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Rayavarapu S, Van der meulen JH, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K, Knoblach SM. Characterization of dysferlin deficient SJL/J mice to assess preclinical drug efficacy: fasudil exacerbates muscle disease phenotype. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12981. [PMID: 20886045 PMCID: PMC2945315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysferlin deficient SJL/J mouse strain is commonly used to study dysferlin deficient myopathies. Therefore, we systematically evaluated behavior in relatively young (9-25 weeks) SJL/J mice and compared them to C57BL6 mice to determine which functional end points may be the most effective to use for preclinical studies in the SJL/J strain. SJL/J mice had reduced body weight, lower open field scores, higher creatine kinase levels, and less muscle force than did C57BL6 mice. Power calculations for expected effect sizes indicated that grip strength normalized to body weight and open field activity were the most sensitive indicators of functional status in SJL/J mice. Weight and open field scores of SJL/J mice deteriorated over the course of the study, indicating that progressive myopathy was ongoing even in relatively young (<6 months old) SJL/J mice. To further characterize SJL/J mice within the context of treatment, we assessed the effect of fasudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, on disease phenotype. Fasudil was evaluated based on previous observations that Rho signaling may be overly activated as part of the inflammatory cascade in SJL/J mice. Fasudil treated SJL/J mice showed increased body weight, but decreased grip strength, horizontal activity, and soleus muscle force, compared to untreated SJL/J controls. Fasudil either improved or had no effect on these outcomes in C57BL6 mice. Fasudil also reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages/monocytes in SJL/J muscle tissue, but had no effect on muscle fiber degeneration/regeneration. These studies provide a basis for standardization of preclinical drug testing trials in the dysferlin deficient SJL/J mice, and identify measures of functional status that are potentially translatable to clinical trial outcomes. In addition, the data provide pharmacological evidence suggesting that activation of rho-kinase, at least in part, may represent a beneficial compensatory response in dysferlin deficient myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Rayavarapu
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jack H. Van der meulen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (KN); (SMK)
| | - Susan M. Knoblach
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (KN); (SMK)
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52
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Biswas PS, Gupta S, Chang E, Song L, Stirzaker RA, Liao JK, Bhagat G, Pernis AB. Phosphorylation of IRF4 by ROCK2 regulates IL-17 and IL-21 production and the development of autoimmunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3280-95. [PMID: 20697158 PMCID: PMC2929726 DOI: 10.1172/jci42856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated production of IL-17 and IL-21 plays a key pathogenic role in many autoimmune disorders. A delineation of the mechanisms that underlie the inappropriate synthesis of IL-17 and IL-21 in autoimmune diseases can thus provide important insights into potential therapies for these disorders. Here we have shown that the serine-threonine kinase Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) becomes activated in mouse T cells under Th17 skewing conditions and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a transcription factor that is absolutely required for the production of IL-17 and IL-21. We furthermore demonstrated that ROCK2-mediated phosphorylation of IRF4 regulated the synthesis of IL-17 and IL-21 and the differentiation of Th17 cells. Whereas CD4+ T cells from WT mice activated ROCK2 physiologically under Th17 conditions, CD4+ T cells from 2 different mouse models of spontaneous autoimmunity aberrantly activated ROCK2 under neutral conditions. Moreover, administration of ROCK inhibitors ameliorated the deregulated production of IL-17 and IL-21 and the inflammatory and autoantibody responses observed in these autoimmune mice. Our findings thus uncover a crucial link among ROCK2, IRF4, and the production of IL-17 and IL-21 and support the idea that selective inhibition of ROCK2 could represent an important therapeutic regimen for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha S. Biswas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily Chang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li Song
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roslynn A. Stirzaker
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B. Pernis
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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53
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Madsen CD, Sahai E. Cancer dissemination--lessons from leukocytes. Dev Cell 2010; 19:13-26. [PMID: 20643347 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can move through tissues in a variety of different ways. In some cases, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enables cancer cells to acquire fibroblast-like migratory properties. However, it is also becoming apparent that some cancer cells move in an amoeboid way similar to leukocytes. This theme will be the focus of the review, where we will discuss the similarities and differences between the mechanisms used by cancer cells and leukocytes to cross parenchymal basement membranes, move through interstitial tissue, and enter and exit the vasculature. Further, we propose that the ability to switch between different migratory mechanisms is critical for cells to relocate from one tissue to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Madsen
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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54
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Fang X, Yin Y, Chen YT, Yao L, Wang B, Cameron MD, Lin L, Khan S, Ruiz C, Schröter T, Grant W, Weiser A, Pocas J, Pachori A, Schürer S, LoGrasso P, Feng Y. Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives As Highly Selective and Potent Rho Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5727-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Fang
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Yan Yin
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Yen Ting Chen
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Lei Yao
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Bo Wang
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Li Lin
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Susan Khan
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Claudia Ruiz
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Thomas Schröter
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Wayne Grant
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | | | - Jennifer Pocas
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Alok Pachori
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Philip LoGrasso
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Yangbo Feng
- Translational Research Institute and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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55
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Yu JZ, Ding J, Ma CG, Sun CH, Sun YF, Lu CZ, Xiao BG. Therapeutic potential of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1664-72. [PMID: 20077431 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The migration of aberrant inflammatory cells into the central nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases potentially through the Rho/Rho-kinase (Rock) pathway, but direct evidence from human and animal models remains inadequate. Here we further confirm that Fasudil, a selective Rock inhibitor, has therapeutic potential in a mouse model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results show that Fasudil decreased the development of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry disclosed that expression of Rock-II in the perivascular spaces and vascular endothelial cells of spleens, spinal cords, and brains was elevated in EAE and was inhibited in the Fasudil-treated group. T-cell proliferation specific to MOG(35-55) was markedly reduced, together with a significant down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and MCP-1. In contrast, secretion of IL-4 was increased, and IL-10 was slightly elevated. There were no differences in the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+), CD8(+)CD28(-), and CD8(+)CD122(+) in mononuclear cells. Histological staining disclosed a marked decrease of inflammatory cells in spinal cord and brain of Fasudil-treated mice. These results, together with previous studies showing the inhibitory effect of Fasudil on T-cell migration, might expand its clinical application as a new therapy for multiple sclerosis by decreasing cell migration and regulating immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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56
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Waknine-Grinberg JH, McQuillan JA, Hunt N, Ginsburg H, Golenser J. Modulation of cerebral malaria by fasudil and other immune-modifying compounds. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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57
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Rajagopalan LE, Davies MS, Kahn LE, Kornmeier CM, Shimada H, Steiner TA, Zweifel BS, Wendling JM, Payne MA, Loeffler RF, Case BL, Norton MB, Parikh MD, Nemirovskiy OV, Mourey RJ, Masferrer JL, Misko TP, Kolodziej SA. Biochemical, cellular, and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent, selective, orally bioavailable benzamide inhibitor of Rho kinase activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:707-16. [PMID: 20228155 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase, is the most widely studied downstream effector of the small Rho GTPase RhoA. Two Rho kinase isoforms have been described and are frequently referred to in the literature as ROCK1 and ROCK2. The RhoA-Rho kinase pathway has been implicated in the recruitment of cellular infiltrates to disease loci in a number of preclinical animal models of inflammatory disease. In this study, we used biochemical enzyme assays and a cellular target biomarker assay to define PF-4950834 [N-methyl-3-{[(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzoyl)amino]methyl}benzamide] as an ATP-competitive, selective Rho kinase inhibitor. We further used PF-4950834 to study the role of Rho kinase activation in lymphocyte and neutrophil migration in addition to the endothelial cell-mediated expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines, which are essential for leukocyte recruitment. The inhibitor blocked stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-mediated chemotaxis of T lymphocytes in vitro and the synthesis of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in activated human endothelial cells in vitro. The secretion of chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was also inhibited in activated endothelial cells. In addition, when dosed orally, the compound potently inhibited neutrophil migration in a carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model. In summary, we have used a pharmacologic approach to link Rho kinase activation to multiple phenotypes that can contribute to leukocyte infiltration. Inhibition of this pathway therefore could be strongly anti-inflammatory and provide therapeutic benefit in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshman E Rajagopalan
- Department of Discovery Biology, Inflammation Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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58
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Novel Therapeutic Targets for Axonal Degeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:323-34. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181d60ddb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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59
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Benzothiazoles as Rho-associated kinase (ROCK-II) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6686-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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60
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Chico LK, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Targeting protein kinases in central nervous system disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:892-909. [PMID: 19876042 PMCID: PMC2825114 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are a growing drug target class in disorders in peripheral tissues, but the development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge, largely owing to issues associated specifically with CNS drug discovery. However, several candidate therapeutics that target CNS protein kinases are now in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. We review candidate compounds and discuss selected CNS protein kinases that are emerging as important therapeutic targets. In addition, we analyse trends in small-molecule properties that correlate with key challenges in CNS drug discovery, such as blood-brain barrier penetrance and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism, and discuss the potential of future approaches that will integrate molecular-fragment expansion with pharmacoinformatics to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Chico
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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61
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Chen YT, Bannister TD, Weiser A, Griffin E, Lin L, Ruiz C, Cameron MD, Schürer S, Duckett D, Schröter T, LoGrasso P, Feng Y. Chroman-3-amides as potent Rho kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6406-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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62
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Sessions EH, Yin Y, Bannister TD, Weiser A, Griffin E, Pocas J, Cameron MD, Ruiz C, Lin L, Schürer SC, Schröter T, LoGrasso P, Feng Y. Benzimidazole- and benzoxazole-based inhibitors of Rho kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6390-3. [PMID: 18996009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Rho kinase have been developed based on two distinct scaffolds, benzimidazoles, and benzoxazoles. SAR studies and efforts to optimize the initial lead compounds are described. Novel selective inhibitors of ROCK-II with excellent potency in both enzyme and cell-based assays were obtained. These inhibitors possess good microsomal stability, low cytochrome P-450 inhibitions and good oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hampton Sessions
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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63
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Winquist RJ, Kwong A, Ramachandran R, Jain J. The complex etiology of multiple sclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1321-9. [PMID: 17537409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease which is presumed to be a consequence of infiltrating lymphocytes autoreactive to myelin proteins. This is substantiated by several lines of clinical evidence and supported by correlative studies in preclinical models. The development of new therapeutics for MS has been guided by this perspective; however, the pathogenesis of MS has proven to be quite complex as observations exist which question the role of autoreactive lymphocytes in the etiology of MS. In addition the current immunomodulatory therapeutics do not prevent most patients from progressing into more serious forms of the disease. The development of truly transformational therapeutics for MS will likely require a broad assault that expands beyond the concept of MS being an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Winquist
- Department of Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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64
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Feng Y, Cameron MD, Frackowiak B, Griffin E, Lin L, Ruiz C, Schröter T, LoGrasso P. Structure–activity relationships, and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties for indazole piperazine and indazole piperidine inhibitors of ROCK-II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2355-60. [PMID: 17368019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ROCK has been implicated in many diseases ranging from glaucoma to spinal cord injury and is therefore an important target for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we have designed a series of 1-(4-(1H-indazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-hydroxy(or 2-amino) analogs and a series of 1-(4-(1H-indazol-5-yl amino)piperidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxy(or 2-amino) inhibitors of ROCK-II. SR-1459 has IC(50)=13nM versus ROCK-II while the IC(50)s for SR-715 and SR-899 are 80nM and 100nM, respectively. Many of these inhibitors, especially the 2-amino substituted analogs for both series, are modest/potent CYP3A4 inhibitors as well. However, a few of these inhibitors (SR-715 and SR-899) show strong selectivity for ROCK-II over CYP3A4, but the overall potency of the 2-amino analogs (SR-1459) on CYP3A4 and the high clearance and volume of distribution of these compounds makes the in vivo utility of these analogs undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Drug Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-2 Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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