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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing survival of girls and young women after cancer has led to a rapid growth in research into assessment of ovarian function after treatment. AREAS COVERED This aim of this review is to discuss normal ovarian function over time, the impact of cancer treatment on ovarian function, the assessment of ovarian reserve after treatment, and pretreatment predictors of ovarian recovery. EXPERT COMMENTARY Ovarian function damage after chemotherapy and radiotherapy will impact on fertility and reproductive lifespan, but with great variability. Age at menopause has implications for the duration of estrogen deficiency, with its own adverse health consequences. This has led to identification of the key treatment and patient factors at the time of treatment, notably age and ovarian reserve that impact on post-treatment ovarian function. However, most studies have used outcome measures such as ongoing menses, or biomarkers such as anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), with few reporting on fertility or age at menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin L Jayasinghe
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - W Hamish B Wallace
- b Department of Haematology and Oncology , Royal Hospital for Sick Children , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- c MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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Hurtado-Gonzalez P, Anderson RA, Macdonald J, van den Driesche S, Kilcoyne K, Jørgensen A, McKinnell C, Macpherson S, Sharpe RM, Mitchell RT. Effects of Exposure to Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on Fetal Germ Cell Development in Both Sexes in Rodent and Human Using Multiple Experimental Systems. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:047006. [PMID: 29665328 PMCID: PMC6071829 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesic exposure during pregnancy may affect aspects of fetal gonadal development that are targeted by endocrine disruptors. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether therapeutically relevant doses of acetaminophen and ibuprofen affect germ cell (GC) development in human fetal testes/ovaries using in vitro and xenograft approaches. METHODS First-trimester human fetal testes/ovaries were cultured and exposed to acetaminophen or ibuprofen (7 d). Second-trimester human fetal testes were xenografted into mice and exposed to acetaminophen (1 or 7 d), or ibuprofen (7 d). To determine mechanism of action, a human GC tumor–derived cell line (NTera2) exhibiting fetal GC characteristics was used in addition to in vitro and in vivo rat models. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gonocyte (TFAP2C+) number was reduced relative to controls in first-trimester human fetal testes exposed in vitro to acetaminophen (-28%) or ibuprofen (-22%) and also in ovaries exposed to acetaminophen (-43%) or ibuprofen (-49%). Acetaminophen exposure reduced gonocyte number by 17% and 30% in xenografted second-trimester human fetal testes after treatment of host mice for 1 or 7 d, respectively. NTera2 cell number was reduced following exposure to either analgesic or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor antagonists, whereas PGE2 agonists prevented acetaminophen-induced reduction in NTera2 cell number. Expression of GC pluripotency genes, and genes that regulate DNA/histone methylation, also differed from controls following analgesic and PGE2 receptor antagonist exposures. Gene expression changes were observed in rat fetal testis/ovary cultures and after in vivo acetaminophen exposure of pregnant rats. For example, expression of the epigenetic regulator TET1, was increased following exposure to acetaminophen in human NTera2 cells, rat fetal testis/ovary cultures, and in fetal testes and ovaries after in vivo exposure of pregnant rats, indicating translatability across experimental models and species. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate evidence of PGE2-mediated effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on GC/NTera2 cells, which raises concerns about analgesic use during human pregnancy that warrant further investigation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hurtado-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joni Macdonald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sander van den Driesche
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Kilcoyne
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris McKinnell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sheila Macpherson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Urzua U, Chacon C, Espinoza R, Martínez S, Hernandez N. Parity-Dependent Hemosiderin and Lipofuscin Accumulation in the Reproductively Aged Mouse Ovary. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:1289103. [PMID: 29736365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1289103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of the ovarian follicle pool leads to reproductive ageing. The latter is accompanied by age-related disorders, including various types of cancer. In fact, the highest rates of ovarian cancer (OC) occur at postmenopause while OC risk is significantly modulated by parity records during previous fertile life. We approached the age-parity relationship in the C57BL/6 mouse model and herein describe the presence of nonheme iron (hemosiderin) and deposits of the "age pigment" lipofuscin in reproductively aged mouse ovaries by applying conventional histochemical methods and autofluorescence. In addition, the 8-OHdG adduct was evaluated in ovarian genomic DNA. Both hemosiderin and lipofuscin were significantly higher in virgin compared to multiparous ovaries. The same pattern was observed for 8-OHdG. We conclude that nulliparity induces a long-term accumulation of iron and lipofuscin with concomitant oxidative damage to DNA in the mouse ovary. Since lipofuscin is a widely accepted senescence marker and given the recently postulated role of lipofuscin-associated iron as a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in senescent cells, these findings suggest a possible pathogenic mechanism by which nulliparity contributes to an increased OC risk in the postmenopausal ovary.
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Ding C, Zou Q, Wang F, Wu H, Chen R, Lv J, Ling M, Sun J, Wang W, Li H, Huang B. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells improve ovarian function in natural aging through secreting hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523193 PMCID: PMC5845161 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many reports show that various kinds of stem cells have the ability to recover function in premature ovarian aging, few studies have looked at stem cell treatment of natural ovarian aging (NOA). We designed this experimental study to investigate whether human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) retain the ability to restore ovarian function, and how hAMSCs work in this process. Methods To build the NOA mouse model, the mice were fed for 12–14 months normally with young fertile female mice as the normal control group (3–5 months old). Hematoxylin and eosin staining permitted follicle counting and showed the ovarian tissue structure. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum levels of the sex hormones estradiol (E2), anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The proliferation rate and marker expression level of human ovarian granule cells (hGCs) (ki67, AMH, FSH receptor, FOXL2, and CYP19A1) were measured by flow cytometry (FACS). Cytokines (growth factors) were measured by a protein antibody array methodology. After hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were co-cultured with hGCs, proliferation (ki67) and apoptosis (Annexin V) levels were analyzed by FACS. After HGF and EGF were injected into the ovaries of natural aging mice, the total follicle numbers and hormone levels were tested. Results After the hAMSCs were transplanted into the NOA mouse model, the hAMSCs exerted a therapeutic activity on mouse ovarian function by improving the follicle numbers over four stages. In addition, our results showed that hAMSCs significantly promoted the proliferation rate and marker expression level of ovarian granular cells that were from NOA patients. Meanwhile, we found that the secretion level of EGF and HGF from hAMSCs was higher than other growth factors. A growth factor combination (HGF with EGF) improved the proliferation rate and inhibited the apoptosis rate more powerfully after a co-culture with hGCs, and total follicle numbers and hormone levels were elevated to a normal level after the growth factor combination was injected into the ovaries of the NOA mouse model. Conclusions These findings provide insight into the notion that hAMSCs play an integral role in resistance to NOA. Furthermore, our present study demonstrates that a growth factor combination derived from hAMSCs plays a central role in inhibiting ovarian aging. Therefore, we suggest that hAMSCs improve ovarian function in natural aging by secreting HGF and EGF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0781-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Ding
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Qinyan Zou
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Huihua Wu
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Rulei Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Jinghuan Lv
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China.
| | - Boxian Huang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China. .,Central Laboratory, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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105
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Humaidan P, Chin W, Rogoff D, D'Hooghe T, Longobardi S, Hubbard J, Schertz J. Efficacy and safety of follitropin alfa/lutropin alfa in ART: a randomized controlled trial in poor ovarian responders. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:544-555. [PMID: 28137754 PMCID: PMC5850777 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How does the efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of recombinant human FSH plus recombinant human LH (follitropin alfa plus lutropin alfa; r-hFSH/r-hLH) compare with that of r-hFSH monotherapy for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with poor ovarian response (POR)? SUMMARY ANSWER The primary and secondary efficacy endpoints were comparable between treatment groups and the safety profile of both treatment regimens was favourable. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although meta-analyses of clinical trials have suggested some beneficial effect on reproductive outcomes with r-hLH supplementation in patients with POR, the definitions of POR were heterogeneous and limit the comparability across studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Phase III, single-blind, active-comparator, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial. Patients were followed for a single ART cycle. A total of 939 women were randomized (1:1) to receive either r-hFSH/r-hLH or r-hFSH. Randomization, stratified by study site and participant age, was conducted via an interactive voice response system. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women classified as having POR, based on criteria incorporating the ESHRE Bologna criteria, were down-regulated with a long GnRH agonist protocol and following successful down-regulation were randomized (1:1) to COS with r-hFSH/r-hLH or r-hFSH alone. The primary efficacy endpoint was the number of oocytes retrieved following COS. Safety endpoints included the incidence of adverse events, including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Post hoc analyses investigated safety outcomes and correlations between live birth and baseline characteristics (age and number of oocytes retrieved in previous ART treatment cycles or serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)). The significance of the treatment effect was tested by generalized linear models (Poisson regression for counts and logistic regression for binary endpoints) adjusting for age and country. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of 949 subjects achieving down-regulation, 939 were randomized to r-hFSH/r-hLH (n = 477) or r-hFSH (n = 462) and received treatment. Efficacy assessment: In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, the mean (SD) number of oocytes retrieved (primary endpoint) was 3.3 (2.71) in the r-hFSH/r-hLH group compared with 3.6 (2.82) in the r-hFSH group (between-group difference not statistically significant). The observed difference between treatment groups (r-hFSH/r-hLH and r-hFSH, respectively) for efficacy outcomes decreased over the course of pregnancy (biochemical pregnancy rate: 17.3% versus 23.9%; clinical pregnancy rate: 14.1% versus 16.8%; ongoing pregnancy rate: 11.0% versus 12.4%; and live birth rate: 10.6% versus 11.7%). An interaction (identified post hoc) between baseline characteristics related to POR and treatment effect was noted for live birth, with r-hFSH/r-hLH associated with a higher live birth rate for patients with moderate or severe POR, whereas r-hFSH was associated with a higher live birth rate for those with mild POR. A post hoc logistic regression analysis indicated that the incidence of total pregnancy outcome failure was lower in the r-hFSH/r-hLH group (6.7%) compared with the r-hFSH group (12.4%) with an odds ratio of 0.52 (95% CI 0.33, 0.82; P = 0.005). Safety assessment: The overall proportion of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurring during or after r-hFSH/r-hLH or r-hFSH use (stimulation or post-stimulation phase) was 19.9% and 26.8%, respectively. There was no consistent pattern of TEAEs associated with either treatment. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Despite using inclusion criteria for POR incorporating the ESHRE Bologna criteria, further investigation is needed to determine the impact of the heterogeneity of POR in the Bologna patient population. The observed correlation between baseline clinical characteristics related to POR and live birth rate, as well as the observed differences between groups regarding total pregnancy outcome failure were from post hoc analyses, and the study was not powered for these endpoints. In addition, the attrition rate for pregnancy outcomes in this trial may not reflect general medical practice. Furthermore, as the patient population was predominantly White these results might not be applicable to other ethnicities. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In the population of women with POR investigated in this study, although the number of oocytes retrieved was similar following stimulation with either a fixed-ratio combination of r-hFSH/r-hLH or r-hFSH monotherapy, post hoc analyses showed that there was a lower rate of total pregnancy outcome failure in patients receiving r-hFSH/r-hLH, in addition to a higher live birth rate in patients with moderate and severe POR. These findings are clinically relevant and require additional investigation. The benefit:risk balance of treatment with either r-hFSH/r-hLH or r-hFSH remains positive. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. P.H. has received honoraria for lectures and unrestricted research grants from Ferring, Merck KGaA and MSD. D.R. is a former employee of EMD Serono, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. J.S., J.H. and W.C. are employees of EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. T.D.’H. and S.L. are employees of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02047227; EudraCT Number: 2013-003817-16. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE ClinicalTrials.gov: 24 January 2014; EudraCT: 19 December 2013. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT 30 January 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Humaidan
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark.,Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - W Chin
- Global Biostatistics and Epidemiology, EMD Serono, Billerica, MA, USA, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Rogoff
- Global Clinical Development, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, USA, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T D'Hooghe
- Global Medical Affairs Fertility, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Longobardi
- Global Medical Affairs Fertility, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Hubbard
- Global Clinical Development, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, USA, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Schertz
- Global Clinical Development, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA, USA, a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Leverrier-penna S, Mitchell RT, Becker E, Lecante L, Ben Maamar M, Homer N, Lavoué V, Kristensen DM, Dejucq-rainsford N, Jégou B, Mazaud-guittot S. Ibuprofen is deleterious for the development of first trimester human fetal ovary ex vivo. Hum Reprod 2018; 33:482-93. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Sominsky L, Goularte JF, Andrews ZB, Spencer SJ. Acylated Ghrelin Supports the Ovarian Transcriptome and Follicles in the Mouse: Implications for Fertility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30697193 PMCID: PMC6340924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic gut-derived peptide, is gaining increasing attention due to its multifaceted role in a number of physiological functions, including reproduction. Ghrelin exists in circulation primarily as des-acylated and acylated ghrelin. Des-acyl ghrelin, until recently considered to be an inactive form of ghrelin, is now known to have independent physiological functionality. However, the relative contribution of acyl and des-acyl ghrelin to reproductive development and function is currently unknown. Here we used ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) knockout (KO) mice that have no measurable levels of endogenous acyl ghrelin and chronically high levels of des-acyl ghrelin, to characterize how the developmental and life-long absence of acyl ghrelin affects ovarian development and reproductive capacity. We combined the assessment of markers of reproductive maturity and the capacity to breed with measures of ovarian morphometry, as well as with ovarian RNA sequencing analysis. Our data show that while GOAT KO mice retain the capacity to breed in young adulthood, there is a diminished number of ovarian follicles (per mm3) in the juvenile and adult ovaries, due to a significant reduction in the number of small follicles, particularly the primordial follicles. We also show pronounced specific changes in the ovarian transcriptome in the juvenile GOAT KO ovary, indicative of a potential for premature ovarian development. Collectively, these findings indicate that an absence of acyl ghrelin does not prevent reproductive success but that appropriate levels of acyl and des-acyl ghrelin may be necessary for optimal ovarian maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Luba Sominsky
| | - Jeferson F. Goularte
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Mascarenhas M, Sunkara SK, Antonisamy B, Kamath MS. Higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight following oocyte donation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 218:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kristensen SG, Pors SE, Andersen CY. Improving oocyte quality by transfer of autologous mitochondria from fully grown oocytes. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:725-732. [PMID: 28333265 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Older women are often the most challenging group of patients in fertility clinics due to a decline in both number and overall quality of oocytes. The quality of oocytes has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this mini-review, we discuss this hypothesis and suggest alternative treatment options using autologous mitochondria to potentially augment pregnancy potential in ART. Autologous transfer of mitochondria from the patient's own germline cells has attracted much attention as a possible new treatment to revitalize deficient oocytes. IVF births have been reported after transfer of oogonial precursor cell-derived mitochondria; however, the source and quality of the mitochondria are still unclear. In contrast, fully grown oocytes are loaded with mitochondria which have passed the genetic bottleneck and are likely to be of high quality. An increased supply of such oocytes could potentially be obtained by in vitro follicle activation of ovarian cortical biopsies or from surplus immature oocytes collected from women undergoing ART or fertility preservation of ovarian tissue. Taken together, autologous oocytes are not necessarily a limiting resource in ART as fully grown oocytes with high quality mitochondria can be obtained from natural or stimulated ovaries and potentially be used to improve both quality and quantity of oocytes available for fertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gry Kristensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process that involves the accrual of bodily changes over a long life span. In humans, advanced maternal age is associated with infertility and adverse pregnancy complications. Cellular and organic senescence is hypothesized to contribute to the age-related decline in reproductive function. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells play pivotal roles in physiological reproductive function and pregnancy. The concept of “inflammaging” has recently emerged- an age-dependent, low-grade, chronic, and systemic inflammatory state induced by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is produced by the innate immune, parenchymal, and nonparenchymal cells within the organs. In the present review, we discuss how cellular senescence and inflammaging accelerate reproductive failure in women by promoting SASP and immune-senescence during the establishment of pregnancy. In addition, we discuss the role of immune cells and their senescence in reproductive function, particularly in the ovaries (the corpus luteum), oviduct, and uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koumei Shirasuna
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
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Varea C, Terán JM, Bernis C, Bogin B. The impact of delayed maternity on foetal growth in Spain: An assessment by population attributable fraction. Women Birth 2017; 31:e190-e196. [PMID: 28927650 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed childbearing is considered a risk factor for maternal-foetal health. As in other higher-income countries, in Spain age at maternity has steadily increased during the last two decades. AIM To quantify the impact of the delay in the age at maternity on small for gestational age (SGA) categories of <3rd, 3rd-5th and 5th-10th percentiles. METHODS 2,672,350 singleton live births born to Spanish mothers in 2007-2015 were analysed. Adjusted relative risk was calculated to estimate the adjusted partial population attributable fractions (PAFp) for mothers aged 35-39 and ≥40 years for each category of SGA considering the interaction between age at maternity and parity. FINDINGS Primipara 35-39 years old mothers have the highest PAFp in the three categories of SGA, with the maximum value for SGA <3rd percentile (2.57%, 95% CI 2.25, 2.88). PAFp for both primipara and multipara ≥40 years old mothers were less than 1%. PAFp for primipara older mothers increased significantly in 2007-2015 for the three categories of SGA, more clearly among those aged 35-39 years. The contribution of multipara mothers of both age groups did not increase significantly during the period. CONCLUSION Delayed maternity is a significant adjusted risk factor for SGA, contributing to the increase of its prevalence. However, results also suggest a limited clinical impact of delayed maternity on foetal growth. Positive changes in maternal profile associated with the shift in maternal age might contribute to explain the limited impact of mothers aged 35 years and older on negative birth outcome in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Varea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Terán
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bernis
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Madrid Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Bogin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Zhou S, Yan W, Shen W, Cheng J, Xi Y, Yuan S, Fu F, Ding T, Luo A, Wang S. Low expression of SEMA6C accelerates the primordial follicle activation in the neonatal mouse ovary. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:486-496. [PMID: 28881413 PMCID: PMC5742695 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primordial follicle assembly, activation and the subsequent development are critical processes for female reproduction. A limited number of primordial follicles are activated to enter the growing follicle pool each wave, and the primordial follicle pool progressively diminishes over a woman's life‐time. The number of remaining primordial follicles represents the ovarian reserve. Identification and functional investigation of the factors involved in follicular initial recruitment will be of great significance to the understanding of the female reproduction process and ovarian ageing. In this study, we aimed to study whether and how semaphorin 6C (Sema6c) regulated the primordial follicle activation in the neonatal mouse ovary. The attenuation of SEMA6C expression by SiRNA accelerated the primordial follicle activation in the in vitro ovary culture system. PI3K‐AKT‐rpS6 pathway was activated when SEMA6C expression was down‐regulated. And the LY294002 could reverse the effect of low SEMA6C expression on primordial follicle activation. Our findings revealed that Sema6c was involved in the activation of primordial follicles, and the down‐regulation of SEMA6C led to massive primordial follicle activation by interacting with the PI3K‐AKT‐rpS6 pathway, which might also provide valuable information for understanding premature ovarian failure and ovarian ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yueyue Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Suzhen Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aiyue Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Tanikawa N, Ohtsu A, Kawahara-Miki R, Kimura K, Matsuyama S, Iwata H, Kuwayama T, Shirasuna K. Age-associated mRNA expression changes in bovine endometrial cells in vitro. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:63. [PMID: 28806906 PMCID: PMC5556672 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cells secrete various cytokines and the dysfunction of endometrial cells may directly lead to infertility. Interferon tau (IFNT) secreted by trophoblast cells, a well-known pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants, acts on the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. Aging causes cellular and organ dysfunction, and advanced maternal age is associated with reduced fertility. However, few studies have investigated age-dependent changes in the uterus. METHODS Using next generation sequencing and real-time PCR, we examined mRNA expression in bovine endometrial cells in vitro obtained from young (mean 45.2 months) and aged (mean 173.5 months) animals and the effects of IFNT depending on the age. RESULTS We showed that inflammation-related (predicted molecules are IL1A, C1Qs, DDX58, NFKB, and CCL5) and interferon-signaling (predicted molecules are IRFs, IFITs, STATs, and IFNs) pathways were activated in endometrial cells obtained from aged compared to young cows. Also, the activation of "DNA damage checkpoint regulation" and the inhibition of "mitotic mechanisms" in endometrial cells obtained from aged cows were evident. Moreover, we showed lower cell viability levels in endometrial cells obtained from aged compared to young cows. Although treatment with IFNT upregulated various types of interferon stimulated genes both in endometrial cells obtained from young and aged cows, the rate of increase by IFNT stimulus was obviously lower in endometrial cells obtained from aged compared to young cows. CONCLUSIONS Endometrial cells obtained from aged cows exhibited higher levels of inflammatory- and IFN-signaling, and dysfunction of cell division compared with young cows. In addition, a high basal level of IFN-related genes in endometrial cells of aged cows is suggested a concept of "inflammaging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Tanikawa
- grid.410772.7Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohtsu
- grid.410772.7Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
| | - Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- grid.410772.7NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- 0000 0001 1302 4472grid.261356.5Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuyama
- 0000 0000 9191 6962grid.419600.aAnimal Feeding and Management Research Division, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- grid.410772.7Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
| | - Takehito Kuwayama
- grid.410772.7Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- grid.410772.7Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034 Japan
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Johansson HKL, Svingen T, Fowler PA, Vinggaard AM, Boberg J. Environmental influences on ovarian dysgenesis - developmental windows sensitive to chemical exposures. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:400-414. [PMID: 28450750 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A woman's reproductive health and ability to have children directly affect numerous aspects of her life, from personal well-being and socioeconomic standing, to morbidity and lifespan. In turn, reproductive health depends on the development of correctly functioning ovaries, a process that starts early during fetal life. Early disruption to ovarian programming can have long-lasting consequences, potentially manifesting as disease much later in adulthood. A growing body of evidence suggests that exposure to chemicals early in life, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals, can cause a range of disorders later in life, such as those described in the ovarian dysgenesis syndrome hypothesis. In this Review, we discuss four specific time windows during which the ovary is particularly sensitive to disruption by exogenous insults: gonadal sex determination, meiotic division, follicle assembly and the first wave of follicle recruitment. To date, most evidence points towards the germ cell lineage being the most vulnerable to chemical exposure, particularly meiotic division and follicle assembly. Environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals, such as bisphenols or mild analgesics (including paracetamol), can also affect the somatic cell lineages. This Review summarizes our current knowledge pertaining to environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and their potential contributions to the development of ovarian dysgenesis syndrome. We also highlight knowledge gaps that need addressing to safeguard female reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Anderson RA, Wallace WHB, Telfer EE. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation: clinical and research perspectives. Hum Reprod Open 2017; 2017:hox001. [PMID: 30895221 PMCID: PMC6276668 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hox001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small case series have reported successful live births after ovarian tissue cryopreservation and orthotopic transplantation, demonstrating that it can be of value in increasing the chance of successful pregnancy after treatment for cancer and other fertility-impacting diseases in adult women. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review is intended to set out the current clinical issues in the field of ovarian tissue cryopreservation, and elucidate the status of laboratory studies to address these. SEARCH METHODS We reviewed the English-language literature on ovarian tissue cryopreservation and in vitro maturation (IVM) of ovarian follicles. OUTCOMES Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is increasingly used for fertility preservation and, whilst areas for development remain (optimal patient selection, minimizing risk of contamination by malignant cells and IVM protocols), there are emerging data as to its efficacy. We review the current status of ovarian tissue cryopreservation in girls and young women facing loss of fertility from treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. Increasingly large cohort studies are reporting on success rates from ovarian tissue cryopreservation giving an indication of likely success rates. Patient selection is necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of this approach, especially in the very experimental situation of its application to prepubertal girls. There are continuing developments in supporting follicle development in vitro. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION The evidence base consists largely of case series and cohort studies, thus there is the possibility of bias in key outcomes. In vitro development of human ovarian follicles remains some way from clinical application. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is becoming established as a valuable approach to the preservation of fertility in women. Its application in prepubertal girls may be of particular value, as it offers the only approach in this patient group. For both girls and young women, more accurate data are needed on the likelihood of successful childbirth after this procedure and the factors that underpin successful application of this approach, which will lead to its more effective use. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The author's work in this field is supported by Medical Research Grant (MRC) grants G0901839 and MR/L00299X/1 and partially undertaken in the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health which is funded by MRC Centre grant MR/N022556/1. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could prejudice the impartiality of the present research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Anderson
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, EdinburghEH16 4TJ, UK
| | - W Hamish B Wallace
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, 9 Sciennes Rd, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Birch Petersen K, Maltesen T, Forman JL, Sylvest R, Pinborg A, Larsen EC, Macklon KT, Nielsen HS, Hvidman HW, Nyboe Andersen A. The Fertility Assessment and Counseling Clinic - does the concept work? A prospective 2-year follow-up study of 519 women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017; 96:313-325. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Maltesen
- Section of Biostatistics; Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Julie L. Forman
- Section of Biostatistics; Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Randi Sylvest
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Hvidovre Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anja Pinborg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Hvidovre Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Elisabeth C. Larsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kirsten T. Macklon
- Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henriette S. Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helene W. Hvidman
- Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Nyboe Andersen
- Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
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Díaz-hernández V, Merchant-larios H. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES EN EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DEL SEXO EN MAMÍFEROS. TIP 2017; 20:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Falone S, Santini SJ, Cordone V, Grannonico M, Cacchio M, Di Emidio G, Tatone C, Amicarelli F. Regular and Moderate Exercise Counteracts the Decline of Antioxidant Protection but Not Methylglyoxal-Dependent Glycative Burden in the Ovary of Reproductively Aging Mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016:3837623. [PMID: 28116035 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3837623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Population aging results in urgent needs of interventions aimed at ensuring healthy senescence. Exercise often results in healthy aging, yet many molecular mechanisms underlying such effects still need to be identified. We here investigated whether the age-dependent accumulation of oxidative and methylglyoxal- (MG-) related molecular damage could be delayed by moderate exercise in the mouse ovary, an organ that first exhibits impaired function with advancing age in mammals. CD1 female mice underwent two- or four-month treadmill-based running through the transition from adult to middle age, when ovaries show signs of senescence, and markers of protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MG were measured. The long-term exercise reduced the protein oxidative damage in the ovaries (P < 0.01), and this was linked to the preservation of the glutathione peroxidase protection against ROS (P < 0.001), as well as to the increased glutathione availability (P < 0.001). Conversely, even though the age-related deactivation of the MG-targeting systems was partially prevented by the long-term running programme (P < 0.001), exercised mice were not protected from the age-dependent glycative burden. In summary, lately initiated regular and moderate exercise limited some changes occurring in the ovaries of middle-aged mice, and this might help to develop nonpharmacological cointerventions to reduce the vulnerability of mammalian ovaries towards redox dysfunctions.
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119
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Rosato E, Perrone G, Capri O, Galoppi P, Candelieri M, Marcoccia E, Schiavi MC, Zannini I, Brunelli R. Hypertension and early menopause after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in women aged 43 years or older: Long-term follow-up study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1782-1788. [PMID: 27718320 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term consequences to women's health and the onset of menopause in healthy women of advanced reproductive age who conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART). METHODS Healthy women who conceived by ART (72) and controls (80) were selected among 320 women ≥ 43 years, who delivered between January 2010 and December 2011 in the Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences of "Sapienza" University of Rome. Body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and presence of hypertension and diabetes were analyzed at three days, six months, and three years after delivery. The onset of menopause was analyzed after three years. RESULTS In the ART group, SBP, DBP and hypertension were higher at three days, six months, and three years after delivery. Menopausal age was significantly lower. CONCLUSION The impact of ART in healthy women of advanced reproductive age in the years after delivery is not limited to the possible development of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, but can also influence the age of onset of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosato
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Perrone
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Oriana Capri
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Galoppi
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Candelieri
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marcoccia
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carlo Schiavi
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zannini
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Gynecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Tanaka H, Ohtsu A, Shiratsuki S, Kawahara-Miki R, Iwata H, Kuwayama T, Shirasuna K. Age-dependent changes in inflammation and extracellular matrix in bovine oviduct epithelial cells during the post-ovulatory phase. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:815-826. [PMID: 27580129 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian oviduct is an essential site for sperm storage, the transport of gametes, fertilization, and embryo development-functions that are aided by cytokines secreted from oviduct epithelial cells (OECs). Aging leads to cellular and organ dysfunction, with infertility associated with advanced maternal age. Few studies have investigated age-dependent changes in the oviduct as a possible cause of infertility, so we compared OECs from young (30-50 months) versus aged (more than 120 months) cattle. Next-generation sequencing was first used to identify age-related differences in gene expression. Several proinflammatory-related genes (including IL1B, IL1A, IL17C, IL8, S100A8, S100A9, and TNFA) were activated in OECs from aged (more than 120 months) compare to young (30-50 months) individuals, whereas genes associated with extracellular matrix-related factors (COLs, POSTN, BGN, and LUM) were down-regulation in aged OECs. Indeed, IL1 B and IL8 abundance was higher in aged OECs than in young OECs. Young OECs also tended to proliferate faster, and the revolution frequency of young, ciliated OECs was higher than that of their aged counterparts. In contrast, aged OECs possessed more F-actin, an actin cytoskeleton marker associated with reduced elasticity, and contained high levels of reactive oxygen species, which are mediators of inflammation and senescence. These different functional characteristics of bovine OECs during the post-ovulatory phase support the emerging concept of "inflammaging," that is, age-dependent inflammation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 815-826, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Tanaka
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohtsu
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shogo Shiratsuki
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryoka Kawahara-Miki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehito Kuwayama
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Govindaraj V, Krishnagiri H, Chauhan MS, Rao AJ. BRCA-1 Gene Expression and Comparative Proteomic Profile of Primordial Follicles from Young and Adult Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Ovaries. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 28:94-103. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1210613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - A. J. Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Velazquez MA, Smith CGC, Smyth NR, Osmond C, Fleming TP. Advanced maternal age causes adverse programming of mouse blastocysts leading to altered growth and impaired cardiometabolic health in post-natal life. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1970-80. [PMID: 27402911 PMCID: PMC4991661 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does advanced maternal age (AMA) in mice affect cardiometabolic health during post-natal life in offspring derived from an assisted reproduction technology (ART) procedure? SUMMARY ANSWER Offspring derived from blastocysts collected from aged female mice displayed impaired body weight gain, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and organ allometry during post-natal life compared with offspring derived from blastocysts from young females; since all blastocysts were transferred to normalized young mothers, this effect is independent of maternal pregnancy conditions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although studies in mice have shown that AMA can affect body weight and behaviour of offspring derived from natural reproduction, data on the effects of AMA on offspring cardiometabolic health during post-natal development are not available. Given the increasing use of ART to alleviate infertility in women of AMA, it is pivotal to develop ART-AMA models addressing the effects of maternal aging on offspring health. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Blastocysts from old (34-39 weeks) or young (8-9 weeks) C57BL/6 females mated with young CBA males (13-15 weeks) were either subjected to differential cell staining (inner cell mass and trophectoderm) or underwent embryo transfer (ET) into young MF1 surrogates (8-9 weeks) to produce young (Young-ET, 9 litters) and old (Old-ET, 10 litters) embryo-derived offspring. Offspring health monitoring was carried out for 30 weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All animals were fed with standard chow. Blood pressure was measured at post-natal Weeks 9, 15 and 21, and at post-natal Week 30 a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed. Two days after the GTT mice were killed for organ allometry. Blastocyst cell allocation variables were evaluated by T-test and developmental data were analysed with a multilevel random effects regression model. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The total number of cells in blastocysts from aged mice was decreased (P < 0.05) relative to young mice due to a lower number of cells in the trophectoderm (mean ± SEM: 34.5 ± 2.1 versus 29.6 ± 1.0). Weekly body weight did not differ in male offspring, but an increase in body weight from Week 13 onwards was observed in Old-ET females (final body weight at post-natal Week 30: 38.5 ± 0.8 versus 33.4 ± 0.8 g, P < 0.05). Blood pressure was increased in Old-ET offspring at Weeks 9-15 in males (Week 9: 108.5 ± 3.13 versus 100.8 ± 1.5 mmHg, Week 15: 112.9 ± 3.2 versus 103.4 ± 2.1 mmHg) and Week 15 in females (115.9 ± 3.7 versus 102.8 ± 0.7 mmHg; all P < 0.05 versus Young-ET). The GTT results and organ allometry were not affected in male offspring. In contrast, Old-ET females displayed a greater (P < 0.05) peak glucose concentration at 30 min during the GTT (21.1 ± 0.4 versus 17.8 ± 1.16 mmol/l) and their spleen weight (88.2 ± 2.6 ± 105.1 ± 4.6 mg) and several organ:body weight ratios (g/g × 10(3)) were decreased (P < 0.05 versus Young-ET), including the heart (3.7 ± 0.06 versus 4.4 ± 0.08), lungs (4.4 ± 0.1 versus 5.0 ± 0.1), spleen (2.4 ± 0.06 versus 3.2 ± 0.1) and liver (36.4 ± 0.6 versus 39.1 ± 0.9). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Results from experimental animal models cannot be extrapolated to humans. Nevertheless, they are valuable to develop conceptual models that can produce hypotheses for eventual testing in the target species (i.e. humans). WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data show that offspring from mouse embryos from aged mothers can develop altered phenotypes during post-natal development compared with embryos from young mothers. Because all embryos were transferred into young mothers for the duration of pregnancy to normalize the maternal in vivo environment, our findings indicate that adverse programming via AMA is already established at the blastocyst stage. Whilst human embryos display increased aneuploidy compared with mouse, we believe our data have implications for women of AMA undergoing assisted reproduction, including surrogacy programmes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported through the European Union FP7-CP-FP Epihealth programme (278418) to T.P.F. and the BBSRC (BB/F007450/1) to T.P.F. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velazquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK School of Agriculture, Food & Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - C G C Smith
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - N R Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - T P Fleming
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Legro RS, Dodson WC, Kunselman AR, Stetter CM, Kris-Etherton PM, Williams NI, Gnatuk CL, Estes SJ, Allison KC, Sarwer DB, Diamond MP, Schlaff WD, Casson PR, Christman GM, Barnhart KT, Bates GW, Usadi R, Lucidi S, Baker V, Zhang H, Eisenberg E, Coutifaris C, Dokras A. Benefit of Delayed Fertility Therapy With Preconception Weight Loss Over Immediate Therapy in Obese Women With PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2658-66. [PMID: 27172435 PMCID: PMC4929837 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the relative benefit of delaying infertility treatment to lose weight vs seeking immediate treatment is unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared the results of two, multicenter, concurrent clinical trials treating infertility in women with PCOS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a secondary analysis of two randomized trials conducted at academic health centers studying women 18-40 years of age who were overweight/obese and infertile with PCOS. INTERVENTION We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction, antiobesity medication, behavioral modification, and exercise) or the combination of both (combined) from the Treatment of Hyperandrogenism Versus Insulin Resistance in Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (OWL PCOS) trial (N = 142). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Live birth, pregnancy loss, and ovulation were measured. RESULTS In PPCOS II, after four cycles of clomiphene, the cumulative per-cycle ovulation rate was 44.7% (277/619) and the cumulative live birth rate was 10.2% (19/187), nearly identical to that after oral contraceptive pretreatment in the OWL PCOS trial (ovulation 45% [67/149] and live birth: 8.5% [4/47]). In comparison, deferred clomiphene treatment preceded by lifestyle and combined treatment in OWL PCOS offered a significantly better cumulative ovulation rate compared to immediate treatment with clomiphene. (Lifestyle: 62.0% [80/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.7; P = .003; combined: 64.3% [83/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8; P < .001 and a significantly better live birth rate lifestyle: 25.0% [12/48]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; P = .01 and combined: 25.5% [12/47]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS These data show the benefit of improved ovulation and live birth with delayed infertility treatment with clomiphene citrate when preceded by lifestyle modification with weight loss compared with immediate treatment. Pretreatment with oral contraceptives likely has little effect on the ovulation and live birth rate compared with immediate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - William C Dodson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Allen R Kunselman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Christy M Stetter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nancy I Williams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carol L Gnatuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Stephanie J Estes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David B Sarwer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - William D Schlaff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Peter R Casson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Gregory M Christman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kurt T Barnhart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - G Wright Bates
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Usadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Scott Lucidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Valerie Baker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Heping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Esther Eisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Christos Coutifaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Anuja Dokras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland
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Moon KY, Kim H, Lee JY, Lee JR, Jee BC, Suh CS, Kim KC, Lee WD, Lim JH, Kim SH. Nomogram to predict the number of oocytes retrieved in controlled ovarian stimulation. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2016; 43:112-8. [PMID: 27358830 PMCID: PMC4925866 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2016.43.2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian reserve tests are commonly used to predict ovarian response in infertile patients undergoing ovarian stimulation. Although serum markers such as basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or random anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level and ultrasonographic markers (antral follicle count, AFC) are good predictors, no single test has proven to be the best predictor. In this study, we developed appropriate equations and novel nomograms to predict the number of oocytes that will be retrieved using patients' age, serum levels of basal FSH and AMH, and AFC. METHODS We analyzed a database containing clinical and laboratory information of 141 stimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed at a university-based hospital between September 2009 and December 2013. We used generalized linear models for prediction of the number of oocytes. RESULTS Age, basal serum FSH level, serum AMH level, and AFC were significantly related to the number of oocytes retrieved according to the univariate and multivariate analyses. The equations that predicted the number of oocytes retrieved (log scale) were as follows: model (1) 3.21-0.036×(age)+0.089×(AMH), model (2) 3.422-0.03×(age)-0.049×(FSH)+0.08×(AMH), model (3) 2.32-0.017×(age)+0.039×(AMH)+0. 03×(AFC), model (4) 2.584-0.015×(age)-0.035×(FSH)+0.038×(AMH)+0.026×(AFC). model 4 showed the best performance. On the basis of these variables, we developed nomograms to predict the number of oocytes that can be retrieved. CONCLUSION Our nomograms helped predict the number of oocytes retrieved in stimulated IVF cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Moon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Seoul Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jung Ryeol Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Jee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Won Don Lee
- Seoul Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Lim
- Seoul Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The RNA binding protein deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl) is a key determinant of germ cell maturation and entry into meiosis in rodents and other animal species. Although the complex phenotype of Dazl deficiency in both sexes, with defects at multiple stages of germ cell development and during meiosis, demonstrates its obligate significance in fertility in animal models, its involvement in human fertility is less clear. As an RNA binding protein, identification of the in vivo mRNA targets of DAZL is necessary to understand its influence. Thus far, only a small number of Dazl targets have been identified, which typically have pivotal roles in germ cell development and meiotic progression. However, it is likely that there are a number of additional germ cell and meiosis-relevant transcripts whose translation is affected in the absence of Dazl. Efforts to identify these RNA targets have mainly been focused on spermatogenesis, and restricted to mouse. In women, prophase I occurs in fetal life and it is during this period that the ovarian follicle pool is established, thus factors that have a role in determining the quality and quantity of the ovarian reserve may have significant impact on reproductive outcomes later in adult life. Here, we suggest that DAZL may be one such factor, and there is a need for greater understanding of the role of DAZL in human oogenesis and its contribution to lifelong female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent technological developments in the measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and presents an update of the relative performance characteristics of both AMH and antral follicle count (AFC) in predicting the ovarian response to controlled stimulation. RECENT FINDINGS The introduction of two automated AMH immunoassays appears to have resolved the majority of preanalytical and analytical limitations of the manual assays thereby facilitating the delivery of consistent and accurate results. However, as they exhibit different calibration from preexisting assays, derivation of new reference ranges and clinical thresholds for prediction of ovarian response categories will be required. Randomized controlled trials have highlighted the superiority of AMH to AFC in ovarian response prediction and provide a sound basis for its ongoing assessment for stratification and personalization of treatment. SUMMARY Trial evidence combined with full automation of AMH assay measurement suggests that the future for ovarian response prediction will be AMH focused. Sonography will continue to be invaluable for the identification of tubal, ovarian and endometrial pathologies, but the days of counting follicles are numbered.
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Blomberg Jensen M, Priskorn L, Jensen TK, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE. Temporal Trends in Fertility Rates: A Nationwide Registry Based Study from 1901 to 2014. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143722. [PMID: 26630399 PMCID: PMC4668020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increasing age at first childbirth has been suggested to increase the risk for infertility. Our objective is to determine whether women above thirty years of age historically have been able to sustain fertility rates above replacement level. Design A descriptive nationwide Danish study using birth registries from 1901–2014. Setting Information on women’s age at childbirth was obtained by using records from primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. Participants Mothers to 8,024,969 live births. Main outcome measures Mothers were stratified according to age at childbirth to determine total and age specific fertility rates. Results Total fertility rate (TFR) decreased from 4.1 to 1.8 children per woman and age specific fertility also decreased from 1901 to 2014. Women aged 30–34, 35–39 or 40–44 years in the first decade of the 20th century had higher fertility rates than the corresponding five year younger age groups (25–29, 30–34 and 35–39, respectively) have had for the last 65 years. On average, women gave birth to two children after the age of 30 and one or more child after 35 years of age in the beginning of the 1900s. Furthermore, women more than 40 years of age accounted for 10% of TFR in 1901 compared with 4% in 2014 despite usage of assisted reproduction. Conclusion This nationwide study shows that women above 30 years of age historically have been able to sustain fertility rates above replacement level. This implies that other factors besides age are strong determinants of fertility in women above 30 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blomberg Jensen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Lærke Priskorn
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Christianson MS, Shoham G, Tobler KJ, Zhao Y, Cordeiro CN, Leong M, Shoham Z. Measurement of antral follicle count in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment: results of a worldwide web-based survey. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1435-40. [PMID: 26341095 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to identify trends in the therapeutic approaches used to measure antral follicle count (AFC) in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment worldwide. METHODS A retrospective evaluation utilizing the results of a web-based survey, IVF-Worldwide ( www.IVF-Worldwide.com ), was performed. RESULTS Responses from 796 centers representing 593,200 cycles were evaluated. The majority of respondents (71.2 %) considered antral follicle count as a mandatory part of their practice with most (69.0 %) measuring AFC in the follicular phase. Most respondents (89.7 %) reported that they would modify the IVF stimulation protocol based on the AFC. There was considerable variation regarding a limit for the number of antral follicles required to initiate an IVF cycle with 46.1 % designating three antral follicles as their limit, 39.9 % selecting either four or five follicles as their limit, and 14.0 % reporting a higher cutoff criteria. With respect to antral follicle size, 61.5 % included follicles ranging between 2 and 10 mm in the AFC. When asked to identify the best predictor of ovarian hyper-response during IVF cycles, AFC was selected most frequently (49.4 %), followed by anti-Mullerian hormone level (42.7 %). Age was selected as the best predictor of ongoing pregnancy rate in 81.7 % of respondents. CONCLUSIONS While a large proportion of respondents utilized AFC as part of their daily practice and modified IVF protocol based on the measurement, the majority did not consider AFC as the best predictor of ongoing pregnancy rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy S Christianson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gon Shoham
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kyle J Tobler
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC, USA
| | - Yulian Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christina N Cordeiro
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Zeev Shoham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Silva E, Soares AI, Costa F, Castro JP, Matos L, Almeida H. Antioxidant Supplementation Modulates Age-Related Placental Bed Morphology and Reproductive Outcome in Mice. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:56. [PMID: 26178715 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.127746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of women who delay their first childbirth is increasing. This demographic shift is an important health issue because advanced maternal age is a risk factor for reproductive capacity loss and the occurrence of placental bed disorders that may lead to placenta abruption, preeclampsia, and placenta insufficiency. A redox imbalance status, resulting from the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species or their deficient neutralization, is proposed to occur in this setting. Thus, uterine redox status was evaluated in young (8- to 12-wk-old) and reproductively aged (38- to 42-wk-old) mice. In addition, it was hypothesized that specific dietary antioxidant supplementation would restore the balance and improve the reproductive outcome of aging female mice. To test this hypothesis, two different antioxidants, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor apocynin and the superoxide dismutase mimetic 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPOL), were added to the drinking water of female mice prior to and during pregnancy. Compared to younger females, uteri from reproductively aged nonpregnant mice exhibited areas of endometrial cystic dilation, increased level of NOX1 expression, and enhanced protein carbonylation, especially in the apical surface of the luminal epithelium. Both antioxidants decreased protein carbonylation level in the uterus of reproductively aged mice. When reproductively aged females became pregnant, the litter size was smaller and fetuses were heavier. The change was accompanied by a significant decrease in decidua thickness. Provision of apocynin significantly increased litter size and restored decidua thickness. Reproductively aged mice provided with TEMPOL did not evidence such benefits, but whereas apocynin normalized fetal birth weight, TEMPOL further increased it. These findings emphasize that uterine redox balance is important for reproductive success and suggest that age-related redox imbalance might be compensated by specific antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Silva
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Soares
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Costa
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Castro
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Almeida
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal Obstetrics-Gynecology, Hospital-CUF Porto, Porto, Portugal
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130
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Fleming R, Seifer DB, Frattarelli JL, Ruman J. Assessing ovarian response: antral follicle count versus anti-Müllerian hormone. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 31:486-96. [PMID: 26283017 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte number and quality decline with age; however, fertility varies significantly even among women of the same age. Various measures have been developed to predict response to ovarian stimulation and reproductive potential. Evaluation of ovarian reserve can identify patients who may experience poor response or hyper-response to exogenous gonadotrophins and can aid in the personalization of treatment to achieve good response and minimize risks. In recent years, two key methods, antral follicle count (AFC), an ultrasound biomarker of follicle number, and the concentration of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a hormone biomarker of follicle number, have emerged as preferred methods for assessing ovarian reserve. In this review, a live debate held at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine 2013 Annual Meeting is expanded upon to compare the predictive values, merits, and disadvantages of AFC and AMH level. An ovarian reserve measure without limitations has not yet been discovered, although both AFC and AMH have good predictive value. Published evidence, however, as well as the objectivity and potential standardization of AMH level and the convenience of testing any time throughout the menstrual cycle, leans towards AMH level becoming the gold-standard biomarker to evaluate ovarian reserve and predict ovarian response to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fleming
- Glasgow Centre for Reproductive Medicine, 21 Fifty Pitches Way, Gardonald Business Park, Glasgow G51-4FD, UK.
| | - David B Seifer
- Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John L Frattarelli
- Fertility Institute of Hawaii, 1401 South Beretania St, Suite 250, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA
| | - Jane Ruman
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 100 Interpace Pkwy, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
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131
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Abstract
A rapid rise in age at parenthood in contemporary societies has increased interest in reports of higher prevalence of de novo mutations and health problems in individuals with older fathers, but the fitness consequences of such age effects over several generations remain untested. Here, we use extensive pedigree data on seven pre-industrial Finnish populations to show how the ages of ancestors for up to three generations are associated with fitness traits. Individuals whose fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers fathered their lineage on average under age 30 were ~13% more likely to survive to adulthood than those whose ancestors fathered their lineage at over 40 years. In addition, females had a lower probability of marriage if their male ancestors were older. These findings are consistent with an increase of the number of accumulated de novo mutations with male age, suggesting that deleterious mutations acquired from recent ancestors may be a substantial burden to fitness in humans. However, possible non-mutational explanations for the observed associations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Hayward
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Georgii A Bazykin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), Bolshoy Karetny pereulok 19, Moscow, 127994, Russia; Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorbyevy Gory 1-73, Moscow, 119992, Russia; Belozersky Institute for Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorbyevy Gory 1-40, Moscow, 119992, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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132
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Duan P, Li B, Li C, Han X, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yan W. Effects of delayed motherhood on hippocampal gene expression in offspring rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:89-95. [PMID: 25976665 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While many studies have examined the pregnancy and health-related outcomes of delayed motherhood for women, less is known concerning the potential consequences for their children. This study aims to investigate the effect of delayed motherhood on the hippocampus at the whole genome level. Sprague-Dawley rat females, either at the age of 3 or 12 months, were individually housed with a randomly selected 3-month-old male. The rat whole genome expression chips were used to detect gene expression differences in the hippocampus of newborn rats. The gene expression profile was studied through gene ontology and signal pathway analyses. qRT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of solute carrier family 2 (SLC2A1) and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2). Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of SKP2. Compared to the control group, 1291 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 635 up-regulated genes and 656 down-regulated genes. These differential expressed genes were involved in 110 significant biological process and nine significant signaling pathways, in which the pathway in cancer is the most changed pathway. For SKP2 (up-regulated) and SLC2A1 (up-regulated) genes which were relevant to the pathway in cancer, qRT-PCR results were consistent with gene chip assay results. The upregulation of SKP2 was also demonstrated at protein level. In conclusion, delayed motherhood led to unique patterns of hippocampal gene expression in offspring and the newly identified genes afford a quantitative view of the changes which enable deeper insights into the molecular basis underlying the role of delayed motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Duan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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133
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Faire M, Skillern A, Arora R, Nguyen DH, Wang J, Chamberlain C, German MS, Fung JC, Laird DJ. Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary. Dev Biol 2015; 403:69-79. [PMID: 25889274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of tissues and organs can reveal large-scale patterning as well as the impact of perturbations and aging on biological architecture. Here we develop tools for imaging of single cells in intact organs and computational approaches to assess spatial relationships in 3D. In the mouse ovary, we use nuclear volume of the oocyte to read out quiescence or growth of oocyte-somatic cell units known as follicles. This in-ovary quantification of non-growing follicle dynamics from neonate to adult fits a mathematical function, which corroborates the model of fixed oocyte reserve. Mapping approaches show that radial organization of folliculogenesis established in the newborn ovary is preserved through adulthood. By contrast, inter-follicle clustering increases during aging with different dynamics depending on size. These broadly applicable tools can reveal high dimensional phenotypes and age-related architectural changes in other organs. In the adult mouse pancreas, we find stochastic radial organization of the islets of Langerhans but evidence for localized interactions among the smallest islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Faire
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Amanda Skillern
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Daniel H Nguyen
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Jason Wang
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Chester Chamberlain
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Michael S German
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Jennifer C Fung
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States.
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134
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Somigliana E, Viganò P, Filippi F, Papaleo E, Benaglia L, Candiani M, Vercellini P. Fertility preservation in women with endometriosis: for all, for some, for none? Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1280-6. [PMID: 25883035 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing confidence with the techniques of oocyte and ovarian cortex freezing has prompted their potential use for patient categories other than those at risk of early menopause due to cancer treatments. Women affected by every iatrogenic or pathologic condition known to compromise ovarian function severely have been considered as potential candidates for fertility preservation. Among them, women with endometriosis may represent a particularly suitable group since they are at increased risk of premature ovarian exhaustion and about half of them will experience infertility. Based on the currently available notions on the intricate relationships between endometriosis, infertility and damage to the ovarian reserve, we speculate that fertility preservation may be of interest for women with endometriosis, in particular for those with bilateral unoperated endometriomas and for those who previously had excision of unilateral endometriomas and require surgery for a contralateral recurrence. Young age at diagnosis may be an independent but pivotal additional factor to be taken into consideration in the balance of the pros and cons of fertility preservation. On the other hand, we argue against the introduction of fertility preservation for endometriosis in routine clinical practice. To date, only few cases have been reported and there are insufficient data for robust cost-utility analyses. It is noteworthy that endometriosis is a relatively common disease and systematically including affected women in a fertility preservation program would have profound clinical, logistic and financial effects. More clinical data and in-depth economic analysis are imperative prior to recommending its routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Somigliana
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Viganò
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Filippi
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Papaleo
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Benaglia
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Vercellini
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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135
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Abstract
Female reproductive tract pathologies arise largely from dysregulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling, leading to aberrant cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The signaling pathways orchestrated by these nuclear receptors are complex, require the participation of many nuclear proteins serving as key binding partners or targets, and involve a range of paracrine and autocrine regulatory circuits. The members of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed in reproductive tissues and have been increasingly implicated as critical co-regulators and integrators of steroid hormone actions. Herein, we explore the involvement of KLF family members in uterine pathology, describe their currently known molecular mechanisms, and discuss their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia C M Simmen
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Melissa E Heard
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Angela M Simmen
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Maria Theresa M Montales
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Meera Marji
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Samantha Scanlon
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - John Mark P Pabona
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
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136
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Moussa M, Shu J, Zhang X, Zeng F. Maternal control of oocyte quality in cattle “a review”. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 155:11-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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137
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Thilagam A. Mathematical modelling of decline in follicle pool during female reproductive ageing. Math Med Biol 2015; 33:107-21. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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138
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Xiong X, Dickey RP, Pridjian G, Buekens P. Maternal age and preterm births in singleton and twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilisation in the United States. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015; 29:22-30. [PMID: 25483622 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among natural conceptions, advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years) is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. However, few studies have specifically examined this association in births resulting from in vitro fertilisation (IVF). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 97288 singleton and 40961 twin pregnancies resulting from fresh non-donor IVF cycles using 2006-10 data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Online Reporting System. RESULTS Rates of very early preterm (<28), early preterm (<32), and preterm birth (<37 completed weeks) decreased with increasing maternal age in both singleton and twin births (PTrend <0.01). With women aged 30-34 years as the reference, those aged <30 years were at an increased risk of all types of preterm births. The adjusted odd ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for very early preterm birth, early preterm birth, and preterm birth in women aged 25-29 years were 1.3 [95% CI 1.1, 1.5], 1.2 [95% CI 1.1, 1.4], and 1.1 [95% CI 1.02, 1.2] in singletons. This increased risk of preterm births among younger women was even more significant in twin births. However, women aged ≥ 35 years were not at an increased risk of any type of preterm births in both singleton and twin births. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to natural conception, advanced maternal age is not associated with an increased risk of preterm births in pregnancies conceived by IVF. Women who seek IVF treatments before 30 years old are at higher risk of all stages of preterm births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
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139
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Iliodromiti S, Anderson RA, Nelson SM. Technical and performance characteristics of anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count as biomarkers of ovarian response. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:698-710. [PMID: 25489055 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stratified (individualized) medicine has been recognized as a key priority for policy makers and healthcare providers. The main principle of individualized care depends on utilizing patients' characteristics and biomarkers to predict prognosis, tailor intended treatment and predict treatment outcomes. In reproductive medicine a wide variety of biomarkers have been proposed as predictors of ovarian response; of these, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) are purported as exhibiting the most favourable analytical and performance characteristics. Previously AFC and AMH have been considered essentially interchangeable; however, recent trial data have questioned this postulation. The aim of this review is to present an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these biomarkers as predictors of ovarian response, using both physiological and technical perspectives. METHODS We have conducted a systematic search of the most recent (to May 2014) relevant literature and summarized the existing evidence. Articles written in a language other than English without an available English translation were excluded. RESULTS Both AMH values and AFC can be influenced by comparable technical, physiological and exogenous factors. AMH displays some variation within and between cycles, consistent with its physiological role in follicle development, and there are growing data on the impact of pharmacological treatments and pathological conditions but cycle-independent measurement is appropriate for clinical purposes. A range of issues with manual AMH assays may be resolving with the development of fully automated assays. Despite described standardization of its measurement technique, AFC is subject to marked inter- and intra-operator variability and the effects of external influences are likely to be comparable. Outwith some highly specialist centres, the intracyclic variation in AFC requires its measurement between Day 2 and 4 of the cycle. Observational studies suggest comparable performance characteristics for AMH and AFC in predicting poor and high ovarian response, but recent RCTs suggest markedly better performance for AMH. CONCLUSIONS The performance characteristics of both AMH and AFC for the prediction of ovarian response to exogenous gonadotrophins have been inflated by single site observational cohorts, resulting in the viewpoint that AMH and AFC exhibit equivalent performance characteristics. Large scale multicentre RCTs, with centralized assay performance, have demonstrated that AMH is substantially the more accurate and robust biomarker, probably reflecting difficulties with standardization of AFC determination. While AFC retains some advantages, particularly immediacy and accessibility, international standardization of AMH combined with a stable automated assay is likely to enhance its performance as the biomarker of choice in predicting the ovarian response in assisted conception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Scott M Nelson
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
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140
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Blomberg M, Birch Tyrberg R, Kjølhede P. Impact of maternal age on obstetric and neonatal outcome with emphasis on primiparous adolescents and older women: a Swedish Medical Birth Register Study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005840. [PMID: 25387756 PMCID: PMC4244420 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the associations between maternal age and obstetric and neonatal outcomes in primiparous women with emphasis on teenagers and older women. DESIGN A population-based cohort study. SETTING The Swedish Medical Birth Register. PARTICIPANTS Primiparous women with singleton births from 1992 through 2010 (N=798,674) were divided into seven age groups: <17 years, 17-19 years and an additional five 5-year classes. The reference group consisted of the women aged 25-29 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME Obstetric and neonatal outcome. RESULTS The teenager groups had significantly more vaginal births (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.04 (1.79 to 2.32) and 1.95 (1.88 to 2.02) for age <17 years and 17-19 years, respectively); fewer caesarean sections (aOR 0.57 (0.48 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.58)), and instrumental vaginal births (aOR 0.43 (0.36 to 0.52) and 0.50 (0.48 to 0.53)) compared with the reference group. The opposite was found among older women reaching a fourfold increased OR for caesarean section. The teenagers showed no increased risk of adverse neonatal outcome but presented an increased risk of prematurity <32 weeks (aOR 1.66 (1.10 to 2.51) and 1.20 (1.04 to 1.38)). Women with advancing age (≥30 years) revealed significantly increased risk of prematurity, perineal lacerations, preeclampsia, abruption, placenta previa, postpartum haemorrhage and unfavourable neonatal outcomes compared with the reference group. CONCLUSIONS For clinicians counselling young women it is of importance to highlight the obstetrically positive consequences that fewer maternal complications and favourable neonatal outcomes are expected. The results imply that there is a need for individualising antenatal surveillance programmes and obstetric care based on age grouping in order to attempt to improve the outcomes in the age groups with less favourable obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Such changes in surveillance programmes and obstetric interventions need to be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Blomberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Birch Tyrberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Preben Kjølhede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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141
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Tal R, Tal O, Seifer BJ, Seifer DB. Antimüllerian hormone as predictor of implantation and clinical pregnancy after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2014; 103:119-30.e3. [PMID: 25450298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether antimüllerian hormone (AMH) is a predictor of implantation and/or clinical pregnancy in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Women undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection in nondonor cycles. INTERVENTION(S) Measurement of serum AMH level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Diagnostic odds ratio (OR) and summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for AMH as a predictor of implantation and/or clinical pregnancy. RESULT(S) A total of 525 observational studies were identified, of which 19 were selected (comprising 5,373 women). Studies reporting clinical pregnancy rates in women with unspecified ovarian reserve (n = 11), diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) (n = 4), and polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 4) were included, together with studies reporting implantation rates (n = 4). The OR for AMH as a predictor of implantation in women with unspecified ovarian reserve (n = 1,591) was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-2.25), whereas the AUC was 0.591 (95% CI 0.563-0.618). The OR for AMH as a predictor of clinical pregnancy in these women (n = 4,324) was 2.10 (95% CI 1.82-2.41), whereas the AUC was 0.634 (95% CI 0.618-0.650). The predictive ability of AMH for pregnancy was greatest in women with DOR (n = 615), with OR and AUC of 3.96 (95% CI 2.57-6.10) and 0.696 (95% CI 0.641-0.751), respectively. In contrast, AMH had no significant predictive ability in women with PCOS (n = 414), with OR and AUC of 1.18 (95% CI 0.53-2.62) and 0.600 (95% CI 0.547-0.653), respectively. CONCLUSION(S) Antimüllerian hormone has weak association with implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in assisted reproductive technology but may still have some clinical utility in counseling women undergoing fertility treatment regarding pregnancy rates, particularly those with DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshef Tal
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Oded Tal
- School of Business and Hospitality, Conestoga College, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Seifer
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David B Seifer
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon
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142
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Wilkosz P, Greggains GD, Tanbo TG, Fedorcsak P. Female reproductive decline is determined by remaining ovarian reserve and age. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108343. [PMID: 25310678 PMCID: PMC4195570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The early decline and loss of female fertility in humans and other species represents an evolutionary paradox. Despite being born with a vast stock of oocytes, females encounter an exhaustion of ovarian reserve and sterility half way through their natural lives. Female reproductive ageing has been proposed to proceed as an ongoing decline in ovarian reserve, determined by remaining ovarian follicle number. However, despite extensive modelling, the respective contributions of intra-, inter-, and extra-ovarian signalling have not been fully characterised. It remains unclear whether reproductive ageing progresses simply as a pre-determined function of remaining ovarian follicles, or as an age-dependent process in humans. Here, we have analysed ovarian response to hormonal stimulation in women who have undergone surgical removal of a single ovary, in order to investigate the relative contributions of intra-, inter, and extra-ovarian signalling on reproductive ageing. Our data show that in unilaterally oophorectomised women, ovarian response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) declines beyond levels predicted by a total ovarian follicle pool model of reproductive ageing. Maintenance of ovarian function later in reproductive life, despite the removal of half of the total ovarian reserve, suggests a role for an extra-ovarian age-dependent regulation of reproductive decline. This highlights the need for further work to identify signalling factors that communicate age-related signals between the soma and the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Wilkosz
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Gareth D. Greggains
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom G. Tanbo
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Fedorcsak
- Section for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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143
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Abstract
Cryopreservation of eggs or ovarian tissue to preserve fertility for patients with cancer has been studied since 1994 with R G Gosden's paper describing restoration of fertility in oophorectomised sheep, and for decades previously by others in smaller mammals. Clinically this approach has shown great success. Many healthy children have been born from eggs cryopreserved with the Kuwayama egg vitrification technique for non-medical (social) indications, but until now very few patients with cancer have achieved pregnancy with cryopreserved eggs. Often, oncologists do not wish to delay cancer treatment while the patient goes through multiple ovarian stimulation cycles to retrieve eggs, and the patient can only start using the oocytes after full recovery from cancer. Ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval is not a barrier for patients without cancer who wish to delay childbearing, which makes oocyte cryopreservation increasingly popular to overcome an age-related decline in fertility. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is an option if egg cryopreservation is ruled out. More than 35 babies have been born so far with cryopreserved ovarian tissue in patients with cancer who have had a complete return of hormonal function, and fertility to baseline. Both egg and ovarian tissue cryopreservation might be ready for application to the preservation of fertility not only in patients with cancer but also in countering the increasing incidence of age-related decline in female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Stoop
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Sherman Silber
- Infertility Center of St Louis, St Luke's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
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144
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Cardona D, Leite R, Carvalho A, Campos C, Coelho C, da Costa MJP, Sousa S, Sousa M. Epidemiologic study of infertility: Report of the hospital centre of St. John, Porto. Rev Int Androl 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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146
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Astiz S, Gonzalez-bulnes A, Sebastian F, Fargas O, Cano I, Cuesta P. Maternal aging affects life performance of progeny in a Holstein dairy cow model. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 5:374-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174414000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development and life performance of 404 high-producing Holstein dairy cows was studied from birth onwards and during two lactations. The management, environment and parental genetics of the cows were known in detail. Cluster analysis identified four performance ‘types’: high-yielding (HY) cows and persistently high-yielding (PHY) cows, which accounted for 33% of the animals; medium-yielding (MY) cows, 41%; and low-yielding (LY) cows, 26%. Prenatal determinants of the life performance of the progeny were analyzed. Developmental and environmental factors were excluded as determinants of performance (including birth weight, level of passive immunity transfer, growth rate, age at first parturition and reproductive efficiency). Life performance did show minor seasonal effects, with more HY cows but less PHY being born during the cold season (90.1% in HY; 58.3% in PHY v. 81.5%). Instead, the single most important factor influencing life performance of daughters was maternal age. HY cows were born from the youngest mothers (1.89±1.14 parturitions, 3.12±1.42-year old), whereas LY cows were born from the oldest (2.72±1.80 parturitions, 3.97±2.01-year old; P<0.001). Life performance of the dams did not differ among clusters. In addition, metabolic parameters (fat and protein yield) were found to correlate significantly with yields between the first and second lactations (milk yield: r=0.357; fat yield: r=0.211; protein yield: r=0.277; P<0.0001), suggesting the influence of the individual. These results suggest that under optimal health, nutritional and environmental conditions, maternal aging is an important determinant of the life performance of progeny and argue for the need to identify conditions that contribute to health and disease in progeny according to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease or DOHaD concept. Our findings may help the development of novel management guidelines for dairy farms.
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147
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Gleicher N, Kushnir VA, Weghofer A, Barad DH. The "graying" of infertility services: an impending revolution nobody is ready for. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:63. [PMID: 25012752 PMCID: PMC4105876 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As demand for infertility services by older women continues to grow, because achievable in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes are widely underestimated, most fertility centers do not offer maximal treatment options with use of autologous oocytes. Limited data suggest that clinical IVF outcomes in excess of what the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) considers "futile" can, likely, be achieved up to at least age 45 years. METHODS In an attempt to point out an evolving demographic trend in IVF, we here report our center's IVF data for 2010-2012 and national U.S. data for 1997-2010. Though our center's data are representative of only one IVF center's patients, they, likely, are unique since they probably represent the most adversely selected IVF patient population ever reported and, thus, are predictive of future demographic trends. In addition we performed a systematic review of the literature on the subject based on PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar searches till year-end 2013. The literature search was performed using key words and phrases relevant to fertility treatments in older women. RESULTS As demonstrated by our center's patient demographics and national U.S. data, IVF centers are destined to treat increasingly adversely selected patients. Despite our center's already extremely adversely selected patient population, age-specific IVF cycle outcomes in women above age 40 years, nevertheless, exceeded criteria for "futility" by the ASRM and widely quoted outcome expectations in the literature for patient ages. Age 43 discriminates between better and poorer clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. CONCLUSIONS "Graying" of the infertility populations in the developed world, a problem with potentially far-reaching medical and societal consequences, has so far been only insufficiently addressed in the literature. As women's postmenopausal life spans already exceed postmenarcheal life spans at the start of the 20th century, the "graying" of infertility services can be expected to further accelerate, no longer as in recent decades bringing only women in their 40s into maternity wards but also women in their 50s and 60s. Medicine and society better get ready for this revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Andrea Weghofer
- Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - David H Barad
- Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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148
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Abstract
For many years, ovarian biology has been based on the dogma that oocytes reserve in female mammals included a finite number, established before or at birth and it is determined by the number and quality of primordial follicles developed during the neonatal period. The restricted supply of oocytes in adult female mammals has been disputed in recent years by supporters of postnatal neo-oogenesis. Recent experimental data showed that ovarian surface epithelium and cortical tissue from both mouse and human were proved to contain very low proportion of cells able to propagate themselves, but also to generate immature oocytes in vitro or in vivo, when transplanted into immunodeficient mice ovaries. By mentioning several landmarks of ovarian stem cell reserve and addressing the exciting perspective of translation into clinical practice as treatment for infertility pathologies, the purpose of this article is to review the knowledge about adult mammalian ovarian stem cells, a topic that, since the first approach quickly attracted the attention of both the scientific media and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Augustina Gheorghisan-Galateanu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania ; C.I.Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Eugen Hinescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania ; V.Babes National Institute of Pathology, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Enciu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania ; V.Babes National Institute of Pathology, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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149
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Bernstein S, Wiesemann C. Should Postponing Motherhood via “Social Freezing” Be Legally Banned? An Ethical Analysis. Laws 2014; 3:282-300. [DOI: 10.3390/laws3020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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150
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Wilding M, Coppola G, De Icco F, Arenare L, Di Matteo L, Dale B. Maternal non-Mendelian inheritance of a reduced lifespan? A hypothesis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:637-43. [PMID: 24687877 PMCID: PMC4048383 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A negative correlation exists between advanced maternal age and reproduction. Current data suggest that this correlation is due to a decline in oocyte quality with respect to female age. Since a new individual is derived from the fusion of a single sperm and egg, we tested whether the quality of this material could influence the long-term physiological health of offspring, by examining whether a link between parental age and lifespan of offspring exists. METHODS We requested a search from the Swedish demographic database POPUM 3 maintained by the University of Umeå, Sweden between years 1700 and 1900. Parameters requested included mothers' and fathers' age at gestation, the lifespan of the children, cause of death of children and the region of birth. RESULTS Complete data was obtained for 30,512 children born to 12,725 mothers and fathers. Kaplan-Meier estimators demonstrated a strong relationship between mother's age at gestation and the longevity of offspring. Extrinsic factors such as century of birth also had an effect on the data. The forward stepwise procedure on Cox's model of proportional hazards suggested that most significant intrinsic factors were mother's lifespan and mother's age at gestation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the lifespan of children. Among intrinsic factors, mother's lifespan and age at gestation had a significant influence on the data. The influence of intrinsic factors remained significant despite a strong extrinsic influence. We suggest that the influence of the mother on the lifespan of offspring is due to extra-genomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wilding
- Centre for Reproduction and Advanced Technology, St. Georges House, 3-5 Pepys Road, London, SW20 8NJ, UK,
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