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May NG, Ballard SC, Siperstein GN. It's right, but risky too: Inclusive behavior as a positive risk in adolescence. J Adolesc 2021; 89:41-54. [PMID: 33866134 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although adolescent risk-taking is often characterized as negative, more recent work focuses on risk as a spectrum of negative to positive behaviors. We propose inclusive behavior as a new category of positive risk-taking focused on helping and facilitating social belonging for those who are marginalized or excluded. We use a qualitative approach to explore adolescents' perceptions of the risks involved in inclusive behavior and the factors that motivate acting inclusively at school. METHODS 30 focus groups were conducted at 16 middle and high schools across the United States. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 194 students in grades 6-12 (11-19 years old). Students were majority female (61%) and self-identified as white (68%). Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS Students often perceived the decision to act inclusively as risky because it involved weighing uncertain outcomes, including potential costs (e.g. peer rejection) and rewards (e.g. friendship). Students primarily focused on the role of peer group influence, but also discussed how school norms, the identity of the peer they were trying to include, and their own motivations affected the perceived risk involved in acting inclusively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an exploratory look at adolescents' experiences of inclusive behavior. Findings support the current conceptualization of positive risk-taking behavior and suggest a multi-level framework for inclusive risks. Exploring the factors that make inclusive behavior differentially risky across individuals and contexts is a first step towards understanding how inclusive behavior fits within the positive risk-taking framework and designing interventions to reduce the risks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G May
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Center for Social Development and Education, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Staci C Ballard
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Center for Social Development and Education, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Gary N Siperstein
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Center for Social Development and Education, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
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52
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Murray AL, Zhu X, Mirman JH, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. An Evaluation of Dual Systems Theories of Adolescent Delinquency in a Normative Longitudinal Cohort Study of Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1293-1307. [PMID: 33856624 PMCID: PMC8219591 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual systems theories of adolescent risk-taking propose that the socioemotional and self-regulation systems develop at different rates, resulting in a peak in sensation-seeking in adolescence at a time when self-regulation abilities are not yet fully mature. This “developmental imbalance” between bottom-up drives for reward and top-down control is proposed to create a period of vulnerability for high-risk behaviors such as delinquency, substance use, unprotected sex, and reckless driving. In this study, data from the Swiss longitudinal normative z-proso study (n = 1522, n = 784 male; aged 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20) were used to test whether the presence of a developmental imbalance between sensation-seeking and self-regulation is associated with trajectories of engagement in delinquency across early adolescence to adulthood. Using a latent class growth analysis of sensation-seeking, self-regulation, and delinquency, it was found that a model with 3 classes was optimal in the whole sample and male sub-sample, including one class characterized by a developmental imbalance and corresponding adolescent peak in delinquency. In females, there was no evidence for a class that could be described according to the trajectories hypothesized in dual systems theory. This study’s results support the claim that a developmental imbalance may drive an adolescent increase in delinquency. However, this applies only to a small subgroup of individuals, particularly males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica Hafetz Mirman
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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53
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Brain and Behavior Correlates of Risk Taking in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:707-715. [PMID: 33451676 PMCID: PMC9037066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Avoidant behavior is a defining feature of pediatric anxiety disorders. Although prior research has examined it from the perspective of early information processing events, there has been relatively less consideration of the processes by which anxious youth make avoidant decisions and how these choices are reinforced over time. Studies of risk taking are valuable in this regard because they consider how individuals identify the pros and cons of their choices, how they weigh potential gains and losses and estimate their respective probabilities, and how they tolerate the uncertainty intrinsic to any decision. In this review, we place risk taking within existing models of information processing in pediatric anxiety disorders and highlight the particular value of this construct for informing models of developmental psychopathology and individual differences in outcome over time. We review existing behavioral and neurobiological studies of risk taking in anxious youth and conclude by identifying directions for future research.
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54
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Van Malderen E, Kemps E, Claes L, Verbeken S, Goossens L. A Dual-Pathway Perspective on Food Choices in Adolescents: The Role of Loss of Control Over Eating. Front Psychol 2021; 12:630000. [PMID: 33868095 PMCID: PMC8044445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One in three adolescents frequently consume unhealthy snacks, which is associated with negative developmental outcomes. To date, it remains unclear how intrapersonal factors account for food choices in adolescents. Guided by the dual-pathway model, the current study aimed to: (1) examine the joint contribution of inhibitory control and attentional bias in predicting unhealthy food choices in adolescents, and (2) determine whether this mechanism is more pronounced in adolescents who experience loss of control over eating (LOC). Materials and Methods A community sample of 80 adolescents (65% female; 10–17 years old, Mage = 13.28, SD = 1.94) was recruited. Based on a self-report questionnaire, 28.7% of this sample reported at least one episode of LOC over the past month. Food choice was assessed using a computerized food choice task. Both inhibitory control and attentional bias were measured with behavioral tasks (go/no-go and dot probe task, respectively). Binary logistic regressions were conducted to address the research questions. Results Inhibitory control and attentional bias did not significantly interact to predict unhealthy food choices. However, there was a significant three-way interaction between inhibitory control, attentional bias and LOC. For adolescents without LOC, the combination of poor inhibitory control and low attentional bias was significantly associated with unhealthy food choice. Surprisingly, for adolescents with LOC, there was no significant association between unhealthy food choice and inhibitory control or attentional bias. Discussion Dual-pathway processes do not seem to add to the explanation of food choice behavior for adolescents with LOC. For adolescents who do not experience LOC, those with poor inhibitory control combined with low attentional bias might be at particular risk for making unhealthy food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Malderen
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Kemps
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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55
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Burnley A, Bold KW, Kong G, Wu R, Krishnan-Sarin S. E-cigarette use perceptions that differentiate e-cigarette susceptibility and use among high school students. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2021; 47:238-246. [PMID: 33058696 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1826501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarette use among adolescents is increasingly popular and a growing public health concern. OBJECTIVES To examine how individual e-cigarette use perceptions differ between adolescents based on e-cigarette use status and susceptibility to future use of e-cigarettes. METHODS Data were collected using surveys administered across eight Connecticut high schools (grades 9-12), Spring 2015. N = 2592 students (Mage = 16.01, SD = 1.28, Female = 51.7%) reported e-cigarette use and susceptibility and were categorized into non-susceptible never-users (57.8%), susceptible never-users (16.9%) and ever-users (25.4%). Youth also responded to 12 e-cigarette use perceptions describing perceived benefits and risks of e-cigarette use. RESULTS A multinomial logistic regression model was used. Eight use perceptions were related to susceptibility or use of e-cigarettes. The benefit-related use perception "feel relaxed" was the only item associated with greater odds of being both susceptible (vs. non-susceptible, p <.001) and an ever-user (vs. susceptible; p <.05). Two other benefit-related use perceptions were related to higher odds of being susceptible to e-cigarette use ("control your weight"; AOR = 1.82, p <.05; "look cool"; AOR = 3.13, p <.05). Results also identified key risk-related use perceptions that related to lower odds of either being susceptible to e-cigarette use ("have a heart attack"; AOR =.43, p <.001) or of ever-use ("have bad breath"; AOR =.28, p <.001; "get lung cancer"; AOR =.58, p <.05). CONCLUSION E-cigarette use perceptions among youth differ by e-cigarette use and susceptibility status. Findings could help identify youth who are vulnerable to e-cigarette use and inform prevention, for example by developing counter-messaging for benefit perceptions associated with susceptibility and ever-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Burnley
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Krysten W Bold
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grace Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ran Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Heffer T, Willoughby T. A person-centered examination of emotion dysregulation, sensitivity to threat, and impulsivity among children and adolescents: An ERP study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 47:100900. [PMID: 33401153 PMCID: PMC7787925 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Adolescence often is characterized by the onset of social anxiety and risk taking; yet, not all youth are anxious and/or risk takers. There are several factors that may help differentiate youth with anxiety (e.g., threat sensitivity and emotion dysregulation) and youth who take risks (e.g., impulsivity and emotion dysregulation). We conducted a latent class analysis to identify groups of youth who differ in these processes, and then investigated group differences on the error-related negativity, an ERP that has been differentially associated with threat sensitivity and impulsivity. Method Youth (N = 1313, Mage = 11, range = 8–15 years) completed a survey assessing their emotion dysregulation, sensitivity to threat, and impulsivity. A subsample (N = 424) also completed a go/no-go task while EEG was recorded. Results and conclusions Four groups were identified with differential levels of emotion dysregulation, sensitivity to threat, and impulsivity. Adolescents had greater odds than children of being in the High_Dysregulation/ThreatSensitivity or ModerateDysregulation/HighImpulsivity Groups in comparison to two other groups with lower scores. The High_Dysregulation/ThreatSensitivity Group had the largest ERN, while the ModerateDysregulation/HighImpulsivity Group had the smallest ERN. The ERN may be a potential biomarker to help distinguish between different profiles of adolescents who may be at risk for either anxiety or risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Heffer
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Teena Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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57
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Ogilvie JM, Shum DHK, Stewart A. Executive Functions in Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Their Relationship with Risk-Taking Behavior. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:446-468. [PMID: 33100051 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1833885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) continue developing throughout adolescence, with immaturity in EF theorized to underlie risk-taking. 129 older adolescents and young adults (aged 17 to 22 years) were assessed using a battery of cool and hot EF tasks, and a behavioral measure of risk-taking propensity. Minimal age-related differences in EF performance were evident, confirming they were largely functionally mature by mid-adolescence. Inconsistent with the predictions of imbalance models of adolescent development, weaker EF was not associated with greater risk-taking propensity. The findings suggest that during later adolescence and early adulthood, not all forms of risk-taking are associated with EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Ogilvie
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon, Hong Kong.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anna Stewart
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia.,School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University , Brisbane, Australia
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58
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Feletti F, Bonato M. The Incidence of Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion in Action Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8728. [PMID: 33255389 PMCID: PMC7727801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of concussion risk in youth athletes involved in action sports (AS). METHODS A search of PubMed and Web of Science (from January 1980 to August 2020). Titles, abstracts, and full text were screened according to predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. Moreover, the methodological quality of the studies selected was assessed. RESULTS Nineteen of 1.619 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 in the meta-analysis. Motocross, sailing and snowboarding presented the highest incidence rates per 1000 athlete exposure at 39.22, 3.73 and 2.77 respectively, whereas alpine skiing had the lowest incidence rates resulting in 0.30. Overall risk of concussion was estimated at 0.33 (CI: 0.22, 0.45). Regarding the methodological quality, we have to report that 26.3% of the studies reported the definition of concussion while 36.8% presented age and gender-specific incidence rates. The mechanism of injury and follow up were reported only in one study. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in the rates of incident youth concussion across AS. Despite some limitations, the data from this research can serve as the current sport-specific baseline risk of concussion among youth athletes who practice action sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Feletti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Ausl della Romagna, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy;
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59
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Drug Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Unsuppressed HIV Who Use Alcohol: Identifying Patterns of Comorbid Drug Use and Associations with Mental Health. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2975-2983. [PMID: 32246358 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth living with HIV (YLWH; aged 16-24) are at elevated risk of alcohol and drug use. Studies in older populations have identified patterns or profiles of multiple substance use differentially associated with mental health and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence. No studies of YLWH have yet examined such patterns. A sample of 179 YLWH, reporting ART non-adherence and alcohol use, were recruited at five Adolescent Trials Network clinics in urban areas of the US between November 2014 and August 2017. Participants completed the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) to assess substance use involvement scores, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Latent Profile Analysis identified three substance use patterns: minimal illicit drug use (15.1%), cannabis only (56.4%), and global polysubstance use (28.5%). Global polysubstance users experienced more mental health problems compared to the minimal illicit drug use group. The co-occurrence of drug use with alcohol was common among these YLWH-all of whom reported ART adherence problems-indicating the importance of interventions capable of addressing multiple substance use rather than alcohol alone.
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60
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Uy JP, Galván A. Individual differences in accumbofrontal tract integrity relate to risky decisions under stress in adolescents and adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100859. [PMID: 32920280 PMCID: PMC7494464 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress increases risky decision-making (DM). It is widely accepted that individual variation in neural phenotypes underlie variability in this behavioral tendency in adults, but is less examined in adolescents. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that the relation between neural phenotypes and stress-related risky DM is better characterized by individual variation than by age. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography to characterize the accumbofrontal tract, we determined if it uniquely moderated how stress affects risky DM, over and above age. A daily diary design monitored participants’ daily stress for two weeks. Participants completed a DTI scan and performed a task in which decisions varied by expected value, once each on a day when they endorsed feeling higher (and lower) than usual levels of stress. Multilevel logistic regression analyses revealed that all participants were more likely to take risks as expected reward value increased; this behavior was greater under high versus low stress for individuals with low accumbofrontal tract integrity, whereas DM was less influenced by stress for individuals with high accumbofrontal tract integrity, regardless of age. Results suggest that individual differences in brain structure may be more germane to characterizing risky decisions in adolescents, rather than ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Uy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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61
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van Hoorn J, McCormick EM, Perino MT, Rogers CR, Telzer EH. Differential Behavioral and Neural Profiles in Youth With Conduct Problems During Risky Decision-Making. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:599-615. [PMID: 32030837 PMCID: PMC9552935 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging work has examined neural processes underlying risk taking in adolescence, yet predominantly in low-risk youth. To determine whether we can extrapolate from current neurobiological models, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated risk taking and peer effects in youth with conduct problems (CP; N = 19) and typically developing youth (TD; N = 25). Results revealed higher real-life risk taking, lower risky decisions, and no peer effects on a risk-taking task in CP youth. CP youth showed greater ventral striatum (VS) activity during safe than risky decisions, whereas TD youth showed greater VS activation during risky decisions. Differential VS activity explained higher real-life risk taking in CP youth. Findings provide preliminary evidence that risk-taking behavior in youth with CD problems is characterized by differential neural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien van Hoorn
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ethan M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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62
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Mürner-Lavanchy IM, Koenig J, Ando A, Henze R, Schell S, Resch F, Brunner R, Kaess M. Neuropsychological development in adolescents: Longitudinal associations with white matter microstructure. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100812. [PMID: 32658764 PMCID: PMC7352053 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Important neuropsychological changes during adolescence coincide with the maturation of white matter microstructure. Few studies have investigated the association between neuropsychological development and white matter maturation longitudinally. We aimed to characterize developmental trajectories of inhibition, planning, emotion recognition and risk-taking and examine whether white matter microstructural characteristics were associated with neuropsychological development above and beyond age. In an accelerated longitudinal cohort design, n = 112 healthy adolescents between ages 9 and 16 underwent cognitive assessment and diffusion MRI over three years. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were extracted for major white matter pathways using an automatic probabilistic reconstruction technique and mixed models were used for statistical analyses. Inhibition, planning and emotion recognition performance improved linearly across adolescence. Risk-taking developed in a quadratic fashion, with stable performance between 9 and 12 and an increase between ages 12 and 16. Including cingulum and superior longitudinal fasciculus FA slightly improved model fit for emotion recognition across age. We found no evidence that FA or MD were related to inhibition, planning or risk-taking across age. Our results challenge the additional value of white matter microstructure to explain neuropsychological development in healthy adolescents, but more longitudinal research with large datasets is needed to identify the potential role of white matter microstructure in cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines M Mürner-Lavanchy
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayaka Ando
- Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romy Henze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Schell
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic and Policlinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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63
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Huo H, Zhang R, Seger CA, Feng T, Chen Q. The effect of trait anxiety on risk‐taking: Functional coupling between right hippocampus and left insula. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13629. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hangfeng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangdong China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Carol A. Seger
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangdong China
- Department of Psychology and Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality Ministry of Education Chongqing China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangdong China
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64
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Duell N, Steinberg L. Differential Correlates of Positive and Negative Risk Taking in Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1162-1178. [PMID: 32335842 PMCID: PMC7242164 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Positive risks benefit adolescent development without posing the same public safety concerns as negative risks, but little is understood about the psychological characteristics of positive risk taking. This study explored the shared and unique correlates of positive and negative risk taking in 223 adolescents (48% female) ages 16-20 years (M = 18.1; SD = 0.81). Positive and negative risk taking were both associated with higher sensation seeking. Unlike negative risk taking, positive risk taking was not associated with impulsivity or risk taking on experimental tasks. Further, positive risk taking was associated with lower reward sensitivity, higher punishment sensitivity, and greater school engagement than negative risk taking. The findings offer new insights for prevailing models of adolescent risk behavior and suggest positive risk taking may be particularly beneficial in the school context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Duell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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65
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Teese R, Willie C, Jago A, Gill PR. An Investigation of Alternative Factor Models of Impulsivity using the UPPS-P. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:324-331. [PMID: 32216587 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1739059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The UPPS-P measures impulsivity as a five-factor construct (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, positive urgency, negative urgency and sensation seeking). Drawing on a number of theoretical considerations and alternative conceptions of impulsivity, the current study used confirmatory factor analysis (N = 1635) and multiple regression to evaluate and test alternative models comprising three, five, and a hierarchical model containing latent factors. The five factor and hierarchical models were shown to be valid and of near identical fit, whereas the three-factor model fit the data poorly. The current findings suggest that both the five factor and hierarchical models are useful applications of the UPPS-P. Depending on the purpose of future research, both models demonstrate utility in both risk assessment and treatment development. Multiple regression analysis revealed that positive urgency predicted problem gambling, which supports the predictive utility of impulsivity as a five-factor construct. While the latent factors of the hierarchical model are consistent with emerging theory, those using the UPPS-P should not overlook the unique contributions of the five factors. As the current study found meaningful predictive distinctions between positive and negative urgency, utilizing all five factors may increase measurement sensitivity and predictive utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Teese
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Christopher Willie
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Australia, Footscray Park, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Jago
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Australia, Footscray Park, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Richard Gill
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Australia, Footscray Park, Victoria, Australia
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Asscheman JS, Deater-Deckard K, Lauharatanahirun N, van Lier PAC, Koot S, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Associations between peer attachment and neural correlates of risk processing across adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100772. [PMID: 32452458 PMCID: PMC7042418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of increased risk-taking behavior where individual differences in risk taking may relate to both adverse and positive experiences with peers. Yet, knowledge on how risk processing develops in the adolescent brain and whether this development is related to peer attachment is limited. In this longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we collected data from 167 adolescents (53% male) followed for four annual assessments across ages 13-17 years. At each assessment, participants completed a lottery choice task to assess neural risk processing and reported on their perceived attachment to peers and parents. Behaviorally, risk-preference on the lottery choice task decreased linearly with age. Neural activation during risk processing was consistently found in the insula and dACC across the four assessments and increased linearly from ages 13-17 years. Furthermore, higher peer attachment was related to greater right insula risk processing for males but not for females, even after controlling for parental attachment. The magnitudes of this association did not change with age. Findings demonstrate that neural risk processing shows maturation across adolescence and high peer attachment may be associated with low risk taking by heightening neural sensitivity to potential risks for male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Susanne Asscheman
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01002, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States; Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pol A C van Lier
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 233 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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67
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Satisfaction with life, family and food in adolescents: Exploring moderating roles of family-related factors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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68
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Ray JG, Guttmann A, Silveira J, Park AL. Mortality in a cohort of 3.1 million children, adolescents and young adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2020; 74:260-268. [PMID: 31915240 PMCID: PMC7035693 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2019-213365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many youth deaths occur in the first year of life, from prematurity and anomalies. Detailing mortality after age 1 year may differentially guide preventive strategies in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS A cohort study in Ontario, Canada comprised 3 139 698 children born from 1990 to 2016. Adjusted HR (aHR) for death between 1 and 24 years were generated, comparing demographic variables and parity. RESULTS After a median of 13.7 years of follow-up, 6930 deaths occurred between ages 1 and 24 years (incidence rate 17.0 per 100 000 person-years), peaking at age 23 years (43.7 per 100 000). The aHR for death was higher among males than females (1.44, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.51), rural versus urban areas (1.48, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.58), lowest versus highest income areas (1.39, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.51) and at parity 1 (1.16, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.23), parity 2 (1.34, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.45), parity 3+ (1.96, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.21), each relative to a child without an older sibling. Among males, the proportion of deaths due to injury jumped from 30% before age 15 years to 65% thereafter, and in females, from 28% to 51%. Intentional self-harm/assault explained 11% of injury-related deaths among males before age 15 years, and 20% thereafter, with respective figures of 18% and 17% for females. Deaths outside of hospital increased with age, from 35% at age 1 year, to 66% at age 22 years. CONCLUSION There is a heightened susceptibility of dying starting at age 15 years, especially among males, from injury, and arising outside of hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Ray
- Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose Silveira
- Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Peper JS, Burke SM, Wierenga LM. Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:25-54. [PMID: 33008529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in behavior, and whether these behavioral differences are related to sex differences in brain development, has been a longstanding topic of debate. Presumably, sex differences can provide critically important leads for explaining the etiology of various illnesses that show (i) large sex differences in prevalence and (ii) have an origin before or during adolescence. The general aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of scientific studies on sex differences in normative brain and behavioral development across puberty and adolescence, including the (sex) hormone-driven transition phase of puberty. Moreover, we describe the literature on brain and behavioral development in gender dysphoria, a severe and persistent incongruence between the self-identified gender and the assigned sex at birth. From the literature it becomes clear there is evidence for a specific link between pubertal maturation and developmental changes in arousal, motivation, and emotion. However, this link is rather similar between boys and girls. Moreover, although there is substantial evidence for sex differences in mean brain structure, these have not always been linked to sex differences in behavior, cognition, or psychopathology. Furthermore, there is little evidence for sex differences in brain development and thus, studies so far have been unable to explain sex differences in cognition. Suggestions for future research and methodologic considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska S Peper
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah M Burke
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lara M Wierenga
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Electrophysiological Correlates of an Alcohol-Cued Go/NoGo Task: A Dual-Process Approach to Binge Drinking in University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224550. [PMID: 31752082 PMCID: PMC6888589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common pattern of alcohol consumption in adolescence and youth. Neurocognitive dual-process models attribute substance use disorders and risk behaviours during adolescence to an imbalance between an overactivated affective-automatic system (involved in motivational and affective processing) and a reflective system (involved in cognitive inhibitory control). The aim of the present study was to investigate at the electrophysiological level the degree to which the motivational value of alcohol-related stimuli modulates the inhibition of a prepotent response in binge drinkers. First-year university students (n = 151, 54 % females) classified as binge drinkers (n = 71, ≥6 binge drinking episodes, defined as 5/7 standard drinks per occasion in the last 180 days) and controls (n = 80, <6 binge drinking episodes in the last 180 days) performed a beverage Go/NoGo task (pictures of alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks were presented according to the condition as Go or NoGo stimuli; Go probability = 0.75) during event-related potential recording. In binge drinkers but not controls, the amplitude of the anterior N2-NoGo was larger in response to nonalcohol than in response to alcohol pictures. No behavioural difference in task performance was observed. In terms of dual-process models, binge drinkers may require increased activation to monitor conflict in order to compensate for overactivation of the affective-automatic system caused by alcohol-related bias.
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71
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Fosco WD, Hawk LW, Colder CR, Meisel SN, Lengua LJ. The development of inhibitory control in adolescence and prospective relations with delinquency. J Adolesc 2019; 76:37-47. [PMID: 31442813 PMCID: PMC6803097 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the central role of inhibitory control in models of adolescent development, few studies have examined the longitudinal development of inhibitory control within adolescence and its prospective association with maladaptive outcomes. The current study evaluated: 1) growth in inhibitory control from early- to middle-adolescence, and 2) the relation between inhibitory control and later delinquency. METHODS Participants included 387 parent-child dyads (11-13 years old at Wave 1; 55% female; USA). Across three annual assessments, teens completed the Stop Signal Task (SST), and parents completed the Inhibitory Control subscale of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised. Teens self-reported their delinquent behaviors in early (Mage = 12.1) and middle adolescence (Mage = 14.1) and emerging adulthood (Mage = 18.2). RESULTS Latent growth curve models indicated that SST performance improved curvilinearly from early to middle adolescence (ages 11-15), with growth slowing around middle adolescence. However, no growth in parent-reported inhibitory control was observed. Lower task-based and parent-reported inhibitory control in early adolescence predicted greater increases in delinquency from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. However, rate of growth in task-based inhibitory control was unrelated to later delinquency. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study provides a novel examination of the development of inhibitory control across early and middle adolescence. Results suggest that the degree to which inhibitory control confers risk for later delinquency may be captured in early adolescence, consistent with neurodevelopmental accounts of delinquency risk. Differences across assessment tools also highlight the need for careful measurement considerations in future work, as task-based measures may be better suited to capture within-person changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney D Fosco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Larry W Hawk
- 230 Park Hall, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Craig R Colder
- 230 Park Hall, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Samuel N Meisel
- 230 Park Hall, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Liliana J Lengua
- Guthrie Hall 119A, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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72
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Demidenko MI, Huntley ED, Martz ME, Keating DP. Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors: Convergent, Discriminant and Predictive Validity of Self-Report and Cognitive Measures. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1765-1783. [PMID: 31250164 PMCID: PMC6732226 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-report and cognitive tasks of reward sensitivity and self-regulation have influenced several developmental models that may explain the heightened engagement in risk behaviors during adolescence. Despite some inconsistencies across studies, few studies have explored the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of self-report and cognitive measures of these psychological characteristics in adolescence. The present study evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of self-report and cognitive measures of reward sensitivity and self-regulation among 2017 adolescents (age M = 16.8, SD = 1.1; 56% female; 55% White, 22% Black, 8% Hispanic, 15% other race/ethnic; 49% 10th grade and 51% 12th grade). This study compared the predictive validity of an omnibus measure and specific measures of risk engagement. Convergent and discriminant validity from self-report to cognitive tasks were as predicted, although with weak convergent relationships. As hypothesized, compared to cognitive tasks, self-report measures consistently predicted risky behaviors and explained more variance in the models. These results demonstrate that while cognitive tasks can significantly predict certain risk behaviors, they require increased power to find the very small effects, raising questions about their use as implicit proxies for real world risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward D Huntley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meghan E Martz
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel P Keating
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Meisel SN, Fosco WD, Hawk LW, Colder CR. Mind the gap: A review and recommendations for statistically evaluating Dual Systems models of adolescent risk behavior. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100681. [PMID: 31404858 PMCID: PMC6969358 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to Dual Systems models (Casey et al., 2008; Luna and Wright, 2016; Steinberg, 2008), a rapidly-developing socioemotional system and gradually-developing cognitive control system characterize adolescent brain development. The imbalance hypothesis forwarded by Dual Systems models posits that the magnitude of the imbalance between these two developing systems should predict the propensity for engaging in a variety of risk behaviors. The current integrative review argues that the excitement generated by the imbalance hypothesis and its implications for explaining adolescent risk behaviors has not been meet with equal efforts to rigorously test this hypothesis. The goal of the current review is to help guide the field to consider appropriate and rigorous methods of testing the imbalance hypothesis. First, we review the analytic approaches that have been used to test the imbalance hypothesis and outline statistical and conceptual limitations of these approaches. Next, we discuss the utility of two longitudinal analytic approaches (Latent Difference Scores and Growth Mixture Modeling) for testing the imbalance hypothesis. We utilize data from a large community adolescent sample to illustrate each approach and argue that Latent Difference Scores and Growth Mixture Modeling approaches enhance the specificity and precision with which the imbalance hypothesis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Meisel
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States.
| | - Whitney D Fosco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, United States
| | - Larry W Hawk
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States
| | - Craig R Colder
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States
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Age-Normative Pathways of Striatal Connectivity Related to Clinical Symptoms in the General Population. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:966-976. [PMID: 30898336 PMCID: PMC6534442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered striatal development contributes to core deficits in motor and inhibitory control, impulsivity, and inattention associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and may likewise play a role in deficient reward processing and emotion regulation in psychosis and depression. The maturation of striatal connectivity has not been well characterized, particularly as it relates to clinical symptomatology. METHODS Resting-state functional connectivity with striatal subdivisions was examined for 926 participants (8-22 years of age, 44% male) from the general population who had participated in two large cross-sectional studies. Developing circuits were identified and growth charting of age-related connections was performed to obtain individual scores reflecting relative neurodevelopmental attainment. Associations of clinical symptom scales (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, psychosis, depression, and general psychopathology) with the resulting striatal connectivity age-deviation scores were then tested using elastic net regression. RESULTS Linear and nonlinear developmental patterns occurred across 231 striatal age-related connections. Both unique and overlapping striatal age-related connections were associated with the four symptom domains. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity was related to age-advanced connectivity across several insula subregions, but to age-delayed connectivity with the nearby inferior frontal gyrus. Psychosis was associated with advanced connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus, while aberrant limbic connectivity predicted depression. The dorsal posterior insula, a region involved in pain processing, emerged as a strong contributor to general psychopathology as well as to each individual symptom domain. CONCLUSIONS Developmental striatal pathophysiology in the general population is consistent with dysfunctional circuitry commonly found in clinical populations. Atypical age-normative connectivity may thereby reflect aberrant neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to clinical risk.
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Abstract
Adolescents are more likely to take risks than children or adults. This propensity can be directed toward negative (illegal and dangerous) or positive (socially acceptable and constructive) risk behaviors. Adolescents who take positive risks include teenagers winning Olympic medals for landing snowboard tricks and students protesting gun violence on a national platform. Yet little is known about the nature of positive risk taking because much of the research on adolescent risk taking has focused on negative risks, such as substance use or delinquency. In this article, we offer a theoretical model of positive risk taking, briefly review research on positive risk taking, and discuss theoretical correlates of positive risk taking based on models of adolescent risk taking. We aim to identify positive risks as a unique class of socially acceptable risks in which youth engage in addition to negative risks.
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76
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Rosenbaum GM, Hartley CA. Developmental perspectives on risky and impulsive choice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180133. [PMID: 30966918 PMCID: PMC6335462 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that risk taking in the real world increases from childhood into adolescence and declines into adulthood. However, developmental patterns of behaviour in laboratory assays of risk taking and impulsive choice are inconsistent. In this article, we review a growing literature using behavioural economic approaches to understand developmental changes in risk taking and impulsivity. We present findings that have begun to elucidate both the cognitive and neural processes that contribute to risky and impulsive choice, as well as how age-related changes in these neurocognitive processes give rise to shifts in choice behaviour. We highlight how variability in task parameters can be used to identify specific aspects of decision contexts that may differentially influence risky and impulsive choice behaviour across development. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Vergara GA, Stewart JG, Cosby EA, Lincoln SH, Auerbach RP. Non-Suicidal self-injury and suicide in depressed Adolescents: Impact of peer victimization and bullying. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:744-749. [PMID: 30448758 PMCID: PMC6351200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While prior research has demonstrated that peer victimization and bully perpetration contribute to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), it remains unclear whether these interpersonal processes differentiate self-injuring adolescent suicide ideators and attempters. METHODS The study included adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 223; M = 15.31, SD = 1.34) recruited from an acute inpatient program. Participants were divided into two groups: (1) NSSISI (n = 106): endorsed past year NSSI, current suicide ideation, and no lifetime suicide attempts and (2) NSSISI+SA (n = 117): endorsed past year NSSI, current suicide ideation, and lifetime suicide attempts. Adolescents completed clinical interviews (i.e., mental disorders, NSSI, and STBs) and self-report measures assessing peer victimization, bully perpetration, and depression severity. RESULTS NSSISI+SA youth reported higher levels of peer victimization and bully perpetration than NSSISI youth (ps < 0.01, ds = 0.36-0.37). Among the NSSISI+SA youth, bully perpetration was associated with a greater number of past month suicide attempts (p = 0.02, RR = 1.07). Only peer victimization was associated with greater NSSI behaviors in the past month (p = 0.04, RR = 1.01). LIMITATIONS The study is cross-sectional, and reports of peer victimization and bully perpetration rely on self-report assessment. CONCLUSIONS Peer victimization and bully perpetration differentiated adolescent suicide ideators and attempters, highlighting the need to address bully perpetration in addition to peer victimization in suicide interventions and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesis A Vergara
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy G Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Cosby
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Clinical Developmental Neuroscience, Sackler Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Lansford JE, Godwin J, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Steinberg L, Tapanya S, Uribe Tirado LM, Alampay LP, Al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D. Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age 7 to 14 in nine countries. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1937-1958. [PMID: 30132425 PMCID: PMC6361516 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using multilevel models, we examined mother-, father-, and child-reported (N = 1,336 families) externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 7 to 14 in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). The intercept and slope of children's externalizing behavior trajectories varied both across individuals within culture and across cultures, and the variance was larger at the individual level than at the culture level. Mothers' and children's endorsement of aggression as well as mothers' authoritarian attitudes predicted higher age 8 intercepts of child externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, prediction from individual-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes to more child externalizing behaviors was augmented by prediction from cultural-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes, respectively. Cultures in which father-reported endorsement of aggression was higher and both mother- and father-reported authoritarian attitudes were higher also reported more child externalizing behavior problems at age 8. Among fathers, greater attributions regarding uncontrollable success in caregiving situations were associated with steeper declines in externalizing over time. Understanding cultural-level as well as individual-level correlates of children's externalizing behavior offers potential insights into prevention and intervention efforts that can be more effectively targeted at individual children and parents as well as targeted at changing cultural norms that increase the risk of children's and adolescents' externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc H. Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Steinberg
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | - Suha M. Al-Hassan
- Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan, and Emirates College for Advanced Education, Abu Dhabi, UAE,
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Abstract
A low resting heart rate across development from infancy to young adulthood relates to greater aggression/hostility. Adult aggression and a high heart rate relate to health risk. Do some aggressive individuals retain low heart rate and less health risk across development while others show high heart rate and more risk? A longitudinal sample of 203 men assessed as teens (age 16.1) and adults (mean age 32.0) permitted us to assess (a) stability of heart rate levels and reactivity, (b) stability of aggression/hostility, and (c) whether change or stability related to health risk. Adults were assessed with Buss-Perry measures of aggression/hostility; teens with the Zuckerman aggression/hostility measure. Mean resting heart rate, heart rate reactivity to speech preparation, and aggression/hostility were moderately stable across development. Within age periods, mean heart rate level, but not reactivity, was negatively related to hostility/aggression. Maintaining low heart rate into adulthood was related to better health among aggressive individuals relative to those with increasing heart rate into adulthood. Analyses controlled for weight gain, socioeconomic status, race, health habits, and medication. Low heart rate as a characteristic of hostile/aggressive individuals may continue to relate to better health indices in adulthood, despite possible reversal of this relationship with aging.
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Bos MG, Wierenga LM, Blankenstein NE, Schreuders E, Tamnes CK, Crone EA. Longitudinal structural brain development and externalizing behavior in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:1061-1072. [PMID: 30255501 PMCID: PMC6175471 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies report relations between externalizing behavior and structural abnormalities in cortical thickness of prefrontal regions and volume reductions in subcortical regions. To understand how these associations emerge and develop, longitudinal designs are pivotal. METHOD In the current longitudinal study, a community sample of children, adolescents and young adults (N = 271) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three biennial waves (680 scans). At each wave, aspects of externalizing behavior were assessed with parent-reported aggression and rule-breaking scores (Child Behavior Checklist), and self-reported aggression scores (Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire). Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected based on prior research: dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC), orbitofrontal (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, and parahippocampal cortex, as well as subcortical regions. Linear mixed models were used to assess the longitudinal relation between externalizing behavior and structural brain development. Structural covariance analyses were employed to identify whether longitudinal relations between ROIs (maturational coupling) were associated with externalizing behavior. RESULTS Linear mixed model analyses showed a negative relation between parent-reported aggression and right hippocampal volume. Moreover, this longitudinal relation was driven by change in hippocampal volume and not initial volume of hippocampus at time point 1. Exploratory analyses showed that stronger maturational coupling between prefrontal regions, the limbic system, and striatum was associated with both low and high externalizing behavior. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings reinforce the hypothesis that altered structural brain development coincides with development of more externalizing behavior. These findings may guide future research on normative and deviant development of externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke G.N. Bos
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lara M. Wierenga
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E. Blankenstein
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands,Institute of Education and Child StudiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Schreuders
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands,Department of Developmental PsychologyTilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of PsychiatryDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Eveline A. Crone
- Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
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81
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van den Bos W, Bruckner R, Nassar MR, Mata R, Eppinger B. Computational neuroscience across the lifespan: Promises and pitfalls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 33:42-53. [PMID: 29066078 PMCID: PMC5916502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the application of computational modeling in studies on age-related changes in decision making and learning has gained in popularity. One advantage of computational models is that they provide access to latent variables that cannot be directly observed from behavior. In combination with experimental manipulations, these latent variables can help to test hypotheses about age-related changes in behavioral and neurobiological measures at a level of specificity that is not achievable with descriptive analysis approaches alone. This level of specificity can in turn be beneficial to establish the identity of the corresponding behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms. In this paper, we will illustrate applications of computational methods using examples of lifespan research on risk taking, strategy selection and reinforcement learning. We will elaborate on problems that can occur when computational neuroscience methods are applied to data of different age groups. Finally, we will discuss potential targets for future applications and outline general shortcomings of computational neuroscience methods for research on human lifespan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van den Bos
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; International Max Planck Research School LIFE, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rasmus Bruckner
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; International Max Planck Research School LIFE, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew R Nassar
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Rui Mata
- Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Eppinger
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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82
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Kurath J, Mata R. Individual differences in risk taking and endogeneous levels of testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol: A systematic literature search and three independent meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:428-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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83
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Carbia C, López-Caneda E, Corral M, Cadaveira F. A systematic review of neuropsychological studies involving young binge drinkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:332-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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84
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Peper JS, Braams BR, Blankenstein NE, Bos MG, Crone EA. Development of Multifaceted Risk Taking and the Relations to Sex Steroid Hormones: A Longitudinal Study. Child Dev 2018; 89:1887-1907. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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85
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Barch DM, Belden AC, Tillman R, Whalen D, Luby JL. Early Childhood Adverse Experiences, Inferior Frontal Gyrus Connectivity, and the Trajectory of Externalizing Psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:183-190. [PMID: 29496127 PMCID: PMC5836492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to the development of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. In our prior work, we found that ACEs predicted reductions in the volume of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a brain region important for impulse control and emotion regulation. Here we tested the hypothesis that ACEs might influence child behavioral outcomes through an impact on IFG functional connectivity, which may influence impulsive or risk-taking behavior. METHOD We examined the effects of prospectively assessed ACEs on IFG connectivity in childhood, and their relationship to the trajectory of subsequent psychopathology from late school age and early adolescence, using data from an 11-year longitudinal study of children starting in preschool that included 3 waves of resting state functional connectivity across childhood and early adolescence. RESULTS ACEs predicted functional connectivity of both left and right IFG. Multi-level modeling of symptoms across 3 waves of assessments indicated that more ACEs predicted both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, altered IFG connectivity specifically predicted greater externalizing symptoms over time in middle childhood and early adolescence, as compared to internalizing symptoms. Longitudinal modeling indicating that the relationships between externalizing and functional connectivity were maintained across 3 waves of functional connectivity assessment. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the relationship of ACEs to later psychopathology, and suggest that connectivity of the IFG, a region known to play an important role in impulse control and emotion regulation, may play a key role in the risk trajectory of ACEs to externalizing problems. However, further work is needed to understand whether these relationships reflect a direct effect of ACEs or whether ACEs are a marker for other environmental or genetic factors that may also influence brain development and behavior.
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86
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87
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88
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Moffitt TE. Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:177-186. [PMID: 30271880 PMCID: PMC6157602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Male antisocial behavior is concentrated in the adolescent period of the life course, as documented by the curve of crime over age. This article reviews recent evidence regarding the hypothesis that the age-crime curve conceals two groups with different causes. Life-course persistent males show extreme, pervasive, persistent antisocial behavior from early childhood to adulthood. They are hypothesized to be rare, with pathological risk factors and poor life outcomes. In contrast, adolescence-limited males show similar levels of antisocial behavior but primarily during the adolescent stage of development. They are hypothesized to be common and normative, whereas abstainers from offending are rare. This article recaps the taxonomy's 25-year history, concluding that it is standing the test of time in research, and making an impact on policy in early-years prevention and juvenile justice. Research is needed into how the taxonomy relates to neuroscience, health, genetics, and changes in modern crime, including digital crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrie E. Moffitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King’s College London, England
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89
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Foulkes L, Blakemore SJ. Studying individual differences in human adolescent brain development. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:315-323. [PMID: 29403031 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of social, psychological and biological development. During adolescence, relationships with others become more complex, peer relationships are paramount and social cognition develops substantially. These psychosocial changes are paralleled by structural and functional changes in the brain. Existing research in adolescent neurocognitive development has focused largely on averages, but this obscures meaningful individual variation in development. In this Perspective, we propose that the field should now move toward studying individual differences. We start by discussing individual variation in structural and functional brain development. To illustrate the importance of considering individual differences in development, we consider three sources of variation that contribute to neurocognitive processing: socioeconomic status, culture and peer environment. To assess individual differences in neurodevelopmental trajectories, large-scale longitudinal datasets are required. Future developmental neuroimaging studies should attempt to characterize individual differences to move toward a more nuanced understanding of neurocognitive changes during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Foulkes
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK.,Department of Education, University of York, York, UK
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90
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Blankenstein NE, Schreuders E, Peper JS, Crone EA, van Duijvenvoorde ACK. Individual differences in risk-taking tendencies modulate the neural processing of risky and ambiguous decision-making in adolescence. Neuroimage 2018; 172:663-673. [PMID: 29408323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many neuroimaging studies have investigated adolescent risk taking, few studies have dissociated between decision-making under risk (known probabilities) and ambiguity (unknown probabilities). Furthermore, which brain regions are sensitive to individual differences in task-related and self-reported risk taking remains elusive. We presented 198 adolescents (11-24 years, an age-range in which individual differences in risk taking are prominent) with an fMRI paradigm that separated decision-making (choosing to gamble or not) and reward outcome processing (gains, no gains) under risky and ambiguous conditions, and related this to task-related and self-reported risk taking. We observed distinct neural mechanisms underlying risky and ambiguous gambling, with risk more prominently associated with activation in parietal cortex, and ambiguity more prominently with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as medial PFC during outcome processing. Individual differences in task-related risk taking were positively associated with ventral striatum activation in the decision phase, specifically for risk, and negatively associated with insula and dorsomedial PFC activation, specifically for ambiguity. Moreover, dorsolateral PFC activation in the outcome phase seemed a prominent marker for individual differences in task-related risk taking under ambiguity as well as self-reported daily-life risk taking, in which greater risk taking was associated with reduced activation in dorsolateral PFC. Together, this study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple risk-taking measures, and contextual moderators, in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying adolescent risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Blankenstein
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands.
| | - E Schreuders
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands
| | - J S Peper
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands
| | - E A Crone
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands
| | - A C K van Duijvenvoorde
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands
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91
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Padon AA, Rimal RN, DeJong W, Siegel M, Jernigan D. Assessing Youth-Appealing Content in Alcohol Advertisements: Application of a Content Appealing to Youth (CAY) Index. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:164-173. [PMID: 27982709 PMCID: PMC9129909 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2016.1250331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Underage drinking is a serious public health problem in the United States, and youth exposure to alcohol advertising has been indicated as a possible contributing factor. Although a number of studies have identified advertising content features that youth find appealing, a key limitation of this research is the absence of a broader tool to examine those features, especially those used by alcohol brands that are popular with underage drinkers. We created an index of content elements found in the research literature to be appealing to youth, and then used this index in a content analysis to identify the degree to which youth-appealing content appeared in a sample of alcohol ads that aired on television shows popular among youth. Finally, using bivariate analysis, we tested the relationship between alcohol brands' use of this content and the popularity of those brands among youth. We found that many of the ads featured youth-appealing content, and that the ads for the alcohol brands most popular among youth had more youth-appealing content than the less popular brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Padon
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Rajiv N. Rimal
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University
| | - William DeJong
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Michael Siegel
- Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - David Jernigan
- Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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92
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Branje S. Development of Parent-Adolescent Relationships: Conflict Interactions as a Mechanism of Change. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Goldenberg D, Telzer EH, Lieberman MD, Fuligni AJ, Galván A. Greater response variability in adolescents is associated with increased white matter development. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:436-444. [PMID: 27651539 PMCID: PMC5390745 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of learning, exploration, and continuous adaptation to fluctuating environments. Response variability during adolescence is an important, understudied, and developmentally appropriate behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between performance on a dynamic risky decision making task and white matter microstructure in a sample of 48 adolescents (14–16 years). Individuals with the greatest response variability on the task obtained the widest range of experience with potential outcomes to risky choice. When compared with their more behaviorally consistent peers, adolescents with greater response variability rated real-world examples of risk taking behaviors as less risky via self-report. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) were used to examine fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Greater FA in long-range, late-maturing tracts was associated with higher response variability. Greater FA and lower MD were associated with lower riskiness ratings of real-world risky behaviors. Results suggest that response variability and lower perceived risk attitudes of real-world risk are supported by neural maturation in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Fuligni
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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94
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Jenness JL, Witt CE, Quistberg DA, Johnston BD, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Mackelprang JL, McLaughlin KA, Vavilala MS, Rivara FP. Association of physical injury and mental health: Results from the national comorbidity survey- adolescent supplement. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 92:101-107. [PMID: 28414929 PMCID: PMC5689078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonfatal injury is common among adolescents in the U.S., but little is known about the bi-directional associations between injury and mental health. Utilizing a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents, we examined 1) associations between lifetime mental health history and subsequent injury; 2) concurrent associations between injury and mental health; and 3) associations between injury and subsequent mental disorders. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescents aged 13 through 17 years (N = 10,123). Twelve-month prevalence of nonfatal injury requiring medical attention was assessed along with lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day prevalence of DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, behavior, substance use, and bipolar disorders. We used Poisson regression to examine associations between 1) lifetime history of mental disorders and 12-month exposure to injury; 2) concurrent associations between 12-month exposure to injury and 12-month prevalence of mental disorders; and 3) 12-month exposure to injury and 30-day prevalence of mental disorders. A total of 11.6% of adolescents experienced an injury requiring medical attention in the year before the survey. Lifetime history of mental disorders was not associated with past-year injury. Behavior and bipolar disorders were concurrently associated with past-year injury. Past-year injury occurrence predicted increased risk for past-month anxiety disorders and decreased risk of past-month depressive disorders. Our findings reveal reciprocal associations between injury and mental disorders and highlight the need for systematic assessment, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders among injured youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Jenness
- Department of Pediatrics, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Cordelie E. Witt
- Department of Surgery, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | - D. Alex Quistberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Brian D. Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Monica S. Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
| | - Frederick P. Rivara
- Department of Pediatrics, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington
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95
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Kim-Spoon J, Maciejewski D, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, King-Casas B. Longitudinal associations among family environment, neural cognitive control, and social competence among adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 26:69-76. [PMID: 28544983 PMCID: PMC5557673 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the effects of parenting and chaos on adolescent neural cognitive control. High parental control predicted better cognitive control in low chaos contexts. Poor cognitive control predicted decreased competence in high chaos contexts. Results support the moderating effects of chaos on neural cognitive control.
During adolescence, prefrontal cortex regions, important in cognitive control, undergo maturation to adapt to changing environmental demands. Ways through which social-ecological factors contribute to adolescent neural cognitive control have not been thoroughly examined. We hypothesize that household chaos is a context that may modulate the associations among parental control, adolescent neural cognitive control, and developmental changes in social competence. The sample involved 167 adolescents (ages 13–14 at Time 1, 53% male). Parental control and household chaos were measured using adolescents’ questionnaire data, and cognitive control was assessed via behavioral performance and brain imaging at Time 1. Adolescent social competence was reported by adolescents at Time 1 and at Time 2 (one year later). Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that higher parental control predicted better neural cognitive control only among adolescents living in low-chaos households. The association between poor neural cognitive control at Time 1 and social competence at Time 2 (after controlling for social competence at Time 1) was significant only among adolescents living in high-chaos households. Household chaos may undermine the positive association of parental control with adolescent neural cognitive control and exacerbate the detrimental association of poor neural cognitive control with disrupted social competence development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Lee
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, USA
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96
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Carbia C, Cadaveira F, Caamaño-Isorna F, Rodríguez Holguín S, Corral M. Binge Drinking Trajectory and Decision-Making during Late Adolescence: Gender and Developmental Differences. Front Psychol 2017; 8:783. [PMID: 28555122 PMCID: PMC5430068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Impaired affective decision-making has been consistently related to alcohol dependence. However, less is known about decision-making and binge drinking (BD) in adolescents. The main goal of this longitudinal study was to determine the association between BD and decision-making from late adolescence to early adulthood. A second aim is to assess developmental changes and performance differences in males and females. Method: An initial sample of 155 1st-year university students, (76 non-BDs, 40 females; and 79 BDs, 39 females), was followed prospectively over a 4-year period. The students were classified as stable non-BDs, stable BDs and ex-BDs according to their scores in item 3 of the AUDIT and the speed of alcohol consumption. Decision-making was assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) three times during the study. Dependent variables were net gain and net loss. Results were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Results: A stable BD pattern was not associated with either disadvantageous decision-making or sensitivity to loss frequency. Performance improved significantly in both genders over the study period, especially in the last blocks of the task. Females showed a higher sensitivity to loss frequency than males. No gender-related differences were observed in gains. Conclusion: Performance in affective decision-making continues to improve in late adolescence, suggesting neuromaturational development in both genders. Females are more sensitive to loss frequency. Stable BD during late adolescence and emerging adulthood is not associated with deficits in decision-making. Poor performance of the IGT may be related to more severe forms of excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Carbia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Cadaveira
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Caamaño-Isorna
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Socorro Rodríguez Holguín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corral
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela, Spain
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97
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Nigg JT. Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:361-383. [PMID: 28035675 PMCID: PMC5367959 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 787] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures. METHODS The present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement-concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points. RESULTS First, the field needs a domain-general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involves both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes. This does not assume a shared core process across emotion, action, and cognition, but is intended to provide clarity on the extent of various claims about kinds of SR. Second, top-down aspects of SR need to be integrated. These include (a) basic processes that develop early and address immediate conflict signals, such as cognitive control and effortful control (EC), and (b) complex cognition and strategies for addressing future conflict, represented by the regulatory application of complex aspects of executive functioning. Executive function (EF) and cognitive control are not identical to SR because they can be used for other activities, but account for top-down aspects of SR at the cognitive level. Third, impulsivity, risk-taking, and disinhibition are distinct although overlapping; a taxonomy of the kinds of breakdowns of SR associated with psychopathology requires their differentiation. Fourth, different aspects of the SR universe can be organized hierarchically in relation to granularity, development, and time. Low-level components assemble into high-level components. This hierarchical perspective is consistent across literatures. CONCLUSIONS It is hoped that the framework outlined here will facilitate integration and cross-talk among investigators working from different perspectives, and facilitate individual differences research on how SR relates to developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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98
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Kobak R, Abbott C, Zisk A, Bounoua N. Adapting to the changing needs of adolescents: parenting practices and challenges to sensitive attunement. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 15:137-142. [PMID: 28813254 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in adolescents' motivations and capabilities pose unique challenges to parents who play a continuing role in ensuring the youth's safety and well-being. We describe sensitively attuned parenting as an optimal response to this challenge and summarize practices of positive engagement, supervision/guidance and open communication that support sensitive attunement and facilitate the continuing development of the adolescent's self-confidence, autonomous decision-making, and communication skills. We then consider factors that require parents to adapt their practices to the particular needs and developmental level of the adolescent. Individual differences that may challenge parent's effectiveness in implementing these practices include: biological vulnerabilities, differential sensitivity to parenting, relationship history and temperament. Clinical interventions that seek to improve parenting offer an opportunity to test sensitive attunement as a mechanism for reducing adolescents' symptoms and problem behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Kobak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Caroline Abbott
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Abigail Zisk
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Murphy J, Brewer R, Catmur C, Bird G. Interoception and psychopathology: A developmental neuroscience perspective. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 23:45-56. [PMID: 28081519 PMCID: PMC6987654 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception refers to the perception of the physiological condition of the body, including hunger, temperature, and heart rate. There is a growing appreciation that interoception is integral to higher-order cognition. Indeed, existing research indicates an association between low interoceptive sensitivity and alexithymia (a difficulty identifying one's own emotion), underscoring the link between bodily and emotional awareness. Despite this appreciation, the developmental trajectory of interoception across the lifespan remains under-researched, with clear gaps in our understanding. This qualitative review and opinion paper provides a brief overview of interoception, discussing its relevance for developmental psychopathology, and highlighting measurement issues, before surveying the available work on interoception across four stages of development: infancy, childhood, adolescence and late adulthood. Where gaps in the literature addressing the development of interoception exist, we draw upon the association between alexithymia and interoception, using alexithymia as a possible marker of atypical interoception. Evidence indicates that interoceptive ability varies across development, and that this variance correlates with established age-related changes in cognition and with risk periods for the development of psychopathology. We suggest a theory within which atypical interoception underlies the onset of psychopathology and risky behaviour in adolescence, and the decreased socio-emotional competence observed in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Murphy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca Brewer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; School of Psychology, The University of East London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Catmur
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey Bird
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, London, UK; Dept of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Fegert JM, Hauth I, Banaschewski T, Freyberger HJ. Übergang zwischen Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter: Herausforderungen für die Transitionspsychiatrie. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2017; 45:80-85. [DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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