Exosomal circular RNAs: A chief culprit in cancer chemotherapy resistance

Advances in immunotherapy for mucosal melanoma: harnessing immune checkpoint inhibitors for improved treatment outcomes

Mucosal melanoma (MM) poses a significant clinical challenge due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for MM, with a particular focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors. These inhibitors have demonstrated substantial efficacy by harnessing the body's immune response against tumors. Moreover, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), anti-angiogenic therapy, and combination therapies have garnered attention for their potential in MM treatment. ACT involves modifying T cells to target melanoma cells, showing promising antitumor activity. Anti-angiogenic therapy aims to impede tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis, while combination therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, offer a multifaceted approach to overcome treatment resistance. This comprehensive review explores the advancements in immunotherapy for MM, highlighting the role of diverse therapeutic modalities in enhancing treatment outcomes and addressing the challenges posed by this aggressive malignancy.

Research Progress on the Anti-Cancer Effects of Astragalus membranaceus Saponins and Their Mechanisms of Action

Astragalus membranaceus saponins are the main components of A. membranaceus, a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, research on the anti-cancer effects of A. membranaceus saponins has received increasing attention. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experimental data indicate that A. membranaceus saponins exhibit significant anti-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, especially in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induction of apoptosis, etc. This review compiles relevant studies on the anti-cancer properties of A. membranaceus saponins from various databases over the past two decades. It introduces the mechanism of action of astragalosides, highlighting their therapeutic benefits in the management of cancer. Finally, the urgent problems in the research process are highlighted to promote A. membranaceus saponins as an effective drug against cancer.

Identification of a pro-protein synthesis osteosarcoma subtype for predicting prognosis and treatment

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a heterogeneous malignant spindle cell tumor that is aggressive and has a poor prognosis. Although combining surgery and chemotherapy has significantly improved patient outcomes, the prognosis for OS patients with metastatic or recurrent OS has remained unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is imperative to gain a fresh perspective on OS development mechanisms and treatment strategies. After studying single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data in public databases, we identified seven OS subclonal types based on intra-tumor heterogeneity. Subsequently, we constructed a prognostic model based on pro-protein synthesis osteosarcoma (PPS-OS)-associated genes. Correlation analysis showed that the prognostic model performs extremely well in predicting OS patient prognosis. We also demonstrated that the independent risk factors for the prognosis of OS patients were tumor primary site, metastatic status, and risk score. Based on these factors, nomograms were constructed for predicting the 3- and 5-year survival rates. Afterward, the investigation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) revealed the vital roles of γδ T-cell and B-cell activation. Drug sensitivity analysis and immune checkpoint analysis identified drugs that have potential application value in OS. Finally, the jumping translocation breakpoint (JTB) gene was selected for experimental validation. JTB silencing suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells. Therefore, our research suggests that PPS-OS-related genes facilitate the malignant progression of OS and may be employed as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets in OS.

Investigation of prognostic values of immune infiltration and LGMN expression in the microenvironment of osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly affects children and young adults and is characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. Despite therapeutic advancements, the survival rate remains suboptimal, indicating an urgent need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of LGMN expression and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of OS.

METHODS

We performed an integrative bioinformatics analysis utilizing the GEO and TARGET-OS databases to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with LGMN in OS. We conducted Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to explore the biological pathways and functions. Additionally, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, and applied the CIBERSORT algorithm to quantify immune cell infiltration. The diagnostic and prognostic values of LGMN were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Cox regression analysis. Furthermore, we employed Consensus Clustering Analysis to explore the heterogeneity within OS samples based on LGMN expression.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed significant upregulation of LGMN in OS tissues. DEGs were enriched in immune response and antigen processing pathways, suggesting LGMN's role in immune modulation within the TME. The PPI and ceRNA network analyses provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms involving LGMN. Immune cell infiltration analysis indicated a correlation between high LGMN expression and increased abundance of M2 macrophages, implicating an immunosuppressive role. The diagnostic AUC for LGMN was 0.799, demonstrating its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. High LGMN expression correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Importantly, Consensus Clustering Analysis identified two distinct subtypes of OS, highlighting the heterogeneity and potential for personalized medicine approaches.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study underscores the prognostic value of LGMN in osteosarcoma and its potential as a therapeutic target. The identification of LGMN-associated immune cell subsets and the discovery of distinct OS subtypes through Consensus Clustering Analysis provide new avenues for understanding the immunosuppressive TME of OS and may aid in the development of personalized treatment strategies. Further validation in larger cohorts is warranted to confirm these findings.

The opportunities and challenges of using PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for leukemia treatment

Leukemia poses a significant clinical challenge due to its swift onset, rapid progression, and treatment-related complications. Tumor immune evasion, facilitated by immune checkpoints like programmed death receptor 1/programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1), plays a critical role in leukemia pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we summarized the research progress and therapeutic potential of PD-L1 in leukemia, focusing on targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated promising outcomes with PD-L1 inhibitors, highlighting their role in enhancing treatment efficacy. This review discusses the implications of PD-L1 expression levels on treatment response and long-term survival rates in leukemia patients. Furthermore, we address the challenges and opportunities in immunotherapy, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches and combination therapies to optimize PD-L1 inhibition in leukemia management. Future research prospects include exploring novel treatment strategies and addressing immune-related adverse events to improve clinical outcomes in leukemia. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the role of PD-L1 in leukemia and its potential as a therapeutic target in the evolving landscape of leukemia treatment.

Hsa_circRNA_101036 aggravates hypoxic-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via the miR-21-3p/TMTC1 axis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objective

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various types of cancer, including Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Hsa_circRNA_101036 was found to function as a cancer suppressor gene in OSCC; however, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the role of hsa_circRNA_101036 in OSCC development and progression and explored its potential as a therapeutic target.

Methods

We performed a bioinformatics analysis and used experimental approaches to investigate the regulatory mechanism of hsa_circRNA_101036. The database StarBase v.2.0 was used to predict potential target-miRNAs of hsa_circRNA_101036. The levels of hsa_circRNA_101036, miR-21-3p, and TMTC2 expression in samples of OSCC cancer tissue (n = 15) and adjacent tissue (n = 15) were determined. We also examined the effects of hsa_circRNA_101036 overexpression on OSCC cell lines by using cell viability, migration, and invasion assays. The proportions of apoptotic cells and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. We also investigated how hsa_circRNA_101036 overexpression affected the levels of miR-21-3p and TMTC2, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in OSCC cells.

Results

The levels of hsa_circRNA_101036 and TMTC2 expression were significantly lower, while miR-21-3p expression was higher in tumor tissues and OSCC cells when compared to adjacent tissues and normal oral fibroblasts, respectively. The levels of HIF-1α and miR-21-3p expression were significantly increased under conditions of hypoxia, while the levels of hsa_circRNA_101036 and TMTC2 were decreased. The expression levels of proteins associated with ER stress, the proportions of apoptotic cells, and the levels of ROS were all increased by hypoxia stimulation. In addition, overexpression of hsa_circRNA_101036, but not mutant hsa_circRNA_101036, was found to enhance the effect of hypoxia on HSC3 and OECM-1 cells. Hsa_circRNA_101036 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and induced ER stress. Finally, knockdown of miR-21-3p had the same effect as overexpression of hsa_circRNA_101036.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that hsa_circRNA_101036 plays a critical role in the development and progression of OSCC. Overexpression of hsa_circRNA_101036 aggravated ER stress, and increased cell apoptosis and ROS production in OSCC under hypoxic conditions. Hsa_circRNA_101036 up-regulated TMTC2 expression by sponging miR-21-3p in OSCC.

Prospects for the clinical application of exosomal circular RNA in squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent malignancy affecting multiple organs in the human body, including the oral cavity, esophagus, cervix, and skin. Given its significant incidence and mortality rates, researchers are actively seeking effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In recent years, exosomes and their molecular cargo, particularly circular RNA (circRNA), have emerged as promising areas of investigation in SCC research. Exosomes are small vesicles released into the extracellular environment by cells that contain biomolecules that reflect the physiological state of the cell of origin. CircRNAs, known for their unique covalently closed loop structure and stability, have garnered special attention in oncology and are closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Interestingly, exosomal circRNAs have been identified as ideal biomarkers for noninvasive cancer diagnosis and prognosis assessment. This article reviews the progress in research on exosomal circRNAs, focusing on their expression patterns, functions, and potential applications as biomarkers in SCC, aiming to provide new insights and strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of SCC.

Graphene-Based Photodynamic Therapy and Overcoming Cancer Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapy that has made significant progress in treating different diseases, including cancer, by utilizing new nanotechnology products such as graphene and its derivatives. Graphene-based materials have large surface area and photothermal effects thereby making them suitable candidates for PDT or photo-active drug carriers. The remarkable photophysical properties of graphene derivates facilitate the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light irradiation, which destroys cancer cells. Surface functionalization of graphene and its materials can also enhance their biocompatibility and anticancer activity. The paper delves into the distinct roles played by graphene-based materials in PDT such as photosensitizers (PS) and drug carriers while at the same time considers how these materials could be used to circumvent cancer resistance. This will provide readers with an extensive discussion of various pathways contributing to PDT inefficiency. Consequently, this comprehensive review underscores the vital roles that graphene and its derivatives may play in emerging PDT strategies for cancer treatment and other medical purposes. With a better comprehension of the current state of research and the existing challenges, the integration of graphene-based materials in PDT holds great promise for developing targeted, effective, and personalized cancer treatments.

System analysis based on Anoikis-related genes identifies MAPK1 as a novel therapy target for osteosarcoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignant tumor in children, and its prognosis is often poor. Anoikis is a unique mode of cell death.However, the effects of Anoikis in OS remain unexplored.

METHOD

Differential analysis of Anoikis-related genes was performed based on the metastatic and non-metastatic groups. Then LASSO logistic regression and SVM-RFE algorithms were applied to screen out the characteristic genes. Later, Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was conducted to identify prognostic genes and further develop the Anoikis-based risk score. In addition, correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between tumor microenvironment, drug sensitivity, and prognostic models.

RESULTS

We established novel Anoikis-related subgroups and developed a prognostic model based on three Anoikis-related genes (MAPK1, MYC, and EDIL3). The survival and ROC analysis results showed that the prognostic model was reliable. Besides, the results of single-cell sequencing analysis suggested that the three prognostic genes were closely related to immune cell infiltration. Subsequently, aberrant expression of two prognostic genes was identified in osteosarcoma cells. Nilotinib can promote the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells and down-regulate the expression of MAPK1.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a novel Anoikis-related risk score model, which can assist clinicians in evaluating the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients in clinical practice. Analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity can provide necessary insights into subsequent mechanisms. MAPK1 may be a valuable therapeutic target for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma.

CircDCAF8 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through miR-217/NAP1L1 Axis, and induces angiogenesis and regorafenib resistance via exosome-mediated transfer

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are a new type of single-stranded circular RNA, have significant involvement in progression of many diseases, including tumors. Currently, multiple circRNAs have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study aims to investigate the function and mechanism of circDCAF8 in HCC.

METHODS

The expression of circDCAF8 (hsa_circ_0014879) in HCC and para-carcinoma tissue samples was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biological function of circDCAF8 in HCC was confirmed by experiments conducted both in vitro and in vivo. And the relationship between circDCAF8, miR-217 and NAP1L1 was predicted by database and verified using qRT-PCR, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Exosomes isolated from HCC cells were utilized to assess the connection of exosomal circDCAF8 with HCC angiogenesis and regorafenib resistance.

RESULTS

CircDCAF8 is upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and is linked to an unfavourable prognosis for HCC patients. Functionally, circDCAF8 was proved to facilitate proliferation, migration, invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) in HCC cells. Animal examinations also validated the tumor-promoting characteristics of circDCAF8 on HCC. Besides, exosomal circDCAF8 promoted angiogenesis in HUVECs. Mechanistically, circDCAF8 interacted with miR-217 and NAP1L1 was a downstream protein of miR-217. CircDCAF8 promoted NAP1L1 expression by sponging miR-217. In addition, exosomes may transfer circDCAF8 from regorafenib-resistant HCC cells to sensitive cells, where it would confer a resistant phenotype.

CONCLUSION

CircDCAF8 facilitates HCC proliferation and metastasis via the miR-217/NAP1L1 axis. Meanwhile, circDCAF8 can promote angiogenesis and drive resistance to regorafenib, making it a viable therapeutic target for HCC patients.

Inhibition of circRNA NGFR promotes ferroptosis in gallbladder carcinoma cells

Background

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a formidably aggressive malignancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in cancer. NGFR is a novel circRNA implicated in various types of cancers. The primary goal of this study was to elucidate the role of NGFR in GBC.

Methods

NGFR variants exhibiting discernible discrepancies were identified using RNA sequencing and validated using real-time PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. The ferroptotic phenotype was characterized by assessing the reactive oxygen species and Fe2+ levels. Western blotting was used to analyze ferroptosis-associated proteins. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels were measured using commercially available reagent kits. The severity of mitochondrial damage was evaluated by assessing JC-1, MitoSOX, and ATP activities.

Results

NGFR was upregulated, and its suppression inhibited cell proliferation and increased Fe2+ levels in GBC cells. Furthermore, NGFR downregulation disrupted mitochondrial function.

Conclusion

Circular RNA NGFR can impede the advancement of GBC by modulating the ferroptotic phenotype, thereby potentially offering a novel avenue for the clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies of GBC.

Nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery and drug resistance in glioma: New perspectives

Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) having the highest incidence, and their therapeutic efficacy depends primarily on the extent of surgical resection and the efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy. The role of the intracranial blood-brain barrier and the occurrence of the drug-resistant gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase have greatly limited the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with GBM and made it difficult to achieve the expected clinical response. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has brought new hope for the treatment of tumors. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential in tumor therapy due to their unique properties such as light, heat, electromagnetic effects, and passive targeting. Furthermore, NPs can effectively load chemotherapeutic drugs, significantly reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, and improve chemotherapeutic efficacy, showing great potential in the chemotherapy of glioma. In this article, we reviewed the mechanisms of glioma drug resistance, the physicochemical properties of NPs, and recent advances in NPs in glioma chemotherapy resistance. We aimed to provide new perspectives on the clinical treatment of glioma.

Exosomal circRNAs: Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors

Exosomal circRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors. In this review, we explored the intricate role of exosomal circRNAs in urological cancers, focusing on their biological functions, dysregulation in tumors, and potential clinical applications. The review delves into the mechanisms by which exosomal circRNAs contribute to tumor progression and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic implications. By synthesizing current research findings, we present a compelling case for the significance of exosomal circRNAs in the context of urinary tumors. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with utilizing exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic agents. There is a need for further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms of exosomal circRNA secretion and delivery, as well as to enhance the detection methods for clinical translational applications. Overall, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of exosomal circRNAs in urinary tumors and underscores their potential as valuable biomarkers and therapeutic tools in the management of urological cancers.

Recent Progress of Bioinspired Cell Membrane in Cancer Immunotherapy

By modifying immune cells, immunotherapy can activate immune response to establish long-term immune memory and prevent tumor recurrence. However, their effectiveness is largely constricted by the poor immunogenicity, immune escape, and immune tolerance of the tumor. This is related to the characteristics of the tumor itself, such as genome instability and mutation. The combination of various nanocarriers with tumor immunotherapy is beneficial for overcoming the shortcomings of traditional immunotherapy. Nanocarriers coated by cell membranes can extend blood circulation time, improve ability to evade immune clearance, and enhance targeting, thus significantly enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy and showing great potential in tumor immunotherapy. This article reviews the application research progress of different types of cell membrane-modified nanocarriers in tumor immunotherapy, immunotherapy combination therapy, and tumor vaccines, and provides prospects for future research.

Function and mechanism of exosomes derived from different cells as communication mediators in colorectal cancer metastasis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with metastasis being the primary determinant of poor prognosis in patients. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC metastasis is currently a prominent and challenging area of research. Exosomes, as crucial intercellular communication mediators, facilitate the transfer of metabolic and genetic information from cells of origin to recipient cells. Their roles in mediating information exchange between CRC cells and immune cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types are pivotal in reshaping the tumor microenvironment, regulating key biological processes such as invasion, migration, and formation of pre-metastatic niche. This article comprehensively examines the communication function and mechanism of exosomes derived from different cells in cancer metastasis, while also presenting an outlook on current research advancements and future application prospects. The aim is to offer a distinctive perspective that contributes to accurate diagnosis and rational treatment strategies for CRC.

Deciphering chemoresistance in osteosarcoma: Unveiling regulatory mechanisms and function through the lens of noncoding RNA

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor and is prevalent in children, adolescents, and elderly individuals. It has the characteristics of high invasion and metastasis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection is the most commonly used treatment for OS. However, the efficacy of OS is considerably diminished by chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, are hot topics in the field of chemotherapy resistance research. Several studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are substantially associated with chemoresistance in OS. Thus, the present study overviews the abnormally expressed ncRNAs in OS and the molecular mechanisms involved in chemoresistance, with an emphasis on their function in promoting or inhibiting chemoresistance. ncRNAs are expected to become potential therapeutic targets for overcoming drug resistance and predictive biomarkers in OS, which are of great significance for enhancing the therapeutic effect and improving the prognosis.

Exosomal non-coding RNA: A new frontier in diagnosing and treating pancreatic cancer: A review

Pancreatic cancer is the most fatal malignancy worldwide. Once diagnosed, most patients are already at an advanced stage because of their highly heterogeneous, drug-resistant, and metastatic nature and the lack of effective diagnostic markers. Recently, the study of proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms in pancreatic cancer and the search for useful diagnostic markers have posed significant challenges to the scientific community. Exosomes carry various biomolecules (DNA, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), proteins, and lipids) that mediate communication between tumors and other cells. ncRNAs can be transported through exosomes to numerous relevant receptor cells and regulate local epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor tissue, proliferation, drug resistance, and the establishment of pre-metastatic ecological niches in distant organs. In summary, exosomal ncRNAs promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis through multiple EMT, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. Moreover, we discuss the significant therapeutic significance of exosomal ncRNAs as PC biomarkers.

Causal relationship between immune cells and prostate cancer: a Mendelian randomization study

Introduction

Despite the abundance of research indicating the participation of immune cells in prostate cancer development, establishing a definitive cause-and-effect relationship has proven to be a difficult undertaking.

Methods

This study employs Mendelian randomization (MR), leveraging genetic variables related to immune cells from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS), to investigate this association. The primary analytical method used in this study is inverse variance weighting (IVW) analysis. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy of the results.

Results

The study identifies four immune cell traits as causally contributing to prostate cancer risk, including CD127- CD8+ T cell %CD8+ T cell (OR = 1.0042, 95%CI:1.0011-1.0073, p = 0.0077), CD45RA on CD39+ resting CD4 regulatory T cell (OR = 1.0029, 95%CI:1.0008-1.0050, p = 0.0065), CD62L- Dendritic Cell Absolute Count (OR = 1.0016; 95%CI:1.0005-1.0026; p = 0.0039), CX3CR1 on CD14+ CD16- monocyte (OR = 1.0024, 95%CI:1.0007-1.0040, p = 0.0060). Additionally, two immune cell traits are identified as causally protective factors: CD4 on monocyte (OR = 0.9975, 95%CI:0.9958-0.9992, p = 0.0047), FSC-A on plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (OR = 0.9983, 95%CI:0.9970-0.9995, p = 0.0070). Sensitivity analyses indicated no horizontal pleiotropy.

Discussion

Our MR study provide evidence for a causal relationship between immune cells and prostate cancer, holding implications for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Targeting CAFs: A Promising Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer

Currently, pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors. PC is typically diagnosed at a late stage, exhibits a poor response to conventional treatment, and has a bleak prognosis. Unfortunately, PC's survival rate has not significantly improved since the 1960s. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME). They play a vital role in maintaining the extracellular matrix and facilitating the intricate communication between cancer cells and infiltrated immune cells. Exploring therapeutic approaches targeting CAFs may reverse the current landscape of PC therapy. In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems have evolved rapidly and have been able to accurately target and precisely release drugs with little or no toxicity to the whole body. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the origin, heterogeneity, potential targets, and recent advances in the nano-drug delivery system of CAFs in PC. We will also propose a novel integrated treatment regimen that utilizes a nano-drug delivery system to target CAFs in PC, combined with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Additionally, we will address the challenges that this regimen currently faces.

IL-12-Overexpressed Nanoparticles Suppress the Proliferation of Melanoma Through Inducing ICD and Activating DC, CD8+ T, and CD4+ T Cells

Purpose

The drug resistance and low response rates of immunotherapy limit its application. This study aimed to construct a new nanoparticle (CaCO3-polydopamine-polyethylenimine, CPP) to effectively deliver interleukin-12 (IL-12) and suppress cancer progress through immunotherapy.

Methods

The size distribution of CPP and its zeta potential were measured using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS90. The morphology and electrophoresis tentative delay of CPP were analyzed using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope and an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot. IL-12 and HMGB1 levels were estimated by ELISA kits. Live/dead staining assay was performed using a Calcein-AM/PI kit. ATP production was detected using an ATP assay kit. The xenografts in vivo were estimated in C57BL/6 mice. The levels of CD80+/CD86+, CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results

CPP could effectively express EGFP or IL-12 and increase ROS levels. Laser treatment promoted CPP-IL-12 induced the number of dead or apoptotic cell. CPP-IL-12 and laser could further enhance CALR levels and extracellular HMGB1 levels and decrease intracellular HMGB1 and ATP levels, indicating that it may induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). The tumors and weights of xenografts in CPP-IL-12 or laser-treated mice were significantly reduced than in controls. The IL-12 expression, the CD80+/CD86+ expression of DC from lymph glands, and the number of CD3+/CD8+T or CD3+/CD4+T cells from the spleen increased in CPP-IL-12-treated or laser-treated xenografts compared with controls. The levels of granzyme B, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the serum of CPP-IL-12-treated mice increased. Interestingly, CPP-IL-12 treatment in local xenografts in the back of mice could effectively inhibit the growth of the distant untreated tumor.

Conclusion

The novel CPP-IL-12 could overexpress IL-12 in melanoma cells and achieve immunotherapy to melanoma through inducing ICD, activating CD4+ T cell, and enhancing the function of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells.

Circular RNA in cervical cancer: Fundamental mechanism and clinical potential

CC (CC) remains a significant global health concern, imposing a substantial health burden on women worldwide due to its high incidence and mortality rates. To address this issue, there is a need for ongoing research to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms of CC and to discover novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Recent progress in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has opened new avenues for investigation, and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as molecules with diverse roles in various cellular processes. These circRNAs are distinct in structure, forming a closed loop, setting them apart from their linear counterparts. They are intricately involved in regulating different aspects of cellular functions, particularly in cell growth and development. Remarkably, circRNAs can have varying functions, either promoting or inhibiting oncogenic processes, depending on the specific cellular context. Recent studies have identified abnormal circRNAs expression patterns associated with CC, indicating their significant involvement in disease development. The differing circRNAs profiles linked to CC present promising opportunities for early detection, precise prognosis evaluation, and personalized treatment strategies. In this comprehensive review, we embark on a detailed exploration of CC-related circRNAs, elucidating their distinct roles and providing insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing CC's onset and progression. A growing body of evidence strongly suggests that circRNAs can serve as valuable biomarkers for early CC detection and hold potential as therapeutic targets for intervention. By delving into the complex interplay between circRNAs and CC, we are paving the way for innovative, individualized approaches to combat this serious disease, with the goal of reducing its impact on women's health globally and improving patient outcomes. As our understanding of circRNAs in the context of CC continues to deepen, the outlook for breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment becomes increasingly promising.

Emerging roles of circular RNAs in tumorigenesis, progression, and treatment of gastric cancer

With an estimated one million new cases reported annually, gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most diagnosed malignancy worldwide. The early detection of GC remains a major challenge, and the prognosis worsens either when patients develop resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy or when the cancer metastasizes. The precise pathogenesis underlying GC is not well understood, which further complicates its treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs that originate from parental genes through "back-splicing", have been shown to play a key role in various biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. CircRNAs have been linked to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, and the occurrence and progression of tumors. Prior studies have established that circRNAs play a crucial role in GC, impacting tumorigenesis, diagnosis, progression, and therapy resistance. This review aims to summarize how circRNAs contribute to GC tumorigenesis and progression, examine their roles in the development of drug resistance, discuss their potential as biotechnological drugs, and summarize their response to therapeutic drugs and microorganism in GC.

Revealing the pharmacological effects of Remodelin against osteosarcoma based on network pharmacology, acRIP-seq and experimental validation

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Remodelin, an inhibitor of the N (4)-Acetylcytidine (ac4C) acetylation modifying enzyme N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10), has been shown to have therapeutic effects on cancer in several studies, and our previous studies have confirmed the inhibitory effect of Remodelin on OS cells, however, the mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. We used network pharmacological analysis to quantify the therapeutic targets of Remodelin against OS. acRIP-seq and RNA-seq were performed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Remodelin on acetylation and its effect on the transcriptome after intervening in OS cells U2OS with Remodelin in vitro. Key target genes were deduced based on their pharmacological properties, combined with network pharmacology results and sequencing results. Finally, the deduced target genes were validated with vitro experiments. Network pharmacological analysis showed that 2291 OS-related target genes and 369 Remodelin-related target genes were obtained, and 116 overlapping genes were identified as Remodelin targets for OS treatment. Sequencing results showed that a total of 13,736 statistically significant ac4C modification peaks were detected by acRIP-seq, including 6938 hypoacetylation modifications and 6798 hyperacetylation modifications. A total of 2350 statistically significant mRNAs were detected by RNA-seq, of which 830 were up-regulated and 1520 were down-regulated. Association analyses identified a total of 382 genes that were Hypoacetylated-down, consistent with inhibition of mRNA acetylation and expression by Remodelin. Five genes, CASP3, ESR2, FGFR2, IGF1 and MAPK1, were identified as key therapeutic targets of Remodelin against OS. Finally, in vitro experiments, CCK-8 and qRT-PCR demonstrated that Remodelin indeed inhibited the proliferation of OS cells and reduced the expression of three genes: ESR2, IGF1, and MAPK1. In conclusion, ESR2, IGF1 and MAPK1 were identified as key therapeutic targets of Remodelin against OS. This reveals the target of Remodelin's pharmacological action on OS and provides new ideas for the treatment of OS.

circ_0029463 promotes osteoclast differentiation by mediating miR-134-5p/Rab27a axis

OBJECTIVE

Osteoporosis is the imbalance in bone homeostasis between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this study, we investigated the effects of the circ_0029463/miR-134-5p/Rab27a axis on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.

METHODS

RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of circ_0029463, miR-134-5p, and Rab27a in tissues from patients with osteoporosis and in RANKL-induced osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation was verified by TRAP staining. Osteoclast biomarkers, including NFATc1, TRAP, and CTSK, were measured. The target and regulatory relationships between circ_0029463, miR-134-5p, and the Rab27a axis were verified using RIP, dual-luciferase reporter gene, and RNA pull-down assays.

RESULTS

Elevated expression of circ_0029463 and Rab27a and decreased miR-134-5p expression were observed in the tissues of patients with osteoporosis, and a similar expression pattern was observed in RANKL-induced osteoclasts. Suppression of circ_0029463 expression or miR-134-5p overexpression curbed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, whereas such an effect was abolished by Rab27 overexpression. circ_0029463 sponges miR-134-5p to induce Rab27a expression.

CONCLUSION

circ_0029463 sponges miR-134-5p to abolish its suppressive effect of miR-134-5p on Rab27a expression, thereby promoting osteoclast differentiation.

In vivo validation of the functional role of MicroRNA-4638-3p in breast cancer bone metastasis

PURPOSE

Skeletal metastases are increasingly reported in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (BC) patients. We previously reported that TGF-β1 sustains activating transcription factor 3(ATF3) expression and is required for cell proliferation, invasion, and bone metastasis genes. Increasing studies suggest the critical regulatory function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in governing BC pathogenesis. TGF-β1 downregulated the expression of miR-4638-3p, which targets ATF3 in human BC cells (MDA-MB-231). In the present study, we aimed to identify the functional role of miR-4638-3p in BC bone metastasis by the caudal artery injection of the MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing mir-4638 in the mice.

METHODS

MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing miR-4638 were prepared by stable transfections. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR was carried out to determine the expression of endogenous miR-4638-3p and bone resorption marker genes. X-ray, micro-CT, and Hematoxylin & Eosin studies were used to determine osteolytic lesions, trabecular structure, bone mineral density, and micrometastasis of cells.

RESULTS

The mice injected with MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing miR-4638-3p decreased the expression of bone resorption marker genes, compared to MDA-MB-231 cells injection. Reduced osteolytic lesions and restored bone density by MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing miR-4638-3p were observed. Similarly, the mice injected with MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing miR-4638-3p showed a better microarchitecture of the trabecular network. A few abnormal cells seen in the femur of MDA-MB-231 cells-injected mice were not found in MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing miR-4638.

CONCLUSION

The identified functional role of ATF3 targeting miR-4638-3p in BC bone metastasis in vivo suggests its candidature as BC therapeutics in the future.

A novel axis of circKIF4A-miR-637-STAT3 promotes brain metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer

Among patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), distant metastasis is the leading cause of death. Our previous studies have shown that TNBC progression is greatly facilitated by circKIF4A, but uncertainty remains regarding its role in TNBC brain metastasis and the molecular mechanism. In this study, we found notable upregulation of circKIF4A in TNBC cell lines and brain metastases. Inhibition of circKIF4A impaired the ability of TNBC to proliferate, migrate, and cause brain metastasis. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that circKIF4A competed for binding to miR-637 with STAT3 3' UTR. Western blot analysis revealed that inhibition of circKIF4A decreased STAT3 and p62 expression, while increased the LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio and the expression of Beclin, indicating that downregulation of circKIF4A induced autophagy by competing with STAT3 for binding to miR-637. By employing a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism, the circKIF4A-miR-637-STAT3 axis coordinates brain metastasis in TNBC. circKIF4A can therefore be used as a prognostic biomarker for brain metastasis in TNBC and as a therapeutic target.

Surface Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles and Correlation Analysis Reveal Breast Cancer Biomarkers

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and accounts for approximately 25% of new cancer cases in Canadian women. Using biomarkers as a less-invasive BC diagnostic method is currently under investigation but is not ready for practical application in clinical settings. During the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers because they contain cancer-derived proteins, RNAs, and metabolites. In this study, EV proteins from small EVs (sEVs) and medium EVs (mEVs) were isolated from BC MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 and non-cancerous breast epithelial MCF10A cell lines and then analyzed by two approaches: global proteomic analysis and enrichment of EV surface proteins by Sulfo-NHS-SS-Biotin labeling. From the first approach, proteomic profiling identified 2459 proteins, which were subjected to comparative analysis and correlation network analysis. Twelve potential biomarker proteins were identified based on cell line-specific expression and filtered by their predicted co-localization with known EV marker proteins, CD63, CD9, and CD81. This approach resulted in the identification of 11 proteins, four of which were further investigated by Western blot analysis. The presence of transmembrane serine protease matriptase (ST14), claudin-3 (CLDN3), and integrin alpha-7 (ITGA7) in each cell line was validated by Western blot, revealing that ST14 and CLDN3 may be further explored as potential EV biomarkers for BC. The surface labeling approach enriched proteins that were not identified using the first approach. Ten potential BC biomarkers (Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), Elongation factor 2 (EEF2), DEAD/H box RNA helicase (DDX10), progesterone receptor (PGR), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2), Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10), Aconitase 2 (ACO2), UTP20 small subunit processome component (UTP20), NEDD4 binding protein 2 (N4BP2), Programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6)) were selected from surface proteins commonly identified from MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, but not identified in MCF10A EVs. In total, 846 surface proteins were identified from the second approach, of which 11 were already known as BC markers. This study supports the proposition that Evs are a rich source of known and novel biomarkers that may be used for non-invasive detection of BC. Furthermore, the presented datasets could be further explored for the identification of potential biomarkers in BC.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current views on the tumor microenvironment's impact on drug resistance and clinical outcomes

The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) exhibits significant variations across different ethnic groups and geographical regions, with Southeast Asia and North Africa being endemic areas. Of note, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with almost all of the undifferentiated NPC cases. Over the past three decades, radiation therapy and chemotherapy have formed the cornerstone of NPC treatment. However, recent advancements in immunotherapy have introduced a range of promising approaches for managing NPC. In light of these developments, it has become evident that a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial. The TME serves a dual function, acting as a promoter of tumorigenesis while also orchestrating immunosuppression, thereby facilitating cancer progression and enabling immune evasion. Consequently, a comprehensive comprehension of the TME and its intricate involvement in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of NPC is imperative for the development of effective anticancer drugs. Moreover, given the complexity of TME and the inter-patient heterogeneity, personalized treatment should be designed to maximize therapeutic efficacy and circumvent drug resistance. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the TME within the context of EBV-induced NPC, with a particular emphasis on its pivotal role in regulating intercellular communication and shaping treatment responses. Additionally, the review offers a concise summary of drug resistance mechanisms and potential strategies for their reversal, specifically in relation to chemoradiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, recent advances in clinical trials pertaining to NPC are also discussed.

Identification and validation of a seven cuproptosis-associated lncRNA signature to predict the prognosis of endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with EC.

METHODS

We obtained clinical information and transcriptome data for 552 patients with EC from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs were obtained through Pearson's correlation analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied and a signature predicting overall survival (OS) among patients with EC was constructed. We also analyzed the tumor immune microenvironment and drug sensitivity. The results were validated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine and wound-healing assays.

RESULTS

Seven cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs related to prognosis were screened out and a signature was constructed. OS was significantly superior in the low-risk group. In addition, patients in the low-risk group had more CD8+ T cell infiltration, a stronger type II interferon response, and greater cisplatin sensitivity. Expression levels of some of the lncRNAs were significantly increased by cuproptosis. Furthermore, silencing of lncRNA AC084117.1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of EC cells.

CONCLUSION

We constructed a seven cuproptosis-associated lncRNA signature to predict the prognosis of patients with EC with good predictive power.

Regulatory mechanism and promising clinical application of exosomal circular RNA in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of cells and play an important role in cellular communication and epigenetics by transporting bioactive substances in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a specific structure, which is widely enriched in exosomes and is involved in various pathophysiological processes mediated by exosomes. Exosomal circRNAs play a critical role in the development of GC by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis of GC. Given the biological characteristics of exosomal circRNAs, they have more significant diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the clinic and may become biomarkers for GC diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we briefly describe the biogenesis of exosomes and circRNAs and their biological functions, comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in the development of GC and chemotherapy resistance, and finally, we discuss the potential clinical application value and challenges of exosomal circRNAs in GC.

Long non-coding RNA GAS5 promotes cisplatin-chemosensitivity of osteosarcoma cells via microRNA-26b-5p/TP53INP1 axis

Osteosarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor. Cisplatin (DDP) achieves a high response rate in osteosarcoma. Here we aim to study the dysregulation of long non-coding RNA the growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), and its roles in DDP-resistance of osteosarcoma. The expression of mRNA and microRNA in osteosarcoma tissues and osteosarcoma cell lines were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression levels were measured by western blotting assay. Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine were used to measure cell proliferation. Flow cytometer assay was used to evaluate cell apoptosis. The interactions between miR-26b-5p and GAS5 or tumor protein p53-induced nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) were verified by dual luciferase reporter along with biotin RNA pull-down assays. GAS5 was identified to be significantly lowly expressed in osteosarcoma samples especially in cisplatin-resistant (DDP-resistant) tissues. GAS5 was also downregulated in DDP-resistant cells. Over-expressed GAS5 prominently increased the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to DDP in vitro. Furthermore, over-expression of GAS5 suppressed cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis of DDP-resistant cells. Mechanistically, GAS5 sponged miR-26b-5p, over-expression of which reversed the effects of GAS5 on cell proliferation and apoptosis of DDP-resistant cells. In addition, miR-26b-5p targeted TP53INP1. TP53INP1 abrogated the functions of miR-26b-5p on cell proliferation and apoptosis in DDP-resistant cells. Taken together, GAS5 enhanced the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to DDP via GAS5/miR-26b-5p/TP53INP1 axis. Therefore, GAS5 may be a potential indicator for the management of osteosarcoma.

Nano-drug delivery system targeting tumor microenvironment: A prospective strategy for melanoma treatment

Melanoma, the most aggressive form of cutaneous malignancy arising from melanocytes, is frequently characterized by metastasis. Despite considerable progress in melanoma therapies, patients with advanced-stage disease often have a poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy, off-target effects, and toxicity associated with conventional drugs. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to address these challenges with nanoparticles capable of delivering therapeutic agents specifically to the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the clinical approval of nanomedicines for melanoma treatment remains limited, necessitating further research to develop nanoparticles with improved biocompatibility and precise targeting capabilities. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the current research on nano-drug delivery systems for melanoma treatment, focusing on liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. It discusses the potential of these nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, as well as their ability to enhance the efficacy of conventional drugs while minimizing toxicity. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers from various fields to advance the development of nanomedicines. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in the potential of nano-drug delivery systems for melanoma treatment and offers insights into future directions for research in this field.