101
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Abstract
Epithelial cell monolayers exhibit traveling mechanical waves. We rationalize this observation thanks to a hydrodynamic description of the monolayer as a compressible, active and polar material. We show that propagating waves of the cell density, polarity, velocity and stress fields may be due to a Hopf bifurcation occurring above threshold values of active coupling coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yabunaka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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102
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Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Biomechanics of cell rearrangements in Drosophila. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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103
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Bosveld F, Ainslie A, Bellaïche Y. Sequential activities of Dynein, Mud and Asp in centrosome-spindle coupling maintain centrosome number upon mitosis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3557-3567. [PMID: 28864767 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes nucleate microtubules and are tightly coupled to the bipolar spindle to ensure genome integrity, cell division orientation and centrosome segregation. While the mechanisms of centrosome-dependent microtubule nucleation and bipolar spindle assembly have been the focus of numerous works, less is known about the mechanisms ensuring the centrosome-spindle coupling. The conserved NuMA protein (Mud in Drosophila) is best known for its role in spindle orientation. Here, we analyzed the role of Mud and two of its interactors, Asp and Dynein, in the regulation of centrosome numbers in Drosophila epithelial cells. We found that Dynein and Mud mainly initiate centrosome-spindle coupling prior to nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) by promoting correct centrosome positioning or separation, while Asp acts largely independently of Dynein and Mud to maintain centrosome-spindle coupling. Failure in the centrosome-spindle coupling leads to mis-segregation of the two centrosomes into one daughter cell, resulting in cells with supernumerary centrosomes during subsequent divisions. Altogether, we propose that Dynein, Mud and Asp operate sequentially during the cell cycle to ensure efficient centrosome-spindle coupling in mitosis, thereby preventing centrosome mis-segregation to maintain centrosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Ainslie
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
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104
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Difference in Dachsous Levels between Migrating Cells Coordinates the Direction of Collective Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2017; 42:479-497.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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105
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Ishihara S, Marcq P, Sugimura K. From cells to tissue: A continuum model of epithelial mechanics. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022418. [PMID: 28950595 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional continuum model of epithelial tissue mechanics was formulated using cellular-level mechanical ingredients and cell morphogenetic processes, including cellular shape changes and cellular rearrangements. This model incorporates stress and deformation tensors, which can be compared with experimental data. Focusing on the interplay between cell shape changes and cell rearrangements, we elucidated dynamical behavior underlying passive relaxation, active contraction-elongation, and tissue shear flow, including a mechanism for contraction-elongation, whereby tissue flows perpendicularly to the axis of cell elongation. This study provides an integrated scheme for the understanding of the orchestration of morphogenetic processes in individual cells to achieve epithelial tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ishihara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan and Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan and JST PRESTO, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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106
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Wen J, Tao H, Lau K, Liu H, Simmons CA, Sun Y, Hopyan S. Cell and Tissue Scale Forces Coregulate Fgfr2-Dependent Tetrads and Rosettes in the Mouse Embryo. Biophys J 2017; 112:2209-2218. [PMID: 28538157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
What motivates animal cells to intercalate is a longstanding question that is fundamental to morphogenesis. A basic mode of cell rearrangement involves dynamic multicellular structures called tetrads and rosettes. The contribution of cell-intrinsic and tissue-scale forces to the formation and resolution of these structures remains unclear, especially in vertebrates. Here, we show that Fgfr2 regulates both the formation and resolution of tetrads and rosettes in the mouse embryo, possibly in part by spatially restricting atypical protein kinase C, a negative regulator of non-muscle myosin IIB. We employ micropipette aspiration to show that anisotropic tension is sufficient to rescue the resolution, but not the formation, of tetrads and rosettes in Fgfr2 mutant limb-bud ectoderm. The findings underscore the importance of cell contractility and tissue stress to multicellular vertex formation and resolution, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ectoderm/embryology
- Ectoderm/metabolism
- Elastic Modulus
- Finite Element Analysis
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Forelimb/embryology
- Forelimb/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism
- Pressure
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological
- Tomography, Optical
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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107
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Ishimoto Y, Sugimura K. A mechanical model for diversified insect wing margin shapes. J Theor Biol 2017; 427:17-27. [PMID: 28549619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The wings in different insect species are morphologically distinct with regards to their size, outer contour (margin) shape, venation, and pigmentation. The basis of the diversity of wing margin shapes remains unknown, despite the fact that gene networks governing the Drosophila wing development have been well characterised. Among the different types of wing margin shapes, smoothly curved contour is the most frequently found and implies the existence of a highly organised, multicellular mechanical structure. Here, we developed a mechanical model for diversified insect wing margin shapes, in which non-uniform bending stiffness of the wing margin is considered. We showed that a variety of spatial distribution of the bending stiffness could reproduce diverse wing margin shapes. Moreover, the inference of the distribution of the bending stiffness from experimental images indicates a common spatial profile among insects tested. We further studied the effect of the intrinsic tension of the wing blade on the margin shape and on the inferred bending stiffness. Finally, we implemented the bending stiffness of the wing margin in the cell vertex model of the wing blade, and confirmed that the hybrid model retains the essential feature of the margin model. We propose that in addition to morphogenetic processes in the wing blade, the spatial profile of the bending stiffness in the wing margin can play a pivotal role in shaping insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitaka Ishimoto
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 015-0055, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST PRESTO, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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108
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Yabunaka S, Marcq P. Cell growth, division, and death in cohesive tissues: A thermodynamic approach. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022406. [PMID: 28950491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell growth, division, and death are defining features of biological tissues that contribute to morphogenesis. In hydrodynamic descriptions of cohesive tissues, their occurrence implies a nonzero rate of variation of cell density. We show how linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics allows us to express this rate as a combination of relevant thermodynamic forces: chemical potential, velocity divergence, and activity. We illustrate the resulting effects of the nonconservation of cell density on simple examples inspired by recent experiments on cell monolayers, considering first the velocity of a spreading front, and second an instability leading to mechanical waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yabunaka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Paris, France
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109
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Lee SW, Morishita Y. Possible roles of mechanical cell elimination intrinsic to growing tissues from the perspective of tissue growth efficiency and homeostasis. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005651. [PMID: 28704373 PMCID: PMC5547694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a phenomenon originally described as the competition between cell populations with different genetic backgrounds; losing cells with lower fitness are eliminated. With the progress in identification of related molecules, some reports described the relevance of cell mechanics during elimination. Furthermore, recent live imaging studies have shown that even in tissues composed of genetically identical cells, a non-negligible number of cells are eliminated during growth. Thus, mechanical cell elimination (MCE) as a consequence of mechanical cellular interactions is an unavoidable event in growing tissues and a commonly observed phenomenon. Here, we studied MCE in a genetically-homogeneous tissue from the perspective of tissue growth efficiency and homeostasis. First, we propose two quantitative measures, cell and tissue fitness, to evaluate cellular competitiveness and tissue growth efficiency, respectively. By mechanical tissue simulation in a pure population where all cells have the same mechanical traits, we clarified the dependence of cell elimination rate or cell fitness on different mechanical/growth parameters. In particular, we found that geometrical (specifically, cell size) and mechanical (stress magnitude) heterogeneities are common determinants of the elimination rate. Based on these results, we propose possible mechanical feedback mechanisms that could improve tissue growth efficiency and density/stress homeostasis. Moreover, when cells with different mechanical traits are mixed (e.g., in the presence of phenotypic variation), we show that MCE could drive a drastic shift in cell trait distribution, thereby improving tissue growth efficiency through the selection of cellular traits, i.e. intra-tissue "evolution". Along with the improvement of growth efficiency, cell density, stress state, and phenotype (mechanical traits) were also shown to be homogenized through growth. More theoretically, we propose a mathematical model that approximates cell competition dynamics, by which the time evolution of tissue fitness and cellular trait distribution can be predicted without directly simulating a cell-based mechanical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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110
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Merkel M, Manning ML. Using cell deformation and motion to predict forces and collective behavior in morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:161-169. [PMID: 27496334 PMCID: PMC5290285 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, morphogenesis translates processes at the cellular scale into tissue deformation at the scale of organs and organisms. To understand how biochemical signaling regulates tissue form and function, we must understand the mechanical forces that shape cells and tissues. Recent progress in developing mechanical models for tissues has led to quantitative predictions for how cell shape changes and polarized cell motility generate forces and collective behavior on the tissue scale. In particular, much insight has been gained by thinking about biological tissues as physical materials composed of cells. Here we review these advances and discuss how they might help shape future experiments in developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Merkel
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
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111
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Jülicher F, Eaton S. Emergence of tissue shape changes from collective cell behaviours. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Theoretical modeling is central to elucidating underlying principles of emergent properties of complex systems. In cell and developmental biology, the last 15 years have witnessed a convergence of empirical and modeling approaches for fresh perspectives. The role of cell division in coordinating size, shape, and fate in particular illustrates the ever-growing impact of modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France.
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113
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114
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Alt S, Ganguly P, Salbreux G. Vertex models: from cell mechanics to tissue morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20150520. [PMID: 28348254 PMCID: PMC5379026 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires the collective, coordinated motion and deformation of a large number of cells. Vertex model simulations for tissue mechanics have been developed to bridge the scales between force generation at the cellular level and tissue deformation and flows. We review here various formulations of vertex models that have been proposed for describing tissues in two and three dimensions. We discuss a generic formulation using a virtual work differential, and we review applications of vertex models to biological morphogenetic processes. We also highlight recent efforts to obtain continuum theories of tissue mechanics, which are effective, coarse-grained descriptions of vertex models.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvanus Alt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Poulami Ganguly
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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115
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Suzuki T, Morishita Y. A quantitative approach to understanding vertebrate limb morphogenesis at the macroscopic tissue level. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:108-114. [PMID: 28502890 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand organ morphogenetic mechanisms, it is essential to clarify how spatiotemporally-regulated molecular/cellular dynamics causes physical tissue deformation. In the case of vertebrate limb development, while some of the genes and oriented cell behaviors underlying morphogenesis have been revealed, tissue deformation dynamics remains incompletely understood. We here introduce our recent work on the reconstruction of tissue deformation dynamics in chick limb development from cell lineage tracing data. This analysis has revealed globally-aligned anisotropic tissue deformation along the proximo-distal axis not only in the distal region but also in the whole limb bud. This result points to a need, as a future challenge, to find oriented molecular/cellular behaviors for realizing the observed anisotropic tissue deformation in both proximal and distal regions, which will lead to systems understanding of limb morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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116
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Morishita Y, Hironaka KI, Lee SW, Jin T, Ohtsuka D. Reconstructing 3D deformation dynamics for curved epithelial sheet morphogenesis from positional data of sparsely-labeled cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15. [PMID: 28465614 PMCID: PMC5432036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying global tissue deformation patterns is essential for understanding how organ-specific morphology is generated during development and regeneration. However, due to imaging difficulties and complex morphology, little is known about deformation dynamics for most vertebrate organs such as the brain and heart. To better understand these dynamics, we propose a method to precisely reconstruct global deformation patterns for three-dimensional morphogenesis of curved epithelial sheets using positional data from labeled cells representing only 1–10% of the entire tissue with limited resolution. By combining differential-geometrical and Bayesian frameworks, the method is applicable to any morphology described with arbitrary coordinates, and ensures the feasibility of analyzing many vertebrate organs. Application to data from chick forebrain morphogenesis demonstrates that our method provides not only a quantitative description of tissue deformation dynamics but also predictions of the mechanisms that determine organ-specific morphology, which could form the basis for the multi-scale understanding of organ morphogenesis. Quantifying deformation patterns of curved epithelial sheets is challenging owing to imaging difficulties. Here the authors develop a method to obtain a quantitative description of 3D tissue deformation dynamics from a small set of cell positional data and applied it to chick forebrain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Hironaka
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Jin
- Laboratory for Nano-Bio Probes, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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117
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Farrell DL, Weitz O, Magnasco MO, Zallen JA. SEGGA: a toolset for rapid automated analysis of epithelial cell polarity and dynamics. Development 2017; 144:1725-1734. [PMID: 28465336 PMCID: PMC5450846 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling determines the structure of many organs in the body through changes in cell shape, polarity and behavior and is a major area of study in developmental biology. Accurate and high-throughput methods are necessary to systematically analyze epithelial organization and dynamics at single-cell resolution. We developed SEGGA, an easy-to-use software for automated image segmentation, cell tracking and quantitative analysis of cell shape, polarity and behavior in epithelial tissues. SEGGA is free, open source, and provides a full suite of tools that allow users with no prior computational expertise to independently perform all steps of automated image segmentation, semi-automated user-guided error correction, and data analysis. Here we use SEGGA to analyze changes in cell shape, cell interactions and planar polarity during convergent extension in the Drosophila embryo. These studies demonstrate that planar polarity is rapidly established in a spatiotemporally regulated pattern that is dynamically remodeled in response to changes in cell orientation. These findings reveal an unexpected plasticity that maintains coordinated planar polarity in actively moving populations through the continual realignment of cell polarity with the tissue axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dene L Farrell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ori Weitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcelo O Magnasco
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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118
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Pinheiro D, Hannezo E, Herszterg S, Bosveld F, Gaugue I, Balakireva M, Wang Z, Cristo I, Rigaud SU, Markova O, Bellaïche Y. Transmission of cytokinesis forces via E-cadherin dilution and actomyosin flows. Nature 2017; 545:103-107. [PMID: 28296858 DOI: 10.1038/nature22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial cytokinesis, the remodelling of adhesive cell-cell contacts between the dividing cell and its neighbours has profound implications for the integrity, arrangement and morphogenesis of proliferative tissues. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, this remodelling requires the activity of non-muscle myosin II (MyoII) in the interphasic cells neighbouring the dividing cell. However, the mechanisms that coordinate cytokinesis and MyoII activity in the neighbours are unknown. Here we show that in the Drosophila notum epithelium, each cell division is associated with a mechanosensing and transmission event that controls MyoII dynamics in neighbouring cells. We find that the ring pulling forces promote local junction elongation, which results in local E-cadherin dilution at the ingressing adherens junction. In turn, the reduction in E-cadherin concentration and the contractility of the neighbouring cells promote self-organized actomyosin flows, ultimately leading to accumulation of MyoII at the base of the ingressing junction. Although force transduction has been extensively studied in the context of adherens junction reinforcement to stabilize adhesive cell-cell contacts, we propose an alternative mechanosensing mechanism that coordinates actomyosin dynamics between epithelial cells and sustains the remodelling of the adherens junction in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinheiro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, J. J. Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Rd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sophie Herszterg
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Maria Balakireva
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Inês Cristo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Stéphane U Rigaud
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Olga Markova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
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119
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Park S, Gonzalez DG, Guirao B, Boucher JD, Cockburn K, Marsh ED, Mesa KR, Brown S, Rompolas P, Haberman AM, Bellaïche Y, Greco V. Tissue-scale coordination of cellular behaviour promotes epidermal wound repair in live mice. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:155-163. [PMID: 28248302 PMCID: PMC5581297 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair is fundamental to our survival as tissues are challenged by recurrent damage. During mammalian skin repair, cells respond by migrating and proliferating to close the wound. However, the coordination of cellular repair behaviours and their effects on homeostatic functions in a live mammal remains unclear. Here we capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of individual epithelial behaviours by imaging wound re-epithelialization in live mice. Differentiated cells migrate while the rate of differentiation changes depending on local rate of migration and tissue architecture. Cells depart from a highly proliferative zone by directionally dividing towards the wound while collectively migrating. This regional coexistence of proliferation and migration leads to local expansion and elongation of the repairing epithelium. Finally, proliferation functions to pattern and restrict the recruitment of undamaged cells. This study elucidates the interplay of cellular repair behaviours and consequent changes in homeostatic behaviours that support tissue-scale organization of wound re-epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbum Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - David G. Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Boris Guirao
- Polarity, Division and Morphogenesis Team, Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit (CNRS UMR3215/Inserm U934), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan D. Boucher
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Katie Cockburn
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Edward D. Marsh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Kailin R. Mesa
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Samara Brown
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ann M. Haberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Polarity, Division and Morphogenesis Team, Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit (CNRS UMR3215/Inserm U934), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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120
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Merkel M, Etournay R, Popović M, Salbreux G, Eaton S, Jülicher F. Triangles bridge the scales: Quantifying cellular contributions to tissue deformation. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:032401. [PMID: 28415200 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.032401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a general framework to study the dynamics and topology of cellular networks that capture the geometry of cell packings in two-dimensional tissues. Such epithelia undergo large-scale deformation during morphogenesis of a multicellular organism. Large-scale deformations emerge from many individual cellular events such as cell shape changes, cell rearrangements, cell divisions, and cell extrusions. Using a triangle-based representation of cellular network geometry, we obtain an exact decomposition of large-scale material deformation. Interestingly, our approach reveals contributions of correlations between cellular rotations and elongation as well as cellular growth and elongation to tissue deformation. Using this triangle method, we discuss tissue remodeling in the developing pupal wing of the fly Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Raphaël Etournay
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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121
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Wang MFZ, Hunter MV, Wang G, McFaul C, Yip CM, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Automated cell tracking identifies mechanically oriented cell divisions during Drosophila axis elongation. Development 2017; 144:1350-1361. [PMID: 28213553 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryos extend their anterior-posterior (AP) axis in a conserved process known as axis elongation. Drosophila axis elongation occurs in an epithelial monolayer, the germband, and is driven by cell intercalation, cell shape changes, and oriented cell divisions at the posterior germband. Anterior germband cells also divide during axis elongation. We developed image analysis and pattern-recognition methods to track dividing cells from confocal microscopy movies in a generally applicable approach. Mesectoderm cells, forming the ventral midline, divided parallel to the AP axis, while lateral cells displayed a uniform distribution of division orientations. Mesectoderm cells did not intercalate and sustained increased AP strain before cell division. After division, mesectoderm cell density increased along the AP axis, thus relieving strain. We used laser ablation to isolate mesectoderm cells from the influence of other tissues. Uncoupling the mesectoderm from intercalating cells did not affect cell division orientation. Conversely, separating the mesectoderm from the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo resulted in uniformly oriented divisions. Our data suggest that mesectoderm cells align their division angle to reduce strain caused by mechanical forces along the AP axis of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Z Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Miranda V Hunter
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Christopher McFaul
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9 .,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1M1.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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122
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123
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Zulueta-Coarasa T, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Tension (re)builds: Biophysical mechanisms of embryonic wound repair. Mech Dev 2016; 144:43-52. [PMID: 27989746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic tissues display an outstanding ability to rapidly repair wounds. Epithelia, in particular, serve as protective layers that line internal organs and form the skin. Thus, maintenance of epithelial integrity is of utmost importance for animal survival, particularly at embryonic stages, when an immune system has not yet fully developed. Rapid embryonic repair of epithelial tissues is conserved across species, and involves the collective migration of the cells around the wound. The migratory cell behaviours associated with wound repair require the generation and transmission of mechanical forces, not only for the cells to move, but also to coordinate their movements. Here, we review the forces involved in embryonic wound repair. We discuss how different force-generating structures are assembled at the molecular level, and the mechanisms that maintain the balance between force-generating structures as wounds close. Finally, we describe the mechanisms that cells use to coordinate the generation of mechanical forces around the wound. Collective cell movements and their misregulation have been associated with defective tissue repair, developmental abnormalities and cancer metastasis. Thus, we propose that understanding the role of mechanical forces during embryonic wound closure will be crucial to develop therapeutic interventions that promote or prevent collective cell movements under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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124
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Campàs O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:119-30. [PMID: 27061360 PMCID: PMC4903887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting of embryonic tissues and organs into their functional morphologies involves the spatial and temporal regulation of mechanics at cell and tissue scales. Decades of in vitro work, complemented by some in vivo studies, have shown the relevance of mechanical cues in the control of cell behaviors that are central to developmental processes, but the lack of methodologies enabling precise, quantitative measurements of mechanical cues in vivo have hindered our understanding of the role of mechanics in embryonic development. Several methodologies are starting to enable quantitative studies of mechanics in vivo and in situ, opening new avenues to explore how mechanics contributes to shaping embryonic tissues and how it affects cell behavior within developing embryos. Here we review the present methodologies to study the role of mechanics in living embryonic tissues, considering their strengths and drawbacks as well as the conditions in which they are most suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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125
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Abstract
Epithelial tissue cohesiveness is ensured through cell-cell junctions that maintain both adhesion and mechanical coupling between neighboring cells. During development, epithelial tissues undergo intensive cell proliferation. Cell division, and particularly cytokinesis, is coupled to the formation of new adhesive contacts, thereby preserving tissue integrity and propagating cell polarity. Remarkably, the geometry of the new interfaces is determined by the combined action of the dividing cell and its neighbors. To further understand the interplay between the dividing cell and its neighbors, as well as the role of cell division for tissue morphogenesis, it is important to analyze cytokinesis in vivo. Here we present methods to perform live imaging of cell division in Drosophila epithelial tissues and discuss some aspects of image processing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pinheiro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Y Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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126
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Etournay R, Merkel M, Popović M, Brandl H, Dye NA, Aigouy B, Salbreux G, Eaton S, Jülicher F. TissueMiner: A multiscale analysis toolkit to quantify how cellular processes create tissue dynamics. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27228153 PMCID: PMC4946903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmentation and tracking of cells in long-term time-lapse experiments has emerged as a powerful method to understand how tissue shape changes emerge from the complex choreography of constituent cells. However, methods to store and interrogate the large datasets produced by these experiments are not widely available. Furthermore, recently developed methods for relating tissue shape changes to cell dynamics have not yet been widely applied by biologists because of their technical complexity. We therefore developed a database format that stores cellular connectivity and geometry information of deforming epithelial tissues, and computational tools to interrogate it and perform multi-scale analysis of morphogenesis. We provide tutorials for this computational framework, called TissueMiner, and demonstrate its capabilities by comparing cell and tissue dynamics in vein and inter-vein subregions of the Drosophila pupal wing. These analyses reveal an unexpected role for convergent extension in shaping wing veins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.001 Cells interact, divide, rearrange and change shape to build an organ during development. Modern microscopy and computer technology can follow each individual cell of an entire organ in a living organism. However, to understand how the complex choreography of cells leads to well-shaped organs, researchers need tools to help the store and analyze the large amounts of data generated. Tools are also needed to visualize and quantify the complex cell behaviors in an easy and flexible manner. During its development, a fruit fly’s wings become divided into distinct regions separated by tubular supports called veins. Early on in development, the vein cells are indistinguishable from their neighbors, but at late stages, vein cells become a different shape. Veins also become narrower, which is assumed to be due to the number of vein cells falling. However, the way in which cells behave to bring about these changes has not been studied in detail. Etournay, Merkel, Popović, Brandl et al. have now developed a toolkit called TissueMiner that enables users to store large amounts of data about cells and analyze how cells collectively shape an organ. TissueMiner was then used to identify vein cells at late stages of wing development and follow them backward in time to reveal their position at early stages. This showed that veins become narrower and more elongated because the cells that make up the veins shrink more than cells in other regions. TissueMiner was then used to show that vein cells specifically rearrange and elongate to produce thinner regions, while the number of cells increases slightly because the cells divide. These results suggest that the cell behaviors responsible for making veins elongate and narrow are likely to be different from what had previously been assumed. TissueMiner can be used in future studies to help understand the molecule signals that influence how cells behave in veins during wing development. The toolkit could also now be used to explore the changes involved in the development of other organs in other organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, United States
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoît Aigouy
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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