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Leong WYA, Ngiam JN, Tan RS, Lim SL, Poh KK. Controversies and discrepancies in the effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on cardiovascular risk. Singapore Med J 2020; 62:56-62. [PMID: 32312028 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The top ten causes of death in Singapore include many cardiovascular-related diseases such as ischaemic heart disease. The increasing prevalence of CVD poses a burden to both the economy and healthcare system of a country. Dietary habits, in particular dietary fats and cholesterol intake, have been shown to greatly influence CVD risks. Therefore, reference and adherence to relevant dietary guidelines could be crucial in CVD prevention. Recent research findings have provided novel insights into the relationship between certain dietary fats or cholesterol intake and CVD risks, challenging or reinforcing previous guidelines. These findings may, however, be conflicting, and there are still controversies over the effects of dietary fats and cholesterol as well as their association with cardiovascular risk. This review paper aims to evaluate common controversies, identify gaps in relevant research areas and summarise evidence-based dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ru San Tan
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Lin Lim
- Department of Dietetics, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
Currently, the prevention and treatment of CVD have been a global focus since CVD is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity. In the pathogenesis of CVD, it was generally thought that impaired cholesterol homeostasis might be a risk factor. Cholesterol homeostasis is affected by exogenous factors (i.e. diet) and endogenous factors (i.e. certain receptors, enzymes and transcription factors). In this context, the number of studies investigating the potential mechanisms of dietary fatty acids on cholesterol homeostasis have increased in recent years. As well, the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) receptor is a multifunctional membrane receptor involved in fatty acid uptake, lipid metabolism, atherothrombosis and inflammation. CD36 is proposed to be a crucial molecule for cholesterol homeostasis in various mechanisms including absorption/reabsorption, synthesis, and transport of cholesterol and bile acids. Moreover, it has been reported that the amount of fatty acids and fatty acid pattern of the diet influence the CD36 level and CD36-mediated cholesterol metabolism principally in the liver, intestine and macrophages. In these processes, CD36-mediated cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis might be impaired by dietary SFA and trans-fatty acids, whereas ameliorated by MUFA in the diet. The effects of PUFA on CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis are controversial depending on the amount of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA, and the n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio. Thus, since the CD36 receptor is suggested to be a novel nutrient-sensitive biomarker, the role of CD36 and dietary fatty acids in cholesterol metabolism might be considered in medical nutrition therapy in the near future. Therefore, the novel nutritional target of CD36 and interventions that focus on dietary fatty acids and potential mechanisms underlying cholesterol homeostasis are discussed in this review.
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Martins AJ, Vicente AA, Pastrana LM, Cerqueira MA. Oleogels for development of health-promoting food products. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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54
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Yang ZH, Amar M, Sorokin AV, Troendle J, Courville AB, Sampson M, Playford MP, Yang S, Stagliano M, Ling C, Donkor K, Shamburek RD, Mehta NN, Remaley AT. Supplementation with saury oil, a fish oil high in omega-11 monounsaturated fatty acids, improves plasma lipids in healthy subjects. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:53-65.e2. [PMID: 31784345 PMCID: PMC8336206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish oil enriched in omega-11 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFAs; C20:1 and C22:1 isomers combined) have shown lipid-lowering and atheroprotective effects in animal models. OBJECTIVE To perform a first-in-human trial of LCMUFA-rich saury fish oil supplementation to test its safety and possible effect on plasma lipids. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, crossover clinical trial was carried out in 30 healthy normolipidemic adults (BMI <25 kg/m2; mean TG, 84 mg/dL). Treatment periods of 8 weeks were separated by an 8-week washout period. Subjects were randomized to receive either 12 g of saury oil (3.5 g of LCMUFA and 3.4 g of omega-3 FAs) or identical capsules with control oil (a mixture of sardine and olive oil; 4.9 g of shorter-chain MUFA oleate and 3 g of omega-3 FAs). RESULTS Saury oil supplementation was safe and resulted in LDL particle counts 12% lower than control oil (P < .001). Saury oil also had a minor effect on increasing HDL particle size (9.8 nm vs 9.7 nm; P < .05) based on a linear mixed effect model. In contrast, control oil, but not saury oil, increased LDL-C by 7.5% compared with baseline (P < .05). Saury oil had similar effects compared with control oil on lowering plasma TG levels, VLDL, and TG-rich lipoprotein particle counts (by ∼16%, 25%, and 35%, respectively; P < .05), and increasing HDL-C and cholesterol efflux capacity (by ∼6% and 8%, respectively; P < .05) compared with baseline. CONCLUSION Saury oil supplementation is well tolerated and has beneficial effects on several cardiovascular parameters, such as LDL particle counts, HDL particle size, and plasma TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Marcelo Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander V Sorokin
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Troendle
- Office of Biostatistics Research, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Maureen Sampson
- Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- Clinical Center, Nutrition Department, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Stagliano
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clarence Ling
- Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwame Donkor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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55
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Negash YA, Amare DE, Bitew BD, Dagne H. Assessment of quality of edible vegetable oils accessed in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:793. [PMID: 31801628 PMCID: PMC6894337 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Edible vegetable oils are prone to quality deterioration through oxidation and microbial degradation resulting in nutritional loss and off-flavors. Quality deterioration may contribute in the formation of oxidation products that are reactive and toxic, which ultimately pose health risks including cancer and inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess quality of both imported and locally made edible vegetable oils accessed in Gondar City, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study design was used to collect 60 samples randomly; 30 from locally made (Niger seed at market 14, Niger seed at production center 11, sunflower at the market 5) and 30 from imported palm oil brands (Avena 11, Hayat 4, Jersey 5 and Chef 10). Results The mean value for: moisture content (%) (0.333 ± 0.08 while 0.089 ± 0.11), specific-gravity (0.823 ± 0.14 and 0.807 ± 0.115), peroxide value (15.09 ± 1.61 and 7.05 ± 0.102 mill-equivalents of oxygen/kg), acid value (2.43 ± 0.9 and 0.98 ± 0.23 mg KOH/g oil) and iodine value (115.63 ± 6.77 and 21.8 ± 3.4 g I2/100 g oil) for local and imported edible oils, respectively. The results highlight that all rancidity quality parameters of the locally made oil samples were not within the joint WHO/FAO standards whilst the imported oils showed a greater fatty acid saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonnas Adugna Negash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnachew Eyachew Amare
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Bikes Destaw Bitew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Dagne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Eighteen‑carbon trans fatty acids and inflammation in the context of atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101009. [PMID: 31669459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a pro-inflammatory state characterized by chronic activation of the endothelium, which leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with an increased risk of CVD. This risk is usually associated with industrial TFAs (iTFAs) rather than ruminant TFAs (rTFAs); however it is not clear how specific TFA isomers differ in their biological activity and mechanisms of action with regard to inflammation. Here we review the literature on 18‑carbon TFAs, including the research associating their intake or levels with CVD and studies relating 18‑carbon TFA exposure to modulation of inflammatory processes. The evidence associating iTFAs with CVD risk factors is fairly consistent and studies in humans usually show a relation between iTFAs and higher levels of inflammatory markers. In contrast, studies in humans, animals and in vitro suggest that rTFAs have null or mildly beneficial effects in cardiovascular health, metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, although the evidence is not always consistent. More studies are needed to better identify the beneficial and detrimental effects of the different TFAs, including those with 18 carbons.
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57
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Luo SZ, Hu XF, Jia YJ, Pan LH, Zheng Z, Zhao YY, Mu DD, Zhong XY, Jiang ST. Camellia oil-based oleogels structuring with tea polyphenol-palmitate particles and citrus pectin by emulsion-templated method: Preparation, characterization and potential application. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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58
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Park JYK, Koehler KM. Probabilistic Quantitative Assessment of Coronary Heart Disease Risk From Dietary Exposure to Industrially Produced Trans-Fatty Acids in Partially Hydrogenated Oils. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:213-224. [PMID: 31397870 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We conducted a probabilistic evaluation of changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and public health burdens from industrially produced trans-fatty acids (IP-TFAs) exposure from the uses of partially hydrogenated oils in food. Our analyses used four quantitative methods based on human studies considering the uncertainty associated with risk parameters for CHD and IP-TFA daily dietary exposure of 0.05% of energy. Method 1 used experimental controlled feeding trial data for changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Method 2 used changes in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Method 3 used changes in a combination of three emerging CHD risk factor biomarkers; and method 4 used prospective observational studies of CHD cases associated with long-term dietary exposure of trans-fatty acids. We estimated mean percent changes in CHD risk and annual CHD cases in U.S. adults, with lower and upper 95% uncertainty intervals. Our results show that consuming 0.05% of energy from IP-TFA, instead of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, can cause annual mean increases in CHD cases of 814 (510–1151, method 1), 1502 (990–2043, method 2), or 6877 (3611–10 694, method 4) in U.S. adults. Results for method 3 were intermediate between those for methods 2 and 4. Sensitivity analyses using alternate risk parameters or an alternate exposure scenario resulted in minor changes in public health burden estimates. The results demonstrate that IP-TFA exposure as low as 0.05% of energy from partially hydrogenated oil uses in food can cause substantial public health burdens in the United States from increased CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young K Park
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Food Additive Safety (OFAS), Division of Food Contact Substances, College Park, Maryland 20740
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59
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Comparison of the proximal chemical and fatty acid composition of the fried grasshopper’s (Orthoptera) dish. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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60
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Rosenzweig JL, Bakris GL, Berglund LF, Hivert MF, Horton ES, Kalyani RR, Murad MH, Vergès BL. Primary Prevention of ASCVD and T2DM in Patients at Metabolic Risk: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3939-3985. [PMID: 31365087 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop clinical practice guidelines for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals at metabolic risk for developing these conditions. CONCLUSIONS Health care providers should incorporate regular screening and identification of individuals at metabolic risk (at higher risk for ASCVD and T2DM) with measurement of blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting lipid profile, and blood glucose. Individuals identified at metabolic risk should undergo 10-year global risk assessment for ASCVD or coronary heart disease to determine targets of therapy for reduction of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Hypertension should be treated to targets outlined in this guideline. Individuals with prediabetes should be tested at least annually for progression to diabetes and referred to intensive diet and physical activity behavioral counseling programs. For the primary prevention of ASCVD and T2DM, the Writing Committee recommends lifestyle management be the first priority. Behavioral programs should include a heart-healthy dietary pattern and sodium restriction, as well as an active lifestyle with daily walking, limited sedentary time, and a structured program of physical activity, if appropriate. Individuals with excess weight should aim for loss of ≥5% of initial body weight in the first year. Behavior changes should be supported by a comprehensive program led by trained interventionists and reinforced by primary care providers. Pharmacological and medical therapy can be used in addition to lifestyle modification when recommended goals are not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-France Hivert
- Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rita R Kalyani
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruno L Vergès
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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61
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Cazzolla Gatti R, Liang J, Velichevskaya A, Zhou M. Sustainable palm oil may not be so sustainable. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:48-51. [PMID: 30359800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The globalization of the palm oil trade poses a menace to the ecosystem integrity of Southeast Asia. In this short communication, we briefly discuss why palm oil certifications may have failed as an effective means to halt forest degradation and biodiversity loss. From a comparison of multiple new datasets, we analysed recent tree loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, and discovered that, from 2001 to 2016, about 40% of the area located in certified concessions suffered from habitat degradation, deforestation, fires, or other tree damages. Certified concessions have been subject to more tree removals than non-certified ones. We also detect significant tree loss before and after the start of certification schemes. Beyond non-governmental organisations' concern that Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and Palm Oil Innovation Group (POIG) certifications allow ongoing clearance of any forest not identified as of high conservation values (HCV) or high carbon stock (HCS), we suggest an alarming and previously overlooked situation, such as that current "sustainable palm oil" is often associated with recent habitat degradation and forest loss. In other words, certified palm oil production may not be so sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States; Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
| | | | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
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Federici C, Detzel P, Petracca F, Dainelli L, Fattore G. The impact of food reformulation on nutrient intakes and health, a systematic review of modelling studies. BMC Nutr 2019; 5:2. [PMID: 32153917 PMCID: PMC7050744 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-018-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy diet is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Reformulation of processed foods has the potential to improve population diet, but evidence of its impact is limited. The purpose of this review was to explore the impact of reformulation on nutrient intakes, health outcomes and quality of life; and to evaluate the quality of modelling studies on reformulation interventions. METHODS A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and December 2017 was performed using MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination of the University of York. Additional studies were identified through informal searches on Google and specialized websites. Only simulation studies modelling the impact of food reformulation on nutrient intakes and health outcomes were included. Included articles were independently extracted by 2 reviewers using a standardized, pre-piloted data form, including a self-developed tool to assess study quality. RESULTS A total of 33 studies met the selected inclusion criteria, with 20, 5 and 3 studies addressing sodium, sugar and fats reformulation respectively, and 5 studies addressing multiple nutrients. Evidence on the positive effects of reformulation on consumption and health was stronger for sodium interventions, less conclusive for sugar and fats. Study features were highly heterogeneous including differences in methods, the type of policy implemented, the extent of the reformulation, and the spectrum of targeted foods and nutrients. Nonetheless, partial between-study comparisons show a consistent relationship between percentages reformulated and reductions in individual consumption. Positive results are also shown for health outcomes and quality of life measures, although comparisons across studies are limited by the heterogeneity in model features and reporting. Study quality was often compromised by short time-horizons, disregard of uncertainty and time dependencies, and lack of model validation. CONCLUSIONS Reformulation models highlight relevant improvements in diets and population health. While models are valuable tools to evaluate reformulation interventions, comparisons are limited by non-homogeneous designs and assumptions. The use of validated models and extensive scenario analyses would improve models' credibility, providing useful insights for policy-makers. REVIEW REGISTRATION A research protocol was registered within the PROSPERO database (ID number CRD42017057341).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Federici
- CeRGAS (Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Detzel
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Petracca
- CeRGAS (Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Dainelli
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Fattore
- CeRGAS (Centre for Research on Health and Social Care Management), SDA Bocconi School of Management, Milan, Italy
- Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
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63
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O'Connor S, Rudkowska I. Dietary Fatty Acids and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Personalized Nutrition Approach. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 87:43-146. [PMID: 30678820 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids are present in a wide variety of foods and appear in different forms and lengths. The different fatty acids are known to have various effects on metabolic health. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors of chronic diseases. The etiology of the MetS is represented by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Dietary fatty acids can be important contributors of the evolution or in prevention of the MetS; however, great interindividual variability exists in the response to fatty acids. The identification of genetic variants interacting with fatty acids might explain this heterogeneity in metabolic responses. This chapter reviews the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the different components of the MetS, dietary fatty acids and genes. Challenges surrounding the implementation of personalized nutrition are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Connor
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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64
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Calder RSD, Bromage S, Sunderland EM. Risk tradeoffs associated with traditional food advisories for Labrador Inuit. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:496-506. [PMID: 30477821 PMCID: PMC6317887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Inuit diet includes wild birds, fish and marine mammals, which can contain high concentrations of the neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg). Hydroelectric development may increase MeHg concentrations in traditional foods. Consumption advisories are often used to mitigate such risks and can result in reduced intake of traditional foods. Data from a dietary survey, MeHg exposure assessment and risk analysis for individuals in three Inuit communities in Labrador, Canada (n = 1145) in 2014 indicate reducing traditional food intake is likely to exacerbate deficiencies in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins B12 and B2. Traditional foods accounted for < 5% of per-capita calories but up to 70% of nutrients consumed. Although consumption advisories could lower neurodevelopmental risks associated with an increase in MeHg exposure (90th-percentile ∆IQ = - 0.12 vs. - 0.34), they may lead to greater risks of cardiovascular mortality (90th-percentile increase: + 58% to + 116% vs. + 25%) and cancer mortality (90th-percentile increase + 2% to + 4% vs. no increase). Conversely, greater consumption of locally caught salmon mostly unaffected by hydroelectric flooding would lower all these risks (90th-percentile ∆IQ = + 0.4; cardiovascular risk: - 45%; cancer risk: - 1.4%). We thus conclude that continued consumption of traditional foods is essential for Inuit health in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D Calder
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Sabri Bromage
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Kinoshita M, Yokote K, Arai H, Iida M, Ishigaki Y, Ishibashi S, Umemoto S, Egusa G, Ohmura H, Okamura T, Kihara S, Koba S, Saito I, Shoji T, Daida H, Tsukamoto K, Deguchi J, Dohi S, Dobashi K, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Hiro T, Biro S, Fujioka Y, Maruyama C, Miyamoto Y, Murakami Y, Yokode M, Yoshida H, Rakugi H, Wakatsuki A, Yamashita S, Committee for Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Atherosclerosis. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2017. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:846-984. [PMID: 30135334 PMCID: PMC6143773 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Community Health Systems Nursing, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seitaro Dohi
- Chief Health Management Department, Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Community Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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Lakum R, Sonwai S. Production of trans-free margarine fat by enzymatic interesterification of soy bean oil, palm stearin and coconut stearin blend. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruttiya Lakum
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology; Silpakorn University; Nakhonpathom 73000 Thailand
| | - Sopark Sonwai
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology; Silpakorn University; Nakhonpathom 73000 Thailand
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Makarewicz-Wujec M, Dworakowska A, Kozłowska-Wojciechowska M. Replacement of saturated and trans-fatty acids in the diet v. CVD risk in the light of the most recent studies. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2291-2300. [PMID: 29636118 PMCID: PMC11106013 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present and discuss results of the most recent studies pertaining to the effects of consumption of different types of fatty acids on the risk of CVD. The aim was also an attempt to answer the question of whether a revision of the current recommendations is necessary. DESIGN A review of prospective cohort studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in 2014-2017 on the effects of SFA and trans-fatty acid (TFA) intakes as well as various models of their replacement in the diet on CVD risk. RESULTS Results of the new large prospective cohort studies pertaining to the effect of SFA consumption on CVD risk are contradictory. Similarly, the recent meta-analyses of clinical trials related to the effects of SFA substitution on CVD risk provided extremely different results, which is related to the application of different inclusion and exclusion criteria. Differences in results of randomised controlled trials may be caused by different methodologies of dietary parameter changes, varying duration of studies, as well as the time at which they were carried out. CONCLUSIONS It is extremely difficult to extrapolate results of recent studies to contemporary recommendations. It seems that there is a need for properly randomised studies on large groups, with good control of dietary and non-dietary parameters, which account for not only the sum of SFA and TFA, but also their source. Only such studies will allow for full evaluation of an effect of substituting SFA and TFA on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Makarewicz-Wujec
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dworakowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Serving Size and Nutrition Labelling: Implications for Nutrition Information and Nutrition Claims on Packaged Foods. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070891. [PMID: 30002339 PMCID: PMC6073381 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentation of nutrition information on a serving size basis is a strategy that has been adopted by several countries to promote healthy eating. Variation in serving size, however, can alter the nutritional values reported on food labels and compromise the food choices made by the population. This narrative review aimed to discuss (1) current nutrition labelling legislation regarding serving size and (2) the implications of declared serving size for nutrition information available on packaged foods. Most countries with mandatory food labelling require that serving size be presented on food labels, but variation in this information is generally allowed. Studies have reported a lack of standardisation among serving sizes of similar products which may compromise the usability of nutrition information. Moreover, studies indicate that food companies may be varying serving sizes as a marketing strategy to stimulate sales by reporting lower values of certain nutrients or lower energy values on nutrition information labels. There is a need to define the best format for presenting serving size on food labels in order to provide clear and easily comprehensible nutrition information to the consumer.
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Fat Intake Reduction Strategies among Children and Adults to Eliminate Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5070089. [PMID: 29966315 PMCID: PMC6069461 DOI: 10.3390/children5070089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally with an estimated 39.5 million deaths per year (72% of total death) in 2016, due to the four major NCDs: cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), almost 68% of all deaths are attributed to NCDs commonly known as chronic or lifestyle-related diseases. Two-thirds of NCD premature deaths are linked to 4 shared modifiable behavioral risk factors: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol. These unhealthy behaviours lead to 4 key metabolic/biological changes; raised blood pressure, overweight/obesity, high blood glucose levels/diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood), that increase the risk of NCDs. Globally, countries are already working towards agreed global goals on maternal and infant nutrition and on the prevention of NCDs. In both fields the goals include halting the increase in overweight and obesity and reducing NCD diet-related risk factors including reducing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans fatty acids (TFAs) intake. The objective of this review is to present an up-to-date overview of the current fat (SFAs and TFAs) intake reduction initiatives in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by highlighting national and regional programs, strategies and activities aiming at decreasing the intakes of dietary fat (SFA and TFA). The literature review shows that the average intake of SFA is estimated to be 10.3% of the total energy intake (EI), exceeding the WHO (World Health Organization) upper limit of 10%. The average TFA intake is estimated at 1.9% EI, which also exceeds the WHO upper limit of 1% EI. The highest SFAs intake was reported from Djibouti, Kuwait, Saudi-Arabia, Lebanon and Yemen, while the highest TFAs intakes were reported from Egypt and Pakistan. If countries of the EMR receive immediate public health attention, that toll of NCD-related morbidity and mortality would be considerably decreased through the implantation of evidence-based preventive interventions. In this context, reductions in SFAs and TFAs intakes have been highlighted as cost-effectives strategies that may hamper the growth of the NCD epidemic.
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Saghafi Z, Naeli MH, Tabibiazar M, Zargaraan A. Zero-Trans
Cake Shortening: Formulation and Characterization of Physicochemical, Rheological, and Textural Properties. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saghafi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St. Ghol-Ghasht Ave; Tabriz 5166614711 Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Naeli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering; Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University; Darya St, Sari 578 Iran
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St. Ghol-Ghasht Ave; Tabriz 5166614711 Iran
| | - Azizollaah Zargaraan
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hafezi St; Tehran 19395-4741 Iran
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Masana L, Ros E, Sudano I, Angoulvant D. Is there a role for lifestyle changes in cardiovascular prevention? What, when and how? ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2018; 26:2-15. [PMID: 28434481 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(17)30020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lifestyle has been found to play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is evidence to suggest that if lifestyle factors are modified successfully, the relative risk of CVD can be reduced. Risk factors for CVD such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemias can be modified by lifestyle changes. The main aim of this article is to provide best practice approaches and support for healthcare professionals on the role of lifestyle changes in the prevention of CVD. METHODS A working group of experts discussed existing guidelines, clinical practice and evidence, and provided their recommendations on ten topics concerning the role of lifestyle in CVD prevention. These topics covered important lifestyle factors as well as tools/approaches to assess or encourage lifestyle changes. RESULTS The group of clinical experts collaborated to provide their opinion on the following topics: one diet versus customised diets; the role of alcohol consumption in a healthy diet; a diet based on nutrient composition or on whole foods; a Mediterranean versus low-fat diet; the role of dietary supplements; physical activity; smoking cessation; the role of a nutritionist/dietitian in a CVD risk multidisciplinary team; tools to be implemented to assess diet, physical activity and smoking status; and the most effective approaches to encourage lifestyle changes. CONCLUSIONS The expert working group agreed that lifestyle changes were important in preventing CVD and provided recommendations which complemented current guidance and increased clarity on several topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Masana
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ros
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabella Sudano
- University Heart Center Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:318-326. [PMID: 29244059 PMCID: PMC7190876 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a Mediterranean diet rich in minimally processed plant foods has been associated with a reduced risk of developing multiple chronic diseases and increased life expectancy. Data from several randomized clinic trials have demonstrated a beneficial effect in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and breast cancer. The exact mechanism by which an increased adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet exerts its favorable effects is not known. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the five most important adaptations induced by the Mediterranean dietary pattern are: (a) lipid-lowering effect, (b) protection against oxidative stress, inflammation and platelet aggregation, (c) modification of hormones and growth factors involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, (d) inhibition of nutrient sensing pathways by specific amino acid restriction, and (e) gut microbiota-mediated production of metabolites influencing metabolic health. More studies are needed to understand how single modifications of nutrients typical of the Mediterranean diet interact with energy intake, energy expenditure, and the microbiome in modulating the key mechanisms that promote cellular, tissue, and organ health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tosti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Beatrice Bertozzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Italy
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Saghafi Z, Zargaraan A, Tabibiazar M, Hosseini H. Is Trans Fatty Acid Still an Issue for Policy Makers in Iran? A Technical Report. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.5.2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Dietary management of dyslipidaemias. Is there any evidence for cardiovascular benefit? Maturitas 2018; 108:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hyseni L, Bromley H, Kypridemos C, O’Flaherty M, Lloyd-Williams F, Guzman-Castillo M, Pearson-Stuttard J, Capewell S. Systematic review of dietary trans-fat reduction interventions. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95:821-830G. [PMID: 29200523 PMCID: PMC5710076 DOI: 10.2471/blt.16.189795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review published studies of interventions to reduce people's intake of dietary trans-fatty acids (TFAs). METHODS We searched online databases (CINAHL, the CRD Wider Public Health database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid®, MEDLINE®, Science Citation Index and Scopus) for studies evaluating TFA interventions between 1986 and 2017. Absolute decrease in TFA consumption (g/day) was the main outcome measure. We excluded studies reporting only on the TFA content in food products without a link to intake. We included trials, observational studies, meta-analyses and modelling studies. We conducted a narrative synthesis to interpret the data, grouping studies on a continuum ranging from interventions targeting individuals to population-wide, structural changes. RESULTS After screening 1084 candidate papers, we included 23 papers: 12 empirical and 11 modelling studies. Multiple interventions in Denmark achieved a reduction in TFA consumption from 4.5 g/day in 1976 to 1.5 g/day in 1995 and then virtual elimination after legislation banning TFAs in manufactured food in 2004. Elsewhere, regulations mandating reformulation of food reduced TFA content by about 2.4 g/day. Worksite interventions achieved reductions averaging 1.2 g/day. Food labelling and individual dietary counselling both showed reductions of around 0.8 g/day. CONCLUSION Multicomponent interventions including legislation to eliminate TFAs from food products were the most effective strategy. Reformulation of food products and other multicomponent interventions also achieved useful reductions in TFA intake. By contrast, interventions targeted at individuals consistently achieved smaller reductions. Future prevention strategies should consider this effectiveness hierarchy to achieve the largest reductions in TFA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirije Hyseni
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Helen Bromley
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Chris Kypridemos
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Martin O’Flaherty
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Ffion Lloyd-Williams
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | - Maria Guzman-Castillo
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
| | | | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, England
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Abstract
Whereas primary prevention seeks to forestall development of disease in individuals with elevated risk, primordial prevention seeks to preempt the development of risk factors. Health behaviors-characterized as "lifestyle" factors-are key interventional targets in primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease. Appropriate dietary intake, including limiting salt and saturated fat consumption, can reduce the risk of developing hypertension and dyslipidemias. Regular physical activity is associated with lower blood pressure and healthier lipid profiles. Diet and exercise are critical to maintaining weight conducive to cardiovascular health. Behavioral factors such as stress management, sleep duration, portion control, and meal timing may play a role in weight management and offer additional routes of intervention. Any smoking elevates cardiovascular risk. Although lifestyle modification programs can be instrumental in reaching public health goals, maintaining cardiovascular health should not be a matter solely of willpower. Ideally, structural and social forces should make healthy lifestyles the default option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Claas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Dean's Office, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Progress towards elimination of trans-fatty acids in foods commonly consumed in four Latin American cities. Public Health Nutr 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo assess progress towards the elimination of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in foods after the 2008 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommendation of virtual elimination of TFA in Latin America.DesignA descriptive, comparative analysis of foods that were likely to contain TFA and were commonly consumed in four cities in Latin America.SettingSan José (Costa Rica), Mexico City (Mexico), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires (Argentina).SubjectsFoods from each city were sampled in 2011; TFA content was analysed using GC. TFA of selected foods was also monitored in 2016.ResultsIn 2011–2016, there was a significant decrease in the content of TFA in the sampled foods across all sites, particularly in Buenos Aires (from 12·6–34·8 % range in 2011–2012 to nearly 0 % in 2015–2016). All sample products met the recommended levels of TFA content set by the PAHO. TFA were replaced with a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats.ConclusionsOur results indicate a virtual elimination of TFA from major food sources in the cities studied. This could be due to a combination of factors, including recommendations by national and global public health authorities, voluntary and/or mandatory food reformulation made by the food industry.
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Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 136:e1-e23. [PMID: 28620111 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year. Preventive treatment that reduces CVD by even a small percentage can substantially reduce, nationally and globally, the number of people who develop CVD and the costs of caring for them. This American Heart Association presidential advisory on dietary fats and CVD reviews and discusses the scientific evidence, including the most recent studies, on the effects of dietary saturated fat intake and its replacement by other types of fats and carbohydrates on CVD. In summary, randomized controlled trials that lowered intake of dietary saturated fat and replaced it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by ≈30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment. Prospective observational studies in many populations showed that lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD and of other major causes of death and all-cause mortality. In contrast, replacement of saturated fat with mostly refined carbohydrates and sugars is not associated with lower rates of CVD and did not reduce CVD in clinical trials. Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a cause of atherosclerosis, linking biological evidence with incidence of CVD in populations and in clinical trials. Taking into consideration the totality of the scientific evidence, satisfying rigorous criteria for causality, we conclude strongly that lowering intake of saturated fat and replacing it with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats, will lower the incidence of CVD. This recommended shift from saturated to unsaturated fats should occur simultaneously in an overall healthful dietary pattern such as DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) or the Mediterranean diet as emphasized by the 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology lifestyle guidelines and the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
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Shaik R, Kuna A, Azam M, Tilathoo R, Kanuri M, Samala G. Effect of rice bran oil spread on the physical, sensory and fatty acid profile of cake. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:2126-2134. [PMID: 28720970 PMCID: PMC5495741 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to replace hydrogenated fat (HF) with rice bran oil (RBO) and two varieties of rice bran oil spread RBOS1 and RBOS2 in the preparation of cake. Physico-chemical properties, sensory properties, scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) study and fatty acid estimation with reference to trans fatty acids of cake made with control and experimental samples were studied. The best acceptable cake among the four i.e., RBOS2 cake was selected for consumer evaluation along with control (HF) cake. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in overall acceptability of cake made with HF and RBOS2. The internal structure and pore structure of RBOS2 cake was finer and smoother than the control cake as per SEM imaging. The pores within the core varied in diameter between 13.9 and 29.6 µm in control cake and between 16.9 and 58.6 µm in RBOS2 cake at 500 × magnification indicating good textural properties compared to HF cake. The fatty acids analysis results showed that the amount of total trans fatty acids (TFA) was 15.46% in HF cake, 3.56% in RBO cake, 4.54% in RBOS1 cake, and 3.78% in RBOS2 cake. The major trans fatty acids observed in all samples were elaidic acid (C18:1 trans-9) and Linolelidic acid (C18:2, trans-6). Elaidic acid was the highest in HF cake (6.64%) and the least in RBO cake (2.62%). Linolelidic acid was the highest in HF cake (8.48%) and the least in RBOS2 cake (0.91%). Trans Vaccenic acid was detected only in HF cake (0.34%). TFA content assumes significance in terms of its ill effects on the health of consumers, only if fat content is also high. Hence, consumption of the HF products might prove to be harmful, if consumed in large amounts and at higher frequencies. Therefore RBOS can be promoted as healthy fat for production of baked products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Shaik
- Post Graduate and Research Centre, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aparna Kuna
- MFPI - Quality Control Laboratory, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohibbe Azam
- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram Tilathoo
- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manorama Kanuri
- MFPI - Quality Control Laboratory, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geetha Samala
- Post Graduate and Research Centre, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
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Hyseni L, Atkinson M, Bromley H, Orton L, Lloyd-Williams F, McGill R, Capewell S. The effects of policy actions to improve population dietary patterns and prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases: scoping review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:694-711. [PMID: 27901036 PMCID: PMC5470099 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor diet generates a bigger non-communicable disease (NCD) burden than tobacco, alcohol and physical inactivity combined. We reviewed the potential effectiveness of policy actions to improve healthy food consumption and thus prevent NCDs. This scoping review focused on systematic and non-systematic reviews and categorised data using a seven-part framework: price, promotion, provision, composition, labelling, supply chain, trade/investment and multi-component interventions. We screened 1805 candidate publications and included 58 systematic and non-systematic reviews. Multi-component and price interventions appeared consistently powerful in improving healthy eating. Reformulation to reduce industrial trans fat intake also seemed very effective. Evidence on food supply chain, trade and investment studies was limited and merits further research. Food labelling and restrictions on provision or marketing of unhealthy foods were generally less effective with uncertain sustainability. Increasingly strong evidence is highlighting potentially powerful policies to improve diet and thus prevent NCDs, notably multi-component interventions, taxes, subsidies, elimination and perhaps trade agreements. The implications for policy makers are becoming clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hyseni
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Atkinson
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Bromley
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Orton
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - F Lloyd-Williams
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R McGill
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Nadeem M, Imran M, Taj I, Ajmal M, Junaid M. Omega-3 fatty acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant characteristics of chia oil supplemented margarine. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:102. [PMID: 28569164 PMCID: PMC5452624 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is known as power house of omega fatty acids which has great health benefits. It contains up to 78% linolenic acid (ω-3) and 18% linoleic acid (ω-6), which could be a great source of omega-3 fatty acids for functional foods. Therefore, in this study, margarines were prepared with supplementation of different concentrations of chia oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of the product. Methods Margarines were formulated from non-hydrogenated palm oil, palm kernel and butter. Margarines were supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% chia oil (T1, T2, T3 and T4), respectively. Margarine without any addition of chia oil was kept as control. Margarine samples were stored at 5 °C for a period of 90 days. Physico-chemical (fat, moisture, refractive index, melting point, solid fat index, fatty acids profile, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, free fatty acids and peroxide value) and sensory characteristics were studied at the interval of 45 days. Results The melting point of T1, T2, T3 and T4 developed in current investigation were 34.2, 33.8, 33.1 and 32.5 °C, respectively. The solid fat index of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 47.21, 22.71, 20.33, 18.12 and 16.58%, respectively. The α-linolenic acid contents in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were found 2.92, 5.85, 9.22, 12.29%, respectively. The concentration of eicosanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was 1.82, 3.52, 6.43 and 9.81%, respectively. The content of docosahexanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was present 1.26, 2.64, 3.49 and 5.19%, respectively. The omega-3 fatty acids were not detected in the control sample. Total phenolic contents of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 samples were 0.27, 2.22, 4.15, 7.23 and 11.42 mg GAE/mL, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was noted 65.8, 5.37, 17.82, 24.95, 45.42 and 62.8%, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, phenolic glycoside k and phenolic glycoside Q in T3 were present 0.78, 0.73, 1.82, 4.12 and 4.49 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 days of storage period, free fatty acids and peroxide value of all the treatments were less than 0.2 (% and MeqO2/kg). Sensory characteristics of treatments were not different from the control. Conclusion Margarines supplemented with chia oil showed enhanced level of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant characteristics. These results suggest that chia oil can be used for formulation of margarine with increased level of omega-3 fatty acids and acceptable sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Taj
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
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82
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Plasma trans-fatty acid concentrations continue to be associated with metabolic syndrome among US adults after reductions in trans-fatty acid intake. Nutr Res 2017; 43:51-59. [PMID: 28739054 PMCID: PMC10084882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
No study examined and compared the association between intake of trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and risk of metabolic syndrome before and after significant reduction of TFA intakes in the US population. We hypothesized that the relationship might remain significant after substantial reduction of TFA intakes in the population. We used data on 1442 and 2233 adults aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between plasma TFA concentrations and metabolic syndrome, including each of its 5 components. The median plasma TFA concentrations were reduced from 79.8 μmol/L in 1999-2000 to 36.9 μmol/L in 2009-2010. The fully adjusted prevalence ratios comparing the highest vs the lowest quintile of plasma TFA concentrations in 1999-2000 were 3.43 (95% confidence interval, 2.39-4.92) for metabolic syndrome, 1.72 (1.38-2.14) for large waistline, 8.25 (6.34-10.74) for high triglycerides, 1.96 (1.46-2.62) for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.14 (0.85-1.55) for high blood pressure, and 1.48 (1.19-1.85) for high fasting glucose, respectively. The corresponding prevalence ratios in 2009-2010 were 2.93 (2.41-3.54), 1.62 (1.39-1.89), 14.93 (9.28-24.02), 3.09 (2.18-4.37), 1.27 (1.11-1.46), and 1.24 (1.06-1.46), respectively. The pattern of association between TFAs and metabolic syndrome and its components did not differ by cycles. The observed associations were consistent across the subgroups examined. Despite a 54% decline in plasma TFA concentrations from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010, it was positively associated with risk of metabolic syndrome and its individual components except for blood pressure in 1999-2000. Our findings support Food and Drug Administration initiatives to remove TFAs from the industrially-produced foods.
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83
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Yang Q, Zhang Z, Loustalot F, Vesper H, Caudill SP, Ritchey M, Gillespie C, Merritt R, Hong Y, Bowman BA. Plasma trans-Fatty Acid Concentrations Continue to Be Associated with Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations among US Adults after Reductions in trans-Fatty Acid Intake. J Nutr 2017; 147:896-907. [PMID: 28381527 PMCID: PMC10947592 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.245597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High intakes of trans-fatty acids (TFAs), especially industrially produced TFAs, can lead to unfavorable lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It is unknown how this relation might change in a population after significant reductions in TFA intake.Objective: This study, which used a new analytical method for measuring plasma TFA concentrations, clarified the association between plasma TFA and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations before and after the US FDA enacted TFA food-labeling regulations in 2006.Methods: Data were selected from the NHANES of 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. Findings on 1383 and 2155 adults, respectively, aged ≥20 y, were evaluated. Multivariable linear regressions were used to examine the associations between plasma TFA concentration and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. The outcome measures were serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and the ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol.Results: The median plasma TFA concentration decreased from 80.6 μmol/L in 1999-2000 to 37.0 μmol/L in 2009-2010. Plasma TFA concentration continued to be associated with serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations after significant reductions in TFA intake in the population. For example, by comparing the lowest with the highest quintiles of TFA concentration in 1999-2000, adjusted mean (95% CI) LDL-cholesterol concentrations increased from 118 mg/dL (112, 123 mg/dL) to 135 mg/dL (130, 141 mg/dL) (P-trend < 0.001). The corresponding values for 2009-2010 were 102 mg/dL (97.4, 107 mg/dL) and 129 mg/dL (125, 133 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol (P-trend < 0.001). Differences between the highest and lowest quintiles were consistent across age groups, sexes, races/ethnicities, and other covariates.Conclusions: Despite a 54% reduction in plasma TFA concentrations in US adults from 1999-2000 to 2009-2010, concentrations remained significantly associated with serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. There does not appear to be a threshold under which the association between plasma TFA concentration and lipid profiles might become undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhe Yang
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Zefeng Zhang
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Fleetwood Loustalot
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Hubert Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Science, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samuel P Caudill
- Division of Laboratory Science, National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Matthew Ritchey
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Cathleen Gillespie
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Robert Merritt
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Yuling Hong
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
| | - Barbara A Bowman
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, and
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84
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Ricker MA, Haas WC. Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Clinical Practice: A Review. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:318-325. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533617700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Anoushka Ricker
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - William Christian Haas
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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85
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Jeske S, Zannini E, Arendt EK. Past, present and future: The strength of plant-based dairy substitutes based on gluten-free raw materials. Food Res Int 2017; 110:42-51. [PMID: 30029705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based foods are gaining popularity and the market is developing fast. This trend is based on several factors, like the change of lifestyle, interest in alternative diets, and the increasing awareness about sustainable production of food and especially proteins. Plant-based dairy substitutes can serve as an option to traditional food products, meeting many of these interests. However, the market is in its infancy and needs to progress. Trends show, that the market will change from being focused on mainly soya, almond and rice-based products, due to their unsustainable farming, and nutritional concerns, like genetic modification and low protein content. The market is likely to shift towards alternative plants to meet consumers' needs and desire for healthy, flavourful and intriguing products. In this regard, the aspect of allergy-free, like gluten-free products gain in importance. Research studies are approaching the nutritional quality of plant-based dairy substitutes, such as improving the protein quality and glycaemic properties. Furthermore, the application of these products or plant proteins as functional ingredients or substitutes for cow's milk in dairy products like cheese and yoghurt are disseminated. However, there is still a need for much more diversified studies in order to overcome stability, textural, nutritional and sensory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jeske
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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86
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Fetal and neonatal exposure to trans-fatty acids impacts on susceptibility to atherosclerosis in apo E*3 Leiden mice. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:377-385. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNutrition during pregnancy can impact on the susceptibility of the offspring to CVD. Postnatal consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFA), associated with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), increases the risk of atherosclerosis, whereas evidence for those TFA associated with ruminant-derived dairy products and meat remain equivocal. In this study, we investigate the impact of maternal consumption of dietary PHVO (P) and ruminant milk fat (R) on the development of atherosclerosis in their offspring, using the transgenic apoE*3 Leiden mouse. Dams were fed either chow (C) or one of three high-fat diets: a diet reflecting the SFA content of a ‘Western’ diet (W) or one enriched with either P or R. Diets were fed during either pregnancy alone or pregnancy and lactation. Weaned offspring were then transferred to an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. Atherosclerosis was assessed as lipid staining in cross-sections of the aorta. There was a significant effect of maternal diet during pregnancy on development of atherosclerosis (P=0·013) in the offspring with those born of mothers fed R or P during pregnancy displaying smaller lesions that those fed C or W. This was not associated with changes in total or lipoprotein cholesterol. Continuing to feed P during lactation increased atherosclerosis compared with that seen in offspring of dams fed P only during pregnancy (P<0·001). No such effect was seen in those from mothers fed R (P=0·596) or W (P=901). We conclude that dietary TFA have differing effects on cardiovascular risk at different stages of the lifecycle.
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87
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Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C, Gillingham LG, Kris-Etherton P, Jones PJH. Estimates of the direct and indirect cost savings associated with heart disease that could be avoided through dietary change in the United States. J Med Econ 2017; 20:182-192. [PMID: 27724055 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2016.1240084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diets high in saturated fat are associated with elevated risk of heart disease. This study estimates the savings in direct (medical care) costs and indirect (job absenteeism) costs in the US from reductions in heart disease associated with substituting monounsaturated fats (MUFA) for saturated fats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A four-part model of the medical care cost savings from avoided heart disease was estimated using data on 247,700 adults from the 2000-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The savings from reduced job absenteeism due to avoided heart disease was estimated using a zero-inflated negative binomial model of the number of annual work loss days applied to data on 164,577 adults from the MEPS. RESULTS Estimated annual savings in medical care expenditures resulting from a switch from a diet high in saturated fat to a high-MUFA diet totaled ∼ $25.7 billion (95% CI = $6.0-$45.4 billion) in 2010, with private insurance plans saving $7.9 billion (95% CI = $1.8-$14.0 billion), Medicare saving $9.4 billion (95% CI = $2.1-$16.7 billion), Medicaid saving $1.4 billion (95% CI = $0.2-$2.5 billion), and patients saving $2.2 billion (95% CI = $0.5-$3.8 billion). The annual savings in terms of reduced job absenteeism ranges from a lower bound of $600 million (95% CI = $100 million to $1.0 billion) to an upper bound of $1.2 billion (95% CI = $0.2-$2.1 billion) for 2010. LIMITATIONS The data cover only the non-institutionalized population. Decreased costs due to any decreases in the severity of heart disease are not included. Cost savings do not include any reduction in informal care at home. CONCLUSIONS Diets high in saturated fat impose substantial medical care costs and job absenteeism costs, and substantial savings could be achieved by substituting MUFA for saturated fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cawley
- a Department of Policy Analysis and Management, and Department of Economics , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , USA
| | - Chad Meyerhoefer
- b Department of Economics , Lehigh University , Bethlehem , PA , USA
| | - Leah G Gillingham
- c Nutritional Fundamentals for Health Inc. , Vaudreuil-Dorion , QC , Canada
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- d Department of Nutritional Sciences , Pennsylvania State University, University Park , PA , USA
| | - Peter J H Jones
- e Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
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88
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Dieter BP, Tuttle KR. Dietary strategies for cardiovascular health. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 27:295-313. [PMID: 28161146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is developed across a lifetime accumulation of risk. Numerous independent and synergistic cardiovascular risk factors can be induced by unhealthy dietary patterns. Epidemiological, mechanistic, clinical, and translational research point to refined sugars, processed and fatty meats, synthetic oils, and sodium as major dietary risk factors. The purpose of this review is to integrate these learnings into key principles for dietary frameworks aimed at improving overall cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad P Dieter
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Katherine R Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center, Providence Health Care, Spokane, WA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Spokane, WA, USA; Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Spokane, WA, USA
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89
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Tzoulaki I, Elliott P, Kontis V, Ezzati M. Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects: Current Knowledge and Data Gaps. Circulation 2016; 133:2314-33. [PMID: 27267538 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.008718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Information on exposure to, and health effects of, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is needed to develop effective strategies to prevent CVD events and deaths. Here, we provide an overview of the data and evidence on worldwide exposures to CVD risk factors and the associated health effects. Global comparative risk assessment studies have estimated that hundreds of thousands or millions of CVD deaths are attributable to established CVD risk factors (high blood pressure and serum cholesterol, smoking, and high blood glucose), high body mass index, harmful alcohol use, some dietary and environmental exposures, and physical inactivity. The established risk factors plus body mass index are collectively responsible for ≈9.7 million annual CVD deaths, with high blood pressure accounting for more CVD deaths than any other risk factor. Age-standardized CVD death rates attributable to established risk factors plus high body mass index are lowest in high-income countries, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean; they are highest in the region of central and eastern Europe and central Asia. However, estimates of the health effects of CVD risk factors are highly uncertain because there are insufficient population-based data on exposure to most CVD risk factors and because the magnitudes of their effects on CVDs in observational studies are likely to be biased. We identify directions for research and surveillance to better estimate the effects of CVD risk factors and policy options for reducing CVD burden by modifying preventable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tzoulaki
- From Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (IT); MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, London, UK (P.E., M.E.); and WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, London, UK (P.E., M.E.)
| | - Paul Elliott
- From Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (IT); MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, London, UK (P.E., M.E.); and WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, London, UK (P.E., M.E.)
| | - Vasilis Kontis
- From Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (IT); MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, London, UK (P.E., M.E.); and WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, London, UK (P.E., M.E.)
| | - Majid Ezzati
- From Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (IT); MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (I.T., P.E., V.K., M.E.); Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, London, UK (P.E., M.E.); and WHO Collaborating Centre on NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, London, UK (P.E., M.E.).
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90
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Allen BC, Vincent MJ, Liska D, Haber LT. Meta-regression analysis of the effect of trans fatty acids on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:295-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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91
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Liu X, Chen XW, Guo J, Yin SW, Yang XQ. Wheat gluten based percolating emulsion gels as simple strategy for structuring liquid oil. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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92
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Policies for healthy and sustainable edible oil consumption: a stakeholder analysis for Thailand. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:1126-1134. [PMID: 27881191 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palm oil is a cheap and versatile edible oil in widespread use as a food ingredient that has been linked to negative health and environmental outcomes. The current study aimed to understand the prospects for future health-focused policy development to limit food use of palm oil and promote a greater diversity of oils in Thailand's food system. DESIGN Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders. The interviews probed views on the economic, health and environmental dimensions of the issue, the prospects for health-focused policy development and the policy development process. Transcripts were analysed using a health policy analytical framework. SETTING Thailand. SUBJECTS Stakeholders from a range of ministries, regulatory agencies, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academia. RESULTS There are several impediments to the emergence of strong regulation, including the primacy of economic considerations in setting policy, doubt and misperception about health implications and a complex regulatory environment with little space for health-related considerations. At the same time, some sections of the food industry producing food for domestic consumption are substituting palm with other oils on the basis of consumer health perceptions. CONCLUSIONS Strong regulation to curb the growth of palm oil is unlikely to emerge soon. However, a long-term strategy can be envisaged that relies on greater policy support for other indigenous oils, strategic rebalancing towards the use of palm oil for biofuels and oleochemicals, and harnessing Thailand's food technology capabilities to promote substitution in food production in favour of oils with healthier fatty acid composition.
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Abstract
AbstractPlasma apoB is a more accurate marker of the risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) than LDL-cholesterol; however, nutritional reviews targeting apoB are scarce. Here we reviewed eighty-seven nutritional studies and present conclusions in order of strength of evidence. Plasma apoB was reduced in all studies that induced weight loss of 6–12 % using hypoenergetic diets (seven studies; 5440–7110 kJ/d; 1300–1700 kcal/d; 34–50 % carbohydrates; 27–39 % fat; 18–24 % protein). When macronutrients were compared in isoenergetic diets (eleven studies including eight randomised controlled trials (RCT); n 1189), the diets that reduced plasma apoB were composed of 26–51 % carbohydrates, 26–46 % fat, 11–32 % protein, 10–27 % MUFA, 5–14 % PUFA and 7–13 % SFA. Replacement of carbohydrate by MUFA, not SFA, decreased plasma apoB. Moreover, dietary enriching with n-3 fatty acids (FA) (from fish: 1·1–1·7 g/d or supplementation: 3·2–3·4 g/d EPA/DHA or 4 g/d EPA), psyllium (about 8–20 g/d), phytosterols (about 2–4 g/d) or nuts (30–75 g/d) also decreased plasma apoB, mostly in hyperlipidaemic subjects. While high intake of trans-FA (4·3–9·1 %) increased plasma apoB, it is unlikely that these amounts represent usual consumption. Inconsistent data existed on the effect of soya proteins (25–30 g/d), while the positive association of alcohol consumption with low plasma apoB was reported in cross-sectional studies only. Five isoenergetic studies using Mediterranean diets (including two RCT; 823 subjects) reported a decrease of plasma apoB, while weaker evidence existed for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), vegetarian, Nordic and Palaeolithic diets. We recommend using a Mediterranean dietary pattern, which also encompasses the dietary components reported to reduce plasma apoB, to target hyperapoB and reduce the risks of CVD and T2D.
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Makeri MU, Karim R, Abdulkarim MS, Ghazali HM, Miskandar MS, Muhammad K. Comparative Analysis of the Physico-Chemical, Thermal, and Oxidative Properties of Winged Bean and Soybean Oils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1031246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Usman Makeri
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roselina Karim
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Sabo Abdulkarim
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mat Sahri Miskandar
- Food Technology and Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kharidah Muhammad
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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95
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Shibamoto S, Murata T, Yamamoto K. Determination of Double Bond Positions and Geometry of Methyl Linoleate Isomers with Dimethyl Disulfide Adducts by GC/MS. Lipids 2016; 51:1077-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Shibamoto
- ; Shimadzu Corporation; 3-9-4, Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun Kyoto 619-0237 Japan
| | - Tasuku Murata
- ; Shimadzu Corporation; 1 Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagyo-ku Kyoto 604-8511 Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- ; Osaka Prefecture University; 3-7-30 Habikino city Osaka 583-8555 Japan
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Kakde S, Bhopal RS, Bhardwaj S, Misra A. Urbanized South Asians' susceptibility to coronary heart disease: The high-heat food preparation hypothesis. Nutrition 2016; 33:216-224. [PMID: 27776951 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Known risk factors do not fully explain the comparatively high susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) in South Asians (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Sri Lankan populations in South Asia and overseas). The search for explanatory hypotheses and cofactors that raise susceptibility of South Asians to CHD continues. The aim of this study was to propose "the high-heat food preparation hypothesis," where neo-formed contaminants (NFCs) such as trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are the cofactors. METHODS We reviewed the actions of AGEs and TFAs, the burden of these products in tissues and blood in South Asians, the relationship between these products and CHD, the effects of preparing food and reheating oils at high temperatures on NFCs, and the foods and mode of preparation in South Asian and Chinese cuisines. RESULTS Animal and human studies show NFCs increase the risk for CHD. Evidence on the consumption and body burden of these products across ethnic groups is not available, and comparable data on the NFC content of the cuisine of South Asians and potential comparison populations (e.g., the Chinese with lower CHD rates) are limited. South Asians' cuisine is dominated by frying and roasting techniques that use high temperatures. South Asian foods have high TFA content primarily through the use of partially hydrogenated fats, reheated oils, and high-heat cooking. Reheating oils greatly increases the TFA content. In comparison, Chinese cuisine involves mostly braising, steaming, and boiling rather than frying. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that South Asians' susceptibility to CHD is partly attributable to high-heat treated foods producing high NFCs. Research to accrue direct evidence is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Kakde
- Edinburgh Migration, Ethnicity and Health Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raj S Bhopal
- Edinburgh Migration, Ethnicity and Health Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Swati Bhardwaj
- National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Diseases Foundation, SDA, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), SDA, New Delhi, India; Center of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Diseases Foundation, SDA, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), SDA, New Delhi, India; Center of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), Delhi, India; Fortis C-DOC Center for Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
The effects of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFAs) on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and on CHD mortality are not clear. Also, dietary recommendations for cis-MUFA as derived by various organizations are not in agreement. Earlier studies have mainly focused on the effects of cis-MUFA on serum lipids and lipoproteins. More recent studies, however, have also addressed effects of cis-MUFA on other non-traditional CHD risk markers such as vascular function markers, postprandial vascular function, and energy intake and metabolism. Although well-designed randomized controlled trials with CHD events as endpoints are missing, several large prospective cohort studies have recently been published on the relationship between cis-MUFA and CHD risk. The aim of this paper is to review these new studies that have been published in the last 3 years on the effects of cis-MUFA on cardiovascular risk markers and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Joris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Dwyer JT, Rubin KH, Fritsche KL, Psota TL, Liska DJ, Harris WS, Montain SJ, Lyle BJ. Creating the Future of Evidence-Based Nutrition Recommendations: Case Studies from Lipid Research. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:747-55. [PMID: 27422509 PMCID: PMC4942859 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategic translational research is designed to address research gaps that answer specific guidance questions. It provides translational value with respect to nutrition guidance and regulatory and public policy. The relevance and the quality of evidence both matter in translational research. For example, design decisions regarding population, intervention, comparator, and outcome criteria affect whether or not high-quality studies are considered relevant to specific guidance questions and are therefore included as evidence within the context of systematic review frameworks used by authoritative food and health organizations. The process used in systematic reviews, developed by the USDA for its Nutrition Evidence Library, is described. An eating pattern and cardiovascular disease (CVD) evidence review is provided as an example, and factors that differentiated the studies considered relevant and included in that evidence base from those that were excluded are noted. Case studies on ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) and industrial trans-FAs illustrate key factors vital to relevance and translational impact, including choice of a relevant population (e.g., healthy, at risk, or diseased subjects; general population or high-performance soldiers); dose and form of the intervention (e.g., food or supplement); use of relevant comparators (e.g., technically feasible and realistic); and measures for both exposure and outcomes (e.g., inflammatory markers or CVD endpoints). Specific recommendations are provided to help increase the impact of nutrition research on future dietary guidance, policy, and regulatory issues, particularly in the area of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Dwyer
- Tufts Medical Center, Schools of Medicine and Nutrition Science and Policy, and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Tricia L Psota
- USDA Center for Nutrition and Policy Promotion, Alexandria, VA
| | | | - William S Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD; University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Scott J Montain
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; and
| | - Barbara J Lyle
- School of Professional Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL and North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC
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100
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Sun Y, Koh HWL, Choi H, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Newman JW, Su J, Fang J, Ong CN, van Dam RM. Plasma fatty acids, oxylipins, and risk of myocardial infarction: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1300-7. [PMID: 27371261 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p066423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the prospective association between plasma FAs, oxylipins, and risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a Singapore Chinese population. A nested case-control study with 744 incident AMI cases and 744 matched controls aged 47-83 years was conducted within the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Nineteen plasma FAs and 12 oxylipins were quantified using MS. These were grouped into 12 FA clusters and 5 oxylipin clusters using hierarchical clustering, and their associations with AMI risk were assessed. Long-chain n-3 FAs [odds ratio (OR) = 0.67 per SD increase, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53-0.84, P < 0.001] and stearic acid (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.97, P = 0.03) were inversely associated with AMI risk, whereas arachidonic acid (AA) was positively associated with AMI risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03-1.52, P = 0.02) in the multivariable model with adjustment for other FAs. Further adjustment for oxylipins did not substantially change these associations. An inverse association was observed between AA-derived oxylipin, thromboxane (TX)B2, and AMI risk (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.93, P = 0.003). Circulating long-chain n-3 FAs and stearic acid were associated with a lower and AA was associated with a higher AMI risk in this Chinese population. The association between the oxylipin TXB2 and AMI requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Departments of Psychological Medicine National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hiromi W L Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis and US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Sservice, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis CA
| | - Jin Su
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jinling Fang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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