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Swiecicki JM, Bartsch A, Tailhades J, Di Pisa M, Heller B, Chassaing G, Mansuy C, Burlina F, Lavielle S. The Efficacies of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Accumulating in Large Unilamellar Vesicles Depend on their Ability To Form Inverted Micelles. Chembiochem 2014; 15:884-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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52
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Stalmans S, Wynendaele E, Bracke N, Gevaert B, D’Hondt M, Peremans K, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. Chemical-functional diversity in cell-penetrating peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71752. [PMID: 23951237 PMCID: PMC3739727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a promising tool to overcome cell membrane barriers. They have already been successfully applied as carriers for several problematic cargoes, like e.g. plasmid DNA and (si)RNA, opening doors for new therapeutics. Although several hundreds of CPPs are already described in the literature, only a few commercial applications of CPPs are currently available. Cellular uptake studies of these peptides suffer from inconsistencies in used techniques and other experimental conditions, leading to uncertainties about their uptake mechanisms and structural properties. To clarify the structural characteristics influencing the cell-penetrating properties of peptides, the chemical-functional space of peptides, already investigated for cellular uptake, was explored. For 186 peptides, a new cell-penetrating (CP)-response was proposed, based upon the scattered quantitative results for cellular influx available in the literature. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a quantitative structure-property relationship study (QSPR), using chemo-molecular descriptors and our newly defined CP-response, learned that besides typical well-known properties of CPPs, i.e. positive charge and amphipathicity, the shape, structure complexity and the 3D-pattern of constituting atoms influence the cellular uptake capacity of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Stalmans
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Bracke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Gevaert
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging and Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Medical Imaging and Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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53
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Peptide-coated nanoparticles: Adsorption and desorption studies of cationic peptides on nanodiamonds. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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54
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Walrant A, Matheron L, Cribier S, Chaignepain S, Jobin ML, Sagan S, Alves ID. Direct translocation of cell-penetrating peptides in liposomes: A combined mass spectrometry quantification and fluorescence detection study. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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55
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Bechara C, Sagan S. Cell-penetrating peptides: 20 years later, where do we stand? FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1693-702. [PMID: 23669356 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of peptides able to cross cellular membranes launched a novel field in molecular delivery based on these non-invasive vectors, most commonly called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs). These peptides were shown to efficiently transport various biologically active molecules inside living cells, and thus are considered promising devices for medical and biotechnological developments. Moreover, CPPs emerged as potential tools to study the prime mechanisms of cellular entry across the plasma membrane. This review is dedicated to CPP fundamentals, with an emphasis on the molecular requirements and mechanism of their entry into eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérine Bechara
- UPMC-Univ Paris 6, Laboratoire des BioMolecules, cc 182, UMR 7203 CNRS, ENS, Paris, France.
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56
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Moody P, Burlina F, Martin SR, Morgan RE, Offer J, Smith MEB, Molloy JE, Caddick S. Evaluating the use of Apo-neocarzinostatin as a cell penetrating protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:277-81. [PMID: 23322746 PMCID: PMC3601848 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-ligand complex neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a small, thermostable protein-ligand complex that is able to deliver its ligand cargo into live mammalian cells where it induces DNA damage. Apo-NCS is able to functionally display complementarity determining regions loops, and has been hypothesised to act as a cell-penetrating protein, which would make it an ideal scaffold for cell targeting, and subsequent intracellular delivery of small-molecule drugs. In order to evaluate apo-NCS as a cell penetrating protein, we have evaluated the efficiency of its internalisation into live HeLa cells using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy. Following incubation of cells with apo-NCS, we observed no evidence of internalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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57
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Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTD or cell-permeable proteins) have attracted much attention as drug carriers because of their ability to penetrate cellular membranes. Although numerous PTD have been identified and their properties elucidated, their mechanism of action has not been fully understood due to the absence of a reliable quantification method. This chapter provides a direct method for quantifying cellular transduction of PTD in vitro and in vivo using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). This methodology exploits noninvasive techniques to create an environment suitable for the real-time imaging of PTD transduction and is therefore a promising tool for studying the mechanism of PTD transduction and the in vivo application of new therapeutic candidates.
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58
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Åmand HL, Rydberg HA, Fornander LH, Lincoln P, Nordén B, Esbjörner EK. Cell surface binding and uptake of arginine- and lysine-rich penetratin peptides in absence and presence of proteoglycans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2669-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Bechara C, Pallerla M, Zaltsman Y, Burlina F, Alves ID, Lequin O, Sagan S. Tryptophan within basic peptide sequences triggers glycosaminoglycan‐dependent endocytosis. FASEB J 2012; 27:738-49. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-216176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chérine Bechara
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Manjula Pallerla
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Yefim Zaltsman
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Isabel D. Alves
- Chimie et Biologie Des Membranes et Des Nanoobjets (CBMN)UMR 5248, CNRSPessacFrance
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université Paris 6Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM)ParisFrance
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Byrne C, Khemtémourian L, Pelekanou V, Kampa M, Leclercq G, Sagan S, Castanas E, Burlina F, Jacquot Y. ERα17p, a peptide reproducing the hinge region of the estrogen receptor α associates to biological membranes: A biophysical approach. Steroids 2012; 77:979-87. [PMID: 22426414 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified a peptide (ERα17p, P(295)LMIKRSKKNSLALSLT(311)) that corresponds to the 295-311 sequence of the estrogen receptor α (ERα, hinge region) and which exerts a panel of pharmacological effects in breast cancer cells. Remarkably, these effects can result from the interaction of ERα17p with the plasma membrane. Herein, we show that ERα17p adopts a β-sheet secondary structure when in contact with anionic phospholipids and that it is engulfed within the lipid bilayer. While ERα17p increases the fluidity of membrane mimics, it weakly internalizes in living cells. In light of the above, one may evoke one important role of the 295-311 region of the ERα: the corresponding peptide could be secreted/delivered to the extracellular medium to interact with neighboring cells, both intracellularly and at the membrane level. Finally, the 295-311 region of ERα being in proximity to the cystein-447, the palmitoylation site of the ERα raises the question of its involvement in the interaction/stabilization of the protein with the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Byrne
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules, CNRS-UMR 7203, 24 rue Lhomond, Ecole Normale Supérieure/UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75253 Paris Cedex 05, France
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61
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Bode SA, Thévenin M, Bechara C, Sagan S, Bregant S, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Burlina F. Self-assembling mini cell-penetrating peptides enter by both direct translocation and glycosaminoglycan-dependent endocytosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7179-81. [PMID: 22692031 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A small library of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) containing a minimized cationic domain and a lipophilic domain of different size was studied. CPPs that could self-assemble were found to enter cells more efficiently, triggering a glycosaminoglycan-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bode
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, LBM, F-75005, Paris, France
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62
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Cellular uptake and biophysical properties of galactose and/or tryptophan containing cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:448-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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63
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Wang JTW, Giuntini F, Eggleston IM, Bown SG, MacRobert AJ. Photochemical internalisation of a macromolecular protein toxin using a cell penetrating peptide-photosensitiser conjugate. J Control Release 2012; 157:305-13. [PMID: 21889554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a site-specific technique for improving cellular delivery of macromolecular drugs. In this study, a cell penetrating peptide, containing the core HIV-1 Tat 48-57 sequence, conjugated with a porphyrin photosensitiser has been shown to be effective for PCI. Herein we report an investigation of the photophysical and photobiological properties of a water soluble bioconjugate of the cationic Tat peptide with a hydrophobic tetraphenylporphyrin derivative. The cellular uptake and localisation of the amphiphilic bioconjugate was examined in the HN5 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Efficient cellular uptake and localisation in endo/lysosomal vesicles was found using fluorescence detection, and light-induced, rupture of the vesicles resulting in a more diffuse intracellular fluorescence distribution was observed. Conjugation of the Tat sequence with a hydrophobic porphyrin thus enables cellular delivery of an amphiphilic photosensitiser which can then localise in endo/lysosomal membranes, as required for effective PCI treatment. PCI efficacy was tested in combination with a protein toxin, saporin, and a significant reduction in cell viability was measured versus saporin or photosensitiser treatment alone. This study demonstrates that the cell penetrating peptide-photosensitiser bioconjugation strategy is a promising and versatile approach for enhancing the therapeutic potential of bioactive agents through photochemical internalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie T-W Wang
- National Medical Laser Centre, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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64
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Preferential uptake of L- versus D-amino acid cell-penetrating peptides in a cell type-dependent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:1000-10. [PMID: 21867915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of protease-resistant D-peptides is a prominent strategy for overcoming proteolytic sensitivity in the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as delivery vectors. So far, no major differences have been reported for the uptake of L- and D-peptides. Here we report that cationic L-CPPs are taken up more efficiently than their D-counterparts in MC57 fibrosarcoma and HeLa cells but not in Jurkat T leukemia cells. Reduced uptake of D-peptides co-occurred with persistent binding to heparan sulfates (HS) at the plasma membrane. In vitro binding studies of L- and D-peptides with HS indicated similar binding affinities. Our results identify two key events in the uptake of CPPs: binding to HS chains and the initiation of internalization. Only the second event depends on the chirality of the CPP. This knowledge may be exploited for a stereochemistry-dependent preferential targeting of cells.
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65
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Relationships between membrane binding, affinity and cell internalization efficacy of a cell-penetrating peptide: penetratin as a case study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24096. [PMID: 21915283 PMCID: PMC3167814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Penetratin is a positively charged cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) that has the ability to bind negatively charged membrane components, such as glycosaminoglycans and anionic lipids. Whether this primary interaction of penetratin with these cell surface components implies that the peptide will be further internalized is not clear. Methodology Using mass spectrometry, the amount of internalized and membrane bound penetratin remaining after washings, were quantified in three different cell lines: wild type (WT), glycosaminoglycans- (GAGneg) and sialic acid-deficient (SAneg) cells. Additionally, the affinity and kinetics of the interaction of penetratin to membrane models composed of pure lipids and membrane fragments from the referred cell lines was investigated, as well as the thermodynamics of such interactions using plasmon resonance and calorimetry. Principal Findings Penetratin internalized with the same efficacy in the three cell lines at 1 µM, but was better internalized at 10 µM in SAneg>WT>GAGneg. The heat released by the interaction of penetratin with these cells followed the ranking order of internalization efficiency. Penetratin had an affinity of 10 nM for WT cells and µM for SAneg and GAGneg cells and model membrane of phospholipids. The remaining membrane-bound penetratin after cells washings was similar in WT and GAGneg cells, which suggested that these binding sites relied on membrane phospholipids. The interaction of penetratin with carbohydrates was more superficial and reversible while it was stronger with phospholipids, likely because the peptide can intercalate between the fatty acid chains. Conclusion/Significance These results show that accumulation and high-affinity binding of penetratin at the cell-surface do not reflect the internalization efficacy of the peptide. Altogether, these data further support translocation (membrane phospholipids interaction) as being the internalization pathway used by penetratin at low micromolecular concentration, while endocytosis is activated at higher concentration and requires accumulation of the peptide on GAG and GAG clustering.
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66
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Åmand HL, Boström CL, Lincoln P, Nordén B, Esbjörner EK. Binding of cell-penetrating penetratin peptides to plasma membrane vesicles correlates directly with cellular uptake. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1860-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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67
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Ruttekolk IR, Verdurmen WPR, Chung YD, Brock R. Measurements of the intracellular stability of CPPs. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 683:69-80. [PMID: 21053123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-919-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the analysis of the uptake and intracellular distribution of cell-penetrating peptides mostly relies on fluorescence microscopy, using fluorescently labeled CPP analogs. However, fluorescence microscopy does not reveal to which degree fluorescence reflects the intact peptide or only breakdown products. Here, we introduce fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) as a powerful method to address peptide stability in cells and cell lysates. Measurements in lysates of cells incubated with peptide yield information on degradation of the total cellular peptide content. In combination with protease inhibitors, such measurements enable conclusions on trafficking pathways. Intracellular FCS measurements provide direct information on peptide degradation and association with cellular structures in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo R Ruttekolk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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68
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Abstract
In the last 15 years, an ever expanding pool of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) has been discovered and recently focus has shifted towards improving already existing CPPs by different modifications. Since the number of published peptide sequences with cell-penetrating ability is now reaching several hundreds, the consensus methods to compare the efficacy of these is clearly needed. Many research groups are evaluating the applicability of CPPs as drug delivery vectors, all having their preferred methods of assessing uptake and intracellular distribution. Even when applying the same method, the use of different cell lines, peptide concentrations, exposure conditions, etc. are complicating comparison of data between different groups. This book is a welcome contribution to the CPP research field, hopefully paving the way for standardized protocols to be used in the future. Some of the most common methods used to this date are presented and compared in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Holm
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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69
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van Kampen JJA, Burgers PC, de Groot R, Gruters RA, Luider TM. Biomedical application of MALDI mass spectrometry for small-molecule analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:101-120. [PMID: 20169623 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging analytical tool for the analysis of molecules with molar masses below 1,000 Da; that is, small molecules. This technique offers rapid analysis, high sensitivity, low sample consumption, a relative high tolerance towards salts and buffers, and the possibility to store sample on the target plate. The successful application of the technique is, however, hampered by low molecular weight (LMW) matrix-derived interference signals and by poor reproducibility of signal intensities during quantitative analyses. In this review, we focus on the biomedical application of MALDI-MS for the analysis of small molecules and discuss its favorable properties and its challenges as well as strategies to improve the performance of the technique. Furthermore, practical aspects and applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J A van Kampen
- Laboratories of Neuro-Oncology/Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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70
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Walrant A, Correia I, Jiao CY, Lequin O, Bent EH, Goasdoué N, Lacombe C, Chassaing G, Sagan S, Alves ID. Different membrane behaviour and cellular uptake of three basic arginine-rich peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:382-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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71
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Lamazière A, Maniti O, Wolf C, Lambert O, Chassaing G, Trugnan G, Ayala-Sanmartin J. Lipid domain separation, bilayer thickening and pearling induced by the cell penetrating peptide penetratin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:2223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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72
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Alves ID, Jiao CY, Aubry S, Aussedat B, Burlina F, Chassaing G, Sagan S. Cell biology meets biophysics to unveil the different mechanisms of penetratin internalization in cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:2231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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73
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Paramelle D, Subra G, Vezenkov LL, Maynadier M, André C, Enjalbal C, Calmès M, Garcia M, Martinez J, Amblard M. A Straightforward Approach for Cellular-Uptake Quantification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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74
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Paramelle D, Subra G, Vezenkov LL, Maynadier M, André C, Enjalbal C, Calmès M, Garcia M, Martinez J, Amblard M. A Straightforward Approach for Cellular-Uptake Quantification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8240-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
| | - Carol Shreiner
- Departments of Polymer Science and Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4717, and Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234
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Jiao CY, Alves ID, Point V, Lavielle S, Sagan S, Chassaing G. Comparing Lipid Photo-Cross-linking Efficacy of Penetratin Analogues Bearing Three Different Photoprobes: Dithienyl Ketone, Benzophenone, and Trifluoromethylaryldiazirine. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:352-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900466q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Jiao
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Isabel D. Alves
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Solange Lavielle
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gérard Chassaing
- UPMC Paris 06 - ENS - CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, FR 2769 Chimie Moléculaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courier 182, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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77
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Delaroche D, Cantrelle FX, Subra F, Van Heijenoort C, Guittet E, Jiao CY, Blanchoin L, Chassaing G, Lavielle S, Auclair C, Sagan S. Cell-penetrating peptides with intracellular actin-remodeling activity in malignant fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7712-21. [PMID: 20037163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.045872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides can cross cell membranes and are commonly seen as biologically inert molecules. However, we found that some cell-penetrating peptides could remodel actin cytoskeleton in oncogene-transformed NIH3T3/EWS-Fli cells. These cells have profound actin disorganization related to their tumoral transformation. These arginine- and/or tryptophan-rich peptides could cross cell membrane and induce stress fiber formation in these malignant cells, whereas they had no perceptible effect in non-tumoral fibroblasts. In addition, motility (migration speed, random motility coefficient, wound healing) of the tumor cells could be decreased by the cell-permeant peptides. Although the peptides differently influenced actin polymerization in vitro, they could directly bind monomeric actin as determined by NMR and calorimetry studies. Therefore, cell-penetrating peptides might interact with intracellular protein partners, such as actin. In addition, the fact that they could reverse the tumoral phenotype is of interest for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Delaroche
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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78
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Aubry S, Aussedat B, Delaroche D, Jiao CY, Bolbach G, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Sagan S, Burlina F. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a powerful tool to study the internalization of cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1798:2182-9. [PMID: 19932680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the contribution of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in the study of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) internalization in eukaryote cells. This technique was used to measure the efficiency of cell-penetrating peptide cellular uptake and cargo delivery and to analyze carrier and cargo intracellular degradation. The impact of thiol-containing membrane proteins on the internalization of CPP-cargo disulfide conjugates was also evaluated by combining MALDI-TOF MS with simple thiol-specific reactions. This highlighted the formation of cross-linked species to cell-surface proteins that either remained trapped in the cell membrane or led to intracellular delivery. MALDI-TOF MS is thus a powerful tool to dissect CPP internalization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soline Aubry
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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79
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Dutot L, Lécorché P, Burlina F, Marquant R, Point V, Sagan S, Chassaing G, Mallet JM, Lavielle S. Glycosylated cell-penetrating peptides and their conjugates to a proapoptotic peptide: preparation by click chemistry and cell viability studies. J Chem Biol 2009; 3:51-65. [PMID: 19899012 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-009-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which are usually short basic peptides, are able to cross cell membranes and convey bioactive cargoes inside cells. CPPs have been widely used to deliver inside cells peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides; however, their entry mechanisms still remain controversial. A major problem concerning CPPs remains their lack of selectivity to target a specific type of cell and/or an intracellular component. We have previously shown that myristoylation of one of these CPPs affected the intracellular distribution of the cargo. We report here on the synthesis of glycosylated analogs of the cell-penetrating peptide (R6/W3): Ac-RRWWRRWRR-NH(2). One, two, or three galactose(s), with or without a spacer, were introduced into the sequence of this nonapeptide via a triazole link, the Huisgen reaction being achieved on a solid support. Four of these glycosylated CPPs were coupled via a disulfide bridge to the proapoptotic KLAK peptide, (KLAKLAKKLAKLAK), which alone does not enter into cells. The effect on cell viability and the uptake efficiency of different glycosylated conjugates were studied on CHO cells and were compared to those of the nonglycosylated conjugates: (R6/W3)S-S-KLAK and penetratinS-S-KLAK. We show that glycosylation significantly increases the cell viability of CHO cells compared to the nonglycosylated conjugates and concomitantly decreases the internalization of the KLAK cargo. These results suggest that glycosylation of CPP may be a key point in targeting specific cells. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12154-009-0031-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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80
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Jiao CY, Delaroche D, Burlina F, Alves ID, Chassaing G, Sagan S. Translocation and endocytosis for cell-penetrating peptide internalization. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33957-65. [PMID: 19833724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.056309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) share the property of cellular internalization. The question of how these peptides reach the cytoplasm of cells is still widely debated. Herein, we have used a mass spectrometry-based method that enables quantification of internalized and membrane-bound peptides. Internalization of the most used CPP was studied at 37 degrees C (endocytosis and translocation) and 4 degrees C (translocation) in wild type and proteoglycan-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both translocation and endocytosis are internalization pathways used by CPP. The choice of one pathway versus the other depends on the peptide sequence (not the number of positive changes), the extracellular peptide concentration, and the membrane components. There is no relationship between the high affinity of these peptides for the cell membrane and their internalization efficacy. Translocation occurs at low extracellular peptide concentration, whereas endocytosis, a saturable and cooperative phenomenon, is activated at higher concentrations. Translocation operates in a narrow time window, which implies a specific lipid/peptide co-import in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Jiao
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 75005 Paris, France
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81
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Aubry S, Burlina F, Dupont E, Delaroche D, Joliot A, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Sagan S. Cell‐surface thiols affect cell entry of disulfide‐conjugated peptides. FASEB J 2009; 23:2956-67. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soline Aubry
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Edmond Dupont
- Ecole Normale Superieure CNRS UMR 8542 Homeoprotein Cell Biology Paris France
| | - Diane Delaroche
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Alain Joliot
- Ecole Normale Superieure CNRS UMR 8542 Homeoprotein Cell Biology Paris France
| | - Solange Lavielle
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Gerard Chassaing
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
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82
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Laufer SD, Restle T. Peptide-mediated cellular delivery of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics in vitro: quantitative evaluation of overall efficacy employing easy to handle reporter systems. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 14:3637-55. [PMID: 19075740 PMCID: PMC2778081 DOI: 10.2174/138161208786898806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of therapeutic oligonucleotides and subsequent intracellular trafficking to their target sites represents the major technical hurdle for the biological effectiveness of these potential drugs. Accordingly, laboratories worldwide focus on the development of suitable delivery systems. Among the different available non-viral systems like cationic polymers, cationic liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent an attractive concept to bypass the problem of poor membrane permeability of these charged macromolecules. While uptake per se in most cases does not represent the main obstacle of nucleic acid delivery in vitro, it becomes increasingly apparent that intracellular trafficking is the bottleneck. As a consequence, in order to optimize a given delivery system, a side-by-side analysis of nucleic acid cargo internalized and the corresponding biological effect is required to determine the overall efficacy. In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. To illustrate current limitations of non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems, we present own data as an example and discuss options of how to enhance trafficking of molecules entrapped in cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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83
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Aussedat B, Dupont E, Sagan S, Joliot A, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Burlina F. Modifications in the chemical structure of Trojan carriers: impact on cargo delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1398-400. [DOI: 10.1039/b800433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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Henriques ST, Melo MN, Castanho MARB. How to address CPP and AMP translocation? Methods to detect and quantify peptide internalization in vitro and in vivo (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2007; 24:173-84. [PMID: 17520474 DOI: 10.1080/09687860601102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane translocation is a crucial issue when addressing the activity of both cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides. Translocation is responsible for the therapeutic potential of cell-penetrating peptides as drug carriers and can dictate the killing mechanisms, selectivity and efficiency of antimicrobial peptides. It is essential to evaluate if the internalization of cell-penetrating peptides is mediated by endocytosis and if it is able to internalize attached cargoes. The mode of action of an antimicrobial peptide cannot be fully understood if it is not known whether the peptide acts exclusively at the membrane level or also at the cytoplasm. Therefore, experimental methods to evaluate and quantify translocation processes are of first importance. In this work, over 20 methods described in the literature for the assessment of peptide translocation in vivo and in vitro, with and without attached macromolecular cargoes, are discussed and their applicability, advantages and disadvantages reviewed. In addition, a classification of these methods is proposed, based on common approaches to detect translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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85
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Jones AT. Gateways and tools for drug delivery: endocytic pathways and the cellular dynamics of cell penetrating peptides. Int J Pharm 2007; 354:34-8. [PMID: 18068916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major goal in drug delivery is to be able to design a macromolecular entity that utilises an endocytic pathway to deliver a bioactive payload into a malfunctioning cell. However, the effectiveness of this approach may be constrained by insufficient information regarding the fate of the delivery vector within the confines of the endo-lysosomal network. Successful drug delivery through this mechanism is therefore dependent on an equal high level of understanding of the specific endocytic pathways that are inherent in the target cell and the traffic and fate of the macromolecule within endocytic organelles. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising candidate vectors for delivering macromolecules, however, there is little consensus regarding their exact mechanism of uptake. This review highlights the numerous endocytic pathways and sorting mechanisms that may deliver CPPs to a number of cellular destinations. Our use of non-adherent leukaemia cell lines to study the cellular dynamics of CPPs HIV-TAT and octaarginine is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwyn T Jones
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, United Kingdom.
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86
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Burlina F, Sagan S, Bolbach G, Chassaing G. A direct approach to quantification of the cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:200-5. [PMID: 17406233 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This protocol allows the accurate quantification of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) cellular uptake by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Quantification is based on the use of an internal standard with same chemical structure as the analyte but labeled with a stable isotope. The analyte and the standard can both be obtained by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis using commercially available amino acids. They are functionalized by biotin to allow their easy purification before MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The method allows determination of the amount of intact internalized peptide and the identification of potential intracellular digests. It can be used to simultaneously compare the uptake of several peptides, and can also be applied to the quantification of peptidic cargoes and the study of their intracellular stability. It is therefore a potent tool to study the mechanisms of CPPs internalization and to select new carriers for drug delivery. This protocol will take approximately 5 hours for the analysis of 12 samples (not including the time for cell incubation with peptides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Burlina
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRSUMR 7613, Synthèse, Structure et Fonction de Molécules Bioactives, FR2769, Case courrier 345, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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87
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Delaroche D, Aussedat B, Aubry S, Chassaing G, Burlina F, Clodic G, Bolbach G, Lavielle S, Sagan S. Tracking a new cell-penetrating (W/R) nonapeptide, through an enzyme-stable mass spectrometry reporter tag. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1932-8. [PMID: 17260976 DOI: 10.1021/ac061108l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a mass stable reporter (msr) tag with m/z over 500, trifluoroacetyl(alpha,alpha-diethyl)Gly-Lys(Nepsilonbiotin)-(D)Lys-Cys, for the quantification of the uptake and study of the degradation processes of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. This tag was found stable in cell lysis conditions. Using a quantitative MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis based method, an accurate tracking of a new CPP and of its degradation products could be done. (1) The new msr(W/R) nonapeptide (H-RRWWRRWRR-NH2) enters chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells with a kinetic reaching a steady state after 30-60 min of incubation. This plateau was stable for 4 h and decreased slowly afterward. (2) The peptide msr(W/R) nonapeptide was not cytotoxic over 48 h incubation with CHO cells. (3) After 1 h incubation, the msr(W/R) nonapeptide accumulated with a 3-fold higher concentration than the extracellularly added concentration (7.5 microM). (4) The intracellular quantification was accurate with less than 3% of the quantified peptide being potentially membrane-bound. (5) There was no leakage of the full-length CPP outside the cells. And, finally, (6) analysis of the degradation process of this new CPP suggests that the peptide did not traffick to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Delaroche
- Synthèse, Structure et Fonction de Molécules Bioactives (CNRS) and FR 2769, UMR 7613, and Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et Protéomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
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88
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Intercellular imaging by a polyarginine derived cell penetrating peptide labeled magnetic resonance contrast agent, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid gadolinium. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200701010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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89
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Liu M, Guo YM, Yang JL, Wang P, Zhao LY, Shen N, Wang SC, Guo XJ, Wu QF. Application of cell penetrating peptide in magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:865-73. [PMID: 17151780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking the distribution and differentiation of stem cells by high-resolution imaging techniques would have significant clinical and research implications. In this study, a model cell-penetrating peptide was used to carry gadolinium particles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and identified by osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The cell-penetrating peptide labeled with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) and gadolinium was synthesized by a solid-phase peptide synthesis method. Fluorescein imaging analysis confirmed that this new peptide could internalize into the cytoplasm and nucleus at room temperature, 4 degrees and 37 degrees . Gadolinium were efficiently internalized into mesenchymal stem cells by the peptide in a time or concentration-dependent manner, resulting in intercellular shortening of longitudinal relaxation enhancements, which were obviously detected by 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometric analysis showed that the intercellular contrast medium incorporation did not affect cell viability at the tested concentrations. The in vitro experiment results suggested that the new constructed peptides could be a vector for tracking MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Imaging Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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90
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Veldhoen S, Laufer SD, Trampe A, Restle T. Cellular delivery of small interfering RNA by a non-covalently attached cell-penetrating peptide: quantitative analysis of uptake and biological effect. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:6561-73. [PMID: 17135188 PMCID: PMC1747183 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have evolved as promising new tools to deliver nucleic acids into cells. So far, the majority of these delivery systems require a covalent linkage between carrier and cargo. To exploit the higher flexibility of a non-covalent strategy, we focused on the characterisation of a novel carrier peptide termed MPGα, which spontaneously forms complexes with nucleic acids. Using a luciferase-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) as cargo, we optimised the conditions for MPGα-mediated transfection of mammalian cells. In this system, reporter gene activity could be inhibited up to 90% with an IC50 value in the sub-nanomolar range. As a key issue, we addressed the cellular uptake mechanism of MPGα/siRNA complexes applying various approaches. First, transfection of HeLa cells with MPGα/siRNA complexes in the presence of several inhibitors of endocytosis showed a significant reduction of the RNA interference (RNAi) effect. Second, confocal laser microscopy revealed a punctual intracellular pattern rather than a diffuse distribution of fluorescently labelled RNA-cargo. These data provide strong evidence of an endocytotic pathway contributing significantly to the uptake of MPGα/siRNA complexes. Finally, we quantified the intracellular number of siRNA molecules after MPGα-mediated transfection. The amount of siRNA required to induce half maximal RNAi was 10 000 molecules per cell. Together, the combination of methods provided allows for a detailed side by side quantitative analysis of cargo internalisation and related biological effects. Thus, the overall efficiency of a given delivery technique as well as the mechanism of uptake can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tobias Restle
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 451 500 2745; Fax: +49 451 500 2729;
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91
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Liu M, Guo YM, Wu QF, Yang JL, Wang P, Wang SC, Guo XJ, Qiang YQ, Duan XY. Paramagnetic particles carried by cell-penetrating peptide tracking of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, a research in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:133-40. [PMID: 16822478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to track the distribution and differentiation of stem cells by high-resolution imaging techniques would have significant clinical and research implications. In this study, a model cell-penetrating peptide was used to carry gadolinium particles for magnetic resonance imaging of the mesenchymal stem cells. The mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat bone marrow by Percoll and identified by osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The cell-penetrating peptides labeled with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate and gadolinium were synthesized by a solid-phase peptide synthesis method and the relaxivity of cell-penetrating peptide-gadolinium paramagnetic conjugate on 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance was 5.7311 +/- 0.0122 m mol(-1) s(-1), higher than that of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid gadolinium (p < 0.05). Fluorescein imaging confirmed that this new peptide could internalize into the cytoplasm and nucleus. Gadolinium was efficiently internalized into mesenchymal stem cells by the peptide in a time- or concentration-dependent fashion, resulting in intercellular T1 relaxation enhancement, which was obviously detected by 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. Cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometric analysis showed the intercellular contrast medium incorporation did not affect cell viability and membrane potential gradient. The research in vitro suggests that the newly constructed peptides could be a vector for tracking mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Imaging Center, The 2nd Affliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'An Jiao Tong University, Xi'An City ShaanXi Province, China
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92
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Aussedat B, Sagan S, Chassaing G, Bolbach G, Burlina F. Quantification of the efficiency of cargo delivery by peptidic and pseudo-peptidic Trojan carriers using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:375-83. [PMID: 16494839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the efficiencies of two novel pseudo-peptidic carriers and various cell-penetrating peptides (Penetratin, (Arg)9 and the third helix of the homeodomain of Knotted-1) to deliver the same cargo inside cells. The cargo that was studied corresponds to the pseudo-substrate of protein kinase C. Cargo delivery was quantified using a recent method based on isotope labeling and MALDI-TOF MS. Results of cargo delivery were compared to the amounts of free CPP internalized inside cells. The third helix of Knotted gave the best results concerning free CPP cellular uptake. It was also found to be the most efficient carrier. This peptide thus emerges as a new CPP with very promising properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Aussedat
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, boite 45, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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93
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Turner JJ, Ivanova GD, Verbeure B, Williams D, Arzumanov AA, Abes S, Lebleu B, Gait MJ. Cell-penetrating peptide conjugates of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) as inhibitors of HIV-1 Tat-dependent trans-activation in cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:6837-49. [PMID: 16321967 PMCID: PMC1301599 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-activation response (TAR) RNA stem–loop that occurs at the 5′ end of HIV RNA transcripts is an important antiviral target and is the site of interaction of the HIV-1 Tat protein together with host cellular factors. Oligonucleotides and their analogues targeted to TAR are potential antiviral candidates. We have investigated a range of cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugates of a 16mer peptide nucleic acid (PNA) analogue targeted to the apical stem–loop of TAR and show that disulfide-linked PNA conjugates of two types of CPP (Transportan or a novel chimeric peptide R6-Penetratin) exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of Tat-dependent trans-activation in a HeLa cell assay when incubated for 24 h. Activity is reached within 6 h if the lysosomotropic reagent chloroquine is co-administered. Fluorescein-labelled stably-linked conjugates of Tat, Transportan or Transportan TP10 with PNA were inactive when delivered alone, but attained trans-activation inhibition in the presence of chloroquine. Confocal microscopy showed that such fluorescently labelled CPP–PNA conjugates were sequestered in endosomal or membrane-bound compartments of HeLa cells, which varied in appearance depending on the CPP type. Co-administration of chloroquine was seen in some cases to release fluorescence from such compartments into the nucleus, but with different patterns depending on the CPP. The results show that CPP–PNA conjugates of different types can inhibit Tat-dependent trans-activation in HeLa cells and have potential for development as antiviral agents. Endosomal or membrane release is a major factor limiting nuclear delivery and trans-activation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Saïd Abes
- UMR 5124 CNRS, CC 086, Université Montpellier 2Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Lebleu
- UMR 5124 CNRS, CC 086, Université Montpellier 2Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J. Gait
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 1223 248011; Fax: +44 1223 402070;
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