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Du X, Jansen BH. A neural network model of normal and abnormal auditory information processing. Neural Netw 2011; 24:568-74. [PMID: 21421295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the brain to attenuate the response to irrelevant sensory stimulation is referred to as sensory gating. A gating deficiency has been reported in schizophrenia. To study the neural mechanisms underlying sensory gating, a neuroanatomically inspired model of auditory information processing has been developed. The mathematical model consists of lumped parameter modules representing the thalamus (TH), the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), auditory cortex (AC), and prefrontal cortex (PC). It was found that the membrane potential of the pyramidal cells in the PC module replicated auditory evoked potentials, recorded from the scalp of healthy individuals, in response to pure tones. Also, the model produced substantial attenuation of the response to the second of a pair of identical stimuli, just as seen in actual human experiments. We also tested the viewpoint that schizophrenia is associated with a deficit in prefrontal dopamine (DA) activity, which would lower the excitatory and inhibitory feedback gains in the AC and PC modules. Lowering these gains by less than 10% resulted in model behavior resembling the brain activity seen in schizophrenia patients, and replicated the reported gating deficits. The model suggests that the TRN plays a critical role in sensory gating, with the smaller response to a second tone arising from a reduction in inhibition of TH by the TRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Du
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4005, USA
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Capilla A, Pazo-Alvarez P, Darriba A, Campo P, Gross J. Steady-state visual evoked potentials can be explained by temporal superposition of transient event-related responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14543. [PMID: 21267081 PMCID: PMC3022588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One common criterion for classifying electrophysiological brain responses is based on the distinction between transient (i.e. event-related potentials, ERPs) and steady-state responses (SSRs). The generation of SSRs is usually attributed to the entrainment of a neural rhythm driven by the stimulus train. However, a more parsimonious account suggests that SSRs might result from the linear addition of the transient responses elicited by each stimulus. This study aimed to investigate this possibility. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We recorded brain potentials elicited by a checkerboard stimulus reversing at different rates. We modeled SSRs by sequentially shifting and linearly adding rate-specific ERPs. Our results show a strong resemblance between recorded and synthetic SSRs, supporting the superposition hypothesis. Furthermore, we did not find evidence of entrainment of a neural oscillation at the stimulation frequency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence that visual SSRs can be explained as a superposition of transient ERPs. These findings have critical implications in our current understanding of brain oscillations. Contrary to the idea that neural networks can be tuned to a wide range of frequencies, our findings rather suggest that the oscillatory response of a given neural network is constrained within its natural frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Capilla
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Peters RM, Butler K, Gjini K, Yeragani V, Boutros NN. The Role of Sensory Gating in the Racism/Blood Pressure Relationship. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
African Americans bear a disproportionate burden of hypertension with racism postulated as a unique stressor contributing to the noted disparities. Epidemiological studies have found differences in the prevalence of hypertension among African Americans based on the amount of perceived racism reported, and experimental studies have shown increased cardiovascular reactivity to racially-aversive stressors. A difference in individual response to racial stressors may create subgroups of African Americans at highest risk for hypertension and its complications. Although sensory gating is the brain’s capacity to selectively regulate its sensitivity to environmental sensory stimuli, scant research has been done regarding the role of sensory gating in the stress response, and no research has explored sensory gating with racial stressors. To address this gap, we examined whether P50 sensory gating was associated with cardiovascular and central nervous system responses to an experimentally-induced racial stressor among 15 African Americans. A paired-click paradigm was administered prior to the experimental condition, which involved exposure to a neutral and then a racially-aversive photo stimulus. Participants with weak gating showed a significant within-subjects decrease in alpha-band activity when viewing the racially aversive stimulus and had significantly decreased alpha activity when viewing the aversive stimuli compared to participants with strong gating. Increased cardiovascular reactivity occurred with the aversive stimulus, and gender differences were noted. A gating effect on cardiovascular reactivity could not be determined given the small sample size and the fact that few men qualified as having ‘good’ gating. Although subjects reported no conscious awareness of distress when viewing the racially-aversive stimulus, both cardiovascular and central nervous system reactions occurred, with the responses varying based on the level of sensory gating. These results suggest sensory gating as a potential physiologic factor that may influence the relationship between perceived racial stressors and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karyn Butler
- Wayne State University College of Nursing, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Klevest Gjini
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vikram Yeragani
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nash N. Boutros
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Smith AK, Edgar JC, Huang M, Lu BY, Thoma RJ, Hanlon FM, McHaffie G, Jones AP, Paz RD, Miller GA, Cañive JM. Cognitive abilities and 50- and 100-msec paired-click processes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:1264-75. [PMID: 20634366 PMCID: PMC3272497 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal 50- and 100-msec event-related brain activity derived from paired-click procedures are well established in schizophrenia. There is little agreement on whether group differences in the ratio score, i.e., the ratio of EEG amplitude after the second stimulus (S2) to the amplitude after the first stimulus (S1), reflect an encoding or gating abnormality. In addition, the functional implications remain unclear. In the present study, EEG and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to examine paired-click measures and cognitive correlates of paired-click activity. METHOD EEG and whole-cortex MEG data were acquired during the standard paired-click paradigm in 73 comparison subjects and 79 schizophrenia patients. Paired-click ratio scores were obtained at 50 msec (P50 evoked potential at Cz, M50 at left and right superior temporal gyrus [STG]) and 100 msec (N100 at Cz, M100 at left and right STG). A cognitive battery assessing attention, working memory, and long-delay memory was administered. IQ was also estimated. RESULTS Groups differed on ratio score and amplitude of S1 response. Ratio scores at 50 msec and 100 msec and S1 amplitude predicted variance in attention (primarily S1 amplitude), working memory, and long-delay memory. The attention findings remained after removal of variance associated with IQ. CONCLUSIONS Associations between paired-click measures and cognitive performance in patients support 50-msec and 100-msec ratio and amplitude scores as clinically significant biomarkers of schizophrenia. In general, cognitive performance was better predicted by the ability to encode auditory information than the ability to filter redundant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Smith
- Center for Functional Brain Imaging, New Mexico VA Health Care System, 1501 San Pedro Drive S.E., Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Gjini K, Arfken C, Boutros NN. Relationships between sensory "gating out" and sensory "gating in" of auditory evoked potentials in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2010; 121:139-45. [PMID: 20537865 PMCID: PMC2910174 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between the ability to inhibit incoming redundant input (gating out) and the ability of the brain to respond when the stimulus changes (gating in), has not been extensively examined. We administered a battery of auditory evoked potential tests to a group of chronic, medicated schizophrenia patients (N=12) and a group of healthy subjects (N=12) in order to examine relationships between "gating out" measures (suppression with repetition of the P50, N100, and P200 evoked responses), and the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P300 event related potentials as measures of "gating in". Gating ratios for N100 and P200 in a visual attention paired-click task differed significantly between groups. Mismatch negativity and P300 potential amplitudes were also significantly reduced in the patient group. When including all subjects (N=24) a negative correlation was found between the P50 gating and the amplitude of the MMN. In healthy subjects this correlation was significantly stronger compared to schizophrenia patients. While no significant correlation was noted between the amplitudes of the P300 and any gating measures when all 24 subjects were included, a significant negative correlation was seen between the P200 gating and the P300 amplitudes in schizophrenia patients; an opposite trend was noted in healthy subjects. Finally, a positive correlation was seen between the P300 and MMN (to abstract deviance) amplitudes in healthy subjects, but the opposite was found in patients. These results suggest that further study of these interrelationships could inform the understanding of information processing abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klevest Gjini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 2751 E. Jefferson, Detroit, MI 48207 USA.
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Sewell RA, Skosnik PD, Garcia-Sosa I, Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC. Efeitos comportamentais, cognitivos e psicofisiológicos dos canabinoides: relevância para a psicose e a esquizofrenia. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462010000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Avanços recentes no conhecimento sobre a função do receptor de canabinoide renovaram o interesse na associação entre cannabis e psicose. Linhas convergentes de evidências sugerem que os canabinoides podem produzir uma ampla gama de sintomas transitórios positivos, negativos e cognitivos assemelhados aos de esquizofrenia. Os canabinoides também produzem alguns déficits psicofisiológicos sabidamente presentes na esquizofrenia. É igualmente claro que em indivíduos com um transtorno psicótico estabelecido, os canabinoides podem exacerbar sintomas, desencadear recaídas e ter consequências negativas no curso da doença. Evidências crescentes sugerem que a exposição precoce e pesada à cannabis pode aumentar o risco de se desenvolver um transtorno psicótico como a esquizofrenia. A relação entre exposição à cannabis e esquizofrenia preenche alguns, mas não todos os critérios usuais de causalidade. Porém, a maioria das pessoas que utilizam cannabis não desenvolve esquizofrenia e muitas pessoas diagnosticadas com esquizofrenia nunca utilizaram cannabis. Portanto, é provável que a exposição à cannabis seja uma "causa componente" que interage com outros fatores para "causar" esquizofrenia ou outro transtorno psicótico, mas não é nem necessária nem suficiente para fazê-lo sozinha. No entanto, na ausência de causas conhecidas da esquizofrenia e com as implicações de políticas de saúde pública, se tal vínculo for estabelecido, as causas componentes, tais como a exposição a canabinoide, devem continuar sendo um foco de estudos futuros. Finalmente, são necessárias mais pesquisas para identificar os fatores subjacentes à vulnerabilidade à psicose relacionada a canabinoide e para elucidar os mecanismos biológicos subjacentes a esse risco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew Sewell
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, EUA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, EUA; Yale University School of Medicine, EUA
| | - Patrick D. Skosnik
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, EUA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, EUA; Yale University School of Medicine, EUA
| | - Icelini Garcia-Sosa
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, EUA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, EUA; Yale University School of Medicine, EUA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, EUA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, EUA; Yale University School of Medicine, EUA
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, EUA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, EUA; Yale University School of Medicine, EUA
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Assessment of auditory sensory processing in a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia--gating of auditory-evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:142-7. [PMID: 20417666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of translational approaches to validate animal models is needed for the development of treatments that can effectively alleviate cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia, which are unsuccessfully treated by the current available therapies. Deficits in pre-attentive stages of sensory information processing seen in schizophrenia patients, can be assessed by highly homologues methods in both humans and rodents, evident by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle response and the P50 (termed P1 here) suppression paradigms. Treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist PCP on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11 reliably induce cognitive impairments resembling those presented by schizophrenia patients. Here we evaluate the potential of early postnatal PCP (20mg/kg) treatment in Lister Hooded rats to induce post-pubertal deficits in PPI and changes, such as reduced gating, in the P1 suppression paradigm in the EEG. The results indicate that early postnatal PCP treatment to rats leads to a reduction in PPI of the acoustic startle response. Furthermore, treated animals were assessed in the P1 suppression paradigm and produced significant changes in auditory-evoked potentials (AEP), specifically by an increased P1 amplitude and reduced P2 (P200 in humans) gating. However, the treatment neither disrupted normal P1 gating nor reduced N1 (N100 in humans) amplitude, representing two phenomena that are usually found to be disturbed in schizophrenia. In conclusion, the current findings confirm measures of early information processing to show high resemblance between rodents and humans, and indicate that early postnatal PCP-treated rats show deficits in pre-attentional processing, which are distinct from those observed in schizophrenia patients.
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Effects of stimuli intensity and frequency on auditory p50 and n100 sensory gating. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 20020339 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79100-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Sensory gating is the brain's ability to adjust its sensitivity to incoming stimuli, i.e., to diminish its response to irrelevant or repetitive stimuli (gating out) and to increase it when a novel stimulus is presented (gating in). Most of the existing studies have investigated the gating out mechanism, giving little attention to the gating in function. Although both the P50 and N100 components of the auditory ERPs (event related potentials) show amplitude reductions to stimuli repetition, it is not clear if both components are part of a common gating system or if their sensory modulation is uncorrelated. In order to respond to these questions and to further characterize the sensory gating functions, we examined to what extent P50 and N100 are influenced by changes in the stimuli parameters and whether the sensory modulation of both components are interrelated. To this end, we obtained ERPs from 23 healthy volunteers using pairs of auditory stimuli which could be identical (S1 = S2), different in frequency (S1 = 1000 Hz; S2 = 2000 Hz) or different in intensity (S1 = 80 dB SPL; S2 = 100 dB SPL). As expected, the amplitudes of P50 and N100 decreased in response to the second stimuli of the identical pairs. With non-identical pairs, amplitude increases of P50 and N100 were observed only in pairs with different intensity, but not frequency. Thus, the results showed that both P50 and N100 are sensory modulated, showing that amplitude decreased to stimuli repetition (gating out) and increased when the two stimuli of a pair differed in intensity (gating in). A correlational analysis of the sensory gating indices (S2/S1 ratio and S1-S2 difference) obtained for P50 and N100 suggested that the sensory gating function of both components may be of a different nature. The reliability of the ratio and the difference indices of sensory gating is also discussed.
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Edwards CR, Skosnik PD, Steinmetz AB, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Sensory gating impairments in heavy cannabis users are associated with altered neural oscillations. Behav Neurosci 2009; 123:894-904. [PMID: 19634950 DOI: 10.1037/a0016328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Central cannabinoid receptors mediate neural oscillations and are localized to networks implicated in auditory P50 sensory gating, including the hippocampus and neocortex. The current study examined whether neural oscillations evoked by the paired clicks (S1, S2) are associated with abnormal P50 gating reported in cannabis users. Seventeen heavy cannabis users and 16 cannabis naïve controls participated. Analyses included P50 amplitudes, and time-frequency analyses (event-related spectral perturbations, ERSPs; intertrial coherence, ITC). Consistent with prior studies, cannabis users exhibited reduced P50 gating. The ERSP analysis yielded attenuated high frequency activity in the beta range (13-29 Hz) post-S1 and in the gamma range (30-50 Hz) post-S2 in the cannabis group, compared with the control group. Greater levels of cannabis use were positively associated with high P50 ratios and negatively with post-S2 ERSP gamma power. Findings suggest that heavy cannabis use is associated with aberrant beta and gamma activity in the dual-click procedure, which corroborates recent work demonstrating disruption of beta/gamma by cannabinoid receptor (CB1) agonists in a rat analogue of this task and highlights the translational potential of the dual-click procedure [corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Edwards
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 21455, USA.
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Rosburg T, Trautner P, Elger CE, Kurthen M. Attention effects on sensory gating — Intracranial and scalp recordings. Neuroimage 2009; 48:554-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Dissanayake DW, Zachariou M, Marsden CA, Mason R. Effects of phencyclidine on auditory gating in the rat hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1298:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vohs JL, Chambers RA, Krishnan GP, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Kaiser ST, Berg S, Morzorati SL. Auditory sensory gating in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2009; 60:12-22. [PMID: 19684419 PMCID: PMC2901590 DOI: 10.1159/000234813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) rat model shows biological and behavioral abnormalities similar to schizophrenia. Disturbed sensory gating reflects a consistent neurobiological abnormality in schizophrenia. Although of critical interest, sensory gating has not been evaluated in the NVHL model. METHODS The N40 rat analog of the human P50 was measured to assess sensory response and gating in NVHL and sham rats. Epidural electrodes recorded evoked potentials (EPs), from which amplitudes, latencies, difference scores (S1-S2) and gating ratios (S2/S1) were assessed. Power and phase locking were computed for evoked EEG activity, to test for frequency-specific abnormalities. RESULTS Prolonged S1 N40 latency was detected in the NVHL group, but amplitude and power measures did not differ. NVHL rats demonstrated disturbed phase-locked sensory gating at theta and beta frequencies, as well as reduced phase-locked gamma activity across stimuli, most robustly at S1. CONCLUSIONS While measures of sensory gating obtained from the EP were relatively insensitive to the NVHL model, phase locking across trials was affected. NVHL rats may have increased evoked response temporal variability, similar to patients with schizophrenia. This pattern of findings likely reflects core developmental NVHL disturbances in dorsal hippocampal circuits associated with temporal and frontal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L. Vohs
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA,*Jenifer L. Vohs, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA), Tel. +1 812 856 4676, E-Mail
| | - R. Andrew Chambers
- Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Giri P. Krishnan
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA
| | - Samuel T. Kaiser
- Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Sarah Berg
- Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Sandra L. Morzorati
- Institute for Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
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Boutros NN, Brockhaus-Dumke A, Gjini K, Vedeniapin A, Elfakhani M, Burroughs S, Keshavan M. Sensory-gating deficit of the N100 mid-latency auditory evoked potential in medicated schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2009; 113:339-46. [PMID: 19524407 PMCID: PMC2734408 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and neuro-cognitive correlates of the P50 and N100 auditory evoked responses gating deficits in schizophrenia have thus far eluded identification. Based on our prior results, we hypothesized that, in addition to the P50, gating of the N100 is significantly decreased in schizophrenia and that this deficit correlates with the negative symptoms dimension of schizophrenia. Amplitudes and gating measures of the P50 and N100 were compared between stable out-patients (N=45) (mainly on atypical antipsychotics) with chronic schizophrenia and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (N=49) and the clinical correlates examined. All subjects underwent the paired-stimulus paradigm in 3 or 4 different days. Data from day one and the mean of all days (MOAD) were examined. P50 and N100 amplitudes and gating measures were correlated with PANSS and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test data. Utilizing day one data, no amplitude or gating measures were significantly different between the groups. Utilizing MOAD data, both P50 and N100 gating were significantly decreased in schizophrenia patients. The N100 gating deficit correlated with the negative-symptoms cluster and measures of frontal lobe dysfunction. The data suggest a correlation between N100 gating deficit and the negative-cognitive deficits dimensions of schizophrenia. Data also suggest that improving the signal to noise ratio (MOAD data) increases the sensitivity for detecting gating abnormalities and assessing their clinical correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nash N. Boutros
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Neurosciences, Detroit, Michigan,Corresponding Author: Nash Boutros, MD. UPC-Jefferson., 2751 E. Jefferson, Suite 305, Detroit, MI 48207. Tel : 313-577-6687, Fax 313-577-5201,
| | - Anke Brockhaus-Dumke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klevest Gjini
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Neurosciences, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrei Vedeniapin
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychiatry, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohamad Elfakhani
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Neurosciences, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Scott Burroughs
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Neurosciences, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Neurosciences, Detroit, Michigan, Beth Israel Medical Center and the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Patterson JV, Sandman CA, Ring A, Jin Y, Bunney WE. An initial report of a new biological marker for bipolar disorder: P85 evoked brain potential. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:596-609. [PMID: 19689502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progress toward understanding the neurobiological and genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder has been limited by the scarcity of potential biological markers that predict its occurrence. A measure of the integrity of brain inhibitory function, sensory gating, measured using the amplitude of the evoked potential at 50 ms to the first of two paired clicks divided by the response to the second, has been characterized as a biological marker for schizophrenia. Currently, no such biological marker exists for bipolar disorder. The goal of this research was to determine how gating of an auditory brain potential at 85 ms (P85), not previously examined in sensory gating studies, differentiated control and patient groups. METHODS P50 and P85 auditory evoked potentials were collected from individuals diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder (n = 45), paranoid schizophrenia (n = 66), and bipolar I disorder (n = 42) using DSM-IV criteria and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; and from 56 healthy controls. RESULTS The P85 gating ratio was significantly larger in the bipolar disorder group compared to each of the other groups (F(3,204) = 5.47, p = 0.001, and post-hoc tests). The P50 gating ratio was significantly larger for the schizoaffective group than for the control group (F(3,204) = 2.81, p = 0.040), but did not differ from the ratio for the schizophrenia, paranoid type (p = 0.08) and bipolar groups. CONCLUSIONS The previously unstudied P85 gating ratio may provide a new marker specific to bipolar disorder. The findings will promote further studies to investigate the unique contribution of this measure as an endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92868, USA.
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Leiser SC, Bowlby MR, Comery TA, Dunlop J. A cog in cognition: How the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is geared towards improving cognitive deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Iyer D, Zouridakis G. Single-trial analysis of the auditory N100 improves separation of normal and schizophrenia subjects. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:3840-3. [PMID: 19163550 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4650047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The N100 component of the auditory evoked potential (EP) has been recently used to study sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia subjects compared to normal controls. Previously, we used selective averaging to show phase synchronization differences in brain activity between the two populations. In this study, we employed our recently developed iterative independent component analysis (iICA) procedure to measure single-trial EPs in the context of a double-stimulus paradigm. Using the amplitude and latency of the N100 components of the first and second stimuli responses obtained from iICA and four different classification algorithms we were able to accurately classify subjects with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In contrast, the same amplitude and latency features computed from average EPs provided only 69% classification accuracy, with 63% sensitivity and 75% specificity, respectively. We conclude that inter-trial temporal variability plays a significant role in the well-known sensory gating deficits found in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Iyer
- Departments of Engineering Technology, Computer Science, and Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, TX 77204-3058 USA.
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Allen AJ, Griss ME, Folley BS, Hawkins KA, Pearlson GD. Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:24-37. [PMID: 19223268 PMCID: PMC2665704 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the wealth of data in the literature on schizophrenia endophenotypes, it is useful to have one source to reference their frequency data. We reviewed the literature on disease-liability associated variants in structural and functional magnetic resonance images (MRI), sensory processing measures, neuromotor abilities, neuropsychological measures, and physical characteristics in schizophrenia patients (SCZ), their first-degree relatives (REL), and healthy controls (HC). The purpose of this review was to provide a summary of the existing data on the most extensively published endophenotypes for schizophrenia. METHODS We searched PubMed and MedLine for all studies on schizophrenia endophenotypes comparing SCZ to HC and/or REL to HC groups. Percent abnormal values, generally defined as >2 SD from the mean (in the direction of abnormality) and/or associated effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for each study. RESULTS Combined, the articles reported an average 39.4% (SD=20.7%; range=2.2-100%) of abnormal values in SCZ, 28.1% (SD=16.6%; range=1.6-67.0%) abnormal values in REL, and 10.2% (SD=6.7%; range=0.0-34.6%) in HC groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings are reviewed in the context of emerging hypotheses on schizophrenia endophenotypes, as well as a discussion of clustering trends among the various intermediate phenotypes. In addition, programs for future research are discussed, as instantiated in a few recent large-scale studies on multiple endophenotypes across patients, relatives, and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyssa J. Allen
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106,Corresponding Author: Allyssa J. Allen, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Whitehall Building, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, Tel: 860-459-7806, Fax: 860-545-7797,
| | - Mélina E. Griss
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Bradley S. Folley
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106
| | - Keith A. Hawkins
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106,Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06511
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Alterations of auditory p50 suppression in human fear conditioning and extinction. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:495-502. [PMID: 18976983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory P50 suppression, assessed by using a paired auditory stimulus (S1 and S2) paradigm to record P50 mid-latency evoked potential, is assumed to reflect sensory gating. Recently, P50 suppression deficits were found in patients with anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The processes of fear conditioning are thought to play roles in pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Our aim was to investigate whether sensory gating would be physiologically altered by fear conditioning. METHODS To clarify the relationship between classical fear conditioning and the sensory gating mechanism, we measured changes of P50 and N100 suppression of 21 healthy volunteers in control (baseline) phase, in fear acquisition phase, and in fear extinction phase. RESULTS The mean P50 S2/S1 ratio in fear acquisition phase was significantly elevated in comparison with that in control phase, and it recovered into basal level in extinction phase. In contrast, the mean N100 S2/S1 ratio showed no changes through all phases from fear acquisition to extinction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the P50 but not N100 sensory gating mechanism might be physiologically associated with fear acquisition and extinction.
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Hong X, Chan RCK, Zhuang X, Jiang T, Wan X, Wang J, Xiao B, Zhou H, Jiang L, Weng B. Neuroleptic effects on P50 sensory gating in patients with first-episode never-medicated schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 108:151-7. [PMID: 19106034 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory gating deficit, as reflected by P50 suppression, has been demonstrated in schizophrenia. Despite extensive evidence of the irreversible effects of typical neuroleptics on this deficit, recent studies of atypical neuroleptics have produced inconsistent findings on the reversibility of P50 suppression in schizophrenia. As the majority of these studies were limited by either their cross-sectional design or the recruitment of patients on multiple medications, the current study was designed to examine the effects of different neuroleptic medications on the P50 sensory gating index in patients with first-episode, never-medicated schizophrenia. P50-evoked potential recordings were obtained from 62 normal controls when they entered the study and from 65 patients with first-episode, never-medicated schizophrenia at baseline and after six weeks of different neuroleptic treatments (sulpiride [n=24], risperidone [n=24] and clozapine [n=17]). The first-episode, never-medicated schizophrenia patients had impaired sensory gating relative to the normal controls (mean=94.19% [SD=61.31%] versus mean=41.22% [SD=33.82%]). The test amplitude S2 was significantly higher in the schizophrenia patients than in the normal controls. The conditioning amplitude S1 and the positive symptom scores were related to the P50 gating ratios in schizophrenia at baseline. There was no change in P50 sensory gating (P>0.10) and a significant improvement in the clinical ratings (P>0.10) after six-week neuroleptic treatment for schizophrenia. P50 sensory gating was not significant for the patients who received sulpiride, risperidone or clozapine at baseline (F=1.074, df=2, 62, P=0.348) or at endpoint (F=0.441, df=2, 62, p=0.646). Our findings indicate that there is P50 sensory gating impairment in first-episode, never-medicated schizophrenia and that treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics has no significant impact on such gating in this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Hong
- Mental Health Center, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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Purhonen M, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Lehtonen J. The impact of stimulus type and early motherhood on attentional processing. Dev Psychobiol 2009; 50:600-7. [PMID: 18683182 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the impact of stimulus type and early motherhood on attentional processing. Auditory ERPs were recorded with a modified novelty oddball paradigm both in mothers who had recently given birth and in control women who were not in the state of early motherhood. Conventional tone pips were used as standards and deviants, and an infant cry served as an experimental stimulus of novelty value. Differences were revealed in the N100 amplitudes between the study groups with higher amplitudes in the mothers. A few days after childbirth the mothers seemed to be in a stage with an increased level of alertness and different types of surrounding stimuli may elicit a stronger arousal response than normally, not just those directly related to the new baby. The gating and the mechanisms of further processing of stimulus information were not different in mothers from controls and seemed to guarantee normal control of stimulus-elicited cognitive load in early motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Purhonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Davies PL, Chang WP, Gavin WJ. Maturation of sensory gating performance in children with and without sensory processing disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 72:187-97. [PMID: 19146890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent interest in sensory gating in children with and without neuropsychological disorders has resulted in a number of studies and the results regarding the developmental trajectory of sensory gating are inconsistent. We investigated the maturational course of sensory gating in samples of typically developing children and children with sensory processing deficits (SPD) and compared their performance to adults. Besides gating ratios, we also examined the brain responses to conditioning and test click stimuli in the sensory gating paradigm separately to clarify if the changes in click amplitudes could explain the maturational change in the T/C ratio in children. Eighteen adults with no known disorders, 25 typical children, and 28 children with SPD participated in this study. The children ranged in ages between 5 and 12 years. The three groups differed in their P50 and N100 ERP components. Both child groups displayed significantly less gating than the adults. Children with SPD demonstrated significantly less gating and more within-group variability compared to typical children. There were significant relationships between age and T/C ratios and between age and peak-to-peak amplitude of the conditioning click in typical children but not in children with SPD. Typical children demonstrated significantly smaller brain response amplitudes to the clicks as compared to adults. These findings suggest that there is a maturational course of sensory gating in typical children and if there is a maturational trajectory in children with SPD it appears to be different than typical children. In addition, children with SPD were found to be lacking in their ability to filter out repeated auditory input and failed to selectively regulate their sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Reduced auditory evoked potential component N100 in schizophrenia--a critical review. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161:259-74. [PMID: 18926573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of a reduced N100 (or N1) component of the auditory event related potential as a potential trait marker of schizophrenia is critically discussed in this review. We suggest that the extent of the N100 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia depends on experimental and subject factors, as well as on clinical variables: N100 is more consistently reduced in studies using interstimulus intervals (ISIs) >1 s than in studies using shorter ISIs. An increase of the N100 amplitude by allocation of attention is often lacking in schizophrenia patients. A reduction of the N100 amplitude is nevertheless also observed when such an allocation is not required, proposing that both endogenous and exogenous constituents of the N100 are affected by schizophrenia. N100 is more consistently reduced in medicated than unmedicated patients, but a reduction of the N100 amplitude as a consequence of antipsychotic medication was shown in only two of seven studies. In line with that, the association between the N100 reduction and degree of psychopathology of patients appears to be weak overall. A reduced N100 amplitude is found in first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, but the risk of developing schizophrenia is not reflected in the N100 amplitude reduction.
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CLEARWATER JM, KERR CC, RENNIE CJ, ROBINSON PA. NEURAL MECHANISMS OF ERP CHANGE: COMBINING INSIGHTS FROM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING. J Integr Neurosci 2008; 7:529-50. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635208002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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It all sounds the same to me: sequential ERP and behavioral effects during pitch and harmonicity judgments. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2008; 8:329-43. [PMID: 18814469 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.8.3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The representation of complex sounds was examined by comparing both behavioral and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to the change or repetition of fundamental frequency (f0) and harmonicity. In the pitch task, participants were asked to categorize the incoming stimulus as either low or high, regardless of harmonicity, and in the harmonicity task, participants indicated whether the stimulus was tuned or mistuned, regardless of pitch. Over three experiments, participants were faster in responding to pitch than to harmonicity. As a result of this asymmetry, behavioral and ERP data showed that irrelevant changes in harmonicity had little impact on performance during the pitch task, whereas harmonicity judgments were impeded by irrelevant changes in f0. These data are consistent with both general horse-race accounts of processing and specific accounts of mistuning detection that posit prior f0 registration. In addition, ERP components N2 and P3 were modulated by both intertrial contingency and task instructions, revealing the further influence of top-down mechanisms on concurrent sound segregation.
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Carroll CA, Kieffaber PD, Vohs JL, O'Donnell BF, Shekhar A, Hetrick WP. Contributions of spectral frequency analyses to the study of P50 ERP amplitude and suppression in bipolar disorder with or without a history of psychosis. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10:776-87. [PMID: 19032709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated event-related brain potential (ERP) indices of auditory processing and sensory gating in bipolar disorder and subgroups of bipolar patients with or without a history of psychosis using the P50 dual-click procedure. Auditory-evoked activity in two discrete frequency bands also was explored to distinguish between sensory registration and selective attention deficits. METHODS Thirty-one individuals with bipolar disorder and 28 non-psychiatric controls were compared on ERP indices of auditory processing using a dual-click procedure. In addition to conventional P50 ERP peak-picking techniques, quantitative frequency analyses were applied to the ERP data to isolate stages of information processing associated with sensory registration (20-50 Hz; gamma band) and selective attention (0-20 Hz; low-frequency band). RESULTS Compared to the non-psychiatric control group, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited reduced S1 response magnitudes for the conventional P50 peak-picking and low-frequency response analyses. A bipolar subgroup effect suggested that the attenuated S1 magnitudes from the P50 peak-picking and low-frequency analyses were largely attributable to patients without a history of psychosis. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of distinct frequency bands of the auditory-evoked response elicited during the dual-click procedure allowed further specification of the nature of auditory sensory processing and gating deficits in bipolar disorder with or without a history of psychosis. The observed S1 effects in the low-frequency band suggest selective attention deficits in bipolar patients, especially those patients without a history of psychosis, which may reflect a diminished capacity to selectively attend to salient stimuli as opposed to impairments of inhibitory sensory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Carroll
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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76
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Hong LE, Summerfelt A, Mitchell BD, McMahon RP, Wonodi I, Buchanan RW, Thaker GK. Sensory gating endophenotype based on its neural oscillatory pattern and heritability estimate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1008-16. [PMID: 18762587 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The auditory sensory gating deficit has been considered a leading endophenotype in schizophrenia. However, the commonly used index of sensory gating, P50, has low heritability in families of people with schizophrenia, raising questions about its utility in genetic studies. We hypothesized that the sensory gating deficit may occur in a specific neuronal oscillatory frequency that reflects the underlying biological process of sensory gating. Frequency-specific sensory gating may be less complex than the P50 response, and therefore closer to the direct genetic effects, and thus a more valid endophenotype. OBJECTIVES To compare the gating of frequency-specific oscillatory responses with the gating of P50 and to compare their heritabilities. DESIGN We explored single trial-based oscillatory gating responses in people with schizophrenia, their relatives, and control participants from the community. SETTING Outpatient clinics. PARTICIPANTS Persons with schizophrenia (n = 102), their first-degree relatives (n = 74), and control participants from the community (n = 70). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gating of frequency-specific oscillatory responses, gating of the P50 wave, and their heritability estimates. RESULTS Gating of the theta-alpha-band responses of the control participants were significantly different from those with schizophrenia (P < .001) and their first-degree relatives (P = .04 to .009). The heritability of theta-alpha-band gating was estimated to be between 0.49 and 0.83 and was at least 4-fold higher than the P50 heritability estimate. CONCLUSIONS Gating of the theta-alpha-frequency oscillatory signal in the paired-click paradigm is more strongly associated with schizophrenia and has significantly higher heritability compared with the traditional P50 gating. This measure may be better suited for genetic studies of the gating deficit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Thoma RJ, Hanlon FM, Petropoulos H, Miller GA, Moses SN, Smith A, Parks L, Lundy SL, Sanchez NM, Jones A, Huang M, Weisend MP, Cañive JM. Schizophrenia diagnosis and anterior hippocampal volume make separate contributions to sensory gating. Psychophysiology 2008; 45:926-35. [PMID: 18823427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impaired P50 gating is thought to reflect a core deficit in schizophrenia, but the relevant neural network is not well understood. The present study used EEG and MEG to assess sensory gating and volumetric MRI to measure hippocampal volume to investigate relationships between them in 22 normal controls and 22 patients with schizophrenia. In the schizophrenia group, anterior but not posterior hippocampal volume was smaller, and both the P50 and M50 gating ratios were larger (worse) than in controls. Independent of group, left-hemisphere M50 gating ratio correlated negatively with left anterior hippocampal volume, and right-hemisphere M50 gating ratio correlated negatively with right anterior hippocampal volume. Schizophrenia diagnosis predicted M50 gating independent of hippocampal volume. These results are consistent with the finding that hippocampus is a critical part of a fronto-temporal circuit involved in auditory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA.
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Dissanayake DWN, Zachariou M, Marsden CA, Mason R. Auditory gating in rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex: effect of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1397-404. [PMID: 18809420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory gating can be assessed in rodents and humans using an auditory conditioning (C)-test (T) paradigm, with schizophrenic patients exhibiting a loss of gating. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We studied auditory gating and the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-22 on gating in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in male Lister hooded rats using in vivo electrophysiology. The effects of a single dose of WIN55,212-2 on the N2 local field potential (LFP) test/conditioning amplitude ratios (T/C ratio) and response latencies were examined. In rats that demonstrated gating of N2, mPFC showed higher T/C ratios and shorter conditioning response latencies compared to DG and CA3. WIN55,212-2 disrupted auditory gating in all three areas with a significant increase in test amplitudes in the gating rats. A group of non-gating rats demonstrated higher test amplitudes and higher T/C ratios compared to gating rats. WIN55,212-2 had no effect on T/C ratios in the non-gating rats. The cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonist SR141716A prevented WIN55,212-2 induced disruption of gating. This study demonstrates gated auditory-evoked responses in CA3, DG and mPFC. The mPFC showed an early phase of gating which may later be modulated by CA3 and DG activity. Furthermore, cannabinoid receptor activation disrupted auditory gating in CA3, DG and mPFC, an effect which was prevented by CB1 receptor antagonism. The results further demonstrate the presence of a non-gating rat population which responded differently to cannabinoid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshani W N Dissanayake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK.
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Mayer AR, Hanlon FM, Franco AR, Teshiba TM, Thoma RJ, Clark VP, Canive JM. The neural networks underlying auditory sensory gating. Neuroimage 2008; 44:182-9. [PMID: 18801443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most consistent electrophysiological deficits reported in the schizophrenia literature is the failure to inhibit, or properly gate, the neuronal response to the second stimulus of an identical pair (i.e., sensory gating). Although animal and invasive human studies have consistently implicated the auditory cortex, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mediating the sensory gating response, localized activation in these structures has not always been reported during non-invasive imaging modalities. In the current experiment, event-related FMRI and a variant of the traditional gating paradigm were utilized to examine how the gating network differentially responded to the processing of pairs of identical and non-identical tones. Two single-tone conditions were also presented so that they could be used to estimate the HRF for paired stimuli, reconstructed based on actual hemodynamic responses, to serve as a control non-gating condition. Results supported an emerging theory that the gating response for both paired-tone conditions was primarily mediated by auditory and prefrontal cortex, with potential contributions from the thalamus. Results also indicated that the left auditory cortex may play a preferential role in determining the stimuli that should be inhibited (gated) or receive further processing due to novelty of information. In contrast, there was no evidence of hippocampal involvement, suggesting that future work is needed to determine what role it may play in the gating response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Ehrlichman RS, Maxwell CR, Majumdar S, Siegel SJ. Deviance-elicited Changes in Event-related Potentials are Attenuated by Ketamine in Mice. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20:1403-14. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: People with schizophrenia exhibit reduced ability to detect change in the auditory environment, which has been linked to abnormalities in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission. This ability to detect changes in stimulus qualities can be measured with electroencephalography using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). For example, reductions in the N100 and mismatch negativity (MMN), in response to pitch deviance, have been proposed as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. This study examines a novel rodent model of impaired pitch deviance detection in mice using the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. Methods: ERPs were recorded from unanesthetized mice during a pitch deviance paradigm prior to and following ketamine administration. First, N40 amplitude was evaluated using stimuli between 4 and 10 kHz to assess the amplitude of responses across the frequency range used. The amplitude and latency of the N40 were analyzed following standard (7 kHz) and deviant (5–9 kHz) stimuli. Additionally, we examined which portions of the ERP are selectively altered by pitch deviance to define possible regions for the mouse MMN. Results: Mice displayed increased N40 amplitude that was followed by a later negative component between 50 and 75 msec in response to deviant stimuli. Both the increased N40 and the late N40 negativity were attenuated by ketamine. Ketamine increased N40 latency for both standard and deviant stimuli alike. Conclusions: The mouse N40 and a subsequent temporal region have deviance response properties similar to the human N100 and, possibly, MMN. Deviance responses were abolished by ketamine, suggesting that ketamine-induced changes in mice mimic deviance detection deficits in schizophrenia.
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Weiland BJ, Boutros NN, Moran JM, Tepley N, Bowyer SM. Evidence for a frontal cortex role in both auditory and somatosensory habituation: a MEG study. Neuroimage 2008; 42:827-35. [PMID: 18602839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory and somatosensory responses to paired stimuli were investigated for commonality of frontal activation that may be associated with gating using magnetoencephalography (MEG). A paired stimulus paradigm for each sensory evoked study tested right and left hemispheres independently in ten normal controls. MR-FOCUSS, a current density technique, imaged simultaneously active cortical sources. Each subject showed source localization, in the primary auditory or somatosensory cortex, for the respective stimuli following both the first (S1) and second (S2) impulses. Gating ratios for the auditory M50 response, equivalent to the P50 in EEG, were 0.54+/-0.24 and 0.63+/-0.52 for the right and left hemispheres. Somatosensory gating ratios were evaluated for early and late latencies as the pulse duration elicits extended response. Early gating ratios for right and left hemispheres were 0.69+/-0.21 and 0.69+/-0.41 while late ratios were 0.81+/-0.41 and 0.80+/-0.48. Regions of activation in the frontal cortex, beyond the primary auditory or somatosensory cortex, were mapped within 25 ms of peak S1 latencies in 9/10 subjects during auditory stimulus and in 10/10 subjects for somatosensory stimulus. Similar frontal activations were mapped within 25 ms of peak S2 latencies for 75% of auditory responses and for 100% of somatosensory responses. Comparison between modalities showed similar frontal region activations for 17/20 S1 responses and for 13/20 S2 responses. MEG offers a technique for evaluating cross modality gating. The results suggest similar frontal sources are simultaneously active during auditory and somatosensory habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Weiland
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Neuromagnetism Laboratory, 2799 West Grand Blvd., CFP 75, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Thomas C, vom Berg I, Rupp A, Seidl U, Schröder J, Roesch-Ely D, Kreisel SH, Mundt C, Weisbrod M. P50 gating deficit in Alzheimer dementia correlates to frontal neuropsychological function. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:416-24. [PMID: 18562045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive inhibition processes were found to be deficient early in the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inhibition of redundant information is a precondition for efficient cognitive processing and presumably modulated by prefrontal attentional networks. Deficits in the suppression of the evoked potential P50 response to paired clicks are well known in schizophrenic patients and undergo cholinergic modulation. In this study, we aimed to investigate inhibitory gating deficits of P50 in AD and their relation to neuropsychological measures. METHOD P50 suppression was assessed in 19 AD-patients in comparison to a young and elderly control group (n=17 each) and related to MMSE and specific neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS Patients showed reduced sensory gating compared to healthy elderly (p<0.021) and exhibited significantly higher N40-P50-amplitudes. There were no age or gender effects in controls. Frontal neuropsychological tests (TMT-B, verbal fluency) and working memory requiring inhibition, but not declarative memory functions, were significantly correlated with inhibitory gating and test amplitude in both, AD-patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The results support an early inhibitory deficit interfering with executive functions and working memory in AD independent from physiological aging. P50 gating might be applicable as a marker for inhibition deficits and thereby be important for prognosis estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Thomas
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Vossstr. 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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83
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Bickel S, Lipp HP, Umbricht D. Early auditory sensory processing deficits in mouse mutants with reduced NMDA receptor function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1680-9. [PMID: 17712349 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia include impairments at automatic, preattentive stages of sensory information processing. These deficits are evident in the prepulse inhibition- (PPI) and habituation of the auditory startle response paradigm, the paired tone paradigm in the EEG, and the peak recovery function of auditory evoked potentials (AEP). Administration of NMDA receptor antagonists reliably disrupts PPI and habituation of the startle, but not gating of AEPs in rodents. In the peak recovery paradigm, patients with schizophrenia and primates treated with NMDA receptor antagonists show reduced maximal response at long interstimulus intervals (ISI), but normal responses at short ISIs. Thus reduced NMDA receptor signalling may underlie alterations in these paradigms observed in schizophrenia. We tested the paradigms mentioned in mouse mutants with reduced expression of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (N = 15) and their wild-type littermates (N = 16). The NR1 mutant mice showed impaired habituation and PPI of the auditory startle response, as well as impaired gating in the paired tone paradigm. Deficits between the two gating measures did not correlate, corroborating previous evidence that these paradigms measure distinct processes. In the peak recovery paradigm, the NR1 mutants showed increased responses of the AEPs P1 and N1 at short ISIs but no difference between groups were observed at long ISIs. In conclusion, the NR1 hypomorphic mice modelled sensory and sensorimotor gating and startle habituation deficits observed in schizophrenia, but failed to model alterations in the peak recovery function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bickel
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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84
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Patterson JV, Hetrick WP, Boutros NN, Jin Y, Sandman C, Stern H, Potkin S, Bunney WE. P50 sensory gating ratios in schizophrenics and controls: a review and data analysis. Psychiatry Res 2008; 158:226-47. [PMID: 18187207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found that the P50 sensory gating ratio in a paired click task is smaller in normal control subjects than in patients with schizophrenia, indicating more effective sensory gating. However, a wide range of gating ratios has been reported in the literature for both groups. The purpose of this study was to compile these findings and to compare reported P50 gating ratios in controls and patients with schizophrenia. Current data collected from individual controls in eight studies from the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Indiana University (IU), and Yale University also are reported. The IU, UCI, and Yale data showed that approximately 40% of controls had P50 ratios within 1 S.D. below the mean of means for patients with schizophrenia. The meta-analysis rejected the null hypothesis that all studies showed no effect. The meta-analysis also showed that the differences were not the same across all studies. The mean ratios in 45 of the 46 group comparisons were smaller for controls than for patients, and the observed difference in means was significant for 35 of those studies. Reported gating ratios for controls from two laboratories whose findings were reported in the literature differed from all the other control groups. Variables affecting the gating ratio included band pass filter setting, rules regarding the inclusion of P30, sex, and age. Standards of P50 collection and measurement would help determine whether the gating ratio can be sufficiently reliable to be labeled an endophenotype, and suggestions are made toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
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85
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Hong LE, Buchanan RW, Thaker GK, Shepard PD, Summerfelt A. Beta (∼16 Hz) frequency neural oscillations mediate auditory sensory gating in humans. Psychophysiology 2008; 45:197-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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86
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Zhou D, Ma Y, Liu N, Chen L, He M, Miao Y. Influence of physical parameters of sound on the sensory gating effects of N40 in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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87
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Fresán A, Apiquian R, García-Anaya M, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Nicolini H, Graff-Guerrero A. The P50 auditory evoked potential in violent and non-violent patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 97:128-36. [PMID: 17936591 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotionally driven violence is facilitated by increased arousal. It may be a consequence of an information-processing deficit and the cognitive attributions for the stimuli given by the subject. The aim of this study was to compare the P50 evoked potential responses of violent patients with schizophrenia with non-violent patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHOD Patients were classified into violent and non-violent in accordance to the Overt Aggression Scale. P50 auditory evoked potentials of 32 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia (violent=14, non-violent=18) and 17 healthy controls were recorded during five runs of 30 click pairs. RESULTS Healthy controls exhibited a lower S2/S1 ratio when compared to violent (p<0.001) and non-violent (p=0.04) patients. Using a cutoff point of 0.50 for S2/S1 ratio to define abnormal gating a significant proportion of violent patients did not show P50 suppression (71.4%) in comparison to non-violent patients (38.9%) and healthy controls (23.5%) (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia could be associated with a disturbed information sensory gating. Violence in patients with schizophrenia may be facilitated by an increased arousal which may in turn be the result of an information-processing deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fresán
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
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88
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Evans LH, Gray NS, Snowden RJ. Reduced P50 suppression is associated with the cognitive disorganisation dimension of schizotypy. Schizophr Res 2007; 97:152-62. [PMID: 17884353 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia fail to demonstrate a reduction in the P50 event-related potential (ERP) to the second of two identical auditory stimuli presented in close succession. This deficit could lead to sensory overload, cognitive disintegration and perhaps some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, evidence linking poor P50 suppression to symptoms in patients with schizophrenia has been equivocal; possibly because of the effects of smoking status and antipsychotic medication on both of these variables. The aim of this study was to remove these potentially confounding factors by testing 74 healthy non-smoking participants and assessing the relationship between P50 suppression and dimensions of schizotypy. Multiple regression analyses revealed that individuals scoring highly on the cognitive disorganisation dimension of schizotypy had reduced P50 suppression and a smaller amplitude of response to the first stimulus. No robust associations were found between any P50 variables and the positive or negative dimensions of schizotypy. N100 suppression was also examined using the dual click paradigm but no relationships were found with any of the schizotypy dimensions. Thus individuals high in the cognitive disorganisation dimension of schizotypy have a deficit in inhibiting repetitive information at an early pre-attentive stage of processing, as measured by the P50 ERP, but this did not extend to a later early attentive stage, as reflected by the N100 wave. This research supports the view that there is a link between poor P50 suppression and certain symptom clusters in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Evans
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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89
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de Wilde OM, Bour LJ, Dingemans PM, Koelman JHTM, Linszen DH. A meta-analysis of P50 studies in patients with schizophrenia and relatives: differences in methodology between research groups. Schizophr Res 2007; 97:137-51. [PMID: 17604606 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients with schizophrenia as well as their relatives show deficits in sensory gating reflected by an abnormal P50 ratio and to quantify the differences from controls. METHODS A systematic search on articles published between 1982 and 2006 was conducted. 28 patient studies that were suitable for analysis including 891 patients and 686 controls were retrieved. Six studies on P50 of relatives of schizophrenic patients were identified, including 317 relatives and 294 controls. RESULTS In the patient studies we found an P50 effect size of 1.28 (SD=0.72). We confirmed high variability in outcomes across studies. Almost half of the studies included where published by one laboratory of the University of Colorado and these results differed significantly from the results found in studies performed in other laboratories. We found correlations between effect size outcome and sound intensity, filter settings and subjects' position which could be explained by differences between the Colorado laboratory and the other groups. In the relative studies we found a mean P50 effect size of 0.85 (+/-0.42). CONCLUSIONS The differences in methodology and lack of reported demographics and methodology including raters blinding in some studies makes it hard to compare results across studies and to evaluate the validity and reliability of P50 as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia. There are large differences in outcomes from Colorado studies and non-Colorado studies. In contrast to the Colorado studies in the non-Colorado studies P50 suppression would not qualify as an endophenotype for schizophrenia. These differences might be explained by the differences in methodology e.g. lower levels of sound intensity, differences in filter settings and subjects' position. Finally we make some recommendations for future research based on the outcomes of this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M de Wilde
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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90
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Mucci A, Galderisi S, Kirkpatrick B, Bucci P, Volpe U, Merlotti E, Centanaro F, Catapano F, Maj M. Double dissociation of N1 and P3 abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 92:252-61. [PMID: 17363220 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the presence of enduring, idiopathic negative symptoms define a group of patients with a disease (deficit schizophrenia, DS) that is separate from other forms of schizophrenia (nondeficit schizophrenia, NDS). Although several findings support this hypothesis, the possibility that DS represents the severe end of a single schizophrenia continuum cannot be excluded yet. We tested the hypothesis that DS and NDS differ relative to event-related potentials (ERPs). Amplitude, scalp topography and cortical sources of the ERP components were assessed in clinically stable DS and NDS outpatients and in matched healthy subjects (HCS). Twenty subjects per group were recruited. Among the subjects who completed the target detection task, there were no group difference in accuracy. For N1, only patients with DS, as compared with HCS, showed an amplitude reduction over the scalp central leads and a reduced current source density in cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus. For P3, only patients with NDS, as compared with HCS, showed a lateralized amplitude reduction over the left posterior regions and reduced current source density in left temporal and bilateral frontal, cingulate and parietal areas. The DS and NDS groups differed significantly from each other with regard to N1 amplitude and topography, as well as P3 amplitude and cortical sources. The N1 was affected in DS but not in NDS patients, whereas P3 was affected in NDS only. This double dissociation is consistent with the hypothesis that DS represents a separate disease entity within schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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91
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Boeijinga PH, Soufflet L, Santoro F, Luthringer R. Ketamine effects on CNS responses assessed with MEG/EEG in a passive auditory sensory-gating paradigm: an attempt for modelling some symptoms of psychosis in man. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21:321-37. [PMID: 17591659 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107077768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in integrative function have been consistentLy described in psychotic disorder; for instance, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (startle-PPI) which is a marker of sensory gating, is deficient in persons with schizophrenia. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine produces in control subjects a spectrum of neurobehavioural symptoms like encountered in schizophrenia, and disrupts startle-PPI in animals. In the present study, we investigated in 12 healthy subjects whether ketamine would reduce sensory-gating in auditory responses at doses which produce psychotic symptoms. In a double-blind, crossover design loading doses of 0.024, 0.081 and 0.27 mg/kg or saline were employed, followed by maintenance infusion for 120 min. A passive paradigm has been developed which consisted in tone bursts, preceded or not by a (near-threshold) click at intervals of 100 ms or 500 ms. Brain electromagnetic activity imaging of the responses to sound stimuli has been carried out by way of a 148-channel magnetoencephalography-system. Actual evoked response amplitudes and underlying equivalent current dipole strengths have been compared to multi-electrode evoked potentials from the scalp. A click stimulus is capable to inhibit test responses under placebo at the 100 ms interval. During maintenance infusion of ketamine at steady-state (for >30 min) after 0.27 mg/kg, no such amplitude changes were observed anymore (p <0.05) and under these circumstances significant increases in Brief Psychiatric Rating scale and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms scores were evidenced (p < 0.001). Intermediate effects have been observed when the dose was lowered to 0.081 mg/kg. The present results have shown that ketamine may induce a psychotic-like clinical state associated with gating deficits in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Boeijinga
- FORENAP - FRP - Institute for Research in Neuroscience, Neuropharmacology and Psychiatry, Rouffach, France. [corrected]
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92
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Ermutlu MN, Demiralp T, Karamürsel S. The effects of interstimulus interval on sensory gating and on preattentive auditory memory in the oddball paradigm. Can magnitude of the sensory gating affect preattentive auditory comparison process? Neurosci Lett 2007; 412:1-5. [PMID: 17197084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
P50, and mismatch negativity (MMN) are components of event-related potentials (ERP) reflecting sensory gating and preattentive auditory memory, respectively. Interstimulus interval (ISI) is an important determinant of the amplitudes of these components and N1. In the present study the interrelation between stimulus gating and preattentive auditory sensory memory were investigated as a function of ISI in 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5s in 15 healthy volunteered participants. ISI factor affected the N1 peak amplitude significantly. MMN amplitude in 2.5s ISI was significantly smaller compared to 1.5 and 3.5s ISI. ISI X stimuli interaction on P50 amplitude was statistically significant. P50 amplitudes to deviant stimuli in 2.5s ISI were larger than the P50 amplitudes in other ISIs. P50 difference (P50d) waveform amplitude correlated significantly with MMN amplitude. The results suggest that: (i) auditory sensory gating could affect preattentive auditory sensory memory by supplying input to the comparator mechanism; (ii) 2.5s ISI is important in displaying the sensory gating and preattentive auditory sensory memory relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Numan Ermutlu
- Istanbul Bilim University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Turkey.
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93
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Anokhin AP, Vedeniapin AB, Heath AC, Korzyukov O, Boutros NN. Genetic and environmental influences on sensory gating of mid-latency auditory evoked responses: a twin study. Schizophr Res 2007; 89:312-9. [PMID: 17014995 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A deficit in sensory gating measured by the suppression of P50 auditory event-related potential (ERP) has been implicated in the biological bases of schizophrenia and some other psychiatric disorders and proposed as a candidate endophenotype for genetic studies. More recently, it has been shown that gating deficits in schizophrenics extend to ERP components reflecting early attentive processing (the N1/P2 complex). However, evidence for heritability of sensory gating in the general population is very limited. Heritability of P50, N1, and P2 amplitudes and gating was estimated in 54 monozygotic and 55 dizygotic twin pairs using a dual-click auditory paradigm. Genetic model-fitting analysis showed high heritability of peak amplitudes of P50, N1, and P2 waves. Genetic influences on P50 gating (S2/S1) were modest, while heritability of N1 and P2 gating was high and significant. The alternative gating measure (S1-S2 difference) showed significant heritability for all three ERP components. Weak genetic influences on P50 gating ratio can be related to its poor test-retest reliability demonstrated in previous studies. These results suggest that gating measures derived from the N1/P2 wave complex may be useful endophenotypes for population-based genetic studies of the sensory gating function and its impairments in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, MO, USA.
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94
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Metzger KL, Maxwell CR, Liang Y, Siegel SJ. Effects of nicotine vary across two auditory evoked potentials in the mouse. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:23-30. [PMID: 16497274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia patients display sensory processing deficits, reduced alpha7-nicotine receptor expression, and increased incidence of smoking, prompting investigation of nicotine receptor agonists as possible treatments. We evaluated the effects of acute and chronic nicotine, using an animal model that incorporates genetic variation for sensory processing and nicotine sensitivity. METHODS C57BL/6J and DBA/2Hsd mice received 2 weeks of 4.2 mg/kg chronic nicotine or saline. Auditory evoked potentials were recorded before and after acute nicotine injection of 1.05 mg/kg on day 14, with a paired-click paradigm (S1/S2). Amplitude and gating of the P20 and N40 were compared between conditions. RESULTS Acute nicotine increased the amplitude and gating of the P20 and decreased the amplitude and gating of the N40 across all groups, primarily by acting on S1. Chronic nicotine attenuated the effects of acute nicotine on the N40. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the notion that the mouse P20 shares pharmacological response properties with the human P50. In addition, findings suggest that nicotine might increase the initial sensory response (S1), with a resulting improvement in gating of some components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Metzger
- Stanley Center for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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95
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Boutros NN, Gooding D, Sundaresan K, Burroughs S, Johanson CE. Cocaine-dependence and cocaine-induced paranoia and mid-latency auditory evoked responses and sensory gating. Psychiatry Res 2006; 145:147-54. [PMID: 17079024 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-dependence has been shown to affect the amplitudes of the P50 mid-latency auditory evoked response (MLAER) as well as P50 sensory gating. The effects on subsequent MLAERs (N100 and P200) have not been examined. The objective of the current study was to further assess the effects of chronic cocaine use on the P50, N100, and P200 components. Thirty-four, at least three weeks abstinent, cocaine-dependent individuals and 34 age and gender matched healthy controls were examined. The amplitudes, latencies and gating measures were calculated and compared between the groups. The N100 and P200 were significantly smaller in patients as compared to control subjects. Sensory gating of the P50, the N100, and the P200 were deficient in cocaine-dependent subjects. Latencies of all measured components were prolonged in subjects who reported developing paranoia while intoxicated. Finally, a positive correlation was found between length of abstinence and evoked response amplitudes. We conclude that the effects of cocaine on sensory gating extend beyond the P50 to the N100 and the P200 components. The data also suggest that prolonged latency of the evoked potentials may be a correlate of cocaine-induced psychosis. Finally, the data suggest that some recovery of amplitude and gating occurs with abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nash N Boutros
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, USA.
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96
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Kizkin S, Karlidag R, Ozcan C, Ozisik HI. Reduced P50 auditory sensory gating response in professional musicians. Brain Cogn 2006; 61:249-54. [PMID: 16524657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evoked potential studies have demonstrated that musicians have the ability to distinguish musical sounds preattentively and automatically at the temporal, spectral, and spatial levels in more detail. It is however not known whether there is a difference in the early processes of auditory data processing of musicians. The most emphasized and studied early process, especially for neuropsychiatric purposes, is sensory gating. The suppression percentage of the midlatency auditory evoked potential P50, and rarely the N100, wave is used for sensory gating studies. Our aim in this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in the auditory P50 and N100 suppression of control subjects who were professional musicians with no psychiatric problems. 34 professional musicians and 19 non-musicians (the control group) were included in this study. P50 and N100 measurements were taken, the suppression percentage of P50 and N100 was calculated and the results compared. Musicians showed significantly less P50 suppression when compared to non-musicians. There was no significant difference for N100 suppression. What the decreased P50 suppression in musicians when compared to non-musician subjects means, when we also take into account that N100 suppression is not decreased, and how it may contribute to the music perception and production processes of these persons is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kizkin
- Department of Neurology, Inonu University Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey.
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97
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Abstract
Although P50 is described as a largely preattentive process, increasing evidence suggests that the psychological state of a participant may influence P50 and its suppression. A paired-stimulus paradigm was used to examine the contributions of variability in stimulus parameters and state factors, such as expectancy and vigilance, on P50. Results obtained from 34 healthy subjects indicate that stimulus intensity and background stimulus intensity influenced P50 amplitude whereas stimulus duration had no significant impact. Importantly, P50 suppression varied with fluctuations in P50 amplitude to the first stimulus, and both P50 and its suppression reflected possible declines in attention or vigilance over the course of the session. Findings from this study suggest that P50 is not entirely preattentional and may reflect the psychological state of a participant. Implications of these results for research with schizophrenia patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M White
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1563, USA
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98
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Fuentemilla L, Marco-Pallarés J, Grau C. Modulation of spectral power and of phase resetting of EEG contributes differentially to the generation of auditory event-related potentials. Neuroimage 2006; 30:909-16. [PMID: 16376575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the mechanisms involved in the genesis of event-related potentials (ERPs) are a matter of debate among neuroscientists. Specifically, the debate lies in whether ERPs arise due to the contribution of a fixed-polarity and fixed-latency superimposed neuronal activity to background electroencephalographic oscillations (evoked model) and/or due to a partial phase synchronization of the ongoing EEG (oscillatory model). The participation of the two mechanisms can be explored by the spectral power modulation and phase coherence of scalp EEG rhythms, respectively. However, an important limitation underlies their measurement: the fact that an added neural activity will be relatively phase-locked to stimulus, thus enhancing both spectral power and phase synchrony measures and making the contribution of each mechanism less clear-cut. This would not be relevant in the case that an increase in phase concentration was not accompanied by any concurrent spectral power modulation, thus opening the way to an oscillatory-based explanation. We computed event-related spectral power modulations and phase coherence to an auditory repeated-stimulus presentation paradigm with tone intensity far from threshold (90 dB SPL), in which N1 decreases its amplitude (N1 gating) as an attenuation brain process. Our data indicate that evoked and oscillatory activity could contribute together to the non-attenuated N1, while N1 to repeated stimuli could be explained by partial phase concentration of scalp EEG activity without concurrent power increase. Therefore, our results show that both increased spectral power and partial phase resetting contribute differentially to different ERPs. Moreover, they show that certain ERPs could arise through reorganization of the phase of ongoing scalp EEG activity only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ll Fuentemilla
- Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Ghisolfi ES, Schuch A, Strimitzer IM, Luersen G, Martins FF, Ramos FLP, Becker J, Lara DR. Caffeine modulates P50 auditory sensory gating in healthy subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:204-10. [PMID: 16278075 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The P50 suppression paradigm is an index of sensory gating assumed to reflect an inhibitory process. Adenosine is a neuromodulator with mostly inhibitory activity that is released by physiological stimuli and can be blocked by non-selective adenosine receptor antagonists such as theophylline and caffeine. A previous study showed that a single dose of theophylline decreased P50 suppression in healthy volunteers. Here we investigated the effect of caffeine (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg p.o.) on P50 sensory gating in 24 healthy volunteers (15 habitual caffeine high-users and 9 low-users). The 200 and 400 mg doses reduced P50 gating, whereas 100 mg produced a non-significant effect. The effect of caffeine was independent of gender and habitual caffeine intake. High caffeine users also showed baseline differences, with lower S(2) amplitudes compared to low-users. These results reinforce the participation of adenosine in the modulation of P50 sensory gating and suggest that caffeine ingestion should be controlled for in the P50 sensory gating paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S Ghisolfi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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100
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Rosburg T, Trautner P, Boutros NN, Korzyukov OA, Schaller C, Elger CE, Kurthen M. Habituation of auditory evoked potentials in intracranial and extracranial recordings. Psychophysiology 2006; 43:137-44. [PMID: 16712584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Effects of stimulus repetition are investigated in short-term habituation experiments. In these experiments, trains of stimuli are applied with longer intervals of no stimulation between the trains. In scalp recordings, an amplitude and latency decrease of the auditory N100 is usually observed at the beginning of the train. This contrasts to a recent finding with intracranial recordings, exhibiting an effect on N100 amplitude, but not on its latency. In the current study, P50 and N100 were simultaneously recorded intra- and extracranially in epilepsy patients. The amplitudes of P50 and N100 decreased in both recordings, whereas the P50 latency was not significantly affected. A latency decrease was revealed for the extracranially recorded N100, but not for the intracranial N100. This dissociation between the intracranial and scalp recordings might be explained by a different sensitivity of the two measurements for N100 generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Rosburg
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
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