Moringa oleifera Seeds and Oil: Characteristics and Uses for Human Health

Histopathology, pharmacokinetics and estimation of interleukin-6 levels of Moringa oleifera leaves extract-functionalized selenium nanoparticles against rats induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most dangerous cancers in all the world. This study focused on prevention and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using Moringa oleifera extract combined with vitamin C and selenium in a nanoplatform (MO/asc.-Se-NPs).

Results

Full characterization of MO/asc.-Se-NPs was performed by using different analytical techniques (TEM, DLS, zeta-sizer), and its antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH assay. Biodistribution study was performed with the aid of radiolabeling technique using technetium-99m in normal albino mice. HCC was induced in Wister albino rats to evaluate the efficiency of MO/asc.-Se-NPs in the treatment of HCC. The biomarker analysis (ALT, AST and ALB) shows improvement in its values in prevention and treated groups by using MO/asc.-Se NP. The levels of inflammatory marker interleukin 6 (IL6 tissue homogenate) was improved by decreasing its values in these two groups also. Histology section of tissue liver showed alleviation in treated and prevention groups.

Conclusions

In conclusion, MO/asc.-Se-NPs can be used as a potential agent for prevention and treatment of HCC after further preclinical studies.

The impact of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation on human and animal nutrition, growth, and milk production: A systematic review

Childhood undernutrition contributes to up to 45% of deaths in children under age 5. Moringa oleifera (moringa) leaves are nutrient dense and promote breastmilk production. We performed a systematic review assessing the impact of moringa leaf supplementation in humans and animals on the outcomes of iron, vitamin A status, the measures of growth, and/or breastmilk production. Our inclusion/exclusion criteria were as follows; inclusion: quantitative primary data assessing the effect of moringa leaf supplementation on humans or animals including any of the outcomes defined earlier with no exclusion for geography, age, or language. Exclusion: full text not available. Our search yielded 148 unique studies; among them, 33 were included (seven human studies and 26 animal studies). Quality assessment by Effective Public Health Practice Project guidelines was strong for one study and moderate for all other studies. In humans, moringa at higher (14-30 g/day) not lower (<10 g/day) doses improved hemoglobin (Hgb) in children with iron deficiency anemia, improved Hgb and vitamin A status in postmenopausal women, and increased BMI in HIV+ underweight adults. Moringa (0.5 g/day) also increased breastmilk volumes. In animals, moringa increased milk production in two of three studies, inconsistently affected growth, and had no effect on iron status. Evidence on moringa supplementation's utility is limited but promising. Larger, more rigorous trials are needed to characterize its impact.

Fatty acid profile, sterols, and squalene content comparison between two conventional (olive oil and linseed oil) and three non‐conventional vegetable oils (echium oil, hempseed oil, and moringa oil)

Abstract

New sources of bioactive compounds are constantly explored for reformulating healthier foods. This work aimed to explore and characterize the fatty acid profile and sterol content of three non‐conventional oils used in functional food products (hempseed oil, moringa oil, and echium oil) and to compare them with two conventional ones (extra virgin olive oil [EVOO] and linseed oil). Oxidative stability was assessed by determining their acidity value and peroxide content. All oils showed adequate values for acidity and oxidation status. Echium and hempseed oils showed a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (>70%), especially omega‐3 fatty acids, while moringa oil was rich in oleic acid. Echium oil, hempseed oil, and moringa oil presented higher sterol content than EVOO, but lower than that of linseed oil. Sitosterol was the most abundant sterol in all samples (97.88–275.36 mg/100 g oil), except in echium oil, where campesterol (170.62 mg/100 g oil) was the major sterol. Squalene was only found in significant amounts in EVOO. In conclusion, non‐conventional oils seem to be interesting sources of bioactive compounds and have great potential for the food industry.

Practical Application

Non‐conventional vegetable oils can be used as alternative sources of lipids in a variety of food products. Additionally, these oils have great potential to be included in the formulation of functional ingredients for the delivery of omega‐3 fatty acids, antioxidants, fiber, among others.

Effects of Moringa oleifera in Two Independents Formulation and as Neuroprotective Agent Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

Background

The cognitive deficit has frequently been found in the elderly population. Several studies have shown that every single part of Moringa oleifera, including leaves, roots, and seeds, has abundant micronutrients, such as flavonoids, which improve the neurobehavioral capacity. However, herb parts that display optimal neuropharmacological properties remain unknown.

Objective

We investigate whether M. oleifera seed oil (MOO) or aqueous M. oleifera leaves extracts (MOEs) may ameliorate memory impairment in mice induced with scopolamine (Sco). Additionally, the phytochemical analyses of those two independent formulations were analyzed.

Methods

In this study, 2 ml/kg body weight (BW) of MOO and 500 mg/kg BW of MOE were orally administered to the mice for 28 days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of Sco (1 mg/kg) at the day 22–28 to induce cognitive impairment in those mice.

Results

The Sco group showed memory retention impairment represented by the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests, significant enhancement of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in hippocampus tissue (p < 0.0001), and increased the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in serum. Interestingly, the Sco-induced memory defect was improved and completely blunted the AChE exacerbation in Sco+MOO-treated mice (p < 0.0001), although the TAOC level was comparable among the groups. Mechanistically, both tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), as a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-receptor, and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein expressions were enhanced with the hippocampus isolated from the Sco group. Nonetheless, pretreatment with MOO only, but not with MOE, ameliorated the enhanced protein expression levels of TrkB and NF-κB (p < 0.05 and p = 0.09, respectively).

Conclusion

Our data reveal that MOO is preferable to MOE as a neuroprotective as evidenced by improving memory impairment. This effect, at least in part, through inhibiting the AChE and NF-κB activities and modulating the TrkB expression level.

Milk-clotting properties on bovine caseins of a novel cysteine peptidase from germinated Moringa oleifera seeds

A cysteine peptidase was previously identified from germinated Moringa oleifera seeds, but its milk-clotting properties on bovine caseins was still unclear. In this study, this novel cysteine peptidase (MoCP) showed preferential activity on κ-casein (κ-CN), with greater hydrolytic activity compared with calf rennet, whereas weak hydrolysis of α-casein and β-casein made MoCP suitable for application in cheesemaking and may yield various functional peptides. All 3 evaluated caseins were hydrolyzed to form relatively stable peptide bands within 3 h of proteolysis with MoCP. Cleavage sites were determined by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and peptide sequencing, which revealed that cleavage of κ-CN by MoCP occurred at residue Ile129-Pro130 and generated a 14,895.37-Da peptide. The flocculation reaction between MoCP and κ-CN determined by 3-dimensional microscopy with super-depth of field revealed that the initial 30 min of reaction were key for milk coagulation, which may affect curd yield. Overall, the findings presented herein suggest that the cysteine peptidase from germinated M. oleifera seeds can be considered a promising plant-derived rennet alternative for use in cheese manufacture.

Moringa oleifera polysaccharide regulates colonic microbiota and immune repertoire in C57BL/6 mice

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera polysaccharide (MOP) on serum immune indices, immune organ indices, colonic microflora and immune repertoire of mice. Forty male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups and subjected to gavage of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg MOP for 28 days. Mice were sacrificed on the last day of the experiment and their thymus, spleen, blood and colon contents were collected for further detection. Our findings suggested that MOP could significantly increase the thymus index (P < 0.01) and spleen index (P < 0.05), and significantly decrease the levels of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α in mice (P < 0.05). And MOP could regulate the proportion of colonic microflora of mice, significantly increase the abundance of Muribaculaceae and significantly decrease the abundance values of Proteobacteria, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, etc (P < 0.05). In addition, MOP could regulate the usage frequencies of TRBV15 (P = 0.06) and TRBV9 (P = 0.10) on the TCRα chain and 9 V-J pairs were found to have remarkable usage frequency changes. These results implied that MOP exerted positive effects on the immune performance and intestinal health of mice.

The Potency of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Protective Agent in Cardiac Damage and Vascular Dysfunction

Cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction due to underlying diseases, such as hypertension and cardiac thrombosis, or side effects from certain drugs may lead to critical illness conditions and even death. The phytochemical compounds in natural products are being prospected to protect the heart and vascular system from further damage. Moringa genus is a subtropical tree native to Asia and Africa, which includes 13 species; Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is the most cultivated for its beneficial uses. MO is also known as the “miracle tree” because it has been used traditionally as a food source and medicine to treat various diseases such as anemia, diabetes, and infectious or cardiovascular diseases. The phytochemical compounds identified in MO with functional activities associated with cardiovascular diseases are N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide, isoquercetin, quercetin, quercetrin, and isothiocyanate. This study aims to investigate the potency of the phytochemical compounds in MO as a protective agent to cardiac damage and vascular dysfunction in the cardiovascular disease model. This is a scoping review by studying publications from the reputed database that assessed the functional activities of MO, which contribute to the improvement of cardiac and vascular dysfunctions. Studies show that the phytochemical compounds, for example, N,α-L-rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide and quercetin, have the molecular function of antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. These lead to improving cardiac contractility and protecting cardiac structural integrity from damage. These compounds also act as natural vasorelaxants and endothelium protective agents. Most of the studies were conducted on in vivo studies; therefore, further studies should be applied in a clinical setting.

Isothiocyanate From Moringa oleifera Seeds Inhibits the Growth and Migration of Renal Cancer Cells by Regulating the PTP1B-dependent Src/Ras/Raf/ERK Signaling Pathway

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a tropical and subtropical plant that has been used for centuries as both food and traditional medicine. 4-[(α-L-Rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] isothiocyanate (MIC-1) is an active substance in M. oleifera, with anti-cancer activity. However, whether MIC-1 exerts anti-renal cancer effects is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of MIC-1 on the growth and migration of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells and to identify the putative underlying mechanism. We found that, among 30 types of cancer cells, MIC-1 exerted the strongest growth inhibitory effects against 786-O RCC cells. In addition, MIC-1 (10 μM) significantly inhibited the growth of five RCC cell lines, including 786-O, OSRC-2, 769-P, SK-NEP-1, and ACHN cells, but was not toxic to normal renal (HK2) cells. Also, MIC-1 suppressed 786-O and 769-P cell migration and invasion abilities, and reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, MIC-1 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and decreased cell cycle-related protein expression in 786-O cells and 769-P cells. Molecular docking and small-molecule interaction analyses with PTP1B both showed that MIC-1 inhibited PTP1B activity by binding to its active site through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, MIC-1 could suppress the growth and migration of 786-O cells by inhibiting PTP1B-mediated activation of the Src/Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway. In vivo experiments further showed that MIC-1 markedly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors in mice, and greatly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in tumor tissues. In addition, MIC-1 had no effect on the PTP1B-dependent Src/Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway in HCT-116 cells, Hep-G2 cells, and A431 cells. Overall, our data showed that MIC-1 could be a promising, non-toxic, natural dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of renal cancer.

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodological Approach and Its Antioxidant Activity

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed oil is an edible vegetable oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction method was employed to obtain the maximum yield of moringa seed oil. The effects of temperature, time, and pressure, three characteristics of extractions, on the extraction rate of Moringa seed oil were investigated by single factor test and response surface methodological approach. The optimal process conditions of supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction of moringa seed oil were determined as extraction temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, extraction pressure of 50 MPa, and CO₂ flow rate of 240 L/h, resulting in a maximum yield of 38.54%. Composition analysis shows that the extracted moringa seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, etc. Furthermore, we found that Moringa seed oil exerted potent antioxidant activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and its efficacy was comparable to commercial peanut oil and tea oil. Overall, this novel extraction method of moringa seed oil may increase its potential value and application in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract protects kidney function in rats with diabetic nephropathy by increasing GSK-3β activity and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) seeds are widely used in traditional folk medicine and as nutritional supplements in the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. Published research showed that M. oleifera seeds (MOS) have pharmacological activities such as blood glucose-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. However, experimental evidence on the use of MOS to treat diabetic nephropathy and its underlying mechanisms were rarely reported.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MOS extract on the kidneys of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and reveal its underlying mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN

HFD-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and high-glucose induced Human Renal Mesangial Cells (HRMC) were used to explore the protective effect of MOS on diabetic nephropathy in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

HRMC were used to preliminarily evaluate the effect of MOS extract under high glucose conditions. For the in vivo study, rats were divided into the following 6 groups (n = 5): normal control group (NC), diabetic nephropathy model group (DN), high dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-H, 200 mg/kg/d); medium dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-M, 100 mg/kg/d); low dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-l, 50 mg/kg/d), and metformin-treatment group (DN + MET, 200 mg/kg/d). After 4 weeks of treatment, the damage caused by DN was assessed based on the related parameters of urine and blood. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were used to assess pathological tissue damage. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (P-GSK-3β) levels, whereas western blotting was used to detect Nrf2, HO-1, nephrin, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β levels.

RESULTS

MOS extract could inhibit the proliferation of HRMCs induced by high glucose levels. Compared with the rats in the DN group, MOS not only significantly reduced blood glucose levels and oxidative stress in the experimental rats but also improved their kidney function and reduced kidney tissue damage. Additionally, MOS extract increased GSK-3β activity and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that MOS could activate GSK-3β and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways to exert antioxidant and anti-renal fibrosis activities, and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Anti-Cancer and Medicinal Potentials of Moringa Isothiocyanate

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), which belongs to the Moringaceae family, is a common herb, rich in plant compounds. It has a variety of bioactive compounds that can act as antioxidants, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, etc., which can be obtained in different body parts of M. oleifera. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) from M. oleifera are one class of these active substances that can inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways, thus curbing cancer migration and metastasis, at the same time they have little adverse effect on normal cells. There are multiple variants of ITCs in M. oleifera, but the predominant phytochemical is 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, also known as moringa isothiocyanate (MIC-1). Studies have shown that MIC-1 has the possibility to be used clinically for the treatment of diabetes, neurologic diseases, obesity, ulcerative colitis, and several cancer types. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer and anti-chronic disease effects of MIC-1, current trends, and future direction of MIC-1 based treatment strategies. This review combines the relevant literature of the past 10 years, in order to provide more comprehensive information of MIC-1 and to fully exploit its potentiality in the clinical settings.

Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0137 fermented red Moringa oleifera exhibits protective effects in mice challenged with Salmonella typhi via TLR3/TLR4 inhibition and down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines

Background

Salmonella typhi is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies. Moringa oleifera possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red M. oleifera. The fermentation of red M. oleifera leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value.

Objective

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on S. typhi infection in mice.

Materials and methods

Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then S. typhi was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b⁺ TLR3⁺, CD11b⁺TLR4⁺, CD11b⁺IL-6⁺, CD11b⁺IL-17⁺, CD11b⁺TNF-a⁺, and CD4⁺CD25⁺CD62L⁺ were assessed by flow cytometry.

Results

Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the expression of CD11b⁺TLR3⁺, CD11b⁺TLR4⁺, CD11b⁺IL-6⁺, CD11b⁺IL-17⁺, and CD11b⁺TNF-α⁺ subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD62L⁺ subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b⁺TLR3⁺, CD11b⁺TLR4⁺, and CD11b⁺TNF-α⁺ subsets.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against S. typhi infection via modulation of TLR3/TLR4, regulatory T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines.

Moringa oleifera: A Tree of Life as a Promising Medicinal Plant for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Moringa oleifera, popularly known as a miracle tree or tree of life, has been extensively used as a functional food and nutritional asset worldwide. Ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of M. oleifera indicate that this plant might have a pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy against most human ailments. In fact, M. oleifera is reported to have several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antipyretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and cardiac stimulant properties. Recently, a few experimental studies reported the neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera against Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and neurotoxicity-related symptoms. In addition, several neuroprotective phytochemicals have been isolated from M. oleifera, which signifies that it can have promising neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the current updates and future prospective of neuroprotective efficacies of M. oleifera.

Bioactive Compounds and Nanodelivery Perspectives for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Bioactive compounds are comprised of small quantities of extra nutritional constituents providing both health benefits and enhanced nutritional value, based on their ability to modulate one or more metabolic processes. Plant-based diets are being thoroughly researched for their cardiovascular properties and effectiveness against cancer. Flavonoids, phytoestrogens, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids are some of the bioactive compounds that aim to work in prevention and treating the cardiovascular disease in a systemic manner, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are the most important characteristics that make them favorable candidates for CVDs treatment. However, their low water solubility and stability results in low bioavailability, limited accessibility, and poor absorption. The oral delivery of bioactive compounds is constrained due to physiological barriers such as the pH, mucus layer, gastrointestinal enzymes, epithelium, etc. The present review aims to revise the main bioactive compounds with a significant role in CVDs in terms of preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures. The advantages of nanoformulations and novel multifunctional nanomaterials development are described in order to overcome multiple obstacles, including the physiological ones, by summarizing the most recent preclinical data and clinical trials reported in the literature. Nanotechnologies will open a new window in the area of CVDs with the opportunity to achieve effective treatment, better prognosis, and less adverse effects on non-target tissues.

Non-derivatization strategy for the comprehensive characterization of neutral monosaccharide isomers and neutral disaccharide isomers using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Monosaccharide isomers and disaccharide isomers widely exist in nature, playing a key role in a number of important biological processes. However, due to high structural similarity and high polarity, the characterization of monosaccharide isomers, disaccharide isomers, as well as the analysis of monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides by a method that does not require derivatization is an ongoing challenge. Herein, we proposed a simple method for rapid discrimination of non-derivatized neutral monosaccharide, and disaccharide isomers using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HILIC-Q/TOF-MS). In this work, we optimized the experimental parameters, and detailed approaches to discriminate the precursor ions, deprotonated ions, and fragment ions are proposed, as well. To discriminate the various ions, the retention times, the relative abundance (RA) of precursor ions and fragment ions at different collision energies, the relative abundance ratio (RAR) of fragment ions to deprotonated ions or precursor ions were considered for characterization of neutral monosaccharide and disaccharide isomers. Finally, this strategy was successfully applied to analyzing the monosaccharide composition of neutral disaccharides, polysaccharides, and an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds. The experimental results revealed that the HILIC-Q/TOF-MS is an effective and convenient strategy for rapid differentiation of monosaccharide isomers and disaccharide isomers, which may serve as a general platform for the analysis of neutral polysaccharides, food, medicinal plants, and herbs.

An Evaluation of the Equilibrium Properties in Hexane and Ethanol Extractive Systems for Moringa oleifera Seeds and Fatty Acid Profiles of the Extracts

Until the present, oilseed extractions have been mainly performed using hexane: a toxic, non-sustainable solvent. Extraction methods using ethanol have recently been proposed and, to evaluate the suitability of ethanol as an alternative solvent, Moringa seeds with an oil content as high as 40% have been chosen to determine the equilibrium properties in solid–liquid ethanol extractions. The equilibrium constant (Keq) and the specific retained solution (M) of the extractive systems seeds–oil–hexane and seeds–oil–ethanol were determined and validated, following a counter-current multi-stage extraction model. The extractions were carried out at 40 and 50 °C, the mass to solvent ratios used were 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20, and shelled and unshelled seeds (kernels) were tested. The Keq and M of the different kinetics revealed that Keq was not infinite in the hexane systems, whereas the ethanol systems registered slightly lower values. Regarding M, although the seed powder allowed more rapid extractions, particle size was increased to reduce M for an easier phase preparation. Finally, a counter-current multi-stage extraction system was simulated and applied under suitable conditions. The fatty acid profiles for both types of extract were similar regarding their main components. definition:

Niazimicin: A thiocarbamate glycoside from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds with a novel neuroprotective activity

Moringa oleifera (MO) known as the miracle tree is a famous nutritional source in many countries. In this study, the neuroprotective activity of MO seeds was investigated. Fractions of the 70% ethanol seed extract of MO were injected at a dose of 250 mg kg^-1  day^-1 to albino rats for 15 days, after-which induction of dementia was done using 100 mg/kg AlCl₃ over 30 days. Results revealed that all fractions ameliorated the effects of AlCl₃ where methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions, containing the major bioactive compound niazimicin (NZ), showed the best activities. Biological investigations proved NZ to be a highly potent neuroprotective drug lead as a first report, by causing a decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde, cholinesterase, nitric oxide (NO) and amyloid β by 47%, 34%, 53% and 59%, respectively, and increasing glutathione levels by 54%. Molecular docking studies suggested NZ neuroprotective effects to be mediated by inhibition of caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase enzymes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The current findings present the neuroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera seeds consumed as a food supplement and in daily diet. In addition, niazimicin is a promising lead for the development of novel agents against Alzheimer's disease as seen by the reported results.

Moringa oleifera: a systematic review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity

OBJECTIVES

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) Lam (Moringaceae) is a perennial plant broadly used in South Asia and Africa as a traditional folk medicine to treat many ailments such as paralysis, helminthiasis, sores and skin infections. The review provides a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, agricultural economy and dietary benefit of M. oleifera and its future perspectives.

KEY FINDINGS

In this review, the entire plant of M. oleifera, containing diverse phytochemicals, is summarized. The 163 chemical components, included flavonoids, carbamates, glucosinolates, phenols, and so on with various bioactivities, such as anti-tumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and so on. Additionally, M. oleifera is toxic at certain doses; and overuse can cause genotoxicity.

SUMMARY

Although M. oleifera has been widely used in traditional medicine, the pharmacological studies that have been conducted so far are not sufficient for its use in the setting of evidence-based medicine. Little relevant data from clinical trials of M. oleifera have been reported. The majority of studies of its constituents, such as carbamates and glucosinolates, have been conducted only in vitro. Owing to a lack of available data, the pharmacology, toxicity, agricultural economy and dietary benefit of its constituents and extracts require further evaluation.

Neoteric approach for peanuts biofilm using the merits of Moringa extracts to control aflatoxin contamination

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins are still a principal challenge that threatened peanut production, marketing, and handling. This study aimed to face the problem using bioactive materials, which reduce fungi and mycotoxin contamination, Moringa extracts may be suitable for solving this challenge. Also, the study was compared the extracts of leaves and oil-free seeds. Fresh leaves and seeds were collected, dried, and milled, while oil was collected by cold pressing. The extracts were evaluated for total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, the oil contents of fatty acids, tocopherol, and sterols were determined. An emulsion for protecting peanuts compositing of leaves extract carried by Moringa oil, and commercial emulsifier. Leaves extract evaluation reflected distinct properties of its fibers, total phenols, and flavonoids. It was recorded a microbial inhibition of bacteria and fungi. The values ​​for both minimal inhibition and fungicidal concentrations were recorded at 3.2 mg/mL and 490 μg/L, respectively. For oil, it showed a unique content, as oleic acid was the main fatty acid, with an affinity between palmitic and behenic in their ratios. Also, oil was recorded by high contents of alpha-tocopherol and Δ7-Campesterol, with 1.166 mg/kg oil as total sterols content. The leaves extract has also a unique capacity to inhibit toxigenic fungi. By applying the composite emulsion for peanut coating, results expressed a high CFU-count inhibition when it was inoculated by A. flavus strain compared to the control.

The ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera oil on tributyltin-induced brain toxicity in albino rats

Tributyltin (TBT) is an organotin compound widely used as a biocide in antifouling paints. Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) has a promising antioxidant potential, which necessitates further exploration. This study was conducted to investigate the potential protective effect of MOO against TBT-induced brain toxicity. The 30 rats were grouped into five groups (six each), Group I negative control, Group II positive control (vehicle), Group III MOO (5 ml/kg body weight [b.wt.]), Group IV TBT (10 mg/kg b.wt.), and Group V TBT & MOO. All treatments were given orally for 28 days. Thereafter, brains were exposed to oxidative stress and neurological parameters analyses. Histopathological and immunohistochemical (caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2) examinations were also carried out. In rats administered TBT, increased malondialdehyde level, decreased reduced glutathione, and low total antioxidant capacity levels were in support of oxidative stress mechanism. Neurotoxicity was indicated by high nitric oxide level and increased acetylcholinestrase activity. Along with the histopathological alterations, the dysregulated expression of caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were indicative of the apoptotic mechanism mediated by TBT. Co-administration of MOO with TBT ameliorated the aforementioned toxic effects. In conclusion, TBT causes brain toxicity via oxidative, nitrosative, and apoptotic mechanisms. MOO demonstrates protective effect against TBT-induced brain toxicity mostly via potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.

Nutritional significance and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera: The wonder plant

Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose plant and a comprehensive source of dietary components such as proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, etc. The plant is also a rich source of other bioactive components, including flavonoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, etc. Incorporating M. oleifera in diet can improve the nutritional status of pregnant and nursing mothers and helps to combat malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among children. The phytochemicals and secondary metabolites, especially the polyphenolic compounds from Moringa, have a significant free-radical scavenging effect attributed to this plant's therapeutic potential. Investigations targeting to explore M. oleifera for its nutritional makeup, novel bioactive components, and analysis of their health-promoting attributes have received much attention. This review demonstrates an overview of recent (past ten years) advancements and patenting activity in discovering different parts of M. oleifera plant for providing adequate nutritive and bioactive components. The pharmacological potential and action mechanisms of M. oleifera in many diseases like diabetes mellitus, cancer, hypertension, ulcer, etc., are also discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Moringa oleifera is a vital plant that has a varied set of nutritional and therapeutic properties. The indigenous components of Moringa can treat humankind of its diseases and contribute to overall health. The qualitative and functional characteristics of its components indicate possible commercial exploitation of this high-value plant by utilizing its plant parts in many proprietary medicines and nutraceuticals. In conclusion, the Moringa plant needs to be used commercially. It can lead to tremendous economic development if the industries and researchers exploit its potential for highly nutritional super food and therapeutic application by undertaking further research to corroborate earlier studies.

Structural Analysis of a Novel Aspartic-Type Endopeptidase from Moringa oleifera Seeds and Its Milk-Clotting Properties

A novel aspartic-type endopeptidase was previously obtained from Moringa oleifera seeds; however, its specific milk-clotting properties have remained unclear. Here, we used various biophysical and molecular simulation approaches for characterizing the structure and function of the aspartic-type endopeptidase. The endopeptidase was preferentially active toward κ-casein (CN) and hydrolyzed it more than calf rennet; however, its ability to hydrolyze α-CN and β-CN was weaker than that of calf rennet. The endopeptidase cleaved κ-CN at Gln135-Asp136 and generated a 15 588.18 Da peptide with 135 amino acids. We further simulated the docking complex of the endopeptidase and κ-CN and found out that they possibly combined with each other via hydrogen bonds. The flocculation reaction between the endopeptidase and κ-CN indicated that milk coagulation occurred within 60 min. Overall, our observations suggest that the aspartic-type endopeptidase can be a potential rennet alternative for cheese making.

Are Dried and Powdered Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Susceptible to Moths That Feed on Stored Products?

Simple Summary

In recent years, Moringa oleifera leaves have been increasingly introduced into the diets of human populations that are affected by malnutrition and as a dietary supplement in Western countries. The leaves can be stocked in storage spaces that contain other herbs or food that can be infested by Pyralid moths, such as the polyphagous almond moth, rice moth, and Indian meal moth, as well as by the Geometrid Rustywave moth, which thrives on dried herbs. This paper describes laboratory tests of the susceptibility of dried and powdered leaves of M. oleifera to moths that feed on stored products. Eggs of the different species were added to dried M. oleifera leaves, powdered leaves, and an artificial diet; dried or powdered leaves were added to the latter to understand the effects on the development of the moths. The tests were carried out under the optimal temperature and relative humidity conditions for these species. The numbers of adults that emerged and the development periods were recorded. The results showed that powdered Moringa leaves were not susceptible to moth attacks, whereas dried leaves were damaged only by Rustywave moths. The explanation for why M. oleifera leaves are not susceptible to Pyralid moths and for why few Rustywave moths can complete the development from egg to adult is attributable to both nutritional deficiency and to secondary metabolites.

Abstract

The leaves of Moringa oleifera are increasingly used as a food supplement in several countries due to their nutritional composition, which is rich in protein, vitamins, and mineral salts. Foodstuffs can be damaged by several pests when stored in environments with temperatures that are favorable to insect development; therefore, the susceptibility of M. oleifera leaves to attacks of moths that feed on stored products was tested. Tests were carried out on Pyralid Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, and Plodia interpunctella, as well as Geometrid Idaea inquinata, which were reared on dried whole or powdered M. oleifera leaves, an artificial diet, or an artificial diet supplemented with dried or powdered leaves. The numbers of adults and the development periods with the different diets were recorded. M. oleifera leaves were unsuitable as a rearing medium for all of the species except I. inquinata, although only a few individuals of this species reached the adult stage. The use of an artificial diet of which one-quarter consisted of dried and powdered leaves did not affect the number of progeny or on the biological cycle, showing that the effect was due to the nutritional composition, as well as to the toxic effect. The storage of M. oleifera as powdered leaves is recommended in order to preserve the nutritional characteristics and avoid damage caused by moth larvae.

Do Bioactive Food Compound with Avena sativa L., Linum usitatissimum L. and Glycine max L. Supplementation with Moringa oleifera Lam. Have a Role against Nutritional Disorders? An Overview of the In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence

Functional clinical nutrition is an integrative science; it uses dietary strategies, functional foods and medicinal plants, as well as combinations thereof. Both functional foods and medicinal plants, whether associated or not, form nutraceuticals, which can bring benefits to health, in addition to being included in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Some functional food effects from Avena sativa L. (oats), Linum usitatissimum L. (brown flaxseed), Glycine max L. (soya) and Moringa oleifera have been proposed for nutritional disorders through in vitro and in vivo tests. A formulation called a bioactive food compound (BFC) showed efficiency in the association of oats, flaxseed and soy for dyslipidemia and obesity. In this review, we discuss the effects of BFC in other nutritional disorders, as well as the beneficial effects of M. oleifera in obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, intestinal inflammatory diseases/colorectal carcinogenesis and malnutrition. In addition, we hypothesized that a BFC enriched with M. oleifera could present a synergistic effect and play a potential benefit in nutritional disorders. The traditional consumption of M. oleifera preparations can allow associations with other formulations, such as BFC. These nutraceutical formulations can be easily accepted and can be used in sweet preparations (fruit and/or vegetable juices, fruit and/or vegetable vitamins, porridges, yogurt, cream, mousses or fruit salads, cakes and cookies) or savory (vegetable purees, soups, broths and various sauces), cooked or not. These formulations can be low-cost and easy-to-use. The association of bioactive food substances in dietary formulations can facilitate adherence to consumption and, thus, contribute to the planning of future nutritional interventions for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of the clinical conditions presented in this study. This can be extended to the general population. However, an investigation through clinical studies is needed to prove applicability in humans.

Microwave and Ultrasound Pretreatment of Moringa oleifera Lam. Seeds: Effects on Oil Expression, Oil Quality, and Bioactive Component

This study investigates the application of green technologies (microwave and ultrasound pretreatment) in the extraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil and its effects on oil expression, oil quality, and bioactive component. Moringa seeds were pretreated with microwave (90 W, 60 s) or ultrasound (50 W, 1 h) before mechanical expression. A separate group received no pretreatment before oil extraction. Oils from these groups were then compared. Results show that oil yield increased with ultrasound pretreatment (1.24%) and significantly increased with microwave pretreatment (3.11%). For oil flow rate, the microwave and ultrasound pretreatment resulted in faster extraction (7.67 and 6.93 kg/h respectively) as compared with the control (6.51 kg/h). For physicochemical parameters, the microwave and ultrasound group had significantly less free fatty acids and significantly greater unsaponifiable matter as compared with the control. For fatty acid composition, results show that moringa seeds procured from Davao Oriental had greater oleic acid content (~77%) as compared with those reported by other literature. For phytosterol content, the predominant phytosterols found were β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Microwave and ultrasound pretreatment significantly increased total phytosterol (680.58 and 369.32 mg/kg respectively) as compared with the control (72.69 mg/kg) due to the mass transfer of the phytosterols. Microwave and ultrasound pretreatment also led to stigmastanol formation. For antioxidant activity, a comparison of both DPPH and FRAP assays depicts that the microwave group exhibited the best overall antioxidant activity. Lastly, for oil stability, a lower peroxide value was found in the microwave and ultrasound groups across time intervals, which may be attributed to their antioxidant activity. In summary, ultrasound and microwave pretreatment can improve oil expression, oil quality, and bioactive content of the mechanically expressed moringa oils.

Bioactive components from Moringa oleifera seeds: production, functionalities and applications - a critical review

A readily distinguishable and indigenous member of the plant kingdom in the Indian subcontinent is the 'drumstick tree', i.e. Moringa oleifera Lam. In addition to India, this drought-tolerant and rapidly evolving tree is currently extensively disseminated across the globe, including subtropical and tropical areas. The plant boasts a high nutritional, nutraceutical and therapeutic profile, mainly attributing to its significant repertoire of the biologically active components in different parts: protein, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, tannin, isothiocyanate, lipids, minerals, vitamins, amongst others. M. oleifera seeds have been shown to elicit a myriad of pharmacological potential and health benefits, including: antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, the seed cakes obtained from post-extraction process are utilized for: coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation purposes, benefiting effluent management and the purification of water, mainly because of their capability in eliminating microbes and organic matter. Despite the extraordinary focus on other parts of the plant, especially the foliage, the beneficial aspects of the seeds have not been sufficiently highlighted. The health benefits of bioactive components in the seeds are promising and demonstrate enough potential to facilitate the development of functional foods. In this review, we present a critical account of the types, characteristics, production and isolation of bioactive components from M. oleifera seeds. Furthermore, we appraise the: pharmacological activities, cosmetic, biodiesel, lubricative, modern farming, nutritive and wastewater treatment applications of these functional ingredients. We infer that there is a need for further human/clinical studies and evaluation, despite their health benefits. Additionally, the safety issues need to be adequately clarified and assessed, in order to establish a conventional therapeutic profile.

WASTE MORINGA OLEIFERA GUM AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE FOR UNFILLED SBR COMPOUND

A natural waste (gum) of the drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera, was used for the first time as a sustainable multifunctional additive in an SBR compound. Improved cure rate with lower optimum cure time was obtained by using the gum as an accelerator activator. Tack strength of the M. oleifera gum–SBR compound was superior to both the control and the compound containing commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin at 5 parts per hundred of rubber loading. At different loadings, the gum acted as a plasticizer for the rubber and augmented processing by reducing the viscosity of the compound. The glass transition temperature of the compounds decreased by 2 °C compared with the pristine SBR. Moringa oleifera gum at any loading reduced the die swell of SBR. This study has relevance because the rubber industry is looking for feasible sustainable additives as alternatives to existing petroleum-based compounding ingredients.

The Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Relieving EGFR-TKI-Associated Diarrhea Based on Network Pharmacology and Data Mining

In this study, the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in relieving epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor- (EGFR-TKI-) associated diarrhea was discussed by network pharmacology and data mining. Prediction of drug targets by introducing the EGFR-TKI molecular structures into the SwissTargetPrediction platform and diarrhea-related targets in the DrugBank, GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM databases were obtained. Compounds in the drug-disease target intersection were screened by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters and Lipinski's rule in Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology. TCM-containing compounds were selected, and information on the property, taste, and meridian tropism of these TCMs was summarized and analyzed. A target-compound-TCM network diagram was constructed, and core targets, compounds, and TCMs were selected. The core targets and components were docked by AutoDock Vina (Version 1.1.2) to explore the target combinations of related compounds and evaluate the docking activity of related targets and compounds. Twenty-three potential therapeutic TCM targets for the treatment of EGFR-TKI-related diarrhea were obtained. There were 339 compounds acting on potential therapeutic targets, involving a total of 402 TCMs. The results of molecular docking showed good binding between the core targets and compounds, and the binding between the core targets and compounds was similar to that of the core target and the recommended drug loperamide. TCMs have multitarget characteristics and are present in a variety of compounds used for relieving EGFR-TKI-associated diarrhea. Antitumor activity and the efficacy of alleviating diarrhea are the pharmacological basis of combining TCMs with EGFR-TKI in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. The core targets, compounds, and TCMs can provide data to support experimental and clinical studies on the relief of EGFR-TKI-associated diarrhea in the future.

Ultrasonic treatment on physicochemical properties of water-soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seed

Effect of ultrasonic power on the structure and functional properties of water-soluble protein extracted from defatted Moringa oleifera seed were explored. The results showed that ultrasonic treatment could reduce β-sheet and β-turn content of water-soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seed (MOWP) and increase the content of random coil and α-helix. Changes in intrinsic fluorescence spectra, surface hydrophobicity (H₀) and thermal behaviors indicated that ultrasonic had significant effect on the tertiary structure of MOWP. The results of SEM and SDS-PAGE showed that the MOWP was aggregated but not significantly degraded by ultrasound. The solubility, foaming properties and emulsifying properties of MOWP increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power. Ultrasonic treatment altered the functional properties of MOWP, which might be attributed to the exposure of hydrophilic group and the change of and secondary and tertiary structure.

Health Benefits of Uses and Applications of Moringa oleifera in Bakery Products

Moringa oleifera belongs to the Moringaceae family and is the best known of the native Moringa oleifera genus. For centuries, it has been used as a system of Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and has a wide range of nutritional and bioactive compounds, including proteins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, fibre, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and others. These characteristics allow it to have pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective properties. The entire Moringa oleifera plant is edible, including its flowers, however, it is not entirely safe, because of compounds that have been found mainly in the root and bark, so the leaf was identified as the safest. Moringa oleifera is recognised as an excellent source of phytochemicals, with potential applications in functional and medicinal food preparations due to its nutritional and medicinal properties; many authors have experimented with incorporating it mainly in biscuits, cakes, brownies, meats, juices and sandwiches. The results are fascinating, as the products increase their nutritional value; however, the concentrations cannot be high, as this affects the organoleptic characteristics of the supplemented products. The aim of this study is to review the application of Moringa oleifera in bakery products, which will allow the creation of new products that improve their nutritional and functional value.

A Novel Herbal Hydrogel Formulation of Moringa oleifera for Wound Healing

Treatment of wounds is essential as the wound can also be lethal at some point in time if not healed properly. Ethnomedicinal plants can treat wounds as they have no side effects, whereas, in the case of chemical drugs, the side effects are on the rise. In this study, seeds of Moringa oleifera which is the essential ethnomedicinal plant, were studied for wound healing efficacy. The study was planned for the assessment of in vitro (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) and in vivo (excision and incision wound healing models) wound healing efficacy of n-hexane extract and hydrogels of Moringa oleifera seeds. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Agar well diffusion method, respectively. In excision and incision wound models, Swiss albino mice were used for wound healing efficacy of hydrogels, i.e., 5% and 10% hexane extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds. The n-hexane extract showed antioxidant as well as antibacterial activities. Moreover, the hydrogels formulated using n-hexane extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant wound healing activity compared to both control and standard until the end of the protocol in both the models. Furthermore, the histopathological investigation confirmed the findings of accelerated regeneration of tissue accompanied by a decrease in inflammatory cells and increased vascularity of the immediate skin. The results (both in vitro and in vivo) claimed conclusively that our n-hexane hydrogel formulation of Moringa oleifera seeds might serve as an alternative therapy in skin restoration during wound healing.

Moringa oleifera Lam and its Therapeutic Effects in Immune Disorders

Moringa oleifera Lam., a plant native to tropical forests of India, is characterized by its versatile application as a food additive and supplement therapy. Accumulating evidence shows that Moringa plays a critical role in immune-related diseases. In this review, we cover the history, constituents, edibility, and general medicinal value of Moringa. The effects of Moringa in treating immune disorders are discussed in detail. Moringa can not only eliminate pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, but also inhibit chronic inflammation, such as asthma, ulcerative colitis, and metabolic diseases. Additionally, Moringa can attenuate physical and chemical irritation-induced immune disorders, such as metal intoxication, drug side effects, or even the adverse effect of food additives. Autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and multiple sclerosis, can also be inhibited by Moringa. Collectively, Moringa, with its multiple immune regulatory bioactivities and few side effects, has a marked potential to treat immune disorders.

Anticoccidial and Antioxidant Activities of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Murine Intestinal Eimeriosis

BACKGROUND

Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria and responsible for considerable economic loss in the livestock and poultry industries. Resistance to the current anticoccidial drugs is now a major challenge to efforts to control the disease, and this has stimulated the search for new compounds as alternative treatments. In this context, plant extracts have emerged as an alternative and complementary approach to control coccidiosis. In the present study, an ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was screened for its anticoccidial activity against Eimeria papillata infection in mice.

METHODS

To this end, albino mice were allocated into three groups: the first group was the non-infected control; the second and third groups were infected with 10³ E. papillata oocysts. Of these, the second group was kept as an infected control; while the third group was gavaged with 100 μl of moringa leaf extract (MLE) at a dose of 400 mg MLE/kg, once daily, for five days.

RESULTS

MLE significantly suppressed oocyst excretion in faeces, and histological study of the jejunum showed a significant decrease in the number of parasitic stages, with significant improvement in the numbers of goblet cells. Furthermore, the expression of MUC2 gene was upregulated in the treated mice compared with infected, which further supports the anticoccidial potential of MLE. Moreover, our study evidenced that MLE reduced oxidative damage by decreasing TBARS and iNOS expression, and increasing the GSH and GPX levels. Also, treatment with MLE promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and ultimately, inhibited the apoptosis of host cells in the treated mice.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that MLE has anticoccidial, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activities in mice infected with Eimeria papillata.

Aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera reduced intracellular ROS production, DNA fragmentation and acrosome reaction in Human spermatozoa in vitro

The effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) on human sperm functions and integrity was studied in vitro. Semen was obtained by masturbation after 3-5 days' abstinence from 34 healthy donors in Western Cape, South Africa. Liquefied semen was washed in human tubular fluid supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (HTF-BSA;1:5) with 10 min centrifugation at 300 g. Sperm suspensions were subsequently incubated with MO extract (0.625, 6.25, 62.5 and 625 µg/ml) for 1 hr, where HTF-BSA served as control. Sperm motility, vitality, DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential, capacitation and acrosome reaction were assessed. Sperm motility, vitality, mitochondrial membrane potential and capacitation remained unchanged (p > .05). A dose-dependent decrease in sperm reactive oxygen species production (p < .0001), DNA fragmentation (p < .0001) and acrosome reaction (p < .001) was observed. An increase in the percentage of non-capacitated sperm (p < .01) was noted at 625 µg/ml. The antioxidant properties of MO actively maintained basic sperm functions, inhibited excess sperm free superoxide production and preserved acrosome reaction and DNA integrity. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of aqueous MO leaf extract on fertility potential.

Evaluación de la toxicidad aguda y composición química de aceite refinado de Moringa oleifera cultivada en México

El aceite de Moringa oleifera está compuesto principalmente de ácido oleico, linoleico y α-linolénico, también contiene fosfolípidos y otros componentes minoritarios, como enzimas, alcaloides y glucosinolatos, compuestos que pueden generar características no deseadas y/o toxicidad, sin embargo, éstos pueden eliminarse mediante un proceso de refinación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la refinación química sobre la toxicidad aguda, la composición de ácidos grasos, y las propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite de semilla de M. oleifera de una variedad mexicana, para ésto, el aceite se extrajo por prensado mecánico de las semillas para someterse a refinación química. Al aceite crudo y refinado se les determinó toxicidad aguda probada en un modelo murino, así como también el perfil de los ácidos grasos, los índices de yodo, saponificación y peróxido, además de la acidez, y capacidad antioxidante. Los resultados mostraron que el aceite de semilla de M. oleifera no presentó toxicidad aguda en el intervalo de 300-2,000 mg/kg; por lo que podría ser utilizado para consumo humano. El proceso de refinación no tuvo efecto significativo (p < 0.05) sobre el contenido del ácido oleico (69%), linoleico (0.74%) y α-linolénico (1.97%). Después del proceso de refinación, aumentó el valor del índice de yodo y de saponificación, mientras que el índice de peróxido, la acidez, el contenido de β-caroteno y la capacidad antioxidante disminuyeron. 

Potential of Germination in Selected Conditions to Improve the Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.)

Moringa oleifera L. is greatly appreciated for its high content of phytochemicals. Although most parts of moringa tree have been widely studied, seeds remained scarcely explored. The first goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of germination to improve the nutritional composition (proximate composition and levels of vitamins B1 and B2), content of bioactive compounds (glucosinolates, phenolics and γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) and antioxidant activity of moringa seed. Germination improved protein, fat, fiber, riboflavin, phenolics, some individual glucosinolates (GLS) and GABA contents, as well as the antioxidant potential in moringa sprouts, but the extent of the improvement depended on germination conditions. The second objective of this work was to identify the optimal germination conditions to maximize nutritional and bioactive quality of moringa by applying multi-response optimization (response surface methodology, RSM). RSM models indicated that 28 °C and 24 h were the optimal conditions to enhance the accumulation of riboflavin, phenolics and antioxidant activity of sprouts, while the highest GABA and total GLS contents were observed at 36 °C for 96 h and thiamine achieved the maximum content at 36 °C for 24 h. These results show that moringa sprouts are promising functional foods that might be also used as ingredients for the elaboration of novel foodstuffs.

Significant Decreased Expressions of CaN, VEGF, SLC39A6 and SFRP1 in MDA-MB-231 Xenograft Breast Tumor Mice Treated with Moringa oleifera Leaves and Seed Residue (MOLSr) Extracts

Moringa oleifera is a miracle plant with many nutritional and medicinal properties. Chemopreventive values of the combined mixture of moringa leaves and seed residue (MOLSr) at different ratios (M1S9, M1S1 and M9S1) were investigated. MOLSr extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, antioxidant assays, metabolite profiling and cytotoxic activity on the primary mammary epithelial cells (PMECs), non-malignant Chang’s liver cells and various human cancer cell lines (including breast, cervical, colon and liver cancer cell lines). The MOLSr ratio with the most potent cytotoxic activity was used in xenograft mice injected with MDA-MB-231 cells for in vivo tumorigenicity study as well as further protein and gene expression studies. M1S9, specifically composed of saponin and amino acid, retained the lowest antioxidant activity but the highest glucosinolate content as compared to other ratios. Cell viability decreased significantly in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and PMECs after treatment with M1S9. Solid tumor from MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice was inhibited by up to 64.5% at third week after treatment with high-dose M1S9. High-dose M1S9 significantly decreased the expression of calcineurin (CaN) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) proteins as well as the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) and solute carrier family 39 member 6 (SLC39A6) genes. This study provides new scientific evidence for the chemoprevention potential of MOLSr extracts in a breast cancer model; however, the precise mechanism warrants further investigation.

Expanding the anti-inflammatory potential of Moringa oleifera: topical effect of seed oil on skin inflammation and hyperproliferation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Popularly used in India and sub-Hymalaian region, Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is associated with healing properties demonstrated in its use as treatment of acute and chronic skin diseases. Our study aimed at investigating the effects of M. oleifera seed oil (MOSO) in animal models for inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MOSO was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperproliferative effects of treatment with either MOSO or oleic acid (OA), its main constituent, was evaluated. Acute and chronic inflammation was induced by applying 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and acute inflammation with either Arachidonic Acid (AA) or Phenol onto the ear of Swiss mice. Systemic activity and the influence of glucocorticoid receptors (GC) was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Topical application of MOSO and OA inhibited ear edema caused by TPA, and Phenol. Only MOSO inhibited ear edema induced by AA. Neutrophil migration was also inhibited by treatment with MOSO. Topical application of MOSO, but not OA, significantly reduced chronic skin inflammation and epidermal hypertrophy induced by multiple TPA applications. Pre-treatment with GC antagonist mifepristone reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of MOSO and OA on the TPA model. Repeated administration of MOSO show a similar effect to dexamethasone on thymus weight, though MOSO did not present any influence on skin thickness, as well as in the weight of the spleen, adrenal gland and lymph node.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that MOSO is effective as a treatment for skin diseases that rely on keratinocyte hyperproliferation. OA is also effective in acute inflammation. Both MOSO and OA depend on GC activation for anti-inflammatory effect but do not exhibit the same adverse effects seen in topical treatment with dexamethasone. We hereby evidence the use of MOSO as a topical anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory skin diseases, thus, expanding its therapeutic potential.

A systematic review of pharmacological activities and safety of Moringa oleifera

In the last few decades, Moringa oleifera, a multipurpose medicinal plant (MMP) has received increased research attention and commercial interest for its nutritional, therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Rigorous approaches including biological assays, animal and clinical trials are required towards safe usage as herbal therapy. We conducted a systematic review of the known pharmacological activities, toxicity, and safety of M. oleifera, usually used locally in the treatment and prevention of myriads of illnesses. Five major bibliographic databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Mendeley) were searched for studies reported on pharmacological activities, toxicity, and safety assessment of M. oleifera in the last 29 years (1990 – 2019). Studies on animals and humans involving aqueous leaf extracts and different preparations from M. oleifera seed and bark were also considered. All articles retained, and data collected were evaluated based on the period of the article, country where such studies were conducted and the document type. Our search results identified and analyzed 165 articles while 63 studies were eventually retained. Diverse pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, anti-malaria, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antiobesity, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic effects, amongst others, were recorded. Toxicity studies in animal models and few human studies showed that M. oleifera is safe with no adverse effect reported. The importance of the plant is highlighted in the search for new bioactive compounds to explore its therapeutic potentials towards drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical and allied industries.