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Abstract
Two striking facts surround the practice of vaccination: It is the sole medical approach to have fully annihilated a disease, yet the development of most effective vaccines took place without considering the intricate cellular processes they wish to effectuate. While extremely potent vaccines have been developed that can protect practically a lifetime after a single dose, numerous other vaccines have utterly failed or provide only marginal protection. Here, we aim to illustrate why this difference in efficacy exists, and underline why specific cytotoxic T cell-inducing vaccines could combat persistent major diseases. Moreover, we discuss how the combinatorial use of nucleic acid adjuvants in vaccines could aid the development of the latter and move vaccine design from the empirical stage into an era of "educated design."
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152
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Esmail H, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ. Understanding latent tuberculosis: the key to improved diagnostic and novel treatment strategies. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:514-21. [PMID: 22198298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) is a vital component of tuberculosis (TB) elimination but is not efficiently implemented with currently available diagnostics and therapeutics. The tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assays can inform that infection has occurred, but do not prove that it persists. Treatment of LTBI with isoniazid targets actively replicating bacilli but not non-replicating populations, prolonging treatment duration. Developing more predictive diagnostic tests and treatments of shorter duration requires a greater understanding of the biology of LTBI, from both host and bacillary perspectives. In this article, we discuss the basis of current diagnosis and treatment of LTBI and review recent developments in understanding the biology of latency that might enable future improved diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Esmail
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
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153
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Kasprowicz VO, Churchyard G, Lawn SD, Squire SB, Lalvani A. Diagnosing latent tuberculosis in high-risk individuals: rising to the challenge in high-burden areas. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 4:S1168-78. [PMID: 21996699 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge to greater progress in tuberculosis (TB) control is the reservoir of latent TB infection (LTBI), which represents a huge long-lived reservoir of potential TB disease. In parts of Africa, as many as 50% of 15-year-olds and 77%-89% of adults have evidence of LTBI. A second key challenge to TB control is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated TB epidemic, and Africa alone accounts for one-quarter of the global burden of HIV-associated TB. HIV co-infection promotes both reactivation TB from LTBI and rapidly progressive primary TB following recent exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Preventing active TB and tackling latent infection in addition to the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course (DOTS) strategy could improve TB control in high-burden settings, especially where there is a high prevalence of HIV co-infection. Current strategies include intensified case finding (ICF), TB infection control, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Although ART has been widely rolled out, ICF and IPT have not. A key factor limiting the rollout and effectiveness of IPT and ICF is the limitations of existing tools to both diagnose LTBI and identify those persons most at risk of progressing to active TB. In this review, we examine the obstacles and consider current progress toward the development of new tools to address this pressing global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O Kasprowicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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154
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Bretl DJ, Demetriadou C, Zahrt TC. Adaptation to environmental stimuli within the host: two-component signal transduction systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:566-82. [PMID: 22126994 PMCID: PMC3232741 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05004-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms encounter a variety of environmental stresses following infection of their respective hosts. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is an unusual bacterial pathogen in that it is able to establish lifelong infections in individuals within granulomatous lesions that are formed following a productive immune response. Adaptation to this highly dynamic environment is thought to be mediated primarily through transcriptional reprogramming initiated in response to recognition of stimuli, including low-oxygen tension, nutrient depletion, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, altered pH, toxic lipid moieties, cell wall/cell membrane-perturbing agents, and other environmental cues. To survive continued exposure to these potentially adverse factors, M. tuberculosis encodes a variety of regulatory factors, including 11 complete two-component signal transduction systems (TCSSs) and several orphaned response regulators (RRs) and sensor kinases (SKs). This report reviews our current knowledge of the TCSSs present in M. tuberculosis. In particular, we discuss the biochemical and functional characteristics of individual RRs and SKs, the environmental stimuli regulating their activation, the regulons controlled by the various TCSSs, and the known or postulated role(s) of individual TCSSs in the context of M. tuberculosis physiology and/or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas C. Zahrt
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509
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155
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Chiacchio T, Petruccioli E, Vanini V, Butera O, Cuzzi G, Petrone L, Matteucci G, Lauria FN, Franken KLMC, Girardi E, Ottenhoff THM, Goletti D. Higher frequency of T-cell response to M. tuberculosis latency antigen Rv2628 at the site of active tuberculosis disease than in peripheral blood. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27539. [PMID: 22102905 PMCID: PMC3213161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Due to the invasive nature of the procedures involved, most studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific immunity in humans have focused on the periphery rather than the site of active infection, the lung. Recently, antigens associated with Mtb-latency and -dormancy have been described using peripheral blood (PB) cells; however their response in the lung is unknown. The objective of this report was to evaluate, in patients prospectively enrolled with suspected active tuberculosis (TB), whether the latency antigen Rv2628 induces local-specific immune response in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells compared to PB cells. Material/Methods Among the 41 subjects enrolled, 20 resulted with active TB. Among the 21 without active disease, 9 were defined as subjects with latent TB-infection (LTBI) [Quantiferon TB Gold In-tube positive]. Cytokine responses to Rv2628 were evaluated by enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and flow cytometric (FACS) analysis. RD1-secreted antigen stimulation was used as control. Results There was a significantly higher frequency of Rv2628- and RD1-specific CD4+ T-cells in the BAL of active TB patients than in PB. However the trend of the response to Rv2628 in subjects with LTBI was higher than in active TB in both PB and BAL, although this difference was not significant. In active TB, Rv2628 and RD1 induced a cytokine-response profile mainly consisting of interferon (IFN)-γ-single-positive over double-IFN-γ/interleukin (IL)-2 T-cells in both PB and BAL. Finally, BAL-specific CD4+ T-cells were mostly effector memory (EM), while peripheral T-cell phenotypes were distributed among naïve, central memory and terminally differentiated effector memory T-cells. Conclusions In this observational study, we show that there is a high frequency of specific T-cells for Mtb-latency and RD1-secreted antigens (mostly IFN-γ-single-positive specific T-cells with an EM phenotype) in the BAL of active TB patients. These data may be important for better understanding the pathogenesis of TB in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Chiacchio
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Butera
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, INMI, Rome, Italy
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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156
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most successful pathogen of mankind and remains a major threat to global health as the leading cause of death due to a bacterial pathogen. Yet 90-95% of those who are infected with MTB remain otherwise healthy. These people are classified as "latently infected," but remain a reservoir from which active TB cases will continue to develop ("reactivation tuberculosis"). Latent infection is defined by the absence of clinical symptoms of TB in addition to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the purified protein derivative of MTB used in tuberculin skin test or a T-cell response to MTB-specific antigens. In the absence of reliable control measures for tuberculosis, understanding latent MTB infection and subsequent reactivation is a research priority. This review aims to summarize the recent findings in human and non-human primate models of tuberculosis that have led to new concepts of latent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1144 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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157
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Reece ST, Nasser-Eddine A, Dietrich J, Stein M, Zedler U, Schommer-Leitner S, Ottenhoff TH, Andersen P, Kaufmann SH. Improved long-term protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing/W in mice after intra-dermal inoculation of recombinant BCG expressing latency associated antigens. Vaccine 2011; 29:8740-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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158
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Agrewala JN. Understanding the biology of 16 kDa antigen ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: Scope in diagnosis, vaccine design and therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:349-57. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.606425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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159
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Romano M, Aryan E, Korf H, Bruffaerts N, Franken CLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Huygen K. Potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factors as antigens in novel tuberculosis sub-unit vaccines. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:86-95. [PMID: 21920450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel vaccines are needed to control tuberculosis (TB), the bacterial infectious disease that together with malaria and HIV is worldwide responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality. TB can result from the reactivation of an initially controlled latent infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb proteins for which a possible role in this reactivation process has been hypothesized are the five homologs of the resuscitation-promoting factor of Micrococcus luteus, namely Mtb Rv0867c (rpfA), Rv1009 (rpfB), Rv1884c (rpfC), Rv2389c (rpfD) and Rv2450c (rpfE). Analysis of the immune recognition of these 5 proteins following Mtb infection or Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination of mice showed that Rv1009 (rpfB) and Rv2389c (rpfD) are the most antigenic in the tested models. We therefore selected rpfB and rpfD for testing their vaccine potential as plasmid DNA vaccines. Elevated cellular immune responses and modest but significant protection against intra-tracheal Mtb challenge were induced by immunization with the rpfB encoding DNA vaccine. The results indicate that rpfB is the most promising candidate of the five rpf-like proteins of Mtb in terms of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy and warrants further analysis for inclusion as an antigen in novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romano
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Scientific Service Immunology, 642 Engelandstraat, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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160
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Commandeur S, Lin MY, van Meijgaarden KE, Friggen AH, Franken KLMC, Drijfhout JW, Korsvold GE, Oftung F, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. Double- and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR antigens and peptides in long-term latently infected individuals. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2925-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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161
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Rapid Identification and Detection of Intracellular Survival Testing of Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 that Contains eis Gene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Flow Cytometry. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:426-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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162
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Bertholet S, Horne DJ, Laughlin EM, Savlov M, Tucakovic I, Coler RN, Narita M, Reed SG. Effect of chemotherapy on whole-blood cytokine responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in a small cohort of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1378-86. [PMID: 21715581 PMCID: PMC3147342 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05037-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of genomic and proteomic tools has enabled studies that begin to characterize the molecular targets of an effective host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including understanding the specific immune responses associated with tuberculosis (TB) disease progression, disease resolution, and the development of latency. One application of such tools is the development of diagnostic reagents and assays useful as a test of cure. Such a test could be of considerable importance for the evaluation of new therapeutics. We and others have previously described immunodominant proteins of M. tuberculosis, including both vaccine and diagnostic candidates. In the present study, we describe the changes in immune responses to a panel of 71 M. tuberculosis antigens in six patients during the course of therapy. The levels of six cytokines were measured in 24-h whole-blood assays with these antigens, revealing that gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were differentially regulated in response to a subset of antigens. Therefore, measuring the production of these three cytokines in response to a panel of carefully selected M. tuberculosis proteins during the course of TB therapy might be a promising path toward the development of a test of cure and warrants further validation in larger cohorts of pulmonary TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bertholet
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Ste. 400, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - David J. Horne
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Elsa M. Laughlin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Ste. 400, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Margery Savlov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Ines Tucakovic
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Ste. 400, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Ste. 400, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Masahiro Narita
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
- Public Health—Seattle & King County, Tuberculosis Control Program, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia Street, Ste. 400, Seattle, Washington 98104
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163
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Lee LN, Ronan EO, de Lara C, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. CXCR6 is a marker for protective antigen-specific cells in the lungs after intranasal immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3328-37. [PMID: 21628524 PMCID: PMC3147559 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01133-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing correlates of protective immunity against tuberculosis have been elusive. In BALB/c mice, intranasal immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A (adenovirus-85A) induces protective lower respiratory tract immunity against pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while intradermal immunization with adenovirus-85A does not. Here we report that intranasal immunization with adenovirus-85A induces expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 on lung CD8 T lymphocytes, which is maintained for at least 3 months. CXCR6-positive antigen-specific T cell numbers are increased among bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable cells. Similarly, intranasal immunization with recombinant antigen 85A with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression on lung CD4 cells in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, while a synthetic ESAT6(1-20) peptide with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression in C57BL/6 mice. Parenteral immunization fails to do so. Upregulation of CXCR6 is accompanied by a transient elevation of serum CXCL16 after intranasal immunization, and lung cells cultured ex vivo from mice immunized intranasally show increased production of CXCL16. Administration of CXCL16 and cognate antigen intranasally to mice previously immunized parenterally increases the number of antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable population, which mediates inhibition of the early growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after challenge. We conclude that expression of CXCR6 on lung T lymphocytes is a correlate of local protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis after intranasal immunization and that CXCR6 and CXCL16 play an important role in the localization of T cells within lung tissue and the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ni Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O. Ronan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine de Lara
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elma Z. Tchilian
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. L. Beverley
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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164
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Jones GJ, Pirson C, Gideon HP, Wilkinson KA, Sherman DR, Wilkinson RJ, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Immune responses to the enduring hypoxic response antigen Rv0188 are preferentially detected in Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle with low pathology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21371. [PMID: 21712953 PMCID: PMC3119702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The DosR regulon and the Enduring Hypoxic Response (EHR) define a group of M. tuberculosis genes that are specifically induced in bacilli exposed in vitro to conditions thought to mimic the environment encountered by Mycobacteria during latent infection. Although well described in humans, latent mycobacterial infection in cattle remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify antigens that may potentially disclose cattle with latent M. bovis infection. To this end, we initially screened 57 pools of overlapping peptides representing 4 DosR regulon and 29 EHR antigens for their ability to stimulate an immune response in whole blood from TB-reactor cattle using IFN-γ and IL-2 as readouts. All 4 DosR regulon proteins were poorly recognized (maximum responder frequency of 10%). For the EHR antigens, both IFN-γ and IL-2 revealed similar response hierarchies, with responder frequencies ranging from 54% down to 3% depending on the given EHR antigen. Furthermore, these results demonstrated that responses in the infected cattle were largely IFN-γ biased. To support the concept for their role in latency, we evaluated if EHR antigen responses were associated with lower pathology. The EHR antigen Rv0188 was recognised predominantly in animals presenting with low pathology scores, whereas responses to ESAT-6/CFP-10 or the other EHR antigens tested were prevalent across the pathology spectrum. However, when we determined the production of additional cytokines induced by the M. bovis antigens PPD-B or ESAT-6/CFP-10, we detected significantly greater PPD-B-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in animals recognizing Rv0188 (i.e. those with limited or no pathology). Thus, these results are consistent with the idea that responses to Rv0188 may identify a subset of animals at early stages of infection or in which disease progression may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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165
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Mikkelsen H, Aagaard C, Nielsen SS, Jungersen G. Novel antigens for detection of cell mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:46-54. [PMID: 21715021 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic infection of the intestine of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Early stage MAP infection can be detected by measuring specific cell mediated immune responses, using the whole blood interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assay. Available IFN-γ assays use purified protein derivative of MAP (PPDj) which are complex antigen mixtures with low specificity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate immunogenicity and specificity of 14 novel recombinant antigens for use in the IFN-γ assay and to assess the consistency of IFN-γ responses. The study included blood samples from 26 heifers from a MAP infected herd, collected three times with four to five-week intervals, and blood samples from 60 heifers of a non-infected herd collected once. Heifers of the non-infected herd were used to establish cut-off values for each antigen. The case definition was an animal with ≥ 2 positive tests for ≥ 4 antigens, resulting in 13 cases and 13 non-cases. IFN-γ levels of cases were higher compared to IFN-γ levels of non-cases (P<0.05). The results of the IFN-γ assay using PPDj did not correlate well with the results using the novel antigens. PPDj produced elevated IFN-γ responses of samples from both the non-infected and the MAP infected herd, indicating unspecific IFN-γ responses and showed low consistency. Three latency proteins, LATP-1, LATP-2 and LATP-3 gave positive IFN-γ tests that correlated very well with the case definition suggesting high immunogenicity. Three tested antigens, LATP-2, MAP-1 and MAP-2 have no homologue in the M. avium subsp. avium or M. bovis genome and could be promising diagnostic antigens, especially LATP-2 correlated highly with the case definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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166
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Dorhoi A, Reece ST, Kaufmann SHE. For better or for worse: the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis balances pathology and protection. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:235-51. [PMID: 21349097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a complex disease, and the success of the bacterium as an intracellular pathogen is the outcome of its close and longstanding coevolution with the mammalian host. The dialogue between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host is becoming understandable at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level. This has led to the elucidation of the (i) interaction between pattern recognition receptors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, (ii) cross-talk between immune cells, and (iii) mechanisms underlying granuloma development. Disease as an eventual but not a necessary consequence of infection results from a sensitive balance between protective immunity and destructive pathology. Early events, governed largely by conserved mechanisms of host recognition, impact not only on type and course of adaptive immunity but also on lung parenchymal function. New interpretations of how these responses shape the lung environment and direct granuloma development emphasize that the disease results from pathologic consequences of non-resolving inflammation. We review recent advances in TB research within the context of this ambitious view of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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167
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Chauhan S, Sharma D, Singh A, Surolia A, Tyagi JS. Comprehensive insights into Mycobacterium tuberculosis DevR (DosR) regulon activation switch. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7400-14. [PMID: 21653552 PMCID: PMC3177182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DevR regulon function is believed to be crucial for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during dormancy. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of the DevR regulon. All the regulon promoters were assigned to four classes based on the number of DevR binding sites (Dev boxes). A minimum of two boxes are essential for complete interaction and their tandem arrangement is an architectural hallmark at all promoters. Initial interaction of DevR with the conserved box is essential for its cooperative binding to adjacent sites bearing low to very poor sequence conservation and is the universal mechanism underlying DevR-mediated transcriptional induction. The functional importance of tandem arrangement was established by analyzing promoter variants harboring Dev boxes with altered spacing. Conserved sequence logos were generated from 47 binding sequences which included 24 newly discovered Dev boxes. In each half site of an 18-bp binding motif, G5 and C7 are essential for DevR binding. Finally, we show that DevR regulon induction occurs in a temporal manner and genes that are induced early are also usually powerfully induced. The information theory-based approach along with binding and temporal expression studies provide us with comprehensive insights into the complex pattern of DevR regulon activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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168
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Coelho Filho JC, Caribé MA, Caldas SCC, Martins Netto E. A tuberculose na infância e na adolescência é difícil de diagnosticar? J Bras Pneumol 2011; 37:288-93. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132011000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Determinar a sensibilidade do sistema de escore proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2002 para o diagnóstico de crianças e adolescentes com suspeita de tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Entre 1997 e 2007, 316 crianças e adolescentes (0-14 anos de idade) com diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar no Instituto Brasileiro de Investigação da Tuberculose, em Salvador (BA), foram incluídos no presente estudo retrospectivo. Foram revisados os prontuários médicos e as radiografias de tórax dos pacientes, e os escores foram calculados. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos sujeitos (80,4%) tinha história de contato domiciliar com adultos com BAAR positivo nos últimos dois anos. O teste tuberculínico foi negativo em 11 sujeitos (3,5%). Conforme o sistema de escore, 251 (79,4%) muito provavelmente tinham tuberculose (escores > 40), 63 (19,9%) possivelmente tinham tuberculose (escores entre 30 e 35) e 2 (0,7%) pouco provavelmente tinham tuberculose (escores < 25). A sensibilidade desse sistema de escore foi de 99,3%, com um ponto de corte de 30. CONCLUSÕES: Em nossa amostra, a sensibilidade do sistema de escore foi alta para o ponto de corte selecionado. Com um ponto de corte de 40, 20% dos sujeitos não teriam sido tratados. Portanto, escores entre 30 e 35 são críticos para a definição diagnóstica. Uma avaliação clínica judiciosa deve prevalecer para a decisão de tratar esses pacientes. Com um ponto de corte de 30, 30% dos indivíduos com outras patologias seriam tratados para tuberculose. Isto enfatiza a necessidade de melhores métodos diagnósticos para a tuberculose
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169
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Urdahl KB, Shafiani S, Ernst JD. Initiation and regulation of T-cell responses in tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:288-93. [PMID: 21451503 PMCID: PMC3206635 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) poses a great challenge to immunologists, as it represents a chronic infection characterized by persistence of the pathogen despite development of antigen-specific immune responses. Among the characteristics of adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a delay in the onset of detectable T-cell responses, in both humans and experimental animals. Recent studies have revealed mechanisms that contribute to this delay, including pathogen inhibition of apoptosis, delayed migration of dendritic cells from the lungs to the local lymph node, and influence of regulatory T cells. In addition, novel features of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T-cell differentiation have been discovered, which reveal pathways that limit and promote immune control of infection. Taken together, these results highlight the need for additional basic research and provide optimism for the development of TB vaccines with greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- KB Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
,Departments of Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - S Shafiani
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - JD Ernst
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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170
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Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:8-13. [PMID: 21411245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The urgency for new and improved cattle vaccines and diagnostic reagents for Bovine tuberculosis (TB) has made their development a research priority in Great Britain (GB). Significant progress has been made to develop specific antigens that allow the differentiation of BCG vaccinated and Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle (DIVA test). This has been greatly facilitated by the completion of the genome sequences of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG Pasteur and the subsequent application of comparative genome and transcriptome analysis to define DIVA antigens that complemented the prototype DIVA antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by increasing their test sensitivity. Finally, we present an up-date of our current approaches in this area.
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171
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Identification of human T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factors in long-term latently infected individuals. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:676-83. [PMID: 21248154 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00492-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine is the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available, yet it provides limited protection against pulmonary TB in adults and fails to protect against TB reactivation. We hypothesized that immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis "resuscitation-promoting factors" (Rpfs), which are small bacterial proteins that promote proliferation of dormant mycobacteria, may be relevant in the human immune response to M. tuberculosis. In previous unpublished work, we found that Rpfs Rv0867c and Rv2389c induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in the blood of TB patients' healthy household contacts in several different African populations. Here we examine these two dominant Rpf antigens in more detail and define the nature of the responding T-cell subsets. Multiparameter cytokine profiling showed that Rv2389c and, to a lesser extent, Rv0867c were recognized by mycobacterium-responsive healthy Dutch individuals; peptide-scanning revealed several epitopes, including a single immunodominant epitope in Rv2389c. Rv0867c and, to a lesser extent, Rv2389c Rpf-specific T-cell responses were maintained for decades in long-term M. tuberculosis nonprogressors. Prominent Rv0867c-specific double- and single-cytokine-producing CD8(+) T-cell subset responses were found, including a large population of CD8(+) effector memory and effector T-cell subsets. We conclude that M. tuberculosis Rpf antigens are important targets in the human immune response to M. tuberculosis and represent interesting TB vaccine candidate antigens.
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172
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Gideon HP, Wilkinson KA, Rustad TR, Oni T, Guio H, Kozak RA, Sherman DR, Meintjes G, Behr MA, Vordermeier HM, Young DB, Wilkinson RJ. Hypoxia induces an immunodominant target of tuberculosis specific T cells absent from common BCG vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001237. [PMID: 21203487 PMCID: PMC3009603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis (MTB) species-specific antigenic determinants of the human T cell response are important for immunodiagnosis and vaccination. As hypoxia is a stimulus in chronic tuberculosis infection, we analyzed transcriptional profiles of MTB subject to 168 hours of hypoxia to test the hypothesis that upregulation by hypoxia might result in gene products being recognized as antigens. We identified upregulation of two region of difference (RD) 11 (Rv2658C and Rv2659c), and one RD2 (Rv1986) absent from commonly used BCG strains. In MTB infected persons, the IL-2 ELISpot response to Rv1986 peptides was several times greater than the corresponding IFN-γ response to the reference immunodominant ESAT-6 or CFP-10 antigens. The IL-2 response was confined to two epitopic regions containing residues 61-80 and 161-180. The biggest population of IL-2 secreting T cells was single cytokine positive central memory T cells. The IL-2 response to live MTB bacilli lacking Rv1986 was significantly lower than the response to wild type or mutant complemented with Rv1986. In addition, the IL-2 response to Rv1986 was significantly lower in HIV-TB co-infected persons than in HIV uninfected persons, and significantly increased during antiretroviral therapy. These findings demonstrate that Rv1986 is an immunodominant target of memory T cells and is therefore of relevance when considering the partial efficacy of currently used BCG vaccines and provide evidence for a clinical trial comparing BCG strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katalin Andrea Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tige R. Rustad
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tolu Oni
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medicine and Center for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinner Guio
- Division of Medicine and Center for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David R. Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | | | | | - Douglas Brownlee Young
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Medicine and Center for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Medicine and Center for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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173
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Tang ST, van Meijgaarden KE, Caccamo N, Guggino G, Klein MR, van Weeren P, Kazi F, Stryhn A, Zaigler A, Sahin U, Buus S, Dieli F, Lund O, Ottenhoff THM. Genome-based in silico identification of new Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens activating polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in human tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1068-80. [PMID: 21169544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although CD8(+) T cells help control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, their M. tuberculosis Ag repertoire, in vivo frequency, and functionality in human tuberculosis (TB) remains largely undefined. We have performed genome-based bioinformatics searches to identify new M. tuberculosis epitopes presented by major HLA class I supertypes A2, A3, and B7 (covering 80% of the human population). A total of 432 M. tuberculosis peptides predicted to bind to HLA-A*0201, HLA-A*0301, and HLA-B*0702 (representing the above supertypes) were synthesized and HLA-binding affinities determined. Peptide-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation assays (CFSE dilution) in 41 M. tuberculosis-responsive donors identified 70 new M. tuberculosis epitopes. Using HLA/peptide tetramers for the 18 most prominently recognized HLA-A*0201-binding M. tuberculosis peptides, recognition by cured TB patients' CD8(+) T cells was validated for all 18 epitopes. Intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α revealed mono-, dual-, as well as triple-positive CD8(+) T cells, indicating these M. tuberculosis peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells were (poly)functional. Moreover, these T cells were primed during natural infection, because they were absent from M. tuberculosis-noninfected individuals. Control CMV peptide/HLA-A*0201 tetramers stained CD8(+) T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected and noninfected individuals equally, whereas Ebola peptide/HLA-A*0201 tetramers were negative. In conclusion, the M. tuberculosis-epitope/Ag repertoire for human CD8(+) T cells is much broader than hitherto suspected, and the newly identified M. tuberculosis Ags are recognized by (poly)functional CD8(+) T cells during control of infection. These results impact on TB-vaccine design and biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila T Tang
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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174
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Kaufmann SHE. Future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: thinking outside the box. Immunity 2010; 33:567-77. [PMID: 21029966 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With almost a dozen vaccine candidates in clinical trials, tuberculosis (TB) research and development is finally reaping the first fruits of its labors. Vaccine candidates in clinical trials may prevent TB disease reactivation by efficiently containing the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Future research should target vaccines that achieve sterile eradication of Mtb or even prevent stable infection. These are ambitious goals that can be reached only by highly cooperative engagement of basic immunologists, vaccinologists, and clinical researchers--or in other words, by translation from basic immunology to vaccine research and development, as well as reverse translation of insights from clinical trials back to hypothesis-driven research in the basic laboratory. Here, we review current and future strategies toward the rational design of novel vaccines against TB, as well as the progress made thus far, and the hurdles that need to be overcome in the near and distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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175
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Is IP-10 an accurate marker for detecting M. tuberculosis-specific response in HIV-infected persons? PLoS One 2010; 5:e12577. [PMID: 20830287 PMCID: PMC2935361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The suboptimal sensitivity of Interferon (IFN)-γ-based in-vitro assays, especially in immunocompromised individuals, emphasizes the need for alternative markers for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-2 and interleukin (IL)-2 can be useful biomarkers for evaluating a specific response to RD1 antigens associated to active TB disease in HIV-infected individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings The study was carried out in India, the country with the highest TB burden in the world. Sixty-six HIV-infected individuals were prospectively enrolled, 28 with active-pulmonary-TB and 38 without. The whole blood assay based on RD1-selected peptides (experimental test) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In tube (QFT-IT) was performed. Plasma was harvested at day-1-post-culture and soluble factors were evaluated by ELISA. The results indicate that by detecting IP-10, the sensitivity of the experimental test and QFT-antigen (75% and 85.7% respectively) for active TB was higher compared to the same assays based on IFN-γ (42.9% and 60.7% respectively) and was not influenced by the ability to respond to the mitogen. By detecting IP-10, the specificity of the experimental test and QFT-antigen (57.9% and 13.2% respectively) for active TB was lower than what was reported for the same assays using IFN-γ-detection (78.9% and 68.4% respectively). On the other side, in vitro IL-2 and MCP-2 responses were not significantly associated with active TB. Conclusions HIV infection does not impair RD1-specific response detected by IP-10, while it significantly decreases IFN-γ-mediated responses. At the moment it is unclear whether higher detection is related to higher sensitivity or lower specificity of the assay. Further studies in high and low TB endemic countries are needed to elucidate this.
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176
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Shi C, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Lu J, Fu R, Wang C, Fang Z, Fan X. Enhanced protection against tuberculosis by vaccination with recombinant BCG over-expressing HspX protein. Vaccine 2010; 28:5237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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177
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Goletti D, Raja A, Ahamed Kabeer BS, Rodrigues C, Sodha A, Butera O, Carrara S, Vernet G, Longuet C, Ippolito G, Thangaraj S, Leportier M, Girardi E, Lagrange PH. IFN-gamma, but not IP-10, MCP-2 or IL-2 response to RD1 selected peptides associates to active tuberculosis. J Infect 2010; 61:133-43. [PMID: 20470822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether in vitro response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 peptides selected by computational analysis, measured by IFN-gamma, IP-10, MCP-2 or IL-2 production, is associated with active tuberculosis (TB) in a country with a high incidence of TB. METHODS 129 individuals were prospectively enrolled, 41 with active-pulmonary TB and 88 without (household contacts and community controls). A whole blood assay based on RD1 selected peptides was performed. Soluble factors were evaluated by ELISA in plasma harvested at day1-post-culture. Enrolled individuals were also tested by QuantiFERON TB-Gold In tube (QFT-IT) and tuberculin skin tests (TST). RESULTS IFN-gamma response to RD1 selected peptides was significantly higher in active TB patients than in household contacts and community controls. IP-10 and MCP-2 response did not differ between active TB patients and household contacts, although it was higher in these groups compared to community controls; conversely IL-2 response did not differ among the three groups. When IFN-gamma response to RD1 selected peptides was scored based on receiver-operator-characteristic analysis, active TB was predicted with 68% sensitivity and 86% specificity. QFT-IT and TST showed a sensitivity for active TB of 90% and 68% and a specificity of 58% and 59%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS IFN-gamma (but not IP-10, MCP-2 and IL-2) response to RD1 selected peptides is associated with active TB with a higher specificity than QFT-IT and TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy.
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178
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Flores Valdez MA, Schoolnik GK. DosR-regulon genes induction in Mycobacterium bovis BCG under aerobic conditions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:197-200. [PMID: 20421176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report we demonstrated that under aerobic conditions, Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing an hsp60-driven second copy of the hypoxia-related transcriptional regulator DosR increased 2-fold or greater the expression of 38 out of the 48 genes belonging to the DosR regulon, including the latency antigens Rv1733c, Rv2029, Rv2627, and Rv2628. Expression of DosR under these conditions slightly delayed in vitro growth, but did not promote a non-replicating state as opposed to microaerobic and hypoxic adaptation. Our results suggest BCG producing DosR can be cultured under standard in vitro conditions, allowing evaluation of this strain as a latency-specific vaccine candidate.
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179
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Bashir N, Kounsar F, Mukhopadhyay S, Hasnain SE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis conserved hypothetical protein rRv2626c modulates macrophage effector functions. Immunology 2010; 130:34-45. [PMID: 20201990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the major immunomodulators of the host immune response. Open reading frame (ORF) Rv2626c, encoding a conserved hypothetical protein eliciting a strong humoral immune response in patients with tuberculosis (TB), was shown to be up-regulated upon infection in mice under hypoxic conditions. We now show that recombinant Rv2626c protein (rRv2626c) can bind to the surface of murine macrophages and elicit the type-1 immune response, as manifested by nitric oxide (NO) secretion and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Significant induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] was evident upon stimulation of murine macrophages, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with active TB disease, with rRv2626c. Stimulation with rRv2626c also enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 on murine macrophages. We further show that the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to rRv2626c is mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and this was further confirmed using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific pharmacological inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Rv2626c therefore appears to modulate macrophage effector functions by eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses, suggesting its possible use as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreena Bashir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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180
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Chen L, Xu M, Wang ZY, Chen BW, Du WX, Su C, Shen XB, Zhao AH, Dong N, Wang YJ, Wang GZ. The development and preliminary evaluation of a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine comprising Ag85b, HspX and CFP-10:ESAT-6 fusion protein with CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:42-52. [PMID: 20298499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ag85b and HspX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) were expressed and purified in this study. These two proteins were combined with another fusion protein CFP-10:ESAT-6 (C/E) (Ag), then mixed with the adjuvants CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide and used to vaccinate mice and guinea pigs challenged with Mtb (H37Rv). The number of spleen lymphocytes secreting Ag85b, HspX and C/E-specific interferon-gamma were significantly higher in the Ag+Al+CpG group than in the Ag and CpG groups. The combination of Ag, Al and CpG induced the highest concentrations of anti-Ag85b, anti-HspX and anti-C/E immunoglobulin G in mouse serum. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from the Ag+Al+CpG group secreted significantly higher levels of interleukin-12 compared with macrophages from the other groups. The total mean liver, lung and spleen lesion scores and bacterial loads in the spleen in guinea pigs vaccinated with Ag+Al+CpG were lower than those of the other groups, but no significant difference was found. These results show that the mixture of Ag85b, HspX and C/E with a combination of CpG and aluminum adjuvants can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, whereas it plays only a small role in the control of disease progression in guinea pigs challenged with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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181
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Hill K, Pénzes CB, Schnöller D, Horváti K, Bősze S, Hudecz F, Keszthelyi T, Kiss É. Characterisation of the membrane affinity of an isoniazide peptide conjugate by tensiometry, atomic force microscopy and sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, using a phospholipid Langmuir monolayer model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:11498-506. [DOI: 10.1039/c002737e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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182
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Immunogenicity of latency-associated antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in DNA-vaccinated mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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183
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR regulon assists in metabolic homeostasis and enables rapid recovery from nonrespiring dormancy. J Bacteriol 2009; 192:1662-70. [PMID: 20023019 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00926-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives in latently infected individuals, likely in a nonreplicating or dormancy-like state. The M. tuberculosis DosR regulon is a genetic program induced by conditions that inhibit aerobic respiration and prevent bacillus replication. In this study, we used a mutant incapable of DosR regulon induction to investigate the contribution of this regulon to bacterial metabolism during anaerobic dormancy. Our results confirm that the DosR regulon is essential for M. tuberculosis survival during anaerobic dormancy and demonstrate that it is required for metabolic processes that occur upon entry into and throughout the dormant state. Specifically, we showed that regulon mechanisms shift metabolism away from aerobic respiration in the face of dwindling oxygen availability and are required for maintaining energy levels and redox balance as the culture becomes anaerobic. We also demonstrated that the DosR regulon is crucial for rapid resumption of growth once M. tuberculosis exits an anaerobic or nitric oxide-induced nonrespiring state. In summary, the DosR regulon encodes novel metabolic mechanisms essential for M. tuberculosis to survive in the absence of respiration and to successfully transition rapidly between respiring and nonrespiring conditions without loss of viability.
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184
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Frequencies of region of difference 1 antigen-specific but not purified protein derivative-specific gamma interferon-secreting T cells correlate with the presence of tuberculosis disease but do not distinguish recent from remote latent infections. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5486-95. [PMID: 19752037 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01436-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis achieve lifelong immune containment of the bacillus. What constitutes this effective host immune response is poorly understood. We compared the frequencies of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting T cells specific for five region of difference 1 (RD1)-encoded antigens and one DosR-encoded antigen in 205 individuals either with active disease (n = 167), whose immune responses had failed to contain the bacillus, or with remotely acquired latent infection (n = 38), who had successfully achieved immune control, and a further 149 individuals with recently acquired asymptomatic infection. When subjects with an IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay response to one or more RD1-encoded antigens were analyzed, T cells from subjects with active disease recognized more pools of peptides from these antigens than T cells from subjects with nonrecent latent infection (P = 0.002). The T-cell frequencies for peptide pools were greater for subjects with active infection than for subjects with nonrecent latent infection for summed RD1 peptide pools (P <or= 0.006) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) antigen (P = 0.029). Individuals with recently acquired (<6 months) versus remotely acquired (>6 months) latent infection did not differ in numbers of peptide pools recognized, proportions recognizing any individual antigen or peptide pool, or antigen-specific T-cell frequencies (P >or= 0.11). The hierarchy of immunodominance for different antigens was purified protein derivative (PPD) > CFP-10 > early secretory antigenic target 6 > Rv3879c > Rv3878 > Rv3873 > Acr1, and the hierarchies were very similar for active and remotely acquired latent infections. Responses to the DosR antigen alpha-crystallin were not associated with latency (P = 0.373). In contrast to the RD1-specific responses, the responses to PPD were not associated with clinical status (P > 0.17) but were strongly associated with positive tuberculin skin test results (>or=15-mm induration; P <or= 0.01). Our results suggest that RD1-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T-cell frequencies correlate with the presence of disease rather than with protective immunity in M. tuberculosis-infected individuals and do not distinguish recently acquired asymptomatic infection from remotely acquired latent infection.
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185
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Cross-reactive immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigens in individuals infected with environmental, nontuberculous mycobacteria. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5071-9. [PMID: 19737909 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00457-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigens are highly immunogenic in M. tuberculosis-infected humans and are associated with latent tuberculosis infection. We have investigated the hypothesis that infection with or exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can induce cross-reactive immunity to M. tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigens since responsiveness has been observed in non-M. tuberculosis-exposed but purified protein derivative-responsive individuals. M. tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigen-specific T-cell responses were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of NTM-infected/exposed individuals. BLASTP was used to determine the presence of M. tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded protein orthologs among environmental mycobacteria and nonmycobacteria. Significant gamma interferon production was observed in PBMCs from NTM-infected/exposed individuals in response to M. tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigens. DosR regulon-encoded protein orthologs were prominently present in tuberculous and environmental mycobacteria and surprisingly also in nonmycobacteria. The ubiquitous presence of the highly conserved DosR master regulator protein Rv3133c suggests that this is a general adaptive bacterial response regulator. We report a first series of M. tuberculosis antigens to which cross-reactive immunity is induced by NTM infection/exposure. The high conservation of M. tuberculosis DosR regulon-encoded antigens most likely enables them to induce cross-reactive T-cell responses.
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186
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Ottenhoff THM. Overcoming the global crisis: “Yes, we can”, but also for TB … ? Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2014-20. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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187
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Black GF, Thiel BA, Ota MO, Parida SK, Adegbola R, Boom WH, Dockrell HM, Franken KLMC, Friggen AH, Hill PC, Klein MR, Lalor MK, Mayanja H, Schoolnik G, Stanley K, Weldingh K, Kaufmann SHE, Walzl G, Ottenhoff THM, GCGH Biomarkers for TB Consortium. Immunogenicity of novel DosR regulon-encoded candidate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in three high-burden populations in Africa. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1203-12. [PMID: 19553548 PMCID: PMC2725533 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00111-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Collaborators] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing knowledge about DosR regulon-encoded proteins has led us to produce novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens for immunogenicity testing in human populations in three countries in Africa to which tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. A total of 131 tuberculin skin test-positive and/or ESAT-6/CFP10-positive, human immunodeficiency virus-negative adult household contacts of active pulmonary TB cases from South Africa (n = 56), The Gambia (n = 26), and Uganda (n = 49) were tested for gamma interferon responses to 7 classical and 51 DosR regulon-encoded M. tuberculosis recombinant protein antigens. ESAT-6/CFP10 fusion protein evoked responses in >75% of study participants in all three countries. Of the DosR regulon-encoded antigens tested, Rv1733c was the most commonly recognized by participants from both South Africa and Uganda and the third most commonly recognized antigen in The Gambia. The four most frequently recognized DosR regulon-encoded antigens in Uganda (Rv1733c, Rv0081, Rv1735c, and Rv1737c) included the three most immunogenic antigens in South Africa. In contrast, Rv3131 induced the highest percentage of responders in Gambian contacts (38%), compared to only 3.4% of Ugandan contacts and no South African contacts. Appreciable percentages of TB contacts with a high likelihood of latent M. tuberculosis infection responded to several novel DosR regulon-encoded M. tuberculosis proteins. In addition to significant similarities in antigen recognition profiles between the three African population groups, there were also disparities, which may stem from genetic differences between both pathogen and host populations. Our findings have implications for the selection of potential TB vaccine candidates and for determining biosignatures of latent M. tuberculosis infection, active TB disease, and protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian F Black
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fisan Building, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital Campus, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Collaborators
Stefan H E Kaufmann, Shreemanta K Parida, Gerhard Walzl, Gillian Black, Kim Stanley, Andre Loxton, Hawa Golakai, Nelita Du Plessis, Gian van der Spuy, Martin Ota, Ifedayo Adetifa, Jayne Sutherland, Richard Adegbola, Henry Boom, Keith Chervenak, Bonnie Thiel, Roy Mugerwa, Harriet Mayanja, Mary Nsereko, Helen Buteme, Sarah Zalwango, Neil French, Lyn Ambrose, Mia Crampin, Bagrey Ngirwa, Hazel Dockrell, Maeve K Lalor, Jacky Saul, Keith Branson, Patricia Gorak-Stolinska, Tom Ottenhoff, Marielle Haks, Kees Franken, Annemieke Friggen, Krista van Meijgaarden, Annemiek Geluk, Michel Klein, Rawleigh Howe, Lawrence Yamuah, Adane Mihret, Rahel Iwnetu, Mesfin Tafesse, Addis Ababa, Frank Miedema, Debbie van Baarle, Tsehayenesh Mesele, Desta Kassa, Belete Tegbaru, Addis Ababa, Peter Andersen, Mark Doherty, Ida Rosencrands, Willem Hanekom, Jane Hughes, Hassan Mohamed, Greg Hussey, Jerry Sadoff, Lew Barker, Stefanie Mueller, Donata Sizemore, Larry Geiter, Gary Schoolnik, Gregory Dolganov, Tran Van, Stefan Kaufmann, Shreemanta Parida, Robert Golinski, Jeroen Maertzdorf,
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188
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Bartek I, Rutherford R, Gruppo V, Morton R, Morris R, Klein M, Visconti K, Ryan G, Schoolnik G, Lenaerts A, Voskuil M. The DosR regulon of M. tuberculosis and antibacterial tolerance. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:310-6. [PMID: 19577518 PMCID: PMC2718728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to an anaerobic dormant state that is tolerant to several antibacterials is mediated largely by a set of highly expressed genes controlled by DosR. A DosR mutant was constructed to investigate whether the DosR regulon is involved in antibacterial tolerance. We demonstrate that induction of the regulon is not required for drug tolerance either in vivo during a mouse infection or in vitro during anaerobic dormancy. Thus, drug tolerance observed in these models is due to other mechanisms such as the bacilli simply being in a non-replicating or low metabolic state. Our data also demonstrate that the DosR regulon is not essential for virulence during chronic murine infection. However, decreased lung pathology was observed in the DosR mutant. We also show that the DosR regulon genes are more highly conserved in environmental mycobacteria, than in pathogenic mycobacteria lacking a latent phase or environmental reservoir. It is possible that the DosR regulon could contribute to drug tolerance in human infections; however, it is not the only mechanism and not the primary mechanism for tolerance during a mouse infection. These data suggest that the regulon evolved not for pathogenesis or drug tolerance but for adaptation to anaerobic conditions in the environment and has been adapted by M. tuberculosis for survival during latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.L. Bartek
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, P18-9115, 12800 East 19 Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - R. Rutherford
- Department of Biology, Seattle University, 901 12 Avenue, Seattle, Washington, 98052, USA
| | - V. Gruppo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - R.A. Morton
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, P18-9115, 12800 East 19 Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - R.P. Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M.R. Klein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K.C. Visconti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G.J. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - G.K. Schoolnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiolgy and Immunology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - M.I. Voskuil
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, P18-9115, 12800 East 19 Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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189
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Schuck SD, Mueller H, Kunitz F, Neher A, Hoffmann H, Franken KLCM, Repsilber D, Ottenhoff THM, Kaufmann SHE, Jacobsen M. Identification of T-cell antigens specific for latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5590. [PMID: 19440342 PMCID: PMC2680040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell responses against dormancy-, resuscitation-, and reactivation-associated antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are candidate biomarkers of latent infection in humans. Methodology/Principal Findings We established an assay based on two rounds of in vitro restimulation and intracellular cytokine analysis that detects T-cell responses to antigens expressed during latent M. tuberculosis infection. Comparison between active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and healthy latently M. tuberculosis-infected donors (LTBI) revealed significantly higher T-cell responses against 7 of 35 tested M. tuberculosis latency-associated antigens in LTBI. Notably, T cells specific for Rv3407 were exclusively detected in LTBI but not in TB patients. The T-cell IFNγ response against Rv3407 in individual donors was the most influential factor in discrimination analysis that classified TB patients and LTBI with 83% accuracy using cross-validation. Rv3407 peptide pool stimulations revealed distinct candidate epitopes in four LTBI. Conclusions Our findings further support the hypothesis that the latency-associated antigens can be exploited as biomarkers for LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D. Schuck
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Kunitz
- Respiratory Diseases Clinic Heckeshorn, Department of Pneumology, HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Neher
- Asklepios Professional Clinic München-Gauting, Centre for Pneumology and Thorax Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Hoffmann
- Asklepios Professional Clinic München-Gauting, Centre for Pneumology and Thorax Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Kees L. C. M. Franken
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Genetics and Biometry, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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190
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Bivas-Benita M, Lin MY, Bal SM, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KLMC, Friggen AH, Junginger HE, Borchard G, Klein MR, Ottenhoff THM. Pulmonary delivery of DNA encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigen Rv1733c associated to PLGA-PEI nanoparticles enhances T cell responses in a DNA prime/protein boost vaccination regimen in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:4010-7. [PMID: 19389445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During persistent infection and hypoxic-stress, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses a series of Mtb latency antigens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding the Mtb latency antigen Rv1733c and to explore the effect of pulmonary delivery and co-formulation with poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanoparticles (np) on host immunity. Characterization studies indicated that PLGA-PEI np kept their nanometer size after concentration and were positively charged. The np were able to mature human dendritic cells and stimulated them to secrete IL-12 and TNF-alpha comparable to levels observed after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Mtb latency antigen Rv1733c DNA prime combined with Rv1733c protein boost enhanced T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in mice in response to Rv1733c and Mtb hypoxic lysate. Rv1733c DNA adsorbed to PLGA-PEI np and applied to the lungs increased T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production more potently compared to the same vaccinations given intramuscularly. The strongest immunogenicity was obtained by pulmonary priming with np-adsorbed Rv1733c DNA followed by boosting with Rv1733c protein. These results confirm that PLGA-PEI np are an efficient DNA vaccine delivery system to enhance T cell responses through pulmonary delivery in a DNA prime/protein boost vaccine regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytal Bivas-Benita
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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191
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Horváti K, Mező G, Szabó N, Hudecz F, Bősze S. Peptide conjugates of therapeutically used antitubercular isoniazid-design, synthesis and antimycobacterial effect. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:385-91. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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192
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Young DB, Gideon HP, Wilkinson RJ. Eliminating latent tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:183-8. [PMID: 19375916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is recognized as the world's leading bacterial cause of death. Yet 95% of infection is believed to exist in an asymptomatic 'latent' form that is defined not by the identification of bacteria, but by the host immune response in the form of reactivity to tuberculosis proteins in the tuberculin skin test. It seems likely that clinically defined latent tuberculosis actually represents a spectrum that runs from elimination of live bacilli to subclinical disease: hence, it might be unhelpful to use a single term to describe all these conditions. To support this view, here we focus on recent increased understanding of the heterogeneity in both bacillary physiology and host immune response that potentially illuminates new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Young
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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193
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Mack U, Migliori GB, Sester M, Rieder HL, Ehlers S, Goletti D, Bossink A, Magdorf K, Hölscher C, Kampmann B, Arend SM, Detjen A, Bothamley G, Zellweger JP, Milburn H, Diel R, Ravn P, Cobelens F, Cardona PJ, Kan B, Solovic I, Duarte R, Cirillo DM, C. Lange, TBNET. LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M. tuberculosis? A TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:956-73. [PMID: 19407047 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00120908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis control relies on the identification and preventive treatment of individuals who are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, direct identification of latent tuberculosis infection is not possible. The diagnostic tests used to identify individuals latently infected with M. tuberculosis, the in vivo tuberculin skin test and the ex vivo interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), are designed to identify an adaptive immune response against, but not necessarily a latent infection with, M. tuberculosis. The proportion of individuals who truly remain infected with M. tuberculosis after tuberculin skin test or IGRA conversion is unknown. It is also uncertain how long adaptive immune responses towards mycobacterial antigens persist in the absence of live mycobacteria. Clinical management and public healthcare policies for preventive chemotherapy against tuberculosis could be improved, if we were to gain a better understanding on M. tuberculosis latency and reactivation. This statement by the TBNET summarises knowledge and limitations of the currently available tests used in adults and children for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. In summary, the main issue regarding testing is to restrict it to those who are known to be at higher risk of developing tuberculosis and who are willing to accept preventive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mack
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus, Oslo, Norway
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194
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Vordermeier M, Gordon SV, Hewinson ARG. Antigen mining to define Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected animals: A VLA perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:240-7. [PMID: 19413883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The urgency for new and improved cattle vaccines and diagnostic reagents has been acknowledged by the UK Government, and development of cattle vaccine is a research priority. Significant progress has been made to develop specific antigens that allow the differentiation of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and M. bovis-infected cattle [diagnosis of infected from vaccinated individuals (DIVA) test]. This progress has been greatly facilitated by the completion of the genome sequences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis and BCG Pasteur. In this study, we describe how we applied this knowledge, through comparative genome and transcriptome analysis, to define DIVA antigens that complemented the prototype DIVA antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by increasing their test sensitivity. In addition, we draw general conclusions from our experience, and discuss potential future approaches in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, TB Research Group, New Haw, Surrey, UK.
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195
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Alvarez AH, Estrada-Chávez C, Flores-Valdez MA. Molecular findings and approaches spotlighting Mycobacterium bovis persistence in cattle. Vet Res 2009; 40:22. [PMID: 19220975 PMCID: PMC2695034 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) are the etiological agents of human and bovine tuberculosis (TB, bTB) respectively, and share genetic identity over 99% at the whole genome level. Progress has been made towards explaining how mycobacteria and their infected hosts remain in balance without producing clinical symptoms of disease, a phenomenon referred to as latency or persistence, which can be mimicked by certain in vitro conditions. Latency/persistence has mainly been studied using Mtb, where the two-component signalling system, dosRS, has been assigned an instrumental role, and even constitutes the current basis for development of new diagnostic methods and treatment addressing this particular stage of TB. M. bovis conserves homolog genes that in Mtb play a role in human latent TB infection and that, by analogy, would allow it to enter a persistent state in infected cattle; nevertheless, little attention has been paid to this stage in bovine hosts. We suggest that many of the advances acquired through the study of Mtb can and should be taken into consideration by research groups and veterinary professionals dealing with bTB. The study of the infection in bovines, paying particular attention to defining the molecular and cellular markers of a M. bovis persistent infection in cattle, presents great opportunities for the development and trial of new diagnostic tests and vaccines, tools that will surely help in promoting eradication of bTB in high-burden settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencía en Tecnologá y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología, Guadalajara, Jalisco, C.P. 44270, México
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196
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Hershberg R, Lipatov M, Small PM, Sheffer H, Niemann S, Homolka S, Roach JC, Kremer K, Petrov DA, Feldman MW, Gagneux S. High functional diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis driven by genetic drift and human demography. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e311. [PMID: 19090620 PMCID: PMC2602723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the human world population and kills someone every 15 seconds. For more than a century, scientists and clinicians have been distinguishing between the human- and animal-adapted members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). However, all human-adapted strains of MTBC have traditionally been considered to be essentially identical. We surveyed sequence diversity within a global collection of strains belonging to MTBC using seven megabase pairs of DNA sequence data. We show that the members of MTBC affecting humans are more genetically diverse than generally assumed, and that this diversity can be linked to human demographic and migratory events. We further demonstrate that these organisms are under extremely reduced purifying selection and that, as a result of increased genetic drift, much of this genetic diversity is likely to have functional consequences. Our findings suggest that the current increases in human population, urbanization, and global travel, combined with the population genetic characteristics of M. tuberculosis described here, could contribute to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hershberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Lipatov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter M Small
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hadar Sheffer
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Germany
| | - Susanne Homolka
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jared C Roach
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Mycobacteria Reference Unit (CIb-LIS), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus W Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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197
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Li Pira G, Ivaldi F, Dentone C, Righi E, Del Bono V, Viscoli C, Koopman G, Manca F. Evaluation of antigen-specific T-cell responses with a miniaturized and automated method. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1811-8. [PMID: 18945878 PMCID: PMC2593160 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00322-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of antigen-specific T-cell responses is helpful for both research and clinical settings. Several techniques can enumerate antigen-responsive T cells or measure their products, but they require remarkable amounts of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Since screening numerous antigens or testing samples from pediatric or lymphopenic patients is hampered in clinical practice, we refined a miniaturized, high-throughput assay for T-cell immunity. Antigens and cells in 10-microl volumes were dispensed into 1,536-well culture plates precoated with anti-gamma interferon (anti-IFN-gamma) antibodies. After being cultured, the wells were developed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bound cytokine. Miniaturization and automation allowed quantitation of antigen-specific responses on 10(4) PBMCs. This method was applied for epitope mapping of mycobacterial antigens and was used in the clinic to evaluate T-cell immunity to relevant opportunistic pathogens by using small blood samples. A comparison with conventional methods showed similar sensitivity. Therefore, current flow cytometric methods that provide information on frequency and phenotype of specific T cells can be complemented by this assay that provides extensive information on cytokine concentrations and profiles and requires 20- to 50-fold fewer PBMCs than other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Li Pira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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198
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Abstract
In Africa, more than 4 million people suffer from active tuberculosis (TB) resulting in an estimated 650,000 deaths every year. The etiologic agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, survives in resting macrophages, which control the pathogen after activation by specific T lymphocytes. Here, we describe the basic mechanisms underlying the host response to TB with an emphasis on immunity and discuss diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines for TB. Moreover, we outline our attempts to develop biomarkers, which could help the monitoring of TB clinical trials, provide the basis for new diagnostics, and allow prognosis of outcome of infection and of drug treatment.
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199
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Abstract
Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, is a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) affecting principally cattle, sheep and goats. Primarily, there are two clinical signs: cachexia and chronic diarrhea (less common in goats and sheep). This disease results in considerable economic losses in livestock industry, particularly the dairy sector. The route of transmission is mostly by the fecal-oral route, but hygienic measures and culling of shedding animals are not sufficient to eradicate this disease. Moreover, diagnostic tools available at this moment are not powerful enough to perform early and specific diagnosis. Existing vaccines, based on whole killed or live-attenuated bacteria, can delay the onset of clinical symptoms but do not protect against infection. Moreover, vaccinated animals develop antibodies that interfere with existing serodiagnostic tests for paratuberculosis and they become reactive in the tuberculin skin test, used for the control of bovine tuberculosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the immune responses induced by MAP infection, with focus on cattle studies. It provides an overview of the existing MAP vaccines and comments on the development of second-generation subunit vaccines based on new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Rosseels
- WIV-Pasteur Institute Brussels, Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, 642 Engelandstraat, B1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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200
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Zvi A, Ariel N, Fulkerson J, Sadoff JC, Shafferman A. Whole genome identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidates by comprehensive data mining and bioinformatic analyses. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:18. [PMID: 18505592 PMCID: PMC2442614 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), infects ~8 million annually culminating in ~2 million deaths. Moreover, about one third of the population is latently infected, 10% of which develop disease during lifetime. Current approved prophylactic TB vaccines (BCG and derivatives thereof) are of variable efficiency in adult protection against pulmonary TB (0%–80%), and directed essentially against early phase infection. Methods A genome-scale dataset was constructed by analyzing published data of: (1) global gene expression studies under conditions which simulate intra-macrophage stress, dormancy, persistence and/or reactivation; (2) cellular and humoral immunity, and vaccine potential. This information was compiled along with revised annotation/bioinformatic characterization of selected gene products and in silico mapping of T-cell epitopes. Protocols for scoring, ranking and prioritization of the antigens were developed and applied. Results Cross-matching of literature and in silico-derived data, in conjunction with the prioritization scheme and biological rationale, allowed for selection of 189 putative vaccine candidates from the entire genome. Within the 189 set, the relative distribution of antigens in 3 functional categories differs significantly from their distribution in the whole genome, with reduction in the Conserved hypothetical category (due to improved annotation) and enrichment in Lipid and in Virulence categories. Other prominent representatives in the 189 set are the PE/PPE proteins; iron sequestration, nitroreductases and proteases, all within the Intermediary metabolism and respiration category; ESX secretion systems, resuscitation promoting factors and lipoproteins, all within the Cell wall category. Application of a ranking scheme based on qualitative and quantitative scores, resulted in a list of 45 best-scoring antigens, of which: 74% belong to the dormancy/reactivation/resuscitation classes; 30% belong to the Cell wall category; 13% are classical vaccine candidates; 9% are categorized Conserved hypotheticals, all potentially very potent T-cell antigens. Conclusion The comprehensive literature and in silico-based analyses allowed for the selection of a repertoire of 189 vaccine candidates, out of the whole-genome 3989 ORF products. This repertoire, which was ranked to generate a list of 45 top-hits antigens, is a platform for selection of genes covering all stages of M. tuberculosis infection, to be incorporated in rBCG or subunit-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Zvi
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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