B Vitamins and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Cancer

Identification of a novel prognostic signature based on vitamin metabolism clustering-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma

Background

Vitamins, and their metabolic processes play essential regulatory roles in controlling proliferation, differentiation, and growth in carcinogenesis. However, the role of vitamin metabolism in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has rarely been reported. Here, we established a novel prognostic model based on vitamin metabolism-related genes in LUAD.

Methods

In this research, we aimed to identify vitamin metabolism associated with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LUAD utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD, GSE68465 and GSE72094 data. Unsupervised clustering classified patients into distinct subgroups. By utilizing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression analysis, vitamin metabolism-related genes could be used to construct prognostic model. Then the vitamin metabolism gene-related risk score (VRS) was calculated based on best cut-off splitting. Kaplan-Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, chemotherapeutic drugs sensitivity analysis, immune infiltration analysis and nomogram were conducted to verify our models' accuracy. Finally, CPS1 was identified as a relevant diagnostic marker using Random Forests algorithms, single-cell RNA sequencing data was used to confirm its expression.

Results

We investigated the relationship between vitamin metabolism patterns, overall survival (OS), and immune infiltration levels of patients with LUAD. A prognostic signature consisting of 11 genes was developed, which was able to classify patients into high and low VRS groups. Through gene enrichment analysis, cell cycle was mainly enriched. Compared to the low VRS group, the high VRS group exhibited poorer OS, as demonstrated by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Furthermore, VRS was identified as an independent predictor of poor prognosis and poor OS, as indicated by both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Additionally, a nomogram was constructed to improve the accuracy of survival predictions in LUAD patients. We also found that the two groups of patients might respond differently to immune targets and anti-tumor drugs. CPS1 was identified as a relevant diagnostic marker and the expression was also as confirmed by single-cell RNA sequencing data.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings suggest that vitamin metabolism can influence the prognosis of LUAD patients, and our prognostic signature represents a potentially helpful resource for predicting patient outcomes and informing clinical decision-making.

Identification of crucial inflammaging related risk factors in multiple sclerosis

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system. Studies have shown that the inflammation is vital to both the onset and progression of MS, where aging plays a key role in it. However, the potential mechanisms on how aging-related inflammation (inflammaging) promotes MS have not been fully understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need to integrate the underlying mechanisms between inflammaging and MS, where meaningful prediction models are needed.

Methods

First, both aging and disease models were developed using machine learning methods, respectively. Then, an integrated inflammaging model was used to identify relative risk factors, by identifying essential "aging-inflammation-disease" triples. Finally, a series of bioinformatics analyses (including network analysis, enrichment analysis, sensitivity analysis, and pan-cancer analysis) were further used to explore the potential mechanisms between inflammaging and MS.

Results

A series of risk factors were identified, such as the protein homeostasis, cellular homeostasis, neurodevelopment and energy metabolism. The inflammaging indices were further validated in different cancer types. Therefore, various risk factors were integrated, and even both the theories of inflammaging and immunosenescence were further confirmed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study systematically investigated the potential relationships between inflammaging and MS through a series of computational approaches, and could present a novel thought for other aging-related diseases.

Species-level characterization of saliva and dental plaque microbiota reveals putative bacterial and functional biomarkers of periodontal diseases in dogs

Periodontal diseases are among the most common bacterial-related pathologies affecting the oral cavity of dogs. Nevertheless, the canine oral ecosystem and its correlations with oral disease development are still far from being fully characterized. In this study, the species-level taxonomic composition of saliva and dental plaque microbiota of 30 healthy dogs was investigated through a shallow shotgun metagenomics approach. The obtained data allowed not only to define the most abundant and prevalent bacterial species of the oral microbiota in healthy dogs, including members of the genera Corynebacterium and Porphyromonas, but also to identify the presence of distinct compositional motifs in the two oral microniches as well as taxonomical differences between dental plaques collected from anterior and posterior teeth. Subsequently, the salivary and dental plaque microbiota of 18 dogs affected by chronic gingival inflammation and 18 dogs with periodontitis were compared to those obtained from the healthy dogs. This analysis allowed the identification of bacterial and metabolic biomarkers correlated with a specific clinical status, including members of the genera Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium as microbial biomarkers of a healthy and diseased oral status, respectively, and genes predicted to encode for metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties as metabolic biomarkers of a healthy status.

Qingfei mixture modulates the immune responses in lung cancer through modulating mTOR signaling and gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids

Lung cancer ranks among the primary contributors to cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. Multiple research investigations have demonstrated that there exists a dysbiosis within the intestinal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is linked with immune responses in lung cancer. Qingfei mixture (QFM) has been widely used in treating lung cancer, yet the active ingredients and roles of the QFM on immune responses by targeting gut microbiota remain to be elucidated. The chemical constituents of QFM were qualitatively examined by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Additionally, we evaluated the therapeutic impact of the organic substance QFM on lung cancer, aiming to elucidate its mechanisms for improving the tumor-immune microenvironment. Herein, we constructed a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-bearing mice model with QFM treatment to observe tumor growth and immune cell changes. Then, the feces were collected and a combinatory study using metagenomes, non-targeted metabonomics, and targeted metabonomics of SCFAs was performed. In vitro experiments have been conducted to estimate the roles of acetate and sodium propionate in CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we treated tumor-bearing mice with QFM, QFM + MHY1485 (an mTOR activator), and QFM + an antibiotic mixture (ABX) to explore the potential therapeutic benefit of regulation of the tumor microenvironment. A total of 96 compounds were obtained from QFM by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Besides, the findings demonstrated that QFM exhibited significant efficacy against lung cancer, manifesting in reduced tumor growth and improved immune responses. In investigating its mechanisms, we integrated gut microbiota sequencing and fecal metabolomics, revealing that QFM effectively restored disruptions in gut microbiota and SCFAs in mice with lung cancer. QFM, acetate, or sodium propionate contributed to the up-regulation of IFN-γ, Gzms-B, perforin, IL-17, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α expressions and decreased HDAC and IL-10 levels in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MHY1485 and ABX weakened the effects of QFM on immunomodulation. Collectively, these results suggest that QFM may facilitate immune responses in the LLC-bearing mice via regulating the gut microbiota-derived SCFAs at least partially through targeting the mTOR signaling pathway.

Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the serum of patients with tick-borne encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a common virus in Europe and Asia, causing around 10,000 to 10,500 infections annually. It affects the central nervous system and poses threats to public health. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of TBE pathogenesis are not yet fully understood due to the complex interactions between the virus and its host. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to characterize the serum metabolome and proteome of adult patients infected with TBEV, in comparison to a control group of healthy individuals. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to monitor metabolic and proteomic alternations throughout the progression of the disease, significant physiological changes associated with different stages of the disease were identified. A total of 44 proteins and 115 metabolites exhibited significantly alternations in the sera of patients diagnosed with TBE. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses of these metabolites and proteins revealed differential enrichment of genes associated with the extracellular matrix, complement binding, hemostasis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism between TBE patients and healthy controls. We gained valuable understanding of the specific metabolites implicated in the host's responses to TBE, establishing a basis for further research on TBE disease. SIGNIFICANCE: The current investigation revealed a comprehensive and systematic differences on TBE using LC-MS platform from human serum samples of TBE patients and healthy individuals providing the immune response to the invasion of TBE.

Managing Undernutrition in Pediatric Oncology: A Consensus Statement Developed Using the Delphi Method by the Polish Society for Clinical Nutrition of Children and the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology

"Managing Undernutrition in Pediatric Oncology" is a collaborative consensus statement of the Polish Society for Clinical Nutrition of Children and the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology. The early identification and accurate management of malnutrition in children receiving anticancer treatment are crucial components to integrate into comprehensive medical care. Given the scarcity of high-quality literature on this topic, a consensus statement process was chosen over other approaches, such as guidelines, to provide comprehensive recommendations. Nevertheless, an extensive literature review using the PubMed database was conducted. The following terms, namely pediatric, childhood, cancer, pediatric oncology, malnutrition, undernutrition, refeeding syndrome, nutritional support, and nutrition, were used. The consensus was reached through the Delphi method. Comprehensive recommendations aim to identify malnutrition early in children with cancer and optimize nutritional interventions in this group. The statement underscores the importance of baseline and ongoing assessments of nutritional status and the identification of the risk factors for malnutrition development, and it presents tools that can be used to achieve these goals. This consensus statement establishes a standardized approach to nutritional support, aiming to optimize outcomes in pediatric cancer patients.

Vitamin Nutritional Status in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: A Narrative Review

Due to the high mortality rate in Western countries, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the big killers, leaving patients and their families with little hope upon diagnosis. Although surgical and drug therapies are critical for cancer patients to improve life expectancy and alleviation of suffering, nutrition plays a key role in improving cancer treatment outcomes. This narrative review, conducted as part of the activities of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition (SINU) working group in oncology, focuses on the prevalence of vitamin malnutrition among pancreatic cancer patients. The results of the literature search show that pancreatic cancer patients are at a heightened risk of water-soluble vitamin deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B1, B3, and B6. Additionally, they also face an increased risk of deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins. Among these vitamins, the potential role of vitamin D in pancreatic cancer has garnered the most attention, with its plasma levels being identified as a significant factor in patient survival. Investigating vitamin nutritional status could provide valuable insights for incorporating nutritional approaches into the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer, thereby reducing the exacerbation of symptoms associated with the diagnosis.

Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2021

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the dietary intake of vitamin B complex (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) and cervical cancer in Korea.

METHODS

The data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed, which included 28,306 participants who were categorized into non-cervical cancer and cervical cancer groups. The following dietary intake threshold levels of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin were identified based on the recommended daily allowances (RDAs): thiamine, 1.1 mg/day; riboflavin, 1.2 mg/day; and niacin, 14 mg/day.

RESULTS

Among 28,306 participants, 27,976 were in the non-cervical cancer group and 330 were in the cervical cancer group. Riboflavin intakes of more than 1.2 mg/day but less than 2.4 mg/day were associated with a significantly reduced risk of cervical cancer, whereas intakes of above 2.4 mg/day were not associated with cervical cancer. Thiamine and niacin intakes were not significantly related to the risk of cervical cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that an intake of riboflavin of 1.2-2.4 mg/day may contribute to a lower risk of cervical cancer.

A novel automated multi-cycle magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled to LC-MS/MS to study the disorders of six functional B vitamins in patients with gastroenterology and hyperhomocysteinemia

B vitamins are essential for human life and their disorders can cause a variety of diseases. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC-MS/MS is a preferred technique for determining multiple B vitamins, however, their complexity in real biological matrices makes it hard to achieve satisfactory recovery and accuracy when simultaneous detection. In this study, a novel automated multi-cycle magnetic SPE (MSPE) coupled to the LC-MS/MS method was established using a mixed-mode anion exchange magnetic adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of six functional B vitamins, including methylmalonic acid, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, 4-pyridoxic acid, folic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. After three consecutive MSPE cycles, the recoveries of all analytes were between 51.5% and 89.6%. The method exhibited excellent sensitivity and linearity, with a dynamic range of 200-fold (R > 0.99 for all analytes), exceptional accuracy (ranging between 95.4% and 105.6%) and precision (with RSDs ≤ 6.2%) without significant matrix effects or interferences. Compared to manual SPE method, the automated multi-cycle MSPE method has better feasibility and greater vitamin coverage. It shows a high correlation with the manual method for the detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folate (R > 0.99). A study of patients from the gastroenterology department showed that those undergoing surgery and those with malignancies may be at risk of folate deficiency. In addition, patients with hyperhomocystinemia had higher levels of methylmalonic acid and lower levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which correlated with homocysteine levels (R = 0.404 and -0.311, respectively) and showed dose-response relationships. This method is highly automated and cost-effective, with minimal systematic error, making it suitable for the analysis of clinical samples.

Safety and efficacy of vitamin B in cancer treatments: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

With rising rates of complementary and alternative medicine use, the exploration of complementary and alternative medicine integration into oncology treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. Vitamin B compounds including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12, have all been proposed as potentially beneficial in cancer prevention and treatment as well as side effect management; however, many studies contain contradicting evidence regarding the utility of B vitamins within oncology. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Vitamin B supplementation in the oncology setting.

DESIGN

A systematic review was conducted following The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Reviews guidelines, using pre-specified search terms in PubMed to include randomized control trials, clinical trials, and case studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion, with a third reviewer resolving conflicts, before the included articles underwent data extraction and quality appraisal. Data extraction was conducted through COVIDENCE, which was used to manage and track the data during the search process.

RESULTS

Out of 694 articles initially identified, 25 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Designs of the studies varied, including randomized control trials, clinical trials, and case/cohort studies. The impact of vitamin supplementation on cancer risk varied. Several studies found that certain B vitamin supplementation lowered cancer risk: B9 and B6 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n  =  1200 patients) and in pancreatic cancer (n  =  258 patients); B3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (n  =  494,860 patients); B6 in breast cancer (n  =  27,853 patients); and B9 in BRCA1-positive breast cancer (n  =  400 patients). However, some studies found that certain B vitamin supplementation increased the risk or negative outcomes of cancer: B6 during nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment (n  =  592 patients); B6 in risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (n  =  494,860 patients); and B9 plasma levels in breast cancer (n  =  164 patients). Due to the many adverse effects that occur in cancer treatment, the effectiveness of Vitamin B supplementation in alleviating adverse effects was evaluated. In two separate studies, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 supplementation with acupuncture was found to be effective as adjunct therapies aimed to reduce chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (n  =  23 patients and n  =  104 patients, respectively). No significant findings were established regarding B vitamin supplementation in chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS

In this systematic review we concluded that B vitamin supplements have varying data regarding safety and efficacy in cancer. Taking into account the etiology of the cancer, the specific B-vitamin, and the presence of any side effects could help guide utilization of the data found in this review. Large, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings among various cancer diagnoses and stages. Given the widespread utilization of supplements, healthcare providers should understand the safety and efficacy of vitamin B supplementation to address questions that arise in caring for those with cancer.

Consumption of non-antibacterial drugs may have negative impact on Helicobacter pylori colonization in the stomach

Background

Nineteen non-antibacterials were examined to show that their consumption for treatment of other diseases may inhibit Helicobacter pylori. Four antibiotics were used for comparison.

Materials and methods

Agar dilution method was used to examine the susceptibility of 20 H. pylori isolates to 4 antibiotics; metronidazole (MTZ), clarithromycin (CLR), amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TET) and 19 non-antibacterials; proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2-blockers, bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), antifungals, statins, acetaminophen (ACE), aspirin (ASA), B-vitamins (B-Vits; Vit B1, Vit B6 and Vit Bcomplex) and vitamin C (Vit C). Blood agar plates were prepared with different concentrations of drugs and spot-inoculated with bacterial suspensions. Plates were incubated at 37 °C under microaerobic conditions and examined after 3-5 days. The isolate #20 that was mucoid and resistant to 19 drugs, including MTZ and SMV was tested against combined MTZ (8 μg/mL) and SMV (100 μg/mL). Results were analyzed statistically.

Results

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, μg/mL) of drugs and the frequency of susceptible H. pylori were determined as MTZ (8, 80%), CLR (2, 90%), AMX (1, 100%), TET (0.5, 70%), PPIs (8-128, 80%), H2-blockers (2000-8000, 75-80%), BSS (15, 85%), antifungals (64-256, 30-80%), statins (100-250, 35-90%), ACE (40, 75%), ASA (800, 75%), B-Vits (5000-20000, 80-100%) and Vit C (2048, 85%). Susceptibility of H. pylori isolates to 16 out of 19 non-antimicrobials (75-100%) was almost similar to those of antibiotics (70-100%) (P-value >0.05). The highest susceptibility rate (100%) belonged to Vit B1, Vit B6 and AMX. Out of 20 H. pylori isolates, 17 (85%) were susceptible to ≥13 non-antimicrobials and 3 (15%) were susceptible to < 13 (P-value <0.05). Mucoid H. pylori showed susceptibility to combination of MTZ and SMV.

Conclusions

Most of non-antibacterials inhibited H. pylori isolates, similar to antibiotics but their MICs exceeded those of antibiotics and their plasma concentrations. At low plasma concentration, non-antimicrobials may act as weak antibacterials, antibiotic adjuvants and immunostimulators.

Association of vitamins B1 and B2 intake with early-onset sarcopenia in the general adult population of the US: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data from 2011 to 2018

Background

Early-onset sarcopenia refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that occurs at an early age. This condition perpetuates the vicious cycle of muscle loss and is associated with adverse outcomes. It is important to identify the contributing factors for early intervention and prevention. While diet is known to impact muscle mass, the association of B vitamins with early-onset sarcopenia remains unexplored.

Objectives

To investigate the association of B vitamins intake with early-onset sarcopenia risk in a cross-sectional study.

Methods

We conducted data analysis on a total of 8,711 participants aged between 20 and 59 years who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018. Early-onset sarcopenia was defined as a SMI measured by DXA that was one standard deviation below the sex-specific mean of the reference population. B vitamins intake (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, and B12) was assessed by 24-h dietary recall. We used weighted multiple logistic regression and RCS models to estimate the OR and 95% CI of sarcopenia by B vitamins intake, adjusting for demographic, physical, lifestyle, comorbidities, and nutritional covariates.

Results

Higher intake of vitamin B1 was associated with a 22% lower sarcopenia risk (OR = 0.78, CI = 0.63-0.97, p = 0.022), and higher intake of vitamin B2 with a 16% lower risk (OR = 0.84, CI = 0.74-0.97, p = 0.012) in both genders. Gender-specific analyses showed a 28% reduction in sarcopenia risk among males with each additional mg of vitamin B1 intake (OR = 0.72, CI = 0.52-0.97, p = 0.038), and a 26% decrease among females with each additional mg of vitamin B2 intake (OR = 0.74, CI = 0.57-0.96, p = 0.021). No significant differences were found between vitamin B2 and males, or between vitamin B1 and females. The RCS model suggested a nonlinear relationship between vitamin B2 intake and sarcopenia risk (POverall = 0.001, PNonlinear = 0.033), with a plateau effect above 3 mg/d.

Conclusion

Higher intake of vitamin B1 and B2 may lower the risk of early-onset sarcopenia, with gender differences. This suggests the potential of nutritional intervention by increasing these vitamins intake through diet and supplements. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and design targeted interventions.

Change in function and homeostasis of HPA axis: The role of vitamin family

With the improvement of living quality, people pay more and more attention to vitamin supplements. The vitamins in the daily diet can meet the needs of the body. Whether additional vitamin supplementation is necessary still needs to be further explored. Many studies have reported that vitamin deficiency and excessive vitamin supplementation could lead to abnormal development in the body or increase the risk of diseases. Here, we summarize the abnormal levels of vitamins can cause the homeostasis imbalance of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by affecting its development and function. It can lead to abnormal synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoid in the body, which mediates the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases and psychoneurotic diseases. In addition, vitamin has a strong antioxidant effect, which can eliminate oxygen free radicals. Thereby, vitamins can alter HPA axis function and homeostasis maintenance by combating oxidative stress. This review provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the role of abnormal levels of vitamin in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases and its intervention strategy, and also provides reference value and guiding significance for rational use of vitamins.

Christensenella minuta interacts with multiple gut bacteria

Introduction

Gut microbes form complex networks that significantly influence host health and disease treatment. Interventions with the probiotic bacteria on the gut microbiota have been demonstrated to improve host well-being. As a representative of next-generation probiotics, Christensenella minuta (C. minuta) plays a critical role in regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis in human bodies, showing potential in treating metabolic disorders and reducing inflammation. However, interactions of C. minuta with the members of the networked gut microbiota have rarely been explored.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the impact of C. minuta on fecal microbiota via metagenomic sequencing, focusing on retrieving bacterial strains and coculture assays of C. minuta with associated microbial partners.

Results

Our results showed that C. minuta intervention significantly reduced the diversity of fecal microorganisms, but specifically enhanced some groups of bacteria, such as Lactobacillaceae. C. minuta selectively enriched bacterial pathways that compensated for its metabolic defects on vitamin B1, B12, serine, and glutamate synthesis. Meanwhile, C. minuta cross-feeds Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and other bacteria via the production of arginine, branched-chain amino acids, fumaric acids and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic. Both metagenomic data analysis and culture experiments revealed that C. minuta negatively correlated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14 other bacterial taxa, while positively correlated with F. prausnitzii. Our results advance our comprehension of C. minuta's in modulating the gut microbial network.

Conclusions

C. minuta disrupts the composition of the fecal microbiota. This disturbance is manifested through cross-feeding, nutritional competition, and supplementation of its own metabolic deficiencies, resulting in the specific enrichment or inhibition of the growth of certain bacteria. This study will shed light on the application of C. minuta as a probiotic for effective interventions on gut microbiomes and improvement of host health.

Multi-omics analysis on the mechanism of the effect of Isatis leaf on the growth performance of fattening sheep

Introduction

This study evaluated the effects of Isatis Leaf (ISL) on the growth performance, gastrointestinal tissue morphology, rumen and intestinal microbiota, rumen, serum and urine metabolites, and rumen epithelial tissue transcriptome of fattening sheep.

Methods

Twelve 3.5-month-old healthy fattening sheep were randomly divided into two groups, each with 6 replicates, and fed with basal diet (CON) and basal diet supplemented with 80 g/kg ISL for 2.5 months. Gastrointestinal tract was collected for histological analysis, rumen fluid and feces were subjected to metagenomic analysis, rumen fluid, serum, and urine for metabolomics analysis, and rumen epithelial tissue for transcriptomics analysis.

Results

The results showed that in the ISL group, the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of fattening sheep were significantly lower than those of the CON group (P < 0.05), and the rumen ammonia nitrogen level was significantly higher than that of the CON group (P < 0.01). The thickness of the reticulum and abomasum muscle layer was significantly increased (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the addition of ISL modified the composition of rumen and fecal microorganisms, and the relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter and Centipeda was significantly upregulated in rumen microorganisms, The relative abundance of Butyrivibrio, Saccharofermentans, Mogibacterium, and Pirellula was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). In fecal microorganisms, the relative abundance of Papillibacter, Pseudoflavonifractor, Butyricicoccus, Anaerovorax, and Methanocorpusculum was significantly upregulated, while the relative abundance of Roseburia, Coprococcus, Clostridium XVIII, Butyrivibrio, Parasutterella, Macellibacteroides, and Porphyromonas was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). There were 164, 107, and 77 different metabolites in the rumen, serum, and urine between the ISL and CON groups (P < 0.05). The differential metabolic pathways mainly included thiamine metabolism, niacin and nicotinamide metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, taurine and taurine metabolism, beta-Alanine metabolism and riboflavin metabolism. These metabolic pathways were mainly involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and immune function in fattening sheep. Transcriptome sequencing showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in cellular physiological processes, development, and immune regulation.

Conclusion

In summary, the addition of ISL to the diet had the effect of increasing rumen ammonia nitrogen levels, regulating gastrointestinal microbiota, promoting body fat metabolism, and enhancing immunity in fattening sheep.

B-Group Vitamins as Potential Prebiotic Candidates: Their Effects on the Human Gut Microbiome

In recent years, thousands of studies have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiome for human health and its relationship with certain diseases. The search for new gut microbiome modulators has thus become an objective to beneficially alter the gut microbiome composition and/or metabolic activity, which may modify intestinal physiology. Growing evidence has shown that B-group vitamins might be considered as potential candidates as gut microbiome modulators. However, the relationship between the B-group vitamins and the gut microbiome remains largely unexplored. Studies have suggested that non-absorbed B-group vitamins administered orally can reach the distal intestine or even the colon where these vitamins may have potential health benefits for the host. Clinical trials supporting this effect are still limited. In this review, we discuss evidence regarding the modulatory effects of B-group vitamins on the gut microbiome with a focus on their potential role as prebiotic candidates.

Vitamin B6 Competition in the Tumor Microenvironment Hampers Antitumor Functions of NK Cells

Nutritional factors play crucial roles in immune responses. The tumor-caused nutritional deficiencies are known to affect antitumor immunity. Here, we demonstrate that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells can suppress NK-cell cytotoxicity by restricting the accessibility of vitamin B6 (VB6). PDAC cells actively consume VB6 to support one-carbon metabolism, and thus tumor cell growth, causing VB6 deprivation in the tumor microenvironment. In comparison, NK cells require VB6 for intracellular glycogen breakdown, which serves as a critical energy source for NK-cell activation. VB6 supplementation in combination with one-carbon metabolism blockage effectively diminishes tumor burden in vivo. Our results expand the understanding of the critical role of micronutrients in regulating cancer progression and antitumor immunity, and open new avenues for developing novel therapeutic strategies against PDAC.

SIGNIFICANCE

The nutrient competition among the different tumor microenvironment components drives tumor growth, immune tolerance, and therapeutic resistance. PDAC cells demand a high amount of VB6, thus competitively causing NK-cell dysfunction. Supplying VB6 with blocking VB6-dependent one-carbon metabolism amplifies the NK-cell antitumor immunity and inhibits tumor growth in PDAC models. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 5.

Significance of Vitamin Supplementation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a serious pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, caused significant lockdowns, healthcare shortages, and deaths worldwide. The infection leads to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response causing severe respiratory distress and multiple-organ failure. Quick development of several vaccines efficiently controlled the spread of COVID-19. However, the rise of various new subvariants of COVID-19 demonstrated some concerns over the efficacy of existing vaccines. Currently, better vaccines to control these variants are still under development as several new subvariants of COVID-19, such as omicron BA-4, BA-5, and BF-7 are still impacting the world. Few antiviral treatments have been shown to control COVID-19 symptoms. Further, control of COVID-19 symptoms has been explored with many natural and synthetic adjuvant compounds in hopes of treating the deadly and contagious disease. Vitamins have been shown to modulate the immune system, function as antioxidants, and reduce the inflammatory response. Recent studies have investigated the potential role of vitamins, specifically vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, in reducing the immune and inflammatory responses and severity of the complication. In this brief article, we discussed our current understanding of the role of vitamins in controlling COVID-19 symptoms and their potential use as adjuvant therapy.

Dual functional roles of nutritional additives in nutritional fortification and safety of thermally processed food: Potential, limitations, and perspectives

The Maillard reaction (MR) has been established to be a paramount contributor to the characteristic sensory property of thermally processed food products. Meanwhile, MR also gives rise to myriads of harmful byproducts (HMPs) (e.g., advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and acrylamide). Nutritional additives have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their potential to simultaneously improve nutritional quality and attenuate HMP formation. In this manuscript, a brief overview of various nutritional additives (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids, dietary fibers, and miscellaneous micronutrients) in heat-processed food is provided, followed by a summary of the formation mechanisms of AGEs and acrylamide highlighting the potential crosstalk between them. The main body of the manuscript is on the capability of nutritional additives to modulate AGE and acrylamide formation besides their traditional roles as nutritional enhancers. Finally, limitations/concerns associated with their use to attenuate dietary exposure to HMPs and future perspectives are discussed. Literature data support that through careful control of the addition levels, certain nutritional additives possess promising potential for simultaneous improvement of nutritional value and reduction of AGE and acrylamide content via multiple action mechanisms. Nonetheless, there are some major concerns that may limit their wide applications for achieving such dual functions, including influence on sensory properties of food products, potential overestimation of nutrition enhancement, and introduction of hazardous alternative reaction products or derivatives. These could be overcome through comprehensive assay of dose-response relationships and systematic evaluation of the diverse combinations from the same and/or different categories of nutritional additives to establish synergistic mixtures.

Cancer Prevention and Treatment Based on Lifestyles

Cancer morbidity and mortality incidence are rapidly increasing over the period of time. Cancer prevention, alongside innovative therapies and earlier detection, is considered a key strategy for reducing the overall cancer burden. Substantial evidence indicates a clear correlation between lifestyle factors and changes in nutrient metabolism. Approximately 5-10% of all cancer cases are attributed to genetic factors, whereas 90-95% are due to environmental and lifestyle factors, suggesting that lifestyle interventions have significant prospects for preventing various cancers. Healthy lifestyle changes, in particular healthy diets, physical activity, staying at a healthy weight, reduction or elimination of tobacco/alcohol consumption, and avoiding exposure to radiation and other carcinogens, are significant factors to be considered to tackle the challenges associated with cancer in modern society. This chapter aims to provide lifestyle intervention strategies to improve cancer prevention and risk reduction while promoting the health of cancer patients. The therapeutic role of some dietary regimens and supplements, as well as complementary and alternative health approaches, in cancer treatment is also discussed.

A robust method for simultaneous determination of eight B vitamins in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

The level of vitamin B group in human serum is an important index of human health. Among B vitamins, cyanocobalamin in serum is unstable and its content is extremely low. Rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple B vitamins including cyanocobalamin is a challenge. Herein, we have developed a rapid and stable method that can realize the determination of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxic acid, biotin, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and cyanocobalamin simultaneously in 6 min. The method was established based on protein precipitation with methanol and then chromatographic separation was achieved using Waters acquity ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high strength silica T3 column, which was stable and sensitive especially for cyanocobalamin. Limit of quantification, precision, trueness, and matrix effect were validated according to the European Medicines Agency and United States Food and Drug guidelines and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines on bioanalytical method. The limit of quantification for thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxic acid, biotin, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and cyanocobalamin was 0.4, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0, 0.4, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.04 ng/mL separately, respectively. Intra- and interday precisions were 1.1%-12.4% and 2.0%-13.5%, respectively. The relative errors were between 0.3% and 13.3%, and the matrix effects were between 2.6% and 10.4%.

Microbes mediated immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is one of the 12 distinct cell death forms, which can trigger immune system to fight against cancer cells. During ICD, a number of cellular changes occur that can stimulate an immune response, including the release of molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), signaling to immune cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. By virtue of their pivotal role in immune surveillance, ICD-based drug development has been a new approach to explore novel therapeutic combinations and personalized strategies in cancer therapy. Several small molecules and microbes can induce ICD-relevant signals and cause cancer cell death. In this review, we highlighted the role of microbe-mediate ICD in cancer immunotherapy and described the mechanisms through which microbes might serve as ICD inducers in cancer treatment. We also discussed current attempts to combine microbes with chemotherapy regimens or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of cancer patients. We surmise that manipulation of microbes may guide personalized therapeutic interventions to facilitate anticancer immune response.

The impact of three carbapenems at a single-day dose on intestinal colonization resistance against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

IMPORTANCE

The intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is an important source of clinical infection. Our research showed that even single-day dose use of carbapenems caused CRKP colonization and continuous bacterial shedding, which reminds clinical doctors to prescribe carbapenems cautiously. Whenever possible, ertapenem should be the preferred choice over other carbapenems especially when the identified or highly suspected pathogens can be effectively targeted by ertapenem.

Label-free detection of vitamin B by two-step enhanced Raman technique using dynamic borohydride-reduced silver nanoparticles

A creatively designed novel two-step enhancement technique is presented in which B vitamin molecules are dynamically adsorbed onto the surface of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride, followed by local plasmon resonance in the presence of cations (calcium ions), ultimately achieving synergistic chemical and physical enhancement on the same molecule and constructing a "surface hot spots" two-step enhancement platform for vitamin detection. The Raman signal of the promoted vitamin molecule is enhanced by nine orders of magnitude. In a subsequent study it was observed that the vitamin B2 molecules were in a near-vertical image on the surface of the silver nanoparticles, which may also contribute to the Raman signal enhancement. Combined with deep learning techniques, the method has been successfully applied to the detection of B vitamins in body fluids. As an accurate, rapid, reproducible, non-invasive, and versatile assay platform, it holds great promise for the intelligent identification of trace B molecules in food, pharmaceuticals, and the human body.

Edible Insects: A New Sustainable Nutritional Resource Worth Promoting

Edible insects are a highly nutritious source of protein and are enjoyed by people all over the world. Insects contain various other nutrients and beneficial compounds, such as lipids, vitamins and minerals, chitin, phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial peptides, which contribute to good health. The practice of insect farming is far more resource-efficient compared to traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, requiring less land, energy, and water, and resulting in a significantly lower carbon footprint. In fact, insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient than animals in converting low-protein feed into protein. When it comes to protein production per unit area, insect farming only requires about one-eighth of the land needed for beef production. Moreover, insect farming generates minimal waste, as insects can consume food and biomass that would otherwise go to waste, contributing to a circular economy that promotes resource recycling and reuse. Insects can be fed with agricultural waste, such as unused plant stems and food scraps. Additionally, the excrement produced by insects can be used as fertilizer for crops, completing the circular chain. Despite the undeniable sustainability and nutritional benefits of consuming insects, widespread acceptance of incorporating insects into our daily diets still has a long way to go. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional value of edible insects, the development of farming and processing technologies, and the problems faced in the marketing of edible insect products and insect foods to improve the reference for how people choose edible insects.

Natural products derived from medicinal plants and microbes might act as a game-changer in breast cancer: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent neoplasm among women. Genetic and environmental factors lead to BC development and on this basis, several preventive - screening and therapeutic interventions have been developed. Hormones, both in the form of endogenous hormonal signaling or hormonal contraceptives, play an important role in BC pathogenesis and progression. On top of these, breast microbiota includes both species with an immunomodulatory activity enhancing the host's response against cancer cells and species producing proinflammatory cytokines associated with BC development. Identification of novel multitargeted therapeutic agents with poly-pharmacological potential is a dire need to combat advanced and metastatic BC. A growing body of research has emphasized the potential of natural compounds derived from medicinal plants and microbial species as complementary BC treatment regimens, including dietary supplements and probiotics. In particular, extracts from plants such as Artemisia monosperma Delile, Origanum dayi Post, Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny, Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson and metabolites extracted from microbes such as Deinococcus radiodurans and Streptomycetes strains as well as probiotics like Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus brevis MK05 have exhibited antitumor effects in the form of antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity, increase in tumors' chemosensitivity, antioxidant activity and modulation of BC - associated molecular pathways. Further, bioactive compounds like 3,3'-diindolylmethane, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, rutin, resveratrol, lycopene, sulforaphane, silibinin, rosmarinic acid, and shikonin are of special interest for the researchers and clinicians because these natural agents have multimodal action and act via multiple ways in managing the BC and most of these agents are regularly available in our food and fruit diets. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that such products had major potential in enhancing the effectiveness of conventional antitumor agents and decreasing their side effects. We here provide a comprehensive review of the therapeutic effects and mechanistic underpinnings of medicinal plants and microbial metabolites in BC management. The future perspectives on the translation of these findings to the personalized treatment of BC are provided and discussed.

Pathogenesis and treatment of depression: Role of diet in prevention and therapy

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in depression, which is related to, among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression can be fatal if not treated or if treated inappropriately. Depression is the leading cause of suicide attempts. The disease is multifactorial, and pharmacotherapy often fails to bring satisfactory results. Therefore, increasingly more importance is attached to the natural healing substances and nutrients in food, which can significantly affect the therapy process and prevention of depressive disorders. A proper diet is vital to preventing depression and can be a valuable addition to psychological and pharmacologic treatment. An inadequate diet may reduce the effectiveness of antidepressants or increase their side effects, leading to life-threatening symptoms. This study aimed to review the literature on the pathogenesis of the development and treatment of depression, with particular emphasis on dietary supplements and the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders.

The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in humans

Thiamine (thiamin, B1) is a vitamin necessary for proper cell function. It exists in a free form as a thiamine, or as a mono-, di- or triphosphate. Thiamine plays a special role in the body as a coenzyme necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition, it participates in the cellular respiration and oxidation of fatty acids: in malnourished people, high doses of glucose result in acute thiamine deficiency. It also participates in energy production in the mitochondria and protein synthesis. In addition, it is also needed to ensure the proper functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Its deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, lactate and pyruvate accumulation, and consequently to focal thalamic degeneration, manifested as Wernicke's encephalopathy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. It can also lead to severe or even fatal neurologic and cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, neuropathy leading to ataxia and paralysis, confusion, or delirium. The most common risk factor for thiamine deficiency is alcohol abuse. This paper presents current knowledge of the biological functions of thiamine, its antioxidant properties, and the effects of its deficiency in the body.

Reproductive-dependent effects of B vitamin deficiency on lifespan and physiology

B vitamins constitute essential micronutrients in animal organisms, executing crucial roles in numerous biological processes. B vitamin deficiency can result in severe health consequences, including the impairment of reproductive functions and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. However, the understanding of how reproduction alters the requirements of each individual B vitamins for healthy aging and lifespan remains limited. Here, utilizing Drosophila as a model organism, we revealed the substantial impacts of deficiencies in specific B vitamins on lifespan and diverse physiological functions, with the effects being significantly shaped by reproductive status. Notably, the dietary absence of VB1, VB3, VB5, VB6, or VB7 significantly decreased the lifespan of wild-type females, yet demonstrated relatively little effect on ovoD1 infertile mutant females' lifespan. B vitamin deficiencies also resulted in distinct impacts on the reproduction, starvation tolerance and fat metabolism of wild-type females, though no apparent effects were observed in the infertile mutant females. Moreover, a deficiency in VB1 reshaped the impacts of macronutrient intervention on the physiology and lifespan of fertile females in a reproductive-dependent manner. Overall, our study unravels that the reproductive status of females serves as a critical modulator of the lifespan and physiological alterations elicited by B-vitamin deficiencies.

Mental Health Component Scale Is Positively Associated with Riboflavin Intake in People with Central Obesity

Micronutrient deficiencies are a well-established fact in obesity. However, few studies exist on the relationship between micronutrient intake and mental health. In this study, we investigated the associations between daily intakes of vitamins and minerals and scoring items that measure mental health in people living with central obesity. One hundred males and females with central obesity and metabolic abnormalities were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. Mental health statuses were assessed with validated questionnaires, and daily micronutrient intakes were assessed with food diaries and Nutritionist ProTM software v7.9. The mental component score (MCS-12) positively correlated with vitamin A (Rho = 0.249, p = 0.038), vitamin C (Rho = 0.293, p = 0.014), riboflavin (Rho = 0.264, p = 0.026), and folate (Rho = 0.238, p = 0.046). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) correlated with sodium (Rho = 0.269, p = 0.026), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) correlated with chromium (Rho = 0.313, p = 0.009). In the regression analysis, after potential confounders were adjusted for, only riboflavin was positively associated with the MCS-12 log (beta ± SD = 0.047 ± 0.023, p = 0.044). Our study provides evidence of the link between dietary riboflavin and mental health in people with obesity, and it highlights the importance of monitoring both nutritional status and mental health when managing obesity.

Synergistic Responses of Tibetan Sheep Rumen Microbiota, Metabolites, and the Host to the Plateau Environment

Plateau adaptation in animals involves genetic mechanisms as well as coevolutionary mechanisms of the microbiota and metabolome of the animal. Therefore, the characteristics of the rumen microbiome and metabolome, transcriptome, and serum metabolome of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes (4500 m, 3500 m, and 2500 m) were analyzed. The results showed that the rumen differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, and there was a significant correlation with microbiota. The differentially expressed genes and metabolites at middle and high altitudes were coenriched in asthma, arachidonic acid metabolism, and butanoate and propanoate metabolism. In addition, the serum differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and they were also related to microbiota. Further analysis revealed that rumen metabolites accounted for 7.65% of serum metabolites. These common metabolites were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and were significantly correlated with host genes (p < 0.05). This study found that microbiota, metabolites, and epithelial genes were coenriched in pathways related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and immune metabolism, which may be involved in the regulation of Tibetan sheep adaptation to plateau environmental changes.

Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations play a significant role in various types of cancers, serving as crucial regulators of folate levels in this process. Several studies have examined the effects of smoking and drinking on MTHFR-related cancers, yielding inconsistent results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the effects of gene-smoking or gene-drinking interactions on cancer development. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wan Fang databases up until May 10th, 2022, to identify relevant articles that met our inclusion criteria. The extracted data from these studies were used to calculate the overall odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using either a fixed-effect or random-effect model in Stata version 11.2. Stratified analyses were performed based on ethnicity, control group origin, and cancer classification to assess the risk of cancers associated with gene-smoking or gene-drinking interactions. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed using the Begg's test and Egger's test. Additionally, regression analysis was employed to explore the influence of relevant variables on heterogeneity. To evaluate the statistical correlations, analytical methods such as the false-positive report probability and the Bayesian false discovery probability were applied to assess the reliability of the findings. In our meta-analysis, a total of 47 articles were included, comprising 13,701 cases and 21,995 controls for the C677T polymorphism and 5,149 cases and 8,450 controls for the A1298C polymorphism. The results indicated a significant association between C677T polymorphism and cancer risks when combined with smoking (CT + TT vs CC, OR [95% CI] = 1.225 [1.009-1.487], p = 0.041). Stratified analysis further revealed a significant increase in liver cancer risk for individuals with the C677T when combined with smoking (liver cancer: CT + TT vs CC, OR [95% CI] = 1.564 [1.014-2.413], p = 0.043), particularly among Asian smokers (CT + TT vs CC, OR [95% CI] = 1.292 [1.007-1.658], p = 0.044). Regarding the A1298C polymorphism, an elevated risk of cancer was observed in mixed populations alone (CC + AC vs AA, OR [95% CI] = 1.609 [1.087-2.381], p = 0.018), as well as when combined with smoking (CC + AC vs AA, OR [95% CI] = 1.531 [1.127-2.080], p = 0.006). In non-drinkers, C677T polymorphism was found to be associated with esophageal cancer risk (C677T: CT + TT vs CC, OR [95% CI] = 1.544 [1.011-2.359], p = 0.044) and colon cancer risk (CC + AC vs AA, OR [95% CI] = 1.877 [1.166-3.054], p = 0.010), but there was no clear link between this polymorphism and cancer risk among drinkers. The association between the C677T polymorphism and cancer risk among smokers was found to be significant, suggesting that the combination of tobacco and the C677T polymorphism may enhance the carcinogenic process, particularly in liver cancer. However, no similar relationship was observed for the A1298C polymorphism. Interestingly, significantly increased cancer risk was observed in individuals with C677T genetic variants who were nondrinkers, but not among drinkers. These findings highlight the potential role of the C677T polymorphism in modifying cancer risk in specific contexts, such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake in Children with Lung Disease

This review article aims to summarize the literature findings regarding the role of micronutrients in children with lung disease. The nutritional and respiratory statuses of critically ill children are interrelated, and malnutrition is commonly associated with respiratory failure. The most recent nutrition support guidelines for critically ill children have recommended an adequate macronutrient intake in the first week of admission due to its association with good outcomes. In children with lung disease, it is important not to exceed the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet to avoid increased carbon dioxide production and increased work of breathing, which potentially could delay the weaning of the ventilator. Indirect calorimetry can guide the process of estimating adequate caloric intake and adjusting the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet based on the results of the respiratory quotient. Micronutrients, including vitamins, trace elements, and others, have been shown to play a role in the structure and function of the immune system, antioxidant properties, and the production of antimicrobial proteins supporting the defense mechanisms against infections. Sufficient levels of micronutrients and adequate supplementation have been associated with better outcomes in children with lung diseases, including pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, bronchiolitis, and acute respiratory failure.

High-Dose Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Displays Strong Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Monocytes

Vitamin B6 is shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it an interesting nutraceutical agent. Vitamin B6 deficiency is well established as a contributor to inflammatory-related conditions, whilst B6 supplementation can reverse these inflammatory effects. There is less information available regarding the effects of high-dose vitamin B6 supplementation as a therapeutic agent. This study set out to examine the effects of high-dose vitamin B6 on an LPS-stimulated monocyte/macrophage cell population via an analysis of protein and gene expression using an RT2 profiler PCR array for Human Innate and Adaptive Immune responses. It was identified that high-dose vitamin B6 has a global anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in monocyte/macrophage cells by downregulating the key broad-spectrum inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCR4, CCR5, CXCR3, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-23-a, TNF-α, CSF2, DDX58, NLRP3, NOD1, NOD2, TLR-1 -2 -4 -5 -7 -8 -9, MYD88, C3, FOXP3, STAT1, STAT3, STAT6, LYZ, CASP-1, CD4, HLA-E, MAPK1, MAPK8 MPO, MX-1, NF-κβ, NF-κβ1A, CD14, CD40, CD40LG, CD86, Ly96, ICAM1, IRF3, ITGAM, and IFCAM2. The outcomes of this study show promise regarding vitamin B6 within the context of a potent broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory mediator and could prove useful as an adjunct treatment for inflammatory-related diseases.

Role of micronutrients in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease that includes ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and indeterminate colitis. Patients with IBD are often at risk for malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, due to dietary restrictions and poor intestinal absorption. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, play an important role in the human body's metabolism and maintenance of tissue functions. This article reviews the role of micronutrients in IBD. Micronutrients can affect the occurrence and progression of IBD by regulating immunity, intestinal flora, oxidative stress, intestinal barrier function, and other aspects. Monitoring and timely supplementation of micronutrients are important to delay progression and improve clinical symptoms in IBD patients.

Comparison of the effects of alpha lipoic acid and dexpanthenol in an experimental tracheal reconstruction animal model

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the positive effects of intraperitoneal administration of alpha-lipolic acid (ALA) and dexpanthenol (DXP) on wound healing after tracheal surgery in rats.

METHODS

The study was carried out at Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey, from January 2014-2019. A total of 30 healthy and adult Sprague-Dawley type female rats were included in the study. For the experiment, rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: ALA group (n=10), DXP group (n=10), and control group (n=10). After trachea surgery, 100 mg/kg/day ALA was given to group ALA and 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal DXP to group DXP for 15 days, and the rats were sacrificed on the 21st day. The excised tracheal sections were evaluated and graded for inflammatory cell infiltration, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and epithelial regeneration to evaluate wound healing.

RESULTS

Inflammation was found to be less in both the ALA and DXP groups. With the Mann-Whitney test, it was determined that inflammation was less in the ALA group than in the DXP group (C-D [p=0.097] and C-A [p=0.024]). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found in epithelial regeneration (p=0.574; >0.05), angiogenesis (p=0.174; >0.05), fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition (p=0.102; >0.05).

CONCLUSION

Alpha-lipolic acid injected intravenously after tracheal reconstruction in patients can prevent restenosis by reducing inflammation without adversely affecting wound healing.

Placebo-Controlled Trial of Daily Oral Cannabidiol as Adjunctive Treatment for Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis

A placebo-controlled study evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of a commercially available cannabidiol (CBD) oral formulation as an adjunctive treatment for pain management for feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS). CBD was included in a multimodal treatment routinely performed on client-owned cats with FCGS that were submitted to dental extractions. Twenty-two cats were consecutively included in the study. The first group was treated using a fixed dosage of 4 mg per cat every 12 h for 15 consecutive days, and the second received a placebo of similar features. Treatments began 2 h before dental extractions. Pain and disease severity were assessed at days 0 and 15 using the Composite Oral Pain Scale (COPS-C/F) and the Stomatitis Disease Activity Index score (SDAI). Weight, vital and biochemistry parameters, and analgesic reinforcement needs were also registered at the same time points. In the treated cats, blood was collected after 4, 8, and 12 h to determine CBD serum concentrations using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). After data analysis using mixed models, a significant improvement in the SDAI scores of cats medicated with CBD was found. The protocol is safe since severe adverse effects and biochemical changes were not observed during the treatment period. This study suggests that the cats benefited from this treatment.

Diet-mediated constitutive induction of novel IL-4+ ILC2 cells maintains intestinal homeostasis in mice

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) expressing IL-5 and IL-13 are localized at various mucosal tissues and play critical roles in the induction of type 2 inflammation, response to helminth infection, and tissue repair. Here, we reveal a unique ILC2 subset in the mouse intestine that constitutively expresses IL-4 together with GATA3, ST2, KLRG1, IL-17RB, and IL-5. In this subset, IL-4 expression is regulated by mechanisms similar to but distinct from those observed in T cells and is partly affected by IL-25 signaling. Although the absence of the microbiota had marginal effects, feeding mice with a vitamin B1-deficient diet compromised the number of intestinal IL-4+ ILC2s. The decrease in the number of IL-4+ ILC2s caused by the vitamin B1 deficiency was accompanied by a reduction in IL-25-producing tuft cells. Our findings reveal that dietary vitamin B1 plays a critical role in maintaining interaction between tuft cells and IL-4+ ILC2s, a previously uncharacterized immune cell population that may contribute to maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

B-vitamins and heat processed fermented starchy and vegetable foods in sub-Saharan Africa: A review

Micronutrient deficiency still occurs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite the availability of several food resources, particularly fermented foods and vegetables, with high nutritional potential. Fermentation enhances the quality of food in several aspects. Organoleptically, certain taste, aroma, and textures are developed. Health and safety are improved by inhibiting the growth of several foodborne pathogens and removing harmful toxic compounds. Furthermore, nutrition is enhanced by improving micronutrient contents and bioavailability from the food, especially vitamin B content. However, during processing and before final consumption, many fermented foods are heat treated (drying, pasteurization, cooking, etc.) to make the food digestible and safe for consumption. Heat treatment improves the bioavailability of B-vitamins in some foods. In other foods, heating decreases the nutritional value because some B-vitamins are degraded. In SSA, cooked starchy foods are often associated with vegetables in household meals. This paper reviews studies that have focused fermented starchy foods and vegetable foods in SSA with the potential to provide B-vitamins to consumers. The review also describes the process of the preparation of these foods for final consumption, and techniques that can prevent or lessen B-vitamin loss, or enrich B-vitamins prior to consumption.

Unraveling the Mechanisms of Ch-SeNP Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cells: Insights from Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics

Although chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (Ch-SeNPs) have emerged as a promising chemical form of selenium for anticancer purposes, gathering more profound knowledge related to molecular dysfunctions contributes significantly to the promotion of their evolution as a chemotherapeutic drug. In this sense, metabolites are the end products in the flow of gene expression and, thus, the most sensitive to changes in the physiological state of a biological system. Therefore, metabolomics provides a functional readout of the biochemical activity and cell state. In the present study, we evaluated alterations in the metabolomes of HepG2 cells after the exposure to Ch-SeNPs to elucidate the biomolecular mechanisms involved in their therapeutic effect. A targeted metabolomic approach was conducted to evaluate the levels of four of the main energy-related metabolites (adenosine triphosphate (ATP); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); and 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)), revealing alterations as a result of exposure to Ch-SeNPs related to a shortage in the energy supply system in the cell. In addition, an untargeted metabolomic experiment was performed, which allowed for the study of alterations in the global metabolic profile as a consequence of Ch-SeNP exposure. The results indicate that the TCA cycle and glycolytic pathways were impaired, while alternative pathways such as glutaminolysis and cysteine metabolism were upregulated. Additionally, increased fructose levels suggested the induction of hypoxia-like conditions. These findings highlight the potential of Ch-SeNPs to disrupt cancer cell metabolism and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying their antitumor effects.

The effects of FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism on the association between colorectal cancer and dietary intake

Background

FTO gene is associated with obesity, dietary intake, and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, patients with colorectal cancer were assessed for the interactions between FTO gene polymorphisms and dietary intake.

Methods

This case-control study was carried out on 450 participants aged 35-70 years including 150 patients with colorectal cancer and 300 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected in order to extract DNA and genotyping of FTO gene for rs9939609 polymorphism. A validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the Nutritionist-IV software were used to assess dietary intake.

Results

In the participants with the TT genotype of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism, CRC risk was significantly associated with higher intake of dietary fat (OR:1.87 CI95%:1.76-1.99, p = 0.04), vitamin B3 (OR:1.20 CI95%:1.08-1.65, p = 0.04), and vitamin C (OR:1.06 CI95%:1.03-1.15, p = 0.04) and lower intake of β-carotene (OR:0.98 CI95%:0.97-0.99, p = 0.03), vitamin E (OR:0.77 CI95%:0.62-0.95, p = 0.02), vitamin B1 (OR:0.15 CI95%:0.04-0.50, p < 0.01), and biotin (OR:0.72 CI95%:0.0.57-0.92, p = 0.01). No significant association was found between CRC and dietary intake in carriers of AA/AT genotypes after adjustments for the confounders.

Conclusion

CRC risk may be decreased by β-carotene, vitamins E, B1, and biotin only in those without the risk allele of the FTO gene. The association of CRC and diet may be influenced by FTO genotype. Further studies are warranted.

Microbiome-derived cobalamin and succinyl-CoA as biomarkers for improved screening of anal cancer

Human papillomavirus can cause preinvasive, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) as precursors to cancer in the anogenital area, and the microbiome is suggested to be a contributing factor. Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a high risk of anal cancer, but current screening strategies for HSIL detection lack specificity. Here, we investigated the anal microbiome to improve HSIL screening. We enrolled participants living with HIV, divided into a discovery (n = 167) and validation cohort (n = 46), and who were predominantly (93.9%) cisgender MSM undergoing HSIL screening with high-resolution anoscopy and anal biopsies. We identified no microbiome composition signatures associated with HSILs, but elevated levels of microbiome-encoded proteins producing succinyl coenzyme A and cobalamin were significantly associated with HSILs in both cohorts. Measurement of these candidate biomarkers alone in anal cytobrushes outperformed anal cytology as a diagnostic indicator for HSILs, increasing the sensitivity from 91.2% to 96.6%, the specificity from 34.1% to 81.8%, and reclassifying 82% of false-positive results as true negatives. We propose that these two microbiome-derived biomarkers may improve the current strategy of anal cancer screening.

NAD+ Precursors and Intestinal Inflammation: Therapeutic Insights Involving Gut Microbiota

The oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolite for living cells. NAD+ may act either as a cofactor for many cellular reactions as well as a coenzyme for different NAD+-consuming enzymes involved in the physiological homeostasis of different organs and systems. In mammals, NAD+ is synthesized from either tryptophan or other vitamin B3 intermediates that act as NAD+ precursors. Recent research suggests that NAD+ precursors play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier. Indeed, its deficiency has been associated with enhanced gut inflammation and leakage, and dysbiosis. Conversely, NAD+-increasing therapies may confer protection against intestinal inflammation in experimental conditions and human patients, with accumulating evidence indicating that such favorable effects could be, at least in part, mediated by concomitant changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota. However, the mechanisms by which NAD+-based treatments affect the microbiota are still poorly understood. In this context, we have focused specifically on the impact of NAD+ deficiency on intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis in animal and human models. We have further explored the relationship between NAD+ and improved host intestinal metabolism and immunity and the composition of microbiota in vivo. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to provide a new perspective on the effect of NAD+-increasing strategies on host intestinal physiology.

Combination of Chemically Characterized Pomegranate Extract and Hydrophilic Vitamins against Prolonged Fatigue: A Monocentric, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Prolonged fatigue is associated with non-pathological causes and lacks an established therapeutic approach. The current study is aimed at assessing the efficacy of a new food supplement (Improve™) based on a chemically characterized pomegranate extract and hydro-soluble vitamins (B complex and C). UHPLC-HRMS analysis of pomegranate extract showed the presence of 59 compounds, with gallotannins and ellagitannins being the most abundant phytochemicals. For the clinical study, 58 subjects were randomized into two groups, 1 and 2 (n = 29, each), which received either the food supplement or placebo. The effects of the food supplement against fatigue were assessed via validated questionnaires, recorded at time intervals t0 (at baseline), t1 (after 28 days), t2 (56 days), and t3 (after follow-up) in combination with the analysis of biochemical markers at t0 and t2. Fatigue severity scale (FSS) questionnaire scores were significantly decreased at the t2 and t3 time intervals in subjects treated with the food supplements, while the effect of the food supplement on a 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) was not considerable. Moreover, the food supplement did not significantly affect biochemical parameters associated with fatigue and stress conditions. This study shows that the food supplement tested reduces prolonged fatigue following two months of supplementation in healthy subjects with mild prolonged fatigue.

Study on the Intervention Mechanism of Cryptotanshinone on Human A2780 Ovarian Cancer Cell Line Using GC-MS-Based Cellular Metabolomics

Cryptotanshinone (CT), an active component of the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, exhibits a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Although the anticancer activity of CT is well known, the knowledge of its effect on the regulation of cancer cell metabolism is relatively new. The present study investigated the anticancer mechanism of CT in ovarian cancer with a focus on cancer metabolism. CCK8 assays, apoptosis assays, and cell cycle assays were conducted to reveal the growth-suppressive effect of CT on ovarian cancer A2780 cells. To explore the potential underlying mechanisms of CT, the changes in endogenous metabolites in A2780 cells before and after CT intervention were investigated using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach. A total of 28 important potential biomarkers underwent significant changes, mainly involving aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and other pathways. Changes in the ATP and amino acid contents were verified with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our results indicate that CT may exert an anti-ovarian cancer effect by inhibiting ATP production, promoting the protein catabolic process, and inhibiting protein synthesis, which may lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Discrimination of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Based on Metabolomics-Proteomics Profiles

Materials and Methods

The metabolomics-proteomics of sixty patients with T2DM were acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, some clinical features, containing total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) together with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), were determined via clinical detection strategies. Abundant metabolites and proteins, respectively, were identified with the analysis of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results

22 differentially abundant metabolites and 15 differentially abundant proteins were determined. The analysis of bioinformatics suggested that the differentially abundant proteins were commonly associated with the renin-angiotensin system, vitamin digestion and absorption, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and so on. Furthermore, differentially abundant metabolites were amino acids and were associated with the biosynthesis of CoA and pantothenate, together with the metabolisms of phenylalanine, beta-alanine, proline, and arginine. Combination analysis revealed that the vitamin metabolism pathway was predominantly affected.

Conclusions

DHS syndrome can be separated by certain metabolic-proteomic differences, and metabolism is particularly prominent, especially in vitamin digestion and absorption. From the molecular level, we provide preliminary data for the extensive application of TCM in the study of T2DM, and at the same time benefited in a sense diagnosis and treatment of T2DM.

Vitamin B ameliorates PM2.5-induced kidney damage by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in pregnant mice and HK-2

As an air pollutant, particulate matters 2.5 (PM_2.5) poses a severe risk to kidney and the mechanism involves oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. As an essential nutrient for human health, Vitamin B performs anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. In order to study the effect of Vitamin B on PM_2.5-induced kidney damage during pregnancy, the pregnant mice were divided into the four experimental groups randomly: control group, model group, treatment group and VB group. PM_2.5 was sprayed on the trachea of pregnant mice once each three days for six times from pregnancy until delivery. The model group was given 30μL PM_2.5 suspension of 3.456μg/μL and 10mL/(kg·d) PBS. The treatment group was given 30μL PM_2.5 suspension of 3.456μg/μL and 10mL/(kg·d) Vitamin B. The VB group was given 10mL/(kg·d) Vitamin B and the control group was given the same dose of PBS. Vitamin B was composed of Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12 and folic acid, with final concentrations are 1.14, 0.02 and 0.06mg/mL, respectively. The results showed Vitamin B ameliorated PM_2.5-induced kidney damage such as improving histopathological change, decreasing expressions of Bip and Chop, increasing expressions of Nrf2, HO-1 and Nqo1. In addition, HK-2 cells were used for cell experiments and were divided into the four groups, in which the dosage of PM_2.5 was 75μg/mL for 24h and Vitamin B was 5μL/100μL. The results showed Vitamin B ameliorated PM_2.5-induced HK-2 damage, such as decreasing expressions of Bip, Chop, P47^phox and ROS, increasing expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, Nqo1 and NO. Our findings showed Vitamin B ameliorated PM_2.5-induced kidney damage by reducing ER stress and oxidative stress in pregnant mice and in HK-2.

Role of the gut microbiota in anticancer therapy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications

In the past period, due to the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technology, accumulating evidence has clarified the complex role of the human microbiota in the development of cancer and the therapeutic response. More importantly, available evidence seems to indicate that modulating the composition of the gut microbiota to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs may be feasible. However, intricate complexities exist, and a deep and comprehensive understanding of how the human microbiota interacts with cancer is critical to realize its full potential in cancer treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the initial clues on molecular mechanisms regarding the mutual effects between the gut microbiota and cancer development, and to highlight the relationship between gut microbes and the efficacy of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and cancer surgery, which may provide insights into the formulation of individualized therapeutic strategies for cancer management. In addition, the current and emerging microbial interventions for cancer therapy as well as their clinical applications are summarized. Although many challenges remain for now, the great importance and full potential of the gut microbiota cannot be overstated for the development of individualized anti-cancer strategies, and it is necessary to explore a holistic approach that incorporates microbial modulation therapy in cancer.

Immunomodulation strategies against COVID-19 evidence: key nutrients and dietary approaches

The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has created a major public health crisis. Various dietary factors may enhance immunological activity against COVID-19 and serve as a method to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The dietary factors that are responsible for boosting immunity may provide a therapeutic advantage in patients with COVID-19. Investigators have demonstrated that vitamins B6, B12, C, D, E, and K, and trace elements like zinc, copper, selenium, and iron may serve as important tools for immunomodulation. Herein this is a review the peer-reviewed literature pertaining to dietary immunomodulation strategies against COVID-19. This review is intended to better define the evidence that dietary modifications and supplementation could positively influence the proinflammatory state in patients with COVID-19 and improve clinical outcomes. With appropriate insight, therapeutic interventions are discussed and directed to potentially modulate host immunity to mitigate the disease mechanisms of COVID-19.

Botanicals: A promising approach for controlling cecal coccidiosis in poultry

Avian species have long struggled with the problem of coccidiosis, a disease that affects various parts of the intestine, including the anterior gut, midgut, and hindgut. Among different types of coccidiosis, cecal coccidiosis is particularly dangerous to avian species. Chickens and turkeys are commercial flocks; thus, their parasites have remained critical due to their economic importance. High rates of mortality and morbidity are observed in both chickens and turkeys due to cecal coccidiosis. Coccidiostats and coccidiocidal chemicals have traditionally been added to feed and water to control coccidiosis. However, after the EU banned their use because of issues of resistance and public health, alternative methods are being explored. Vaccines are also being used, but their efficacy and cost-effectiveness remain as challenges. Researchers are attempting to find alternatives, and among the alternatives, botanicals are a promising choice. Botanicals contain multiple active compounds such as phenolics, saponins, terpenes, sulfur compounds, etc., which can kill sporozoites and oocysts and stop the replication of Eimeria. These botanicals are primarily used as anticoccidials due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. Because of the medicinal properties of botanicals, some commercial products have also been developed. However, further research is needed to confirm their pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, and methods of concentrated preparation. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the plants that have the potential to act as anticoccidials and to explain the mode of action of different compounds found within them.