101
|
Environmental sampling coupled with real-time PCR and genotyping to investigate the source of a Q fever outbreak in a work setting. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1834-1842. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA Q fever outbreak was declared in February 2016 in a company that manufactures hoists and chains and therefore with no apparent occupational-associated risk. Coxiella burnetii infection was diagnosed by serology in eight of the 29 workers of the company; seven of them had fever or flu-like signs and five had pneumonia, one requiring hospitalisation. A further case of C. burnetii pneumonia was diagnosed in a local resident. Real-time PCR (RTi–PCR) showed a widespread distribution of C. burnetii DNA in dust samples collected from the plant facilities, thus confirming the exposure of workers to the infection inside the factory. Epidemiological investigations identified a goat flock with high C. burnetii seroprevalence and active shedding which was owned and managed by one of the workers of the company as possible source of infection. Genotyping by multispacer sequence typing (MST) and a 10-loci single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discrimination using RTi–PCR identified the same genotype (MST18 and SNP type 8, respectively) in the farm and the factory. These results confirmed the link between the goat farm and the outbreak and allowed the identification of the source of infection. The circumstances and possible vehicles for the bacteria entering the factory are discussed.
Collapse
|
102
|
Sobotta K, Bonkowski K, Liebler-Tenorio E, Germon P, Rainard P, Hambruch N, Pfarrer C, Jacobsen ID, Menge C. Permissiveness of bovine epithelial cells from lung, intestine, placenta and udder for infection with Coxiella burnetii. Vet Res 2017; 48:23. [PMID: 28403908 PMCID: PMC5389005 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are the main source of human infections with the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella (C.) burnetii. Infected animals shed high numbers of C. burnetii by milk, feces, and birth products. In goats, shedding by the latter route coincides with C. burnetii replication in epithelial (trophoblast) cells of the placenta, which led us to hypothesize that epithelial cells are generally implicated in replication and shedding of C. burnetii. We therefore aimed at analyzing the interactions of C. burnetii with epithelial cells of the bovine host (1) at the entry site (lung epithelium) which govern host immune responses and (2) in epithelial cells of gut, udder and placenta decisive for the quantity of pathogen excretion. Epithelial cell lines [PS (udder), FKD-R 971 (small intestine), BCEC (maternal placenta), F3 (fetal placenta), BEL-26 (lung)] were inoculated with C. burnetii strains Nine Mile I (NMI) and NMII at different cultivation conditions. The cell lines exhibited different permissiveness for C. burnetii. While maintaining cell viability, udder cells allowed the highest replication rates with formation of large cell-filling Coxiella containing vacuoles. Intestinal cells showed an enhanced susceptibility to invasion but supported C. burnetii replication only at intermediate levels. Lung and placental cells also internalized the bacteria but in strikingly smaller numbers. In any of the epithelial cells, both Coxiella strains failed to trigger a substantial IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α response. Epithelial cells, with mammary epithelial cells in particular, may therefore serve as a niche for C. burnetii replication in vivo without alerting the host’s immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sobotta
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Bonkowski
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Pierre Germon
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRA, Université Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nina Hambruch
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Mohabbati Mobarez A, Bagheri Amiri F, Esmaeili S. Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005521. [PMID: 28394889 PMCID: PMC5398711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a main zoonotic disease around the world. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among human and animal population in Iran. METHODS Major national and international databases were searched from 2005 up to August 2016. We extracted the prevalence of Q fever antibodies (IgG) as the main primary outcome. We reported the prevalence of the seropositivity as point and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of IgG phase I and II antibodies of Q fever in human was 19.80% (95% CI: 16.35-23.25%) and 32.86% (95% CI: 23.80-41.92%), respectively. The herd and individual prevalence of C. burnetii antibody in goat were 93.42% (95% CI: 80.23-100.00) and 31.97% (95% CI: 20.96-42.98%), respectively. The herd and individual prevalence of Q fever antibody in sheep's were 96.07% (95% CI: 89.11-100.00%) and 24.66% (95% CI: 19.81-29.51%), respectively. The herd and individual prevalence of C. burnetii antibody in cattle were 41.37% (95% CI: 17.88-64.86%) and 13.30% (95% CI: 2.98-23.62%), respectively. Individual seropositivity of Q fever in camel and dog were 28.26% (95% CI: 21.47-35.05) and 0.55% (0.03-2.68), respectively. CONCLUSION Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and domestic animals is considerable. Preventative planning and control of C. burnetii infections in Iran is necessary. Active surveillance and further research studies are recommended, to more clearly define the epidemiology and importance of C. burnetii infections in animals and people in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mohabbati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory of Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Sivabalan P, Saboo A, Yew J, Norton R. Q fever in an endemic region of North Queensland, Australia: A 10 year review. One Health 2017; 3:51-55. [PMID: 28616504 PMCID: PMC5454161 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Q fever is a zoonotic infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. Endemic Q fever has long been recognised in north Queensland, with north Queensland previously acknowledged to have the highest rate of notification in Australia. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the demographics and exposure of patients diagnosed with Q fever in an endemic region of north Queensland, to identify trends and exposure factors for the acquisition of Q fever. Methods A retrospective study looking at patients in the region that had tested positive for Q fever by case ascertainment between 2004 and 2014. This involved both a chart review and the completion of a patient questionnaire targeting demographics, clinical presentation, risk factors and outcomes. Results There were 101 patients with a positive Q fever serology and/or PCR that were identified in the region of north Queensland that was studied, between 2004 and 2014. The cohort was residents of Mackay Hospital and Health Service. Of these, 4 patients were excluded and 63 patients successfully completed a questionnaire on demographic and risk factors. Out of the 63 patients, the highest prevalence was in the patients residing in the coastal region of Proserpine (42/100,000 people per year) followed by the Whitsundays region (14.8/100,000 people per year). A significantly higher proportion of patients were reportedly exposed to macropods (69.8%) and possums (66.7%) as compared to cattle (23.8%). A trend between increased cases of Q fever infection and high seasonal rainfall was noted. Conclusions In this endemic region of north Queensland, exposure to wildlife and seasonal rainfall may be substantial exposure factors for the development of Q fever. The region studied is a popular tourist destination. An understanding of risk factors involved can help practitioners who see residents or returned travelers from the region, with an undifferentiated fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirathaban Sivabalan
- Mackay Base Hospital, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Mackay Base Hospital, Queensland, Australia.Department of MedicineMackay Base HospitalQueenslandAustralia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Geha
- From the Division of Gastroenterology (M.P.), Department of Medicine (R.G., M.P., G.D.), and the Department of Pathology (R.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco, and Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (G.D.) - both in San Francisco
| | - Marion Peters
- From the Division of Gastroenterology (M.P.), Department of Medicine (R.G., M.P., G.D.), and the Department of Pathology (R.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco, and Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (G.D.) - both in San Francisco
| | - Ryan M Gill
- From the Division of Gastroenterology (M.P.), Department of Medicine (R.G., M.P., G.D.), and the Department of Pathology (R.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco, and Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (G.D.) - both in San Francisco
| | - Gurpreet Dhaliwal
- From the Division of Gastroenterology (M.P.), Department of Medicine (R.G., M.P., G.D.), and the Department of Pathology (R.M.G.), University of California, San Francisco, and Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (G.D.) - both in San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
SLOAN-GARDNER TS, MASSEY PD, HUTCHINSON P, KNOPE K, FEARNLEY E. Trends and risk factors for human Q fever in Australia, 1991-2014. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:787-795. [PMID: 27927265 PMCID: PMC9507770 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian abattoir workers, farmers, veterinarians and people handling animal birthing products or slaughtering animals continue to be at high risk of Q fever despite an effective vaccine being available. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data were analysed for the period 1991-2014, along with enhanced risk factor data from notified cases in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, to examine changes in the epidemiology of Q fever in Australia. The national Q fever notification rate reduced by 20% [incident rate ratio (IRR) 0·82] following the end of the National Q fever Management Program in 2006, and has increased since 2009 (IRR 1·01-1·34). Highest rates were in males aged 40-59 years (5·9/100 000) and 87% of Q fever cases occurred in New South Wales and Queensland. The age of Q fever cases and proportion of females increased over the study period. Based on the enhanced risk factor data, the most frequently listed occupation for Q fever cases involved contact with livestock, followed by 'no known risk' occupations. More complete and comparable enhanced risk factor data, at the State/Territory and national levels, would aid in further understanding of the epidemiology of Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. SLOAN-GARDNER
- Office of Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, ACT, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - P. D. MASSEY
- Hunter New England Population Health, NSW, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, QLD, Australia
| | | | - K. KNOPE
- Office of Health Protection, Department of Health, Woden, ACT, Australia
| | - E. FEARNLEY
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, Mege JL, Maurin M, Raoult D. From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: a Paradigm Change. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:115-190. [PMID: 27856520 PMCID: PMC5217791 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever, or "query fever," a zoonosis first described in Australia in 1937. Since this first description, knowledge about this pathogen and its associated infections has increased dramatically. We review here all the progress made over the last 20 years on this topic. C. burnetii is classically a strict intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. However, a major step in the characterization of this pathogen was achieved by the establishment of its axenic culture. C. burnetii infects a wide range of animals, from arthropods to humans. The genetic determinants of virulence are now better known, thanks to the achievement of determining the genome sequences of several strains of this species and comparative genomic analyses. Q fever can be found worldwide, but the epidemiological features of this disease vary according to the geographic area considered, including situations where it is endemic or hyperendemic, and the occurrence of large epidemic outbreaks. In recent years, a major breakthrough in the understanding of the natural history of human infection with C. burnetii was the breaking of the old dichotomy between "acute" and "chronic" Q fever. The clinical presentation of C. burnetii infection depends on both the virulence of the infecting C. burnetii strain and specific risks factors in the infected patient. Moreover, no persistent infection can exist without a focus of infection. This paradigm change should allow better diagnosis and management of primary infection and long-term complications in patients with C. burnetii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Eldin
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Mélenotte
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Edouard
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Joulié A, Sidi-Boumedine K, Bailly X, Gasqui P, Barry S, Jaffrelo L, Poncet C, Abrial D, Yang E, Leblond A, Rousset E, Jourdain E. Molecular epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in French livestock reveals the existence of three main genotype clusters and suggests species-specific associations as well as regional stability. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 48:142-149. [PMID: 28007602 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. In domestic ruminants, Q fever main clinical manifestations are abortions. Although the clinical signs may differ between ruminant species, C. burnetii's genetic diversity remains understudied in enzootic areas. Here, we focused on France, where Q fever is enzootic, with the aims to (a) identify potential associations between C. burnetii genotypes and ruminant host species; (b) assess the distribution of C. burnetii genotypes both within French farms and across France's major livestock-farming regions; and (c) suggest a subset of markers for future genotypic studies. We used DNA samples collected between 2006 and 2015 from 301 females (160 cows, 76 ewes, 65 goats) aborted of Q fever within 7 different farming regions. C. burnetii diversity was determined using a multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) considering 17 markers. Using a phylogenetic approach, we identified 3 main genotypic clusters divided into 12 sub-clusters. These clusters were significantly associated with ruminant species: almost all the cattle genotypes were found in a "cattle-specific" cluster whereas small ruminants genotypes essentially grouped into the two other clusters. The clusters also proved stable over space and time, some genotypes being more specifically observed in certain farming regions. We also observed some within-farm diversity but this diversity was restricted to a same genotypic cluster. Finally, we identified 6 MLVA markers that maximized the representativeness of the diversity described. Overall, we highlighted that molecular epidemiology is a relevant approach to assess C. burnetii's genetic diversity and to reveal the existence of species-specific associations and regional stability. These results will be valuable in the field to trace genotype circulation among ruminants and from ruminants to humans. Ultimately, the potential links between genotypes and virulence traits need to be investigated to adapt control measures in livestock farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Joulié
- EPIA, INRA, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Abrial
- EPIA, INRA, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Elise Yang
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Agnès Leblond
- EPIA, INRA, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France; Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Van Leuken J, Swart A, Brandsma J, Terink W, Van de Kassteele J, Droogers P, Sauter F, Havelaar A, Van der Hoek W. Human Q fever incidence is associated to spatiotemporal environmental conditions. One Health 2016; 2:77-87. [PMID: 28616479 PMCID: PMC5441340 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pathogenic transmission from sources to humans is characterised by atmospheric dispersion and influence of environmental conditions on deposition and reaerosolisation. We applied a One Health approach using human, veterinary and environmental data regarding the 2009 epidemic in The Netherlands, and investigated whether observed human Q fever incidence rates were correlated to environmental risk factors. We identified 158 putative sources (dairy goat and sheep farms) and included 2339 human cases. We performed a high-resolution (1 × 1 km) zero-inflated regression analysis to predict incidence rates by Coxiella burnetii concentration (using an atmospheric dispersion model and meteorological data), and environmental factors - including vegetation density, soil moisture, soil erosion sensitivity, and land use data - at a yearly and monthly time-resolution. With respect to the annual data, airborne concentration was the most important predictor variable (positively correlated to incidence rate), followed by vegetation density (negatively). The other variables were also important, but to a less extent. High erosion sensitive soils and the land-use fractions "city" and "forest" were positively correlated. Soil moisture and land-use "open nature" were negatively associated. The geographical prediction map identified the largest Q fever outbreak areas. The hazard map identified highest hazards in a livestock dense area. We conclude that environmental conditions are correlated to human Q fever incidence rate. Similar research with data from other outbreaks would be needed to more firmly establish our findings. This could lead to better estimations of the public health risk of a C. burnetii outbreak, and to more detailed and accurate hazard maps that could be used for spatial planning of livestock operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.P.G. Van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.N. Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - W. Terink
- Future Water, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Van de Kassteele
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - F. Sauter
- Environmental Safety (M&V), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A.H. Havelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Floriday, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - W. Van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Shabbir MZ, Akram S, Hassan ZU, Hanif K, Rabbani M, Muhammad J, Chaudhary MH, Abbas T, Ghori MT, Rashid H, Jamil T, Islam ZU, Rasool H, Bano A, Ahmad A, Ali MA, Yaqub T, McVey W, Jayarao BM. Evidence of Coxiella burnetii in Punjab province, Pakistan. Acta Trop 2016; 163:61-9. [PMID: 27456937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes query (Q) fever, an important zoonotic disease with worldwide significance. The role of environment in the ecology of C. burnetti, and its influence on seroconversion in animals has not been elucidated in Pakistan. We carried out a cross-sectional study in Punjab province to (1) determine the prevalence and distribution of C. burnetii in soil using an ISIIII gene-based real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, (2) analyze association between the occurrence of C. burnetii in soil and its predictors i.e. soil characteristics (macro- and micro-nutrients) and several likely risk factors including the seroconversion in small ruminants at places where its genome had or had not been detected, and (3) predict homology and genetic diversity of the identified strains using sequences originated from different hosts worldwide. A total of 2425 soil samples from nine districts of Punjab province were processed. C. burnetii DNA was detected in 47 samples (1.94%, 95% CI: ±0.55) originating from 35 villages of studied districts (7.22%, 95% CI: ±2.30). The highest prevalence was found in Attock (7.11%, 95% CI: ±3.36), followed by Lahore (4.83%, 95% CI: ±3.49), Sahiwal (4.70%, 95% CI: ±2.6), Dera Ghazi Khan (2.33%, 95% CI: ±2.02), Faisalabad (1.35%, 95% CI: ±1.18) and Sheikhupura (0.68%, 95% CI: ±0.94). The odds of detecting bacterial DNA in soil was increased with a unit increase in organic matter [2.511 (95% CI: 1.453-4.340), p=0.001] and sodium [1.013 (95% CI: 1.005-1.022), p=0.001], whereas, calcium [0.984 (95% CI: 0.975-0.994), p=0.002] and potassium [0.994 (95% CI: 0.990-0.999), p=0.011] had protective effect where a unit increase in each analyte decreased odds for its occurrence by 1.0% approximately. Likewise, for categorical variables (risk factors), the odds of detecting C. burnetii were higher at locations >500m away from a main road [1.95 (95% CI: 1.06-3.78), p=0.04]. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed an increased prevalence of antibodies in sheep (17.9%, 95% CI: ±5.54) compared with goats (16.4%, 95% CI: ±4.34). When determining the association between soil DNA and C. burnetii antibodies in small ruminants, the odds of detecting these antibodies were significant in sheep at the livestock barns [2.81 (95% CI: 1.20-7.37), p=0.02]. The IS1111 gene-based sequence analysis revealed a clustering of the DNA into two distinct groups with much genetic divergence (0.76-68.70%): the first group that contained sequences from Lahore district clustered with human and buffalo origin isolates, whereas the second group that contained the sequences from the remaining study districts clustered with goat-, rodent- and human-origin isolates. This study provides the first evidence of the presence of C. burnetii in the environment in Punjab province, Pakistan. Future studies are needed to ascertain the bacteria's molecular epidemiology over a wide geographical area, type the isolates, and evaluates the potential risks to human populations, particularly farmers and veterinarians.
Collapse
|
111
|
Wide exposure to Coxiella burnetii in ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human-livestock-wildlife interface. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:478-481. [PMID: 27776577 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the role of wild and domestic hosts as potential reservoirs of misdiagnosed zoonoses, such as Q fever by Coxiella burnetii, is an important public health issue today both for wildlife conservation and management of disease in human-livestock-wildlife interface. This study used ELISA, an indirect antibody, to research (2003-2013) C. burnetii infection in seven free-living wild and domestic ruminant species and in European wildcats (Felis silvestris). The animals studied were 0 European wildcats, 21 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 314 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 556 fallow deer (Dama dama), 211 European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), eight roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 407 bovines (Bos taurus) and 3739 sheep (Ovis aries). All the animals shared the same habitat in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). The study area is an example of human-domestic-wildlife interface where people and domestic animals live in close proximity to wildlife. Observed C. burnetii seropositive frequencies were: 33·3% European wildcats, 23·8% Spanish ibex, 22·5% domestic sheep 1·5% red deer, 1·4% European mouflon, 0·24% cattle, 0·18% fallow deer and 0% roe deer. The study found a wide C. burnetii prevalence of previous and present exposure in wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park and reports the first evidence of C. burnetii exposure in free-living European wildcats.
Collapse
|
112
|
Wardrop NA, Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, de Glanville WA, Atkinson PM, Wamae CN, Fèvre EM. The Sero-epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in Humans and Cattle, Western Kenya: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005032. [PMID: 27716804 PMCID: PMC5055308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the intracellular bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii (which causes Q fever) is widespread, with a near global distribution. While there has been increasing attention to Q fever epidemiology in high-income settings, a recent systematic review highlighted significant gaps in our understanding of the prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for Q fever infection across Africa. This research aimed to provide a One Health assessment of Q fever epidemiology in parts of Western and Nyanza Provinces, Western Kenya, in cattle and humans. A cross-sectional survey was conducted: serum samples from 2049 humans and 955 cattle in 416 homesteads were analysed for C. burnetii antibodies. Questionnaires covering demographic, socio-economic and husbandry information were also administered. These data were linked to environmental datasets based on geographical locations (e.g., land cover). Correlation and spatial-cross correlation analyses were applied to assess the potential link between cattle and human seroprevalence. Multilevel regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between a range of socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors and sero-positivity in both humans and animals. The overall sero-prevalence of C. burnetii was 2.5% in humans and 10.5% in cattle, but we found no evidence of correlation between cattle and human seroprevalence either within households, or when incorporating spatial proximity to other households in the survey. Multilevel modelling indicated the importance of several factors for exposure to the organism. Cattle obtained from market (as opposed to those bred in their homestead) and those residing in areas with lower precipitation levels had the highest sero-prevalence. For humans, the youngest age group had the highest odds of seropositivity, variations were observed between ethnic groups, and frequent livestock contact (specifically grazing and dealing with abortion material) was also a risk factor. These results illustrate endemicity of C. burnetii in western Kenya, although prevalence is relatively low. The analysis indicates that while environmental factors may play a role in cattle exposure patterns, human exposure patterns are likely to be driven more strongly by livestock contacts. The implication of livestock markets in cattle exposure risks suggests these may be a suitable target for interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A. Wardrop
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - William A. de Glanville
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Atkinson
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Claire N. Wamae
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Hopper B, Cameron B, Li H, Graves S, Stenos J, Hickie I, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Lloyd AR. The natural history of acute Q fever: a prospective Australian cohort. QJM 2016; 109:661-668. [PMID: 27037328 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed description of the natural history of acute Q fever, caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, AIM: : To significantly increase understanding of the illness. DESIGN Subjects with provisional acute Q fever (n = 115) were recruited from primary care in rural Australia, and followed prospectively by interview and blood collection including for serological confirmation. A nested series of subjects with prolonged illness (cases), and those without (controls), were investigated in detail. METHODS Total phase I and phase II anti-C. burnetii antibodies were detected by complement fixation test; and IgG, IgM and IgA phase I and phase II titres by immunofluorescence. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted to enumerate circulating T cells subsets, B cells, monocytes and natural killer cells. RESULTS Serological testing confirmed acute Q fever in 73 subjects (63%). The acute illness featured fever, headache, sweats, fatigue and anorexia; and varied widely in severity, causing an average of 8 days in bed and 15 days out of work or other role in the first month of illness. The illness course varied from 2 days to greater than a year. No cases of chronic, localized Q fever infection, such as endocarditis, were identified. Neither severe nor prolonged illness were associated with persistence of C. burnetii DNA, altered patterns of C. burnetii-specific IgG, IgM or IgA antibody production, or altered leucocyte subsets. CONCLUSIONS The severity of acute Q fever alone predicted prolonged duration. Further studies are warranted to better understand the pathophysiology of prolonged illness after acute Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hopper
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Cameron
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Li
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - I Hickie
- Brain and Mind Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Wakefield
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - U Vollmer-Conna
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A R Lloyd
- From the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Olivas S, Hornstra H, Priestley RA, Kaufman E, Hepp C, Sonderegger DL, Handady K, Massung RF, Keim P, Kersh GJ, Pearson T. Massive dispersal of Coxiella burnetii among cattle across the United States. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000068. [PMID: 28348863 PMCID: PMC5320587 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Q-fever is an underreported disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, which is highly infectious and has the ability to disperse great distances. It is a completely clonal pathogen with low genetic diversity and requires whole-genome analysis to identify discriminating features among closely related isolates. C. burnetii, and in particular one genotype (ST20), is commonly found in cow's milk across the entire dairy industry of the USA. This single genotype dominance is suggestive of host-specific adaptation, rapid dispersal and persistence within cattle. We used a comparative genomic approach to identify SNPs for high-resolution and high-throughput genotyping assays to better describe the dispersal of ST20 across the USA. We genotyped 507 ST20 cow milk samples and discovered three subgenotypes, all of which were present across the entire country and over the complete time period studied. Only one of these sub-genotypes was observed in a single dairy herd. The temporal and geographic distribution of these sub-genotypes is consistent with a model of large-scale, rapid, frequent and continuous dissemination on a continental scale. The distribution of subgenotypes is not consistent with wind-based dispersal alone, and it is likely that animal husbandry and transportation practices, including pooling of milk from multiple herds, have also shaped the patterns. On the scale of an entire country, there appear to be few barriers to rapid, frequent and large-scale dissemination of the ST20 subgenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonora Olivas
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Rachael A. Priestley
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Emily Kaufman
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Crystal Hepp
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Informatics and Computing Program, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5717, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Derek L. Sonderegger
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5717, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Karthik Handady
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Robert F. Massung
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Pathogen Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Talima Pearson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Karki S, Gidding HF, Newall AT, McIntyre PB, Liu BC. Risk factors and burden of acute Q fever in older adults in New South Wales: a prospective cohort study. Med J Aust 2016; 203:438. [PMID: 26654610 DOI: 10.5694/mja15.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the acute burden of and to identify risk factors associated with notified Q fever in older adults in New South Wales. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort of adults aged 45 years and over (the 45 and Up Study) recruited during 2006-2009 and followed using linked Q fever notifications, hospital records and death records during 2006-2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident cases of Q fever, based on a linked Q fever notification; proportion of cases with a Q fever-coded hospitalisation. RESULTS A total of 266 906 participants were followed up for 1 254 650 person-years (mean, 4.7 ± 1.0 years per person). In our study population, the incidence of notified Q fever during follow-up was 3.6 (95% CI, 2.7-4.8) per 100 000 person-years. After adjustments, age (≥ 65 years v 45-54 years: hazard ratio [HR], 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.96), sex (women v men: HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.88), and area and type of residence (P < 0.001 for trend) remained significantly associated with Q fever. Compared with those living in an inner regional area but not on a farm, the risk of notified Q fever was highest for those living on a farm in outer regional or remote areas (HR, 11.98; 95% CI, 5.47-26.21), followed by those living on a farm in inner regional areas (HR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.79-13.65). Of notified Q fever cases, 15 of 39 (38%) had been hospitalised with a diagnosis consistent with Q fever. CONCLUSIONS Adults living on a farm in outer regional and remote areas are at a substantially greater risk of contracting Q fever. This suggests that, as well as targeting specific occupational groups for vaccination, there would be benefits in increasing public awareness of Q fever and vaccination among those living on and near farms in outer regional and remote areas of Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, NSW
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Pandit P, Hoch T, Ezanno P, Beaudeau F, Vergu E. Spread of Coxiella burnetii between dairy cattle herds in an enzootic region: modelling contributions of airborne transmission and trade. Vet Res 2016; 47:48. [PMID: 27048416 PMCID: PMC4822316 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever, a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a looming concern for livestock and public health. Epidemiological features of inter-herd transmission of C. burnetii in cattle herds by wind and trade of cows are poorly understood. We present a novel dynamic spatial model describing the inter-herd regional spread of C. burnetii in dairy cattle herds, quantifying the ability of airborne transmission and animal trade in C. burnetii propagation in an enzootic region. Among all the new herd infections, 92% were attributed to airborne transmission and the rest to cattle trade. Infections acquired following airborne transmission were shown to cause relatively small and ephemeral intra-herd outbreaks. On the contrary, disease-free herds purchasing an infectious cow experienced significantly higher intra-herd prevalence. The results also indicated that, for short duration, both transmission routes were independent from each other without any synergistic effect. The model outputs applied to the Finistère department in western France showed satisfactory sensitivity (0.71) and specificity (0.80) in predicting herd infection statuses at the end of one year in a neighbourhood of 3 km around expected incident herds, when compared with data. The model developed here thus provides important insights into the spread of C. burnetii between dairy cattle herds and paves the way for implementation and assessment of control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Pandit
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 BioEpAR, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.
| | - Thierry Hoch
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 BioEpAR, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 BioEpAR, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - François Beaudeau
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR1300 BioEpAR, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
A cross sectional study evaluating the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii, potential risk factors for infection, and agreement between diagnostic methods in goats in Indiana. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
118
|
Sandoz KM, Popham DL, Beare PA, Sturdevant DE, Hansen B, Nair V, Heinzen RA. Transcriptional Profiling of Coxiella burnetii Reveals Extensive Cell Wall Remodeling in the Small Cell Variant Developmental Form. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149957. [PMID: 26909555 PMCID: PMC4766238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Coxiella burnetii, the bacterial cause of human Q fever, is a biphasic developmental cycle that generates biologically, ultrastructurally, and compositionally distinct large cell variant (LCV) and small cell variant (SCV) forms. LCVs are replicating, exponential phase forms while SCVs are non-replicating, stationary phase forms. The SCV has several properties, such as a condensed nucleoid and an unusual cell envelope, suspected of conferring enhanced environmental stability. To identify genetic determinants of the LCV to SCV transition, we profiled the C. burnetii transcriptome at 3 (early LCV), 5 (late LCV), 7 (intermediate forms), 14 (early SCV), and 21 days (late SCV) post-infection of Vero epithelial cells. Relative to early LCV, genes downregulated in the SCV were primarily involved in intermediary metabolism. Upregulated SCV genes included those involved in oxidative stress responses, arginine acquisition, and cell wall remodeling. A striking transcriptional signature of the SCV was induction (>7-fold) of five genes encoding predicted L,D transpeptidases that catalyze nonclassical 3-3 peptide cross-links in peptidoglycan (PG), a modification that can influence several biological traits in bacteria. Accordingly, of cross-links identified, muropeptide analysis showed PG of SCV with 46% 3-3 cross-links as opposed to 16% 3-3 cross-links for LCV. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed SCV with an unusually dense cell wall/outer membrane complex as compared to LCV with its clearly distinguishable periplasm and inner and outer membranes. Collectively, these results indicate the SCV produces a unique transcriptome with a major component directed towards remodeling a PG layer that likely contributes to Coxiella's environmental resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi M. Sandoz
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - David L. Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bryan Hansen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Vinod Nair
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Heinzen
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle Farmers and Farm Residents in Three Northeastern Provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7059196. [PMID: 26966688 PMCID: PMC4757716 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7059196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Coxiella burnetii infection among cattle farmers and farm residents in China. Thus, the present study was conducted to detect the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and estimate associated risk factors among cattle farmers and farm residents in China. A cross-sectional study was designed, and sera of 362 people living or working on 106 cattle farms were tested for C. burnetii IgG and IgM antibodies by immunofluorescence assay. Overall C. burnetii seroprevalence was 35.6% (129/362, 95% CI: 30.70–40.57), and 112 participants had experienced a past infection and seventeen (4.7%) had experienced a relatively recent infection. In the final combined multilevel model, the following activities were significantly associated with presence of antibodies against C. burnetii: milking cattle, providing general healthcare to cattle, providing birth assistance, contact dead-born animals, urbanization, and presence of mice and/or rats in the stable. Moreover, presence of disinfection equipment was a significant protective factor. This is the first study addressing the seroprevalence and risk factors of C. burnetii infection in cattle farmers and farm residents in three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
Collapse
|
120
|
Biggs HM, Turabelidze G, Pratt D, Todd SR, Jacobs-Slifka K, Drexler NA, McCurdy G, Lloyd J, Evavold CL, Fitzpatrick KA, Priestley RA, Singleton J, Sun D, Tang M, Kato C, Kersh GJ, Anderson A. Coxiella burnetii Infection in a Community Operating a Large-Scale Cow and Goat Dairy, Missouri, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:525-31. [PMID: 26811433 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic pathogen that causes Q fever in humans and is transmitted primarily from infected goats, sheep, or cows. Q fever typically presents as an acute febrile illness; however, individuals with certain predisposing conditions, including cardiac valvulopathy, are at risk for chronic Q fever, a serious manifestation that may present as endocarditis. In response to a cluster of Q fever cases detected by public health surveillance, we evaluated C. burnetii infection in a community that operates a large-scale cow and goat dairy. A case was defined as an individual linked to the community with a C. burnetii phase II IgG titer ≥ 128. Of 135 participants, 47 (35%) cases were identified. Contact with or close proximity to cows, goats, and their excreta was associated with being a case (relative risk 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.3-5.3). Cases were also identified among individuals without cow or goat contact and could be related to windborne spread or tracking of C. burnetii on fomites within the community. A history of injection drug use was reported by 26/130 (20%) participants; follow-up for the presence of valvulopathy and monitoring for development of chronic Q fever may be especially important among this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Biggs
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - George Turabelidze
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Drew Pratt
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Suzanne R Todd
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Kara Jacobs-Slifka
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Naomi A Drexler
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Gail McCurdy
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Lloyd
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Charles L Evavold
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Kelly A Fitzpatrick
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Rachael A Priestley
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Joseph Singleton
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - David Sun
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Minh Tang
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Cecilia Kato
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Gilbert J Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| | - Alicia Anderson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Elsa J, Duron O, Séverine B, González-Acuña D, Sidi-Boumedine K. Molecular methods routinely used to detect Coxiella burnetii in ticks cross-react with Coxiella-like bacteria. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:29230. [PMID: 26609691 PMCID: PMC4660934 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.29230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Ticks may act as vectors, and many epidemiological studies aim to assess C. burnetii prevalence in ticks. Because ticks may also be infected with Coxiella-like bacteria, screening tools that differentiate between C. burnetii and Coxiella-like bacteria are essential. METHODS In this study, we screened tick specimens from 10 species (Ornithodoros rostratus, O. peruvianus, O. capensis, Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus annulatus, R. decoloratus, R. geigy, O. sonrai, O. occidentalis, and Amblyomma cajennense) known to harbor specific Coxiella-like bacteria, by using quantitative PCR primers usually considered to be specific for C. burnetii and targeting, respectively, the IS1111, icd, scvA, p1, and GroEL/htpB genes. RESULTS We found that some Coxiella-like bacteria, belonging to clades A and C, yield positive PCR results when screened with primers initially believed to be C. burnetii-specific. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PCR-based surveys that aim to detect C. burnetii in ticks by using currently available methods must be interpreted with caution if the amplified products cannot be sequenced. Future molecular methods that aim at detecting C. burnetii need to take into account the possibility that cross-reactions may exist with Coxiella-like bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jourdain Elsa
- INRA, UR0346 Animal Epidemiology Unit, Saint Genès Champanelle, France;
| | - Olivier Duron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5290, Université Montpellier 1 - Université Montpellier 2 - Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement, Unité de Recherche UR 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Barry Séverine
- INRA, UR0346 Animal Epidemiology Unit, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | | | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Animal Q fever Unit, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Schleenvoigt B, Sprague L, Mertens K, Moog U, Schmoock G, Wolf G, Neumann M, Pletz M, Neubauer H. Acute Q fever infection in Thuringia, Germany, after burial of roe deer fawn cadavers (Capreolus capreolus): a case report. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 8:19-20. [PMID: 26566445 PMCID: PMC4600876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a case of a 48-year-old man who presented with acute Q fever infection after burying two fawn cadavers (Capreolus capreolus). Recent outbreaks of Q fever in Europe have been traced back to intensive goat breeding units, sheep flocks in the proximity of highly populated urban areas or to farmed deer. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing Q fever infection in a human linked to roe deer as a source of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.T. Schleenvoigt
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Germany
- Corresponding author: B.T. Schleenvoigt, Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07740 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - L.D. Sprague
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Germany
| | - K. Mertens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Germany
| | - U. Moog
- Tiergesundheitsdienst, Thüringer Tierseuchenkasse, Germany
| | - G. Schmoock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Germany
| | - G. Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - M. Neumann
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - M.W. Pletz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - H. Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Q fever and pregnancy: experience from the Limoges Regional University Hospital. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 294:233-8. [PMID: 26559421 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Q fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. Its tropism for the uterus is a potential source of obstetric complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe the obstetric consequences of Q fever diagnosed during pregnancy from a series of cases. When an antenatal diagnosis was made, antibiotic therapy with roxithromycin (Rulid(®)) was started until delivery. RESULTS Between 2007 and 2012, 30 patients were treated for Q fever diagnosed during pregnancy, i.e. 1.9 cases per 1000 people. The most common reasons for performing serology was intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor and oligoamnios. Q fever was diagnosed as acute and chronic in 26 and 4 cases, respectively. Progression to chronic disease occurred in 8 % of acute forms of the diseases. The prevalence of obstetric complications was 66 %, including 10 % foetal deaths, 31 % preterm delivery and 27 % low birthweight <10th percentile. The obstetric complication rate amongst the 22 patients treated with ante partum macrolides was 60, 30 % of which involved prematurity and 33 % involved low growth. No cases of foetal death were found on treatment and no congenital malformation and placental or neonatal injury was found. No case of disease reactivation was diagnosed in the eight patients who became pregnant again. CONCLUSION Q fever during pregnancy is responsible for severe obstetric complications. It must be diagnosed early and its clinical forms known in order to start appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with the exception of New Zealand. It is caused by an intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. The disease often goes underdiagnosed because the main manifestation of its acute form is a general self-limiting flu-like syndrome. The Dutch epidemics renewed attention to this disease, which was less considered before. This review summarizes the description of C. burnetii (taxonomy, intracellular cycle, and genome) and Q fever disease (description, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathogenesis). Finally, vaccination in humans and animals is also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Boarbi
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - David Fretin
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Marcella Mori
- Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique.,Centre d'étude et de recherches vétérinaires et agrochimiques (CERVA), Direction opérationnelle des maladies bactériennes, Zoonoses bactériennes des animaux de rente, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Bruxelles, Belgique
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Role of B cells in host defense against primary Coxiella burnetii infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4826-36. [PMID: 26438792 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01073-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Coxiella burnetii being an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, our recent study demonstrated that B cells play a critical role in vaccine-induced immunity to C. burnetii infection by producing protective antibodies. However, the role of B cells in host defense against primary C. burnetii infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether B cells play an important role in host defense against primary C. burnetii infection. The results showed that peritoneal B cells were able to phagocytose virulent C. burnetii bacteria and form Coxiella-containing vacuoles (CCVs) and that C. burnetii can infect and replicate in peritoneal B1a subset B cells in vitro, demonstrating a potential role for peritoneal B cells in host defense against C. burnetii infection in vivo. In addition, the results showing that B1a cells secreted a high level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in response to C. burnetii infection in vitro suggest that B1a cells may play an important role in inhibiting the C. burnetii infection-induced inflammatory response. The observation that adoptive transfer of peritoneal B cells did not significantly affect the severity of C. burnetii infection-induced diseases in both severe combined immunity-deficient (SCID) and μMT mice indicates that peritoneal B cells alone may not be able to control C. burnetii infection. In contrast, our finding that C. burnetii infection induced more-severe splenomegaly and a higher bacterial burden in the spleens of B1a cell-deficient Bruton's tyrosine kinase x-linked immunity-deficient (BTK(xid)) mice than in their wild-type counterparts further suggests that B1a cells play an important role in host defense against primary C. burnetii infection.
Collapse
|
126
|
Alonso E, Lopez-Etxaniz I, Hurtado A, Liendo P, Urbaneja F, Aspiritxaga I, Olaizola JI, Piñero A, Arrazola I, Barandika JF, Hernáez S, Muniozguren N, García- Pérez AL. Q Fever Outbreak among Workers at a Waste-Sorting Plant. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138817. [PMID: 26398249 PMCID: PMC4580639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of Q fever occurred in February-April 2014 among workers at a waste-sorting plant in Bilbao (Spain). The outbreak affected 58.5% of investigated employees, 47.2% as confirmed cases (PCR and/or serology) and 11.3% as probable cases (symptoms without laboratory confirmation). Only employees who had no-access to the waste processing areas of the plant were not affected and incidence of infection was significantly higher among workers not using respiratory protection masks. Detection by qPCR of Coxiella burnetii in dust collected from surfaces of the plant facilities confirmed exposure of workers inside the plant. Animal remains sporadically detected among the residues received for waste-sorting were the most probable source of infection. After cleaning and disinfection, all environmental samples tested negative. Personal protection measures were reinforced and made compulsory for the staff and actions were taken to raise farmers' awareness of the biological risk of discharging animal carcasses as urban waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Idoia Lopez-Etxaniz
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma Liendo
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Urbaneja
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Aspiritxaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Olaizola
- Department of Epidemiology, OSALAN- Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Piñero
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arrazola
- Department of Agriculture, Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús F. Barandika
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Silvia Hernáez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nerea Muniozguren
- Department of Epidemiology, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia, Gobierno Vasco, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana L. García- Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER- Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Nusinovici S, Hoch T, Brahim ML, Joly A, Beaudeau F. The Effect of Wind onCoxiella burnetiiTransmission Between Cattle Herds: a Mechanistic Approach. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:585-592. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nusinovici
- INRA; UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BioEpAR); Nantes France
- LUNAM Université; Oniris; UMR BioEpAR; Nantes France
| | - T. Hoch
- INRA; UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BioEpAR); Nantes France
- LUNAM Université; Oniris; UMR BioEpAR; Nantes France
| | - M. L. Brahim
- INRA; UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BioEpAR); Nantes France
- LUNAM Université; Oniris; UMR BioEpAR; Nantes France
| | - A. Joly
- GDS Bretagne; Vannes Cedex France
| | - F. Beaudeau
- INRA; UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BioEpAR); Nantes France
- LUNAM Université; Oniris; UMR BioEpAR; Nantes France
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Ladbury GAF, Van Leuken JPG, Swart A, Vellema P, Schimmer B, Ter Schegget R, Van der Hoek W. Integrating interdisciplinary methodologies for One Health: goat farm re-implicated as the probable source of an urban Q fever outbreak, the Netherlands, 2009. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:372. [PMID: 26336097 PMCID: PMC4558730 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spring 2008, a goat farm experiencing Q fever abortions ("Farm A") was identified as the probable source of a human Q fever outbreak in a Dutch town. In 2009, a larger outbreak with 347 cases occurred in the town, despite no clinical Q fever being reported from any local farm. METHODS Our study aimed to identify the source of the 2009 outbreak by applying a combination of interdisciplinary methods, using data from several sources and sectors, to investigate seventeen farms in the area: namely, descriptive epidemiology of notified cases; collation of veterinary data regarding the seventeen farms; spatial attack rate and relative risk analyses; and GIS mapping of farms and smooth incidence of cases. We conducted further spatio-temporal analyses that integrated temporal data regarding date of onset with spatial data from an atmospheric dispersion model with the most highly suspected source at the centre. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that Farm A was again the most likely source of infection, with persons living within 1 km of the farm at a 46 times larger risk of being a case compared to those living within 5-10 km. The spatio-temporal analyses demonstrated that about 60 - 65 % of the cases could be explained by aerosol transmission from Farm A assuming emission from week 9; these explained cases lived significantly closer to the farm than the unexplained cases (p = 0.004). A visit to Farm A revealed that there had been no particular changes in management during the spring/summer of 2009, nor any animal health problems around the time of parturition or at any other time during the year. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the probable source of the 2009 outbreak was the same farm implicated in 2008, despite animal health indicators being absent. Veterinary and public health professionals should consider farms with past as well as current history of Q fever as potential sources of human outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A F Ladbury
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, , 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavägen 11a, 171 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jeroen P G Van Leuken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, , 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, , 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Piet Vellema
- Department of Small Ruminant Health, Animal Health Service (GD), Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Schimmer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, , 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald Ter Schegget
- Municipal Health Service Brabant-Zuidoost, Clausplein 10, 5611 XP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, , 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7253-60. [PMID: 26253679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02180-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. Domestic ruminants are considered to be the main reservoir. Sheep, in particular, may frequently cause outbreaks in humans. Because within-flock circulation data are essential to implementing optimal management strategies, we performed a follow-up study of a naturally infected flock of dairy sheep. We aimed to (i) describe C. burnetii shedding dynamics by sampling vaginal mucus, feces, and milk, (ii) assess circulating strain diversity, and (iii) quantify barn environmental contamination. For 8 months, we sampled vaginal mucus and feces every 3 weeks from aborting and nonaborting ewes (n=11 and n=26, respectively); for lactating females, milk was obtained as well. We also sampled vaginal mucus from nine ewe lambs. Dust and air samples were collected every 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. All samples were screened using real-time PCR, and strongly positive samples were further analyzed using quantitative PCR. Vaginal and fecal samples with sufficient bacterial burdens were then genotyped by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) using 17 markers. C. burnetii burdens were higher in vaginal mucus and feces than in milk, and they peaked in the first 3 weeks postabortion or postpartum. Primiparous females and aborting females tended to shed C. burnetii longer and have higher bacterial burdens than nonaborting and multiparous females. Six genotype clusters were identified; they were independent of abortion status, and within-individual genotype diversity was observed. C. burnetii was also detected in air and dust samples. Further studies should determine whether the within-flock circulation dynamics observed here are generalizable.
Collapse
|
130
|
Bauer AE, Olivas S, Cooper M, Hornstra H, Keim P, Pearson T, Johnson AJ. Estimated herd prevalence and sequence types of Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples from commercial dairies in Indiana. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:186. [PMID: 26248712 PMCID: PMC4528813 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii is the etiologic agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease causing influenza-like illness, pregnancy loss, cardiovascular disease and chronic fatigue syndrome in people. C. burnetii is considered to be enzootic in ruminants, but clinical signs of infection do not always manifest. National studies have documented the presence of C. burnetii in dairy herds in Indiana. This represents an opportunity to better characterize the distribution and prevalence of C. burnetii infection at the state scale, allowing evaluation of the need for surveillance and response planning to occur at this level. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the herd prevalence of C. burnetii in commercial cattle dairies in Indiana and characterize the strains of C. burnetii within these dairies. Results Bulk tank milk samples were collected between June and August of 2011 by the Indiana State Board of Animal Health (ISBOAH). A total of 316 of these samples were tested for the IS1111 transposon of C. burnetii using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was used to identify the multispacer sequence genotypes (ST) present in samples where the IS1111 transposon was identified. The geographic distribution of dairies testing positive for C. burnetii DNA and the identified STs were also evaluated. The estimated overall herd prevalence for C. burnetii DNA was 61.1 % (95 % CI 55.6–66.3 %). The highest estimated regional prevalence was 70.2 % in the Central region of Indiana. An ST was identifiable in 74 of the positive 178 samples (41.6 %) and none of the 10 negative samples tested. Of these samples, 71 (95.9 %) were identified as ST20, 2 (2.7 %) as ST8 and a combination of ST20 and ST8 was identified in a single sample. Conclusions C. burnetii is present in dairy herds throughout Indiana. Indiana follows national trends with ST20 most commonly identified. The presence of multiple STs in a single bulk tank sample indicates that multiple strains of C. burnetii can circulate within a herd. This supports potential transmission of C. burnetii between goats and cattle, presenting the potential for a switch in the dominant genotype found in a given species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0517-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Bauer
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Sonora Olivas
- The Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Maria Cooper
- Indiana State Board of Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- The Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Paul Keim
- The Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Talima Pearson
- The Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - April J Johnson
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,Present address: Signature Science, LLC, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Huijskens EGW, Smit LAM, Rossen JWA, Heederik D, Koopmans M. Evaluation of Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Zoonotic Pathogens in an Area with a High Density of Animal Farms. Zoonoses Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26214299 PMCID: PMC7165864 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intensive animal farming could potentially lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases. Clinicians are at the forefront of detecting unusual diseases, but the lack of specificity of zoonotic disease symptoms makes this a challenging task. We evaluated patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with known and unknown aetiology in an area with a high livestock density and a potential association with animal farms in the proximity. Between 2008 and 2009, a period coinciding with a large Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands, patients with CAP were tested for the presence of possible respiratory pathogens. The presence and number of farm animals within 1 km of the patients' home address were assessed using geographic information system (GIS) and were compared between cases and age-matched control subjects. Of 408 patients with CAP, pathogens were detected in 275 (67.4%) patients. The presence of sheep and the number of goats were associated with CAP caused by Coxiella burnetii in a multiple logistic regression model (P < 0.05). CAP with unknown aetiology was not associated with the presence of animal farms (P > 0.10). The use of GIS in combination with aetiology of CAP could be potentially used to target diagnostics and to identify outbreaks of rare zoonotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G W Huijskens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - L A M Smit
- Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W A Rossen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Heederik
- Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Koopmans
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Abstract
Zoonoses are infections that spread naturally between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals to other animal species or to humans or from humans to animals. Most of the zoonoses diagnosed in sheep and goats are transmitted by close contact of man with these animals and are, more often, occupational diseases that principally affect breeders, veterinarians and/or slaughterhouse workers. Some other diseases have an airborne transmission and affect the population in the vicinity of sheep/goat farms. Due to the fact that small ruminants are almost the only remaining animals which are migrating in industrialised countries, there is a severe risk for transmitting the diseases. Some other zoonotic diseases are foodborne diseases, which are mainly transmitted from animals to humans and to other animal species by contaminated food and water. Within the last decade central Europe was threatened by some new infections, e.g., bluetongue disease and schmallenberg disease, which although not of zoonotic interest, are caused by pathogens transmitted by vectors. Causal agents of both diseases have found highly effective indigenous vectors. In the future, climate change may possibly modify conditions for the vectors and influence their distribution and competence. By this, other vector-borne zoonotic infections may propagate into former disease free countries. Changes in human behaviour in consummation and processing of food, in animal housing and management may also influence future risks for zoonosis. Monitoring, prevention and control measures are proposed to limit further epidemics and to enable the containment of outbreaks. Measures depend mainly on the damage evoked or anticipated by the disease, the local situation, and the epidemiology of the zoonoses, the presence of the infective agent in wild and other animals, as well as the resistance of the causal microorganisms in the environment and the possibility to breed sheep and goats which are resistant to specific infections. In this review, the clinical signs in animals and humans of the main sheep and goat zoonoses, as well as the transmission route and the control measures are reported. Brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, Q fever, Orf, Rift valley fever and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy are described in greater detail, in order to determine factors that contribute to the choice of the control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Janati Pirouz H, Mohammadi G, Mehrzad J, Azizzadeh M, Nazem Shirazi MH. Seroepidemiology of Q fever in one-humped camel population in northeast Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1293-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
134
|
Vermeer-de Bondt PE, Schoffelen T, Vanrolleghem AM, Isken LD, van Deuren M, Sturkenboom MCJM, Timen A. Coverage of the 2011 Q fever vaccination campaign in the Netherlands, using retrospective population-based prevalence estimation of cardiovascular risk-conditions for chronic Q fever. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123570. [PMID: 25909712 PMCID: PMC4409345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011, a unique Q fever vaccination campaign targeted people at risk for chronic Q fever in the southeast of the Netherlands. General practitioners referred patients with defined cardiovascular risk-conditions (age >15 years). Prevalence rates of those risk-conditions were lacking, standing in the way of adequate planning and coverage estimation. We aimed to obtain prevalence rates retrospectively in order to estimate coverage of the Q fever vaccination campaign. Methods With broad search terms for these predefined risk-conditions, we extracted patient-records from a large longitudinal general-practice research-database in the Netherlands (IPCI-database). After validation of these records, obtained prevalence rates (stratified for age and sex) extrapolated to the Q fever high-incidence area population, gave an approximation of the size of the targeted patient-group. Coverage calculation addressed people actually screened by a pre-vaccination Q fever skin test and serology (coverage) and patients referred by their general practitioners (adjusted-coverage) in the 2011 campaign. Results Our prevalence estimate of any risk-condition was 3.1% (lower-upper limits 2.9-3.3%). For heart valve defects, aorta aneurysm/prosthesis, congenital anomalies and endocarditis, prevalence was 2.4%, 0.6%, 0.4% and 0.1%, respectively. Estimated number of eligible people in the Q fever high-incidence area was 11,724 (10,965-12,532). With 1330 people screened for vaccination, coverage of the vaccination campaign was 11%. For referred people, the adjusted coverage was 18%. Coverage was lowest among the very-old and highest for people aged 50–70 years. Conclusion The estimated coverage of the vaccination campaign was limited. This should be interpreted in the light of the complexity of this target-group with much co-morbidity, and of the vaccine that required invasive pre-vaccination screening. Calculation of prevalence rates of risk-conditions based on the IPCI-database was feasible. This procedure proved an efficient tool for future use, when prevalence estimates for policy, implementation or surveillance of subgroup-vaccination or other health-care interventions are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Vermeer-de Bondt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Teske Schoffelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann M. Vanrolleghem
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leslie D. Isken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Deuren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aura Timen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Eldin C, Mahamat A, Djossou F, Raoult D. Rainfall and sloth births in may, Q fever in July, Cayenne, French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:979-81. [PMID: 25802429 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever in French Guiana is correlated with the rainy season. We found a 1- to 2-month lagged correlation between Q fever incidence and the number of births of three-toed sloth. This result strengthens the hypothesis that the three-toed sloth is the wild reservoir of Q fever in French Guiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Eldin
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095 Faculté de Médecine 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 2, rue des Flamboyants, BP 6006-97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Aba Mahamat
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095 Faculté de Médecine 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 2, rue des Flamboyants, BP 6006-97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Felix Djossou
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095 Faculté de Médecine 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 2, rue des Flamboyants, BP 6006-97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095 Faculté de Médecine 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, 2, rue des Flamboyants, BP 6006-97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Q fever infection in dairy cattle herds: increased risk with high wind speed and low precipitation. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:3316-26. [PMID: 25783480 PMCID: PMC4594051 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are considered the main reservoir for transmission of Coxiella burnetii (Cb) to humans. The implementation of effective control measures against Cb in ruminants requires knowledge about potential risk factors. The objectives of this study were (i) to describe the spatial distribution of Q fever-infected dairy cattle herds in Sweden, (ii) to quantify the respective contributions of wind and animal movements on the risk of infection, while accounting for other sources of variation, and (iii) to investigate the possible protective effect of precipitation. A total of 1537 bulk milk samples were collected and tested for presence of Cb antibodies. The prevalence of test-positive herds was higher in the south of Sweden. For herds located in areas with high wind speed, open landscape, high animal densities and high temperature, the risk of being infected reached very high values. Because these factors are difficult to control, vaccination could be an appropriate control measure in these areas. Finally, the cumulated precipitation over 1 year was identified as a protective factor.
Collapse
|
137
|
Gale P, Kelly L, Mearns R, Duggan J, Snary E. Q fever through consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products - a risk profile and exposure assessment. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1083-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Weybridge UK
| | - L. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Weybridge UK
| | - R. Mearns
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Penrith UK
| | - J. Duggan
- Public Health England (PHE); Porton Down UK
| | - E.L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Weybridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Ruiz S, Wolfe DN. Vaccination against Q fever for biodefense and public health indications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:726. [PMID: 25566235 PMCID: PMC4267281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a disease that is often spread to humans via inhalational exposure to the bacteria from contaminated agricultural sources. Outbreaks have been observed all over the world with larger foci generating interest in vaccination programs, most notably in Australia and the Netherlands. Importantly, exposure rates among military personnel deployed to the Middle East can be relatively high as measured by seroconversion to C. burnetii-specific antibodies. Q fever has been of interest to the biodefense community over the years due to its low infectious dose and environmental stability. Recent advances in cell-free growth and genetics of C. burnetii also make this organism easier to culture and manipulate. While there is a vaccine that is licensed for use in Australia, the combination of biodefense- and public health-related issues associated with Q fever warrant the development of a safer and more effective vaccine against this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruiz
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Chemical and Biological Technologies Department, Defense Threat Reduction Agency Fort Belvoir, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Dahlgren FS, McQuiston JH, Massung RF, Anderson AD. Q fever in the United States: summary of case reports from two national surveillance systems, 2000-2012. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:247-55. [PMID: 25404080 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis historically associated with exposure to infected livestock. This study summarizes cases of Q fever, a notifiable disease in the United States, reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through two national surveillance systems with onset during 2000-2012. The overall incidence rate during this time was 0.38 cases per million persons per year. The reported case fatality rate was 2.0%, and the reported hospitalization rate was 62%. Most cases (61%) did not report exposure to cattle, goats, or sheep, suggesting that clinicians should consider Q fever even in the absence of livestock exposure. The prevalence of drinking raw milk among reported cases of Q fever (8.4%) was more than twice the national prevalence for the practice. Passive surveillance systems for Q fever are likely impacted by underreporting and underdiagnosis because of the nonspecific presentation of Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Dahlgren
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer H McQuiston
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert F Massung
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia D Anderson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Ezatkhah M, Alimolaei M, Khalili M, Sharifi H. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in small ruminants from Southeast Iran. J Infect Public Health 2014; 8:170-6. [PMID: 25270385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in small ruminants in Southeast Iran. A total of 368 small ruminant blood samples (241 caprine blood samples and 127 ovine blood samples) were collected from January to May of 2011 in Southeast Iran. A commercial ELISA test kit was employed to identify specific antibodies against C. burnetii in the sheep and goats. Seropositivity in the examined counties ranged from 17.1% to 39.2%. Of the animals tested, 97 animals (26.4%), including 43 sheep (33.9%) and 54 goats (22.4%), had antibodies to C. burnetii. The results of the current study reveal the high prevalence of antibody positivity in small ruminants in Southeast Iran. Thus, sheep and goats are important reservoirs in this area. Additionally, we performed a logistic regression to the identify risk factors for positivity and concluded that age was an important risk factor (P<0.001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ezatkhah
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Alimolaei
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran; Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Mahieu R, Gardembas M, Kempf M, Abgueguen P, Fontaine C. Un vent de panique et de questions. Rev Med Interne 2014; 35:621-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
142
|
Espejo E, Gil-Díaz A, Oteo JA, Castillo-Rueda R, García-Alvarez L, Santana-Báez S, Bella F. Clinical presentation of acute Q fever in Spain: seasonal and geographical differences. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 26:162-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
143
|
|
144
|
Cardinale E, Esnault O, Beral M, Naze F, Michault A. Emergence of Coxiella burnetii in ruminants on Reunion Island? Prevalence and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3055. [PMID: 25101780 PMCID: PMC4125295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a widespread zoonosis that is caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), and ruminants are identified as the main sources of human infections. Some human cases have been described, but very limited information was available about Q fever in ruminants on Reunion Island, a tropical island in the Indian Ocean. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from March 2011 to August 2012 to assess the Q fever prevalence and to identify the major risk factors of C. burnetii infection in ruminants. A total of 516 ruminants (245 cattle, 137 sheep and 134 goats) belonging to 71 farms and localized in different ecosystems of the island were randomly selected. Samples of blood, vaginal mucus and milk were concomitantly collected from females, and a questionnaire was submitted to the farmers. Ticks from positively detected farms were also collected. The overall seropositivity was 11.8% in cattle, 1.4% in sheep and 13.4% in goats. C. burnetii DNA was detected by PCR in 0.81%, 4.4% and 20.1% in cow, sheep and goat vaginal swabs, respectively. C. burnetii shedding in milk was observed in 1% of cows, 0% in sheep and 4.7% in goats. None of the ticks were detected to be positive for C. burnetii. C. burnetii infection increased when the farm was exposed to prevailing winds and when there were no specific precautions for a visitor before entering the farm, and they decreased when a proper quarantine was set up for any introduction of a new ruminant and when the animals returned to the farm at night. MLVA genotyping confirmed the role of these risk factors in infection. Q fever is a disease that could be transmitted from animals (cattle, sheep and goats) to humans and caused by a bacterium called Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). Some human cases exhibiting characteristic clinical signs of that disease have been detected on Reunion Island, a tropical island in the Indian Ocean, but to date, we did not know if these animals could be seen as potential sources of the disease. Thus, a study was undertaken from March 2011 to August 2012 to detect the presence of that bacterium in these animals and to understand how they could get infected themselves. A total of 516 ruminants (245 cattle, 137 sheep and 134 goats) belonging to 71 farms and localized in different environments of the island were selected. Samples of blood, vaginal mucus and milk were concomitantly collected from females, and a questionnaire was submitted to the farmers. Ticks from positively detected farms were also collected. We observed 11.8% of cattle, 1.4% of sheep and 13.4% of goats had already been in contact with the bacterium. Coxiella burnetii was also directly detected in some vaginal and milk samples. None of the ticks were detected to be positive for C. burnetii. We found that the ruminants could be infected when their farm was exposed to prevailing winds because the bacterium can be transported by the wind, and when there were no specific precautions for visitors before entering the farm, because they could act as mechanical carriers of Coxiella. Conversely, keeping new animals under surveillance for some days to detect any signs of the disease before they enter the farm or keeping the animals in the barn at night limit the risk of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Olivier Esnault
- Groupement de Défense sanitaire de la Réunion, le Tampon, Réunion, France
| | - Marina Beral
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Ohlson A, Malmsten J, Frössling J, Bölske G, Aspán A, Dalin AM, Lindberg A. Surveys on Coxiella burnetii infections in Swedish cattle, sheep, goats and moose. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:39. [PMID: 25007979 PMCID: PMC4112654 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Prevalence data in ruminant species are important to support risk assessments regarding public and animal health. The aim was to investigate the presence of or exposure to C. burnetii in cattle, sheep, goats and moose, and to compare two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). National surveys of antibodies against C. burnetii were performed for dairy cattle (n=1537), dairy goats (n=58) and sheep (n=518). Bovine samples consisted of bulk milk, caprine of pooled milk, and ovine of pooled serum. Antibodies were investigated in moose samples (n=99) from three regions. A one-year regional cattle bulk milk survey was performed on the Isle of Gotland (n=119, four occasions). Cattle, sheep and goat samples were analysed with indirect ELISA and moose samples with complement fixation test. For the sheep, goat, and parts of the cattle survey, samples were run in parallel by ELISAs based on antigens from infected ruminants and ticks. Bulk milk samples from the regional cattle survey and vaginal swabs from a subset of the sheep herds (n=80) were analysed for the agent by polymerase chain reaction. Spatial clustering was investigated in the national cattle survey. Results The prevalence of antibodies in dairy herds was 8.2% with large regional differences. High risk clusters were identified in the southern regions. The prevalence among dairy herds on the Isle of Gotland varied from 55.9% to 64.6% and 46.4% to 58.9.0% for antibodies and agent, respectively, overall agreement between agent and antibodies was 85.2%. The prevalence of antibodies in sheep was 0.6%, the agent was not detected the vaginal swabs. Antibodies were not detected in goats or moose, although parts of the moose samples were collected in an area with high prevalence in cattle. The overall agreement between the two ELISAs was 90.4%. Conclusions The prevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii in dairy cattle in Sweden shows large regional differences. The results suggest that C. burnetii is a rare pathogen among Swedish moose, dairy goat and sheep. ELISAs based on ruminant and tick antigen performed in a similar manner under Swedish conditions.
Collapse
|
146
|
A windy day in a sheep saleyard: an outbreak of Q fever in rural South Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:391-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn December 2004, the Department of Human Services investigated an outbreak of Q fever in South Australia. A case-control study tested an association between attending a local saleyard and human illness. A case was defined as a person with clinical illness and evidence of seroconversion or high phase II IgM. Controls were selected from a database of community controls matched on sex, age group and postcode. Matched analysis of the first 15 cases with 45 controls indicated that contracting Q fever was associated with attending the saleyard on one particular day (adjusted odds ratio 15·3, 95% confidence interval 1·7–undefined,P = 0·014). Saleyard conditions were windy and conducive for airborne dispersal of contaminated particles. In total, 25 cases were detected. Of these, 22 cases had attended a local saleyard on the same day. This outbreak suggests cases were probably infected by a single exposure at a saleyard from infected sheep and dust. The investigation resulted in an increase in the local uptake of Q fever vaccination and extension of the Australian national vaccination programme.
Collapse
|
147
|
Hermans T, Jeurissen L, Hackert V, Hoebe C. Land-applied goat manure as a source of human Q-fever in the Netherlands, 2006-2010. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96607. [PMID: 24788538 PMCID: PMC4008588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown a link between Q-fever positive farms (QFPFs) and community cases of human Q-fever. Our study is the first to investigate the potential role of contaminated land-applied manure in human Q-fever, based on a large set of nationwide notification and farm management data. Time between manure application and disease onset in geographically linked notified human cases coincided with the incubation period of Q-fever. Proximity of contaminated land parcels predicted human cases better than proximity of QFPFs (80% vs. 58%, 0-5 km in 2009). Incidence around QFPFs and contaminated land parcels decreased with distance, but not around non-contaminated land parcels. Incidence was higher around contaminated land parcels than non-contaminated land parcels (RR = [10],95%CI = [7], [1]-[14,2]). Our findings deliver evidence that, apart from QFPFs, land-applied contaminated manure may be another source of human Q-fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tia Hermans
- Alterra, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Volker Hackert
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Geleen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hoebe
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases, and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, Geleen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Piñero A, Ruiz-Fons F, Hurtado A, Barandika J, Atxaerandio R, García-Pérez A. Changes in the dynamics of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle: An approach to match field data with the epidemiological cycle of C. burnetii in endemic herds. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2718-30. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
149
|
Das DP, Malik S, Rawool D, Das S, Shoukat S, Gandham RK, Saxena S, Singh R, Doijad SP, Barbuddhe S. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from bovines with history of reproductive disorders in India and phylogenetic inference based on the partial sequencing of IS1111 element. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 22:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
150
|
Pearson T, Hornstra HM, Hilsabeck R, Gates LT, Olivas SM, Birdsell DM, Hall CM, German S, Cook JM, Seymour ML, Priestley RA, Kondas AV, Clark Friedman CL, Price EP, Schupp JM, Liu CM, Price LB, Massung RF, Kersh GJ, Keim P. High prevalence and two dominant host-specific genotypes of Coxiella burnetii in U.S. milk. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:41. [PMID: 24533573 PMCID: PMC3936997 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals; symptoms range from general malaise to fever, pneumonia, endocarditis and death. Livestock are a significant source of human infection as they shed C. burnetii cells in birth tissues, milk, urine and feces. Although prevalence of C. burnetii is high, few Q fever cases are reported in the U.S. and we have a limited understanding of their connectedness due to difficulties in genotyping. Here, we develop canonical SNP genotyping assays to evaluate spatial and temporal relationships among C. burnetii environmental samples and compare them across studies. Given the genotypic diversity of historical collections, we hypothesized that the current enzootic of Coxiellosis is caused by multiple circulating genotypes. We collected A) 23 milk samples from a single bovine herd, B) 134 commercial bovine and caprine milk samples from across the U.S., and C) 400 bovine and caprine samples from six milk processing plants over three years. Results We detected C. burnetii DNA in 96% of samples with no variance over time. We genotyped 88.5% of positive samples; bovine milk contained only a single genotype (ST20) and caprine milk was dominated by a second type (mostly ST8). Conclusions The high prevalence and lack of genotypic diversity is consistent with a model of rapid spread and persistence. The segregation of genotypes between host species is indicative of species-specific adaptations or dissemination barriers and may offer insights into the relative lack of human cases and characterizing genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talima Pearson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|