Research products that help build sustainable and resilient systems can be particularly beneficial. The "value of information" from research can be evaluated in epidemic networks and landscapes, to identify priority locations for both benefits to individuals and to constrain regional epidemics. As decision-making becomes more consolidated and more networked in digital agricultural systems, the range of ethical considerations expands. Low-likelihood but high-damage scenarios such as generalist doomsday pathogens may be research priorities because of the extreme potential cost. Regional microbiomes constitute a commons, and avoiding the "tragedy of the microbiome commons" may depend on shifting research products from "common pool goods" to "public goods" or other categories. We provide suggestions for how individual researchers and funders may make altruism-driven research more effective.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Garrett
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - R I Alcalá-Briseño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - K F Andersen
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - J Brawner
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - R A Choudhury
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - E Delaquis
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - J Fayette
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - R Poudel
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - D Purves
- Philosophy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - J Rothschild
- Philosophy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - I M Small
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- North Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, U.S.A
| | - S Thomas-Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, U.S.A
| | - Y Xing
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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17
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Saxena S, Sahu S, Kaila T, Nigam D, Chaduvla PK, Rao AR, Sanand S, Singh NK, Gaikwad K. Transcriptome profiling of differentially expressed genes in cytoplasmic male-sterile line and its fertility restorer line in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:74. [PMID: 32054447 PMCID: PMC7020380 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is the sixth major legume crop widely cultivated in the Indian sub-continent, Africa, and South-east Asia. Cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) is the incompetence of flowering plants to produce viable pollens during anther development. CMS has been extensively utilized for commercial hybrid seeds production in pigeon pea. However, the molecular basis governing CMS in pigeon pea remains unclear and undetermined. In this study transcriptome analysis for exploring differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cytoplasmic male-sterile line (AKCMS11) and its fertility restorer line (AKPR303) was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing. RESULTS A total of 3167 DEGs were identified, of which 1432 were up-regulated and 1390 were down-regulated in AKCMS11 in comparison to AKPR303. By querying, all the 3167 DEGs against TAIR database, 34 pigeon pea homologous genes were identified, few involved in pollen development (EMS1, MS1, ARF17) and encoding MYB and bHLH transcription factors with lower expression in the sterile buds, implying their possible role in pollen sterility. Many of these DEGs implicated in carbon metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), oxidative phosphorylation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed reduced expression in the AKCMS11 (sterile) buds. CONCLUSION The comparative transcriptome findings suggest the potential role of these DEGs in pollen development or abortion, pointing towards their involvement in cytoplasmic male-sterility in pigeon pea. The candidate DEGs identified in this investigation will be highly significant for further research, as they could lend a comprehensive basis in unravelling the molecular mechanism governing CMS in pigeon pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Saxena
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sarika Sahu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Tanvi Kaila
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Deepti Nigam
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Pavan K. Chaduvla
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - A. R. Rao
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Sandhya Sanand
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - N. K. Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Kishor Gaikwad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012 India
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18
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Yu CY, Lian JL, Gong Q, Ren LS, Huang Z, Xu AX, Dong JG. Sublethal application of various sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides favors outcrossing and hybrid seed production in oilseed rape. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:69. [PMID: 32046649 PMCID: PMC7014721 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides from the chemical families of sulfonylureas and imidazolinones are used worldwide. However, drift or sprayer contamination from some sulfonylurea herbicides causes a high level of male sterility in cruciferous species, especially oilseed rape (OSR). In this paper, we evaluated the gametocidal effects of 27 ALS-inhibiting herbicides that were sprayed on OSR plants at the bolting stage. RESULTS OSR anther development was very sensitive to sublethal exposure to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The application of 18 out of the 20 tested sulfonylureas (except ethametsulfuron and ethoxysulfuron), two imidazolinones (imazethapyr and imazamox), and one sulfonylamino-carbonyltriazolinone (flucarbazone-sodium) at suitable rates could induce male sterility. Eight of the herbicides, including chlorsulfuron (at application rates of 60-120 mg/ha), halosulfuron-methyl (300-600 mg/ha), sulfosulfuron (400-600 mg/ha), triflusulfuron-methyl (500-750 mg/ha), pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (150-225 mg/ha), nicosulfuron (200-300 mg/ha), imazethapyr (750-1125 mg/ha), and imazamox (400-800 mg/ha), could induce over 90% male sterility and over 60% relative outcrossed seed set in six cultivars with different origins. These eight chemicals could be used as new gametocides for hybrid seed production. This study also examined the possibility of external application of these gametocides on several unstable Polima cytoplasmic male sterile and thermosensitive genic male sterile lines. Although the outcrossed seed set of the treated lines was slightly reduced, the gametocide application significantly increased the seed purity of the resulting hybrid. CONCLUSION The finding of the gametocidal effects of most sulfonylureas and imidazolinones are of great importance for developing new functions for ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The application of gametocides will also greatly promote the safe utilization of environment-sensitive male sterility in hybrid seed production. Unexpectedly, the application of three triazolopyrimidines (florasulam, flumetsulam, and penoxsulam) and one pyrimidinylthiobenzoate (bispyribac-sodium) did not cause male sterility, although these herbicides obviously inhibited the activity of ALS and plant growth. This result suggests that inhibition of ALS activity does not always lead to male sterility in plants, and these gametocides may also inhibit other biological functions vital for microspore development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jing-long Lian
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Qiong Gong
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Li-Suo Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ai-Xia Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jun-Gang Dong
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu D, Peng Y, Min H, Lai Z. Copper Ions are Required for Cochliobolus heterostrophus in Appressorium Formation and Virulence on Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:494-504. [PMID: 31464158 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-19-0254-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cochliobolus heterostrophus is the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight, a destructive disease on maize worldwide. However, how it regulates virulence on maize is still largely unknown. Here, we report that two copper transporter genes, ChCTR1 and ChCTR4, are required for its virulence. chctr1 and chctr4 mutants showed attenuated virulence on maize compared with the wild-type strain TM17 but development phenotypes of those mutants on media with or without infection-related stress agents were the same as the wild-type strain. Moreover, ChCTR1 and ChCTR4 play critical roles in appressorium formation and mutation of ChCTR1 or ChCTR4 suppresses the appressorium formation. Furthermore, copper-chelating agent ammonium tetrathiomolybdate suppressed the appressorium formation and virulence of C. heterostrophus on maize, whereas copper ions enhanced the appressorium formation and virulence on maize. The results indicate that copper ions are required for appressorium formation and virulence of C. heterostrophus on maize and are acquired from the environment by two copper transporters: ChCTR1 and ChCTR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujiao Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoxuan Min
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibing Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Flood PJ, Theeuwen TPJM, Schneeberger K, Keizer P, Kruijer W, Severing E, Kouklas E, Hageman JA, Wijfjes R, Calvo-Baltanas V, Becker FFM, Schnabel SK, Willems LAJ, Ligterink W, van Arkel J, Mumm R, Gualberto JM, Savage L, Kramer DM, Keurentjes JJB, van Eeuwijk F, Koornneef M, Harbinson J, Aarts MGM, Wijnker E. Reciprocal cybrids reveal how organellar genomes affect plant phenotypes. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:13-21. [PMID: 31932677 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the impact of variation in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA (collectively termed the plasmotype) on plant phenotypes is challenging due to the difficulty in separating their effect from nuclear-derived variation (the nucleotype). Haploid-inducer lines can be used as efficient plasmotype donors to generate new plasmotype-nucleotype combinations (cybrids)1. We generated a panel comprising all possible cybrids of seven Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and extensively phenotyped these lines for 1,859 phenotypes under both stable and fluctuating conditions. We show that natural variation in the plasmotype results in both additive and epistatic effects across all phenotypic categories. Plasmotypes that induce more additive phenotypic changes also cause more epistatic effects, suggesting a possible common basis for both additive and epistatic effects. On average, epistatic interactions explained twice as much of the variance in phenotypes as additive plasmotype effects. The impact of plasmotypic variation was also more pronounced under fluctuating and stressful environmental conditions. Thus, the phenotypic impact of variation in plasmotypes is the outcome of multi-level nucleotype-plasmotype-environment interactions and, as such, the plasmotype is likely to serve as a reservoir of variation that is predominantly exposed under certain conditions. The production of cybrids using haploid inducers is a rapid and precise method for assessment of the phenotypic effects of natural variation in organellar genomes. It will facilitate efficient screening of unique nucleotype-plasmotype combinations to both improve our understanding of natural variation in these combinations and identify favourable combinations to enhance plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic J Flood
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tom P J M Theeuwen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Keizer
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Severing
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evangelos Kouklas
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos A Hageman
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raúl Wijfjes
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Calvo-Baltanas
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank F M Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine K Schnabel
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Willems
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Arkel
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Mumm
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Linda Savage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G M Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Wijnker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Talukder ZI, Ma G, Hulke BS, Jan CC, Qi L. Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Studies of the Rf Gene Cluster in Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) and Their Distribution in World Sunflower Collections. Front Genet 2019; 10:216. [PMID: 30923538 PMCID: PMC6426773 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial hybrid seed production in sunflower currently relies on a single cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source, PET1 and the major fertility restoration gene, Rf1, leaving the crop highly vulnerable to issues with genetic bottlenecks. Therefore, having multiple CMS/Rf systems is important for sustainable sunflower production. Here, we report the identification of a new fertility restoration gene, Rf7, which is tightly linked to a new downy mildew (DM) resistance gene, Pl34 , in the USDA sunflower inbred line, RHA 428. The Rf7 gene was genetically mapped to an interval of 0.6 cM on the lower end of linkage group (LG) 13, while Pl34 was mapped 2.1 cM proximal to the Rf7. Both the genes are located in a cluster of Rf and Pl genes. To gain further insights into the distribution of Rf genes in the sunflower breeding lines, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to identify markers associated with the fertility restoration trait in a panel of 333 sunflower lines genotyped with 8,723 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four SNP markers on the lower end of LG13 spanning a genomic region of 2.47 cM were significantly associated with the trait. The significant markers were surveyed in a world collection panel of 548 sunflower lines and validated to be associated with the Rf1 gene. The SNP haplotypes for the Rf1 gene are different from Rf5 and the Rf7gene located in the Rf gene cluster on LG13. The SNP and SSR markers tightly flanking the Rf7 gene and the Pl34 gene would benefit the sunflower breeders in facilitating marker assisted selection (MAS) of Rf and Pl genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahirul I Talukder
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Guojia Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Brent S Hulke
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Chao-Chien Jan
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Lili Qi
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
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22
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Makarenko MS, Usatov AV, Tatarinova TV, Azarin KV, Logacheva MD, Gavrilova VA, Horn R. Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of the MAX1 type of cytoplasmic male-sterile sunflower. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:51. [PMID: 30813888 PMCID: PMC6394147 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 70 cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) types have been identified in Helianthus, but only for less than half of them, research of mitochondrial organization has been conducted. Moreover, complete mitochondrion sequences have only been published for two CMS sources - PET1 and PET2. It has been demonstrated that other sunflower CMS sources like MAX1, significantly differ from the PET1 and PET2 types. However, possible molecular causes for the CMS induction by MAX1 have not yet been proposed. In the present study, we have investigated structural changes in the mitochondrial genome of HA89 (MAX1) CMS sunflower line in comparison to the fertile mitochondrial genome. RESULTS Eight significant major reorganization events have been determined in HA89 (MAX1) mtDNA: one 110 kb inverted region, four deletions of 439 bp, 978 bp, 3183 bp and 14,296 bp, respectively, and three insertions of 1999 bp, 5272 bp and 6583 bp. The rearrangements have led to functional changes in the mitochondrial genome of HA89 (MAX1) resulting in the complete elimination of orf777 and the appearance of new ORFs - orf306, orf480, orf645 and orf1287. Aligning the mtDNA of the CMS sources PET1 and PET2 with MAX1 we found some common reorganization features in their mitochondrial genome sequences. CONCLUSION The new open reading frame orf1287, representing a chimeric atp6 gene, may play a key role in MAX1 CMS phenotype formation in sunflower, while the contribution of other mitochondrial reorganizations seems to appear negligible for the CMS development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana V. Tatarinova
- University of La Verne, La Verne, CA USA
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Maria D. Logacheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A. Gavrilova
- The N.I. Vavilov All Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Renate Horn
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Plant Genetics, Rostock, Germany
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23
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Talukder ZI, Ma G, Hulke BS, Jan CC, Qi L. Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Studies of the Rf Gene Cluster in Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) and Their Distribution in World Sunflower Collections. Front Genet 2019. [PMID: 30923538 DOI: 10.3389/fgene] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial hybrid seed production in sunflower currently relies on a single cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source, PET1 and the major fertility restoration gene, Rf1, leaving the crop highly vulnerable to issues with genetic bottlenecks. Therefore, having multiple CMS/Rf systems is important for sustainable sunflower production. Here, we report the identification of a new fertility restoration gene, Rf7, which is tightly linked to a new downy mildew (DM) resistance gene, Pl34 , in the USDA sunflower inbred line, RHA 428. The Rf7 gene was genetically mapped to an interval of 0.6 cM on the lower end of linkage group (LG) 13, while Pl34 was mapped 2.1 cM proximal to the Rf7. Both the genes are located in a cluster of Rf and Pl genes. To gain further insights into the distribution of Rf genes in the sunflower breeding lines, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to identify markers associated with the fertility restoration trait in a panel of 333 sunflower lines genotyped with 8,723 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four SNP markers on the lower end of LG13 spanning a genomic region of 2.47 cM were significantly associated with the trait. The significant markers were surveyed in a world collection panel of 548 sunflower lines and validated to be associated with the Rf1 gene. The SNP haplotypes for the Rf1 gene are different from Rf5 and the Rf7gene located in the Rf gene cluster on LG13. The SNP and SSR markers tightly flanking the Rf7 gene and the Pl34 gene would benefit the sunflower breeders in facilitating marker assisted selection (MAS) of Rf and Pl genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahirul I Talukder
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Guojia Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Brent S Hulke
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Chao-Chien Jan
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Lili Qi
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND, United States
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Girma G, Nida H, Seyoum A, Mekonen M, Nega A, Lule D, Dessalegn K, Bekele A, Gebreyohannes A, Adeyanju A, Tirfessa A, Ayana G, Taddese T, Mekbib F, Belete K, Tesso T, Ejeta G, Mengiste T. A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Ethiopian Sorghum Landrace Collection Reveal Loci Associated With Important Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:691. [PMID: 31191590 PMCID: PMC6549537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The eastern Africa region, Ethiopia and its surroundings, is considered as the center of origin and diversity for sorghum, and has contributed to global sorghum genetic improvement. The germplasm from this region harbors enormous genetic variation for various traits but little is known regarding the genetic architecture of most traits. Here, 1425 Ethiopian landrace accessions were phenotyped under field conditions for presence or absence of awns, panicle compactness and shape, panicle exsertion, pericarp color, glume cover, plant height and smut resistance under diverse environmental conditions in Ethiopia. In addition, F1 hybrids obtained from a subset of 1341 accessions crossed to an A1 cytoplasmic male sterile line, ATx623, were scored for fertility/sterility reactions. Subsequently, genotyping-by-sequencing generated a total of 879,407 SNPs from which 72,190 robust SNP markers were selected after stringent quality control (QC). Pairwise distance-based hierarchical clustering identified 11 distinct groups. Of the genotypes assigned to either one of the 11 sub-populations, 65% had high ancestry membership coefficient with the likelihood of more than 0.60 and the remaining 35% represented highly admixed accessions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified loci and SNPs associated with aforementioned traits. GWAS based on compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) identified SNPs with significant association (FDR ≤ 0.05) to the different traits studied. The percentage of total phenotypic variation explained with significant SNPs across traits ranged from 2 to 43%. Candidate genes showing significant association with different traits were identified. The sorghum bHLH transcription factor, ABORTED MICROSPORES was identified as a strong candidate gene conditioning male fertility. Notably, sorghum CLAVATA1 receptor like kinase, known for regulation of plant growth, and the ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR gene RAP2-7, known to suppress transition to flowering, were significantly associated with plant height. In addition, the YELLOW SEED1 like MYB transcription factor and TANNIN1 showed strong association with pericarp color validating previous observations. Overall, the genetic architecture of natural variation representing the complex Ethiopian sorghum germplasm was established. The study contributes to the characterization of genes and alleles controlling agronomic traits, and will serve as a source of markers for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Girma
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Habte Nida
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amare Seyoum
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Mekonen
- Chiro Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Nega
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew Lule
- Bako Agricultural Research Center, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Dessalegn
- Bako Agricultural Research Center, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnesh Bekele
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Gebreyohannes
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Adedayo Adeyanju
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alemu Tirfessa
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Ayana
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Taddese
- Malkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Mekbib
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Belete
- School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Tesso
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Gebisa Ejeta
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Gebisa Ejeta,
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Tesfaye Mengiste,
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Condon BJ, Elliott C, González JB, Yun SH, Akagi Y, Wiesner-Hanks T, Kodama M, Turgeon BG. Clues to an Evolutionary Mystery: The Genes for T-Toxin, Enabler of the Devastating 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic, Are Present in Ancestral Species, Suggesting an Ancient Origin. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1154-1165. [PMID: 29792566 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) epidemic of 1970 devastated fields of T-cytoplasm corn planted in monoculture throughout the eastern United States. The epidemic was driven by race T, a previously unseen race of Cochliobolus heterostrophus. A second fungus, Phyllosticta zeae-maydis, with the same biological specificity, appeared coincidentally. Race T produces T-toxin, while Phyllosticta zeae-maydis produces PM-toxin, both host-selective polyketide toxins necessary for supervirulence. The present abundance of genome sequences offers an opportunity to tackle the evolutionary origins of T- and PM- toxin biosynthetic genes, previously thought unique to these species. Using the C. heterostrophus genes as probes, we identified orthologs in six additional Dothideomycete and three Eurotiomycete species. In stark contrast to the genetically fragmented race T Tox1 locus that encodes these genes, all newly found Tox1-like genes in other species reside at a single collinear locus. This compact arrangement, phylogenetic analyses, comparisons of Tox1 protein tree topology to a species tree, and Tox1 gene characteristics suggest that the locus is ancient and that some species, including C. heterostrophus, gained Tox1 by horizontal gene transfer. C. heterostrophus and Phyllosticta zeae-maydis did not exchange Tox1 DNA at the time of the SCLB epidemic, but how they acquired Tox1 remains uncertain. The presence of additional genes in Tox1-like clusters of other species, although not in C. heterostrophus and Phyllosticta zeae-maydis, suggests that the metabolites produced differ from T- and PM-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford J Condon
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Candace Elliott
- 2 School of Biosciences, Building 122 Rm 121, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Jonathan B González
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Sung Hwan Yun
- 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, South Korea
| | - Yasunori Akagi
- 4 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; and
| | - Tyr Wiesner-Hanks
- 5 Section of Plant Breeding, School of Integrative Plant Science, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Motochiro Kodama
- 4 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; and
| | - B Gillian Turgeon
- 1 Section of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Characterization for Drought Tolerance and Physiological Efficiency in Novel Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Sources of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower is sensitive to drought, and furthermore, sunflower hybrids display limited cytoplasmic diversity. In addition, the wild cytoplasmic sources of sunflower are not well explored for their potential to introduce drought tolerance into newly developed hybrids. Therefore here, we carried out a Line × Tester-based genetic study using 19 sunflower genotypes representing, 13 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines from wild and conventional sources, 2 maintainer lines, and 4 restorer lines. The CMS and maintainer lines were crossed with restorer lines to develop sixty F1 hybrids. The parents and their hybrids were evaluated under two water regimes, normal irrigation and drought stress (i.e., withholding water). A total of twelve important plant descriptors were studied over a period of two years and the significant differences between parents and hybrids are reported here. More specifically, hybrid lines were higher in average values for all the descriptors. The contribution of female parent was more prominent in the expression of traits in hybrids as compared to male parents. The CMS sources varied significantly regarding seed yield per plant and other physiological traits. Proline content in the leaves of all the genotypes was three times higher in the water stress regime. Accession CMS-PKU-2A was identified as the best general combiner for leaf area and specific leaf weight., whereas CMS-234A was the best general combiner for biological yield and photosynthetic efficiency under both conditions. The cross combinations CMS-ARG-2A × RCR-8297, CMS-234A × P124R, and CMS-38A × P124R were found significant for biological yield, seed yield and oil content under both environments. Overall, this study provides useful information about the cytoplasmic effects on important sunflower traits and drought stress tolerance.
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27
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Makarenko MS, Kornienko IV, Azarin KV, Usatov AV, Logacheva MD, Markin NV, Gavrilova VA. Mitochondrial genomes organization in alloplasmic lines of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) with various types of cytoplasmic male sterility. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5266. [PMID: 30057860 PMCID: PMC6061164 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a common phenotype in higher plants, that is often associated with rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and is widely used to produce hybrid seeds in a variety of valuable crop species. Investigation of the CMS phenomenon promotes understanding of fundamental issues of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions in the ontogeny of higher plants. In the present study, we analyzed the structural changes in mitochondrial genomes of three alloplasmic lines of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The investigation was focused on CMS line PET2, as there are very few reports about its mtDNA organization. Methods The NGS sequencing, de novo assembly, and annotation of sunflower mitochondrial genomes were performed. The comparative analysis of mtDNA of HA89 fertile line and two HA89 CMS lines (PET1, PET2) occurred. Results The mtDNA of the HA89 fertile line was almost identical to the HA412 line (NC_023337). The comparative analysis of HA89 fertile and CMS (PET1) analog mitochondrial genomes revealed 11,852 bp inversion, 4,732 bp insertion, 451 bp deletion and 18 variant sites. In the mtDNA of HA89 (PET2) CMS line we determined 27.5 kb and 106.5 kb translocations, 711 bp and 3,780 bp deletions, as well as, 5,050 bp and 15,885 bp insertions. There are also 83 polymorphic sites in the PET2 mitochondrial genome, as compared with the fertile line. Discussion The observed mitochondrial reorganizations in PET1 resulted in only one new open reading frame formation (orfH522), and PET2 mtDNA rearrangements led to the elimination of orf777, duplication of atp6 gene and appearance of four new ORFs with transcription activity specific for the HA89 (PET2) CMS line—orf645, orf2565, orf228 and orf285. Orf228 and orf285 are the atp9 chimeric ORFs, containing transmembrane domains and possibly may impact on mitochondrial membrane potential. So orf228 and orf285 may be the cause for the appearance of the PET2 CMS phenotype, while the contribution of other mtDNA reorganizations in CMS formation is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor V Kornienko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.,Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria D Logacheva
- Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera A Gavrilova
- The N.I. Vavilov All Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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28
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Reddemann A, Horn R. Recombination Events Involving the atp9 Gene Are Associated with Male Sterility of CMS PET2 in Sunflower. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E806. [PMID: 29534485 PMCID: PMC5877667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems represent ideal mutants to study the role of mitochondria in pollen development. In sunflower, CMS PET2 also has the potential to become an alternative CMS source for commercial sunflower hybrid breeding. CMS PET2 originates from an interspecific cross of H. petiolaris and H. annuus as CMS PET1, but results in a different CMS mechanism. Southern analyses revealed differences for atp6, atp9 and cob between CMS PET2, CMS PET1 and the male-fertile line HA89. A second identical copy of atp6 was present on an additional CMS PET2-specific fragment. In addition, the atp9 gene was duplicated. However, this duplication was followed by an insertion of 271 bp of unknown origin in the 5' coding region of the atp9 gene in CMS PET2, which led to the creation of two unique open reading frames orf288 and orf231. The first 53 bp of orf288 are identical to the 5' end of atp9. Orf231 consists apart from the first 3 bp, being part of the 271-bp-insertion, of the last 228 bp of atp9. These CMS PET2-specific orfs are co-transcribed. All 11 editing sites of the atp9 gene present in orf231 are fully edited. The anther-specific reduction of the co-transcript in fertility-restored hybrids supports the involvement in male-sterility based on CMS PET2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Reddemann
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abt. Pflanzengenetik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Renate Horn
- Institut für Biowissenschaften, Abt. Pflanzengenetik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
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29
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Bengyella L, Yekwa EL, Nawaz K, Iftikhar S, Tambo E, Alisoltani A, Feto NA, Roy P. Global invasive Cochliobolus species: cohort of destroyers with implications in food losses and insecurity in the twenty-first century. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:119-135. [PMID: 28831526 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matching the global food demand by 2050 and to ensure the stability of food security in over than 99 countries, it is necessary to scale up the production of food such as sorghum, wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane which are however natural hosts of Cochliobolus species. Cochliobolus species major epidemics such as the Great Bengal famine, Southern corn leaf blight, and Northern leaf spot blight were associated with substantial economic losses in the past decades. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a specific coordinated global surveillance program for the migration of invasive Cochliobolus species, planning contextual control programs engaging all agricultural stakeholders and information sharing in real time for prevention of disastrous Cochliobolus disease outbreak effects. We discuss pertinent outcome of interactions of cash crops with Cochliobolus species having devastating impact on the livelihood of farmers and food security. While post-genomic era elucidated prominent differences among Cochliobolus heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, C. lunatus and C. miyabeanus, their destructive potentials and implications in food losses remained unearthed. Intriguingly, the annual colossal losses caused by Cochliobolus species in the production perspective of sorghum, wheat, rice, maize, cassava and soybean is estimated over 10 billion USD worldwide. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the invasive Cochliobolus species distribution and diversity, evolving pathogenicity, persistent diseases, threats and epidemics, consequences on food crops production and increasing global food insecurity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bengyella
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences (SBBS), The University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Elsie Laban Yekwa
- Division of Medical Virology, The Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, 8000, Western Cape, P.O. Box 241, South Africa
| | - Kiran Nawaz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Iftikhar
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon.
| | - Arghavan Alisoltani
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Naser Aliye Feto
- Omics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Pranab Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, 721657, India.
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Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma PC, Sharma DK, Ravikiran KT, Singh YP, Mishra VK, Burman D, Maji B, Mandal S, Sarangi SK, Gautam RK, Singh PK, Manohara KK, Marandi BC, Padmavathi G, Vanve PB, Patil KD, Thirumeni S, Verma OP, Khan AH, Tiwari S, Geetha S, Shakila M, Gill R, Yadav VK, Roy SKB, Prakash M, Bonifacio J, Ismail A, Gregorio GB, Singh RK. Identification of mega-environments and rice genotypes for general and specific adaptation to saline and alkaline stresses in India. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7968. [PMID: 28801586 PMCID: PMC5554213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 53 promising salt-tolerant genotypes were tested across 18 salt-affected diverse locations for three years. An attempt was made to identify ideal test locations and mega-environments using GGE biplot analysis. The CSSRI sodic environment was the most discriminating location in individual years as well as over the years and could be used to screen out unstable and salt-sensitive genotypes. Genotypes CSR36, CSR-2K-219, and CSR-2K-262 were found ideal across years. Overall, Genotypes CSR-2K-219, CSR-2K-262, and CSR-2K-242 were found superior and stable among all genotypes with higher mean yields. Different sets of genotypes emerged as winners in saline soils but not in sodic soils; however, Genotype CSR-2K-262 was the only genotype that was best under both saline and alkaline environments over the years. The lack of repeatable associations among locations and repeatable mega-environment groupings indicated the complexity of soil salinity. Hence, a multi-location and multi-year evaluation is indispensable for evaluating the test sites as well as identifying genotypes with consistently specific and wider adaptation to particular agro-climatic zones. The genotypes identified in the present study could be used for commercial cultivation across edaphically challenged areas for sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P C Sharma
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - D K Sharma
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - K T Ravikiran
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Y P Singh
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, India
| | - V K Mishra
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow, India
| | - D Burman
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, India
| | - B Maji
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, India
| | - S Mandal
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, India
| | - S K Sarangi
- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Canning Town, India
| | - R K Gautam
- Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, A & N Islands, India
| | - P K Singh
- Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, A & N Islands, India
| | - K K Manohara
- Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute (CCARI), Ela, Goa, India
| | - B C Marandi
- National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - G Padmavathi
- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Telengana, India
| | - P B Vanve
- Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Khar Land, Panvel, India
| | - K D Patil
- Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Khar Land, Panvel, India
| | - S Thirumeni
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, India
| | - O P Verma
- Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A H Khan
- Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Tiwari
- Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur, India
| | - S Geetha
- Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy, India
| | - M Shakila
- Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy, India
| | - R Gill
- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - V K Yadav
- Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K B Roy
- Centre for Strategic Studies, Salt Lake City, India
| | - M Prakash
- Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Bonifacio
- Division of Plant Breeding, IRRI, Philippines
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Zhou H, He M, Li J, Chen L, Huang Z, Zheng S, Zhu L, Ni E, Jiang D, Zhao B, Zhuang C. Development of Commercial Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Accelerates Hybrid Rice Breeding Using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TMS5 Editing System. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37395. [PMID: 27874087 PMCID: PMC5118805 DOI: 10.1038/srep37395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid rice breeding offers an important strategy to improve rice production, in which the cultivation of a male sterile line is the key to the success of cross-breeding. CRISPR/Cas9 systems have been widely used in target-site genome editing, whereas their application for crop genetic improvement has been rarely reported. Here, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we induced specific mutations in TMS5, which is the most widely applied thermo-sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) gene in China, and developed new "transgene clean" TGMS lines. We designed 10 target sites in the coding region of TMS5 for targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and assessed the potential rates of on- and off-target effects. Finally, we established the most efficient construct, the TMS5ab construct, for breeding potentially applicable "transgene clean" TGMS lines. We also discussed factors that affect the editing efficiency according to the characteristics of different target sequences. Notably, using the TMS5ab construct, we developed 11 new "transgene clean" TGMS lines with potential applications in hybrid breeding within only one year in both rice subspecies. The application of our system not only significantly accelerates the breeding of sterile lines but also facilitates the exploitation of heterosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Erdong Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dagang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, China National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Guangdong Provincial Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Liberatore KL, Dukowic-Schulze S, Miller ME, Chen C, Kianian SF. The role of mitochondria in plant development and stress tolerance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:238-256. [PMID: 27036362 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require orchestrated communication between nuclear and organellar genomes, perturbations in which are linked to stress response and disease in both animals and plants. In addition to mitochondria, which are found across eukaryotes, plant cells contain a second organelle, the plastid. Signaling both among the organelles (cytoplasmic) and between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (i.e. nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions (NCI)) is essential for proper cellular function. A deeper understanding of NCI and its impact on development, stress response, and long-term health is needed in both animal and plant systems. Here we focus on the role of plant mitochondria in development and stress response. We compare and contrast features of plant and animal mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA), particularly highlighting the large and highly dynamic nature of plant mtDNA. Plant-based tools are powerful, yet underutilized, resources for enhancing our fundamental understanding of NCI. These tools also have great potential for improving crop production. Across taxa, mitochondria are most abundant in cells that have high energy or nutrient demands as well as at key developmental time points. Although plant mitochondria act as integrators of signals involved in both development and stress response pathways, little is known about plant mtDNA diversity and its impact on these processes. In humans, there are strong correlations between particular mitotypes (and mtDNA mutations) and developmental differences (or disease). We propose that future work in plants should focus on defining mitotypes more carefully and investigating their functional implications as well as improving techniques to facilitate this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Liberatore
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | | | - Marisa E Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Changbin Chen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Shahryar F Kianian
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
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33
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Down regulation of the IND gene causes male sterility in canola ( Brassica napus L.). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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The potential for carbon bio-sequestration in China's paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) as impacted by slag-based silicate fertilizer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17354. [PMID: 26621377 PMCID: PMC4664901 DOI: 10.1038/srep17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is a typical silicon-accumulating plant. Silicon (Si), deposited as phytoliths during plant growth, has been shown to occlude organic carbon, which may prove to have significant effects on the biogeochemical sequestration of atmospheric CO2. This study evaluated the effects of silicate fertilization on plant Si uptake and carbon bio-sequestration in field trials on China’s paddy soils. The results showed (1) Increased Si concentrations in rice straw with increasing application rates of silicate fertilizer; (2) Strong positive correlations between phytolith contents and straw SiO2 contents and between phytolith contents and phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) contents in rice straw; (3) Positive correlations between the phytolith production flux and either the above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) or the PhytOC production rates; (4) Increased plant PhytOC storage with increasing application rates of silicate fertilizer. The average above-ground PhytOC production rates during China’s rice production are estimated at 0.94 × 106 tonnes CO2 yr−1 without silicate fertilizer additions. However, the potential exists to increase PhytOC levels to 1.16–2.17 × 106 tonnes CO2 yr−1 with silicate fertilizer additions. Therefore, providing silicate fertilizer during rice production may serve as an effective tool in improving atmospheric CO2 sequestration in global rice production areas.
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Abstract
Maize has a long history of genetic and genomic tool development and is considered one of the most accessible higher plant systems. With a fully sequenced genome, a suite of cytogenetic tools, methods for both forward and reverse genetics, and characterized phenotype markers, maize is amenable to studying questions beyond plant biology. Major discoveries in the areas of transposons, imprinting, and chromosome biology came from work in maize. Moving forward in the post-genomic era, this classic model system will continue to be at the forefront of basic biological study. In this review, we outline the basics of working with maize and describe its rich genetic toolbox.
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36
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Wesołowski W, Szklarczyk M, Szalonek M, Słowińska J. Analysis of the mitochondrial proteome in cytoplasmic male-sterile and male-fertile beets. J Proteomics 2015; 119:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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MacFall J, Lelekacs JM, LeVasseur T, Moore S, Walker J. Toward resilient food systems through increased agricultural diversity and local sourcing in the Carolinas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND SCIENCES 2015; 5:608-622. [PMID: 32226709 PMCID: PMC7099336 DOI: 10.1007/s13412-015-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological and agricultural diversity are connected to food security through strengthened resilience to both anthropogenic and natural perturbations. Increased resilience to stress via increased biodiversity has been described in a number of natural systems. Diversity in food production can be considered on the following three levels: (a) genetic diversity as reflected in the range of cultivars which can be selected for production; (b) species diversity, captured through production of a wide range of crops on each farm; and (c) broad ecosystem diversity, described by the diversity of production between farms and within the broader food system. A network of locally based food producers and entrepreneurs provides opportunity for high diversity at each network stage, with increased adaptive capacity and the ability for rapid response to disturbance. We argue that production techniques that use carefully planned diverse plantings, such as biointensive cultivation, increase resilience by increased water use efficiency, yield and nutrient retention while reducing pressure from pests and pathogens. We present a model for a diverse, distributed food system in the North Carolina Piedmont and analyze an existing distributed network by a food hub in South Carolina. Through these models, we argue that a shift in the food network has the potential to increase local food security by having food more reliably available where it is needed and by contributing to local resilience through community economic development. The shift in food production and distribution systems serves multiple goals: When crop loss occurs, other crops still contribute to overall harvest, reducing net loss. Diverse on-farm production can support a more distributed network of food aggregators, processors, and markets than the current approach of large-scale consolidation. Finally, a distributed food supply network supported with diverse agricultural products can increase resilience by providing access to diversified markets for producers and improved food access to consumers with more food choices, while expanding the need for skilled jobs supporting the regionally based food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet MacFall
- Elon University Center for Environmental Studies, Elon, NC USA
| | | | | | - Steve Moore
- Elon University Center for Environmental Studies, Elon, NC USA
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38
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Transgenic plants: performance, release and containment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 10:139-44. [PMID: 24420934 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/1993] [Accepted: 08/29/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on transgenic plants, from the initial stages of the genetic modification process in the laboratory to their release stage in the field and indicates possible areas of concern and strategies for dealing with them. The classes of marker genes and issues about their safety, the gene flow and strategies that are used to isolate transgenic plants genetically are specifically examined. In addition, an assessment is provided of the phenomena which affect the performance of transgenic plants, such as gene disruption, the pleiotropic effect on plant phenotype and genetic variation. Finally, strategies are suggested for preventing unexpected consequences of transgenic plant production.
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39
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Metz P, Nap J. A transgene-centred approach to the biosafety of transgenic plants: overview of selection and reporter genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Greiner S, Bock R. Tuning a ménage à trois: Co-evolution and co-adaptation of nuclear and organellar genomes in plants. Bioessays 2013; 35:354-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Saumitou-Laprade P, Cuguen J, Vernet P. Cytoplasmic male sterility in plants: molecular evidence and the nucleocytoplasmic conflict. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 9:431-5. [PMID: 21236913 DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A much-debated issue in plant evolutionary biology concerns the maintenance of a high frequency of male sterility in natural populations. For the past decade, a theoretical framework has been provided by the concept of nucleocytoplasmic conflict. Recent molecular studies on cytoplasmic male sterility indicate that novel chimeric genes, resulting from duplications and rearrangements of mitochondrial DNA sequences, are involved In its control. Thus, male sterility, which is phenotypically the loss of the male function, is encoded by a new mitochondrial function at the molecular level. Molecular data are in agreement with theoretical models that consider cytoplasmic male sterility as a stage in the coevolution between nucleus and mitochondria, and not simply as a deleterious mitochondrial mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saumitou-Laprade
- Laboratoire de Génetique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, URA CNRS 11855 Université de Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq CEDEX, France
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42
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Transformation and analysis of tobacco plant var Petit havana with T-urf13 gene under anther-specific TA29 promoter. 3 Biotech 2011; 1:73-82. [PMID: 22582148 PMCID: PMC3339608 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-urf13, a well-documented cms-associated gene from maize, has been shown to render methomyl sensitivity to heterologous systems like rice, yeast and bacteria when expressed constitutively. Since these transgenic plants were fertile, it was hypothesized that T-urf13 gene if expressed in anthers may result in male sterility that could be used for hybrid seed production. Hence, this work was aimed at analysing whether T-urf13 gene when expressed in anthers can result in male sterile plants or requires methomyl treatment to cause male sterility (controllable). This is the first report of transformation of tobacco with T-urf13 gene under anther-specific promoter (TA29) with or without mitochondrial targeting sequence. Most of the transgenic plants obtained were fertile; this was surprising as many male sterile plants were expected as T-urf13 gene is a cms associated gene. Our results suggest that it may not be possible to obtain male sterility by expressing URF13 in the anther by itself or by methomyl application.
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43
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Horbach R, Navarro-Quesada AR, Knogge W, Deising HB. When and how to kill a plant cell: infection strategies of plant pathogenic fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:51-62. [PMID: 20674079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi cause severe diseases on a broad range of crop and ornamental plants, leading to significant economical losses. Plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a huge variability in their mode of infection, differentiation and function of infection structures and nutritional strategy. In this review, advances in understanding mechanisms of biotrophy, necrotrophy and hemibiotrophic lifestyles are described. Special emphasis is given to the biotrophy-necrotrophy switch of hemibiotrophic pathogens, and to biosynthesis, chemical diversity and mode of action of various fungal toxins produced during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Horbach
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, Halle (Saale), Germany
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44
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Vančetović J, Vidaković M, Ignjatović-Micić D, Nikolić A, Marković K, Anđelković V. The structure of sterile cytoplasm types within a maize genebank collection. RUSS J GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795410070082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Del Castillo RF, Trujillo S. Evidence of restoration cost in the annual gynodioecious Phacelia dubia. J Evol Biol 2008; 22:306-13. [PMID: 19032498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A negative pleiotropic effect on fitness of nuclear sex-determining genes (cost of restoration) could explain nuclear-cytoplasmic gynodioecy but rarely has been demonstrated empirically. In a gynodioecious Phacelia dubia population, maternal lineages produce only hermaphroditic progenies irrespective of the pollen parent (N) or can segregate females (S). Natural progenies of N maternal plants had lower seed viability than that of S. Full-sib progenies of unrelated hermaphrodites from all possible matings between N and S lineages had similar pollen filling but differed in sporophyte performance, mainly at seed germination stage. A discrete multivariate analysis reveals that the performance of N(female symbol) x S(male symbol) progeny at early stages of development was significantly lower than that of the other three types of mating in agreement with the silent-cost-of-restoration hypothesis, affecting the sporophyte. The restoration cost and male sterility appear to be dominant and consequence of nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities that may maintain nuclear-cytoplasmic polymorphism by frequency-dependent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Del Castillo
- CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico.
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46
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Liu Z, Friesen TL, Ling H, Meinhardt SW, Oliver RP, Rasmussen JB, Faris JD. The Tsn1-ToxA interaction in the wheat-Stagonospora nodorum pathosystem parallels that of the wheat-tan spot system. Genome 2007; 49:1265-73. [PMID: 17213908 DOI: 10.1139/g06-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The wheat tan spot fungus (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) produces a well-characterized host-selective toxin (HST) known as Ptr ToxA, which induces necrosis in genotypes that harbor the Tsn1 gene on chromosome 5B. In previous work, we showed that the Stagonospora nodorum isolate Sn2000 produces at least 2 HSTs (SnTox1 and SnToxA). Sensitivity to SnTox1 is governed by the Snn1 gene on chromosome 1B in wheat. SnToxA is encoded by a gene with a high degree of similarity to the Ptr ToxA gene. Here, we evaluate toxin sensitivity and resistance to S. nodorum blotch (SNB) caused by Sn2000 in a recombinant inbred population that does not segregate for Snn1. Sensitivity to the Sn2000 toxin preparation cosegregated with sensitivity to Ptr ToxA at the Tsn1 locus. Tsn1-disrupted mutants were insensitive to both Ptr ToxA and SnToxA, suggesting that the 2 toxins are functionally similar, because they recognize the same locus in the host to induce necrosis. The locus harboring the tsn1 allele underlies a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to SNB caused by Sn2000, and explains 62% of the phenotypic variation, indicating that the toxin is an important virulence factor for this fungus. The Tsn1 locus and several minor QTLs together explained 77% of the phenotypic variation. Therefore, the Tsn1-ToxA interaction in the wheat-S. nodorum pathosystem parallels that of the wheat-tan spot system, and the wheat Tsn1 gene serves as a major determinant for susceptibility to both SNB and tan spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Walster Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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47
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Kim DH, Kang JG, Kim BD. Isolation and characterization of the cytoplasmic male sterility-associated orf456 gene of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 63:519-32. [PMID: 17238047 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants is known to be associated with novel open reading frames (ORFs) that result from recombination events in the mitochondrial genome. In this study Southern and Northern blot analyses using several mitochondrial DNA probes were conducted to detect the presence of differing band patterns between male fertile and CMS lines of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In the CMS pepper, a novel ORF, termed orf456, was found at the 3'-end of the coxll gene. Western blot analysis revealed the expression of an approximately 17-kDa product in the CMS line, and the intensity of expression of this protein was severely reduced in the restorer pepper line. To investigate the functional role of the ORF456 protein in plant mitochondria, we carried out two independent experiments to transform Arabidopsis with a mitochondrion-targeted orf456 gene construct by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. About 45 % of the T1 transgenic population showed the male-sterile phenotype and no seed set. Pollen grains from semi-sterile T1 plants were observed to have defects on the exine layer and vacuolated pollen phenotypes. It is concluded that this newly discovered orf456 may represent a strong candidate gene--from among the many CMS-associated mitochondrial genes--for determining the male-sterile phenotype of CMS in chili pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Shimkevich AM, Lukhanina NV, Goloenko IM, Davydenko OG. Analysis of the segregation and recombination rates at morphological and SSR loci in hybrid combinations of barley substitution lines. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Rhoads DM, Subbaiah CC. Mitochondrial retrograde regulation in plants. Mitochondrion 2007; 7:177-94. [PMID: 17320492 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells must react to a variety of adverse environmental conditions that they may experience on a regular basis. Part of this response centers around (1) ROS as damaging molecules and signaling molecules; (2) redox status, which can be influenced by ROS production; and (3) availability of metabolites. All of these are also likely to interface with changes in hormone levels [Desikan, R., Hancock, J., Neill, S., 2005. Reactive oxygen species as signalling molecules. In: Smirnoff, N. (ed.), Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in plants. Blackwell Pub. Ltd., Oxford, pp. 169-196; Kwak, J.M., Nguyen, V., Schroeder, J.I., 2006. The role of reactive oxygen species in hormonal responses. Plant Physiol. 141, 323-329]. Each of these areas can be strongly influenced by changes in mitochondrial function. Such changes trigger altered nuclear gene expression by a poorly understood process of mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR), which is likely composed of several distinct signaling pathways. Much of what is known about plant MRR centers around the response to a dysfunctional mtETC and subsequent induction of genes encoding proteins involved in recovery of mitochondrial functions, such as AOX and alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, and genes encoding enzymes aimed at regaining ROS level/redox homeostasis, such as glutathione transferases, catalases, ascorbate peroxidases and superoxide dismutases. However, as evidence of new and interesting targets of MRR emerge, this picture is likely to change and the complexity and importance of MRR in plant responses to stresses and the decision for cells to either recover or switch into programmed cell death mode is likely to become more apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Rhoads
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA.
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Turgeon BG, Baker SE. Genetic and Genomic Dissection of the Cochliobolus heterostrophus Tox1 Locus Controlling Biosynthesis of the Polyketide Virulence Factor T‐toxin. FUNGAL GENOMICS 2007; 57:219-61. [PMID: 17352906 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(06)57006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogenesis to plants is an intricate developmental process requiring biological components found in most fungi, as well as factors that are unique to fungal taxa that participate in particular fungus-plant interactions. The host-selective polyketide toxin known as T-toxin produced by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T, a highly virulent pathogen of maize, is an intriguing example of the latter type of virulence determinant. The Tox1 locus, which controls biosynthesis of T-toxin, originally defined as a single genetic locus, it is, in fact, two exceedingly complex loci on two chromosomes that are reciprocally translocated with respect to their counterparts in weakly pathogenic race O. Race O lacks the Tox1 locus and does not produce T-toxin. Highly virulent race T was first recognized when it caused an epidemic of Southern Corn Leaf Blight, which devastated the US corn crop in 1970. The evolutionary origin of the Tox1 locus remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gillian Turgeon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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