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Gaillard JM, Lemaître JF. The Williams' legacy: A critical reappraisal of his nine predictions about the evolution of senescence. Evolution 2017; 71:2768-2785. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cheynel L, Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Rey B, Bourgoin G, Ferté H, Jégo M, Débias F, Pellerin M, Jacob L, Gilot-Fromont E. Immunosenescence patterns differ between populations but not between sexes in a long-lived mammal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13700. [PMID: 29057949 PMCID: PMC5651810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, physiological mechanisms underlying reproductive and actuarial senescence remain poorly understood. Immunosenescence, the decline in the ability to display an efficient immune response with increasing age, is likely to influence both reproductive and actuarial senescence through increased risk of disease. Evidence for such a link has been reported from laboratory animal models but has been poorly investigated in the wild, where variation in resource acquisitions usually drives life-history trade-offs. We investigated immunosenescence patterns over 7 years in both sexes of two contrasting roe deer populations (Capreolus capreolus). We first measured twelve immune markers to obtain a thorough identification of innate and adaptive components of immunity and assessed, from the same individuals, the age-dependent variation observed in parasitic infections. Although the level of innate traits was maintained at old age, the functional innate immune traits declined with increasing age in one of two populations. In both populations, the production of inflammatory markers increased with advancing age. Finally, the adaptive response declined in late adulthood. The increasing parasite burden with age we reported suggests the effective existence of immunosenescence. Age-specific patterns differed between populations but not between sexes, which indicate that habitat quality could shape age-dependent immune phenotype in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cheynel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - J-F Lemaître
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - J-M Gaillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - B Rey
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Bourgoin
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - H Ferté
- EA 4688 "VECPAR", UFR Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - M Jégo
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - F Débias
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Pellerin
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Centre National de Recherches Appliquées sur les Cervidés-Sanglier, Bar-le-Duc, France
| | - L Jacob
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Gilot-Fromont
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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53
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Ronget V, Garratt M, Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM. The 'Evo-Demo' Implications of Condition-Dependent Mortality. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:909-921. [PMID: 29032843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animals in the wild die from a variety of different mortality sources, including predation, disease, and starvation. Different mortality sources selectively remove individuals with different body condition in different ways, and this variation in the condition dependence of mortality has evolutionary and demographic implications. Subsequent population dynamics are influenced by the strength of condition-dependent mortality during specific periods, with population growth impacted in different ways in short- versus long-lived species. The evolution of lifespan is strongly influenced by condition-dependent mortality, with strikingly different outcomes expected in senescence rates when the relationship between condition and mortality is altered. A coupling of field and laboratory studies is now required to further reveal the evolutionary implications of condition-dependent mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ronget
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR-5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR-5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR-5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Tidière M, Lemaître JF, Douay G, Whipple M, Gaillard JM. High reproductive effort is associated with decreasing mortality late in life in captive ruffed lemurs. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Tidière
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
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Douhard F, Gaillard JM, Pellerin M, Jacob L, Lemaître JF. The cost of growing large: costs of post-weaning growth on body mass senescence in a wild mammal. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Douhard
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants; INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay; FR-75005 Paris France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Maryline Pellerin
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; DER, UR Cervidés-Sanglier; Paris France
| | - Laurent Jacob
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Brooks RC, Garratt MG. Life history evolution, reproduction, and the origins of sex-dependent aging and longevity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:92-107. [PMID: 28009055 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Males and females in many species differ in how they age and how long they live. These differences have motivated much research, concerning both their evolution and the underlying mechanisms that cause them. We review how differences in male and female life histories have evolved to shape patterns of aging and some of the mechanisms and pathways involved. We pay particular attention to three areas where considerable potential for synergy between mechanistic and evolutionary research exists: (1) the role of estrogens, androgens, the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in sex-dependent growth and reproduction; (2) sexual conflict over mating rate and fertility, and how mate presence or mating can become an avenue for males and females to directly affect each other's life span; and (3) the link between dietary restriction and aging, and the emerging understanding that only the restriction of certain nutrients is involved and that this is linked to reproduction. We suggest that ideas about life histories, sex-dependent selection, and sexual conflict can inform and be informed by the ever more refined and complex understanding of the mechanisms that cause aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael G Garratt
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36361. [PMID: 27819303 PMCID: PMC5098244 DOI: 10.1038/srep36361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is commonly believed that animals live longer in zoos than in the wild, this assumption has rarely been tested. We compared four survival metrics (longevity, baseline mortality, onset of senescence and rate of senescence) between both sexes of free-ranging and zoo populations of more than 50 mammal species. We found that mammals from zoo populations generally lived longer than their wild counterparts (84% of species). The effect was most notable in species with a faster pace of life (i.e. a short life span, high reproductive rate and high mortality in the wild) because zoos evidently offer protection against a number of relevant conditions like predation, intraspecific competition and diseases. Species with a slower pace of life (i.e. a long life span, low reproduction rate and low mortality in the wild) benefit less from captivity in terms of longevity; in such species, there is probably less potential for a reduction in mortality. These findings provide a first general explanation about the different magnitude of zoo environment benefits among mammalian species, and thereby highlight the effort that is needed to improve captive conditions for slow-living species that are particularly susceptible to extinction in the wild.
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Bleu J, Gamelon M, Sæther BE. Reproductive costs in terrestrial male vertebrates: insights from bird studies. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2600. [PMID: 26791619 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction requires resources that cannot be allocated to other functions resulting in direct reproductive costs (i.e. trade-offs between current reproduction and subsequent survival/reproduction). In wild vertebrates, direct reproductive costs have been widely described in females, but their occurrence in males remains to be explored. To fill this gap, we gathered 53 studies on 48 species testing direct reproductive costs in male vertebrates. We found a trade-off between current reproduction and subsequent performances in 29% of the species and in every clade. As 73% of the studied species are birds, we focused on that clade to investigate whether such trade-offs are associated with (i) levels of paternal care, (ii) polygyny or (iii) pace of life. More precisely for this third question, it is expected that fast species (i.e. short lifespan, early maturity, high fecundity) pay a cost in terms of survival, whereas slow species (with opposite characteristics) do so in terms of fecundity. Our findings tend to support this hypothesis. Finally, we pointed out the potential confounding effects that should be accounted for when investigating reproductive costs in males and strongly encourage the investigation of such costs in more clades to understand to what extent our results are relevant for other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Bleu
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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Berger V, Lemaître JF, Dupont P, Allainé D, Gaillard JM, Cohas A. Age-specific survival in the socially monogamous alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): evidence of senescence. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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