151
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Kerek EM, Prenner EJ. Inorganic cadmium affects the fluidity and size of phospholipid based liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:3169-3181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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152
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Pennington ER, Fix A, Sullivan EM, Brown DA, Kennedy A, Shaikh SR. Distinct membrane properties are differentially influenced by cardiolipin content and acyl chain composition in biomimetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:257-267. [PMID: 27889304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) has a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial inner membrane structure. In several conditions such as heart failure and aging, there is loss of CL content and remodeling of CL acyl chains, which are hypothesized to impair mitochondrial inner membrane biophysical organization. Therefore, this study discriminated how CL content and acyl chain composition influenced select properties of simple and complex mitochondrial mimicking model membranes. We focused on monolayer excess area/molecule (a measure of lipid miscibility), bilayer phase transitions, and microdomain organization. In monolayer compression studies, loss of tetralinoleoyl [(18:2)4] CL content decreased the excess area/molecule. Replacement of (18:2)4CL acyl chains with tetraoleoyl [(18:1)4] CL or tetradocosahexaenoyl [(22:6)4] CL generally had little influence on monolayer excess area/molecule; in contrast, replacement of (18:2)4CL acyl chains with tetramyristoyl [(14:0)4] CL increased monolayer excess area/molecule. In bilayers, calorimetric studies showed that substitution of (18:2)4CL with (18:1)4CL or (22:6)4CL lowered the phase transition temperature of phosphatidylcholine vesicles whereas (14:0)4CL had no effect. Finally, quantitative imaging of giant unilamellar vesicles revealed differential effects of CL content and acyl chain composition on microdomain organization, visualized with the fluorescent probe Texas Red DHPE. Notably, microdomain areas were decreased by differing magnitudes upon lowering of (18:2)4CL content and substitution of (18:2)4CL with (14:0)4CL or (22:6)4CL. Conversely, exchanging (18:2)4CL with (18:1)4CL increased microdomain area. Altogether, these data demonstrate that CL content and fatty acyl composition differentially target membrane physical properties, which has implications for understanding how CL regulates mitochondrial activity and the design of CL-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ross Pennington
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Mail Stop 743, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amy Fix
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USA
| | - E Madison Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Mail Stop 743, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, 1035 ILSB, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Anthony Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, East 10th Street, Mail Stop 552, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27854, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Mail Stop 743, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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153
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Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Fink AB, Anthonymuthu T, New L, Kochanek P, Watkins S, Kagan V, Bayır H. Imaging mass spectrometry reveals loss of polyunsaturated cardiolipins in the cortical contusion, hippocampus, and thalamus after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2016; 139:659-675. [PMID: 27591733 PMCID: PMC5323070 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to changes in ion fluxes, alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in secondary tissue damage. Mitochondria play important signaling roles in coordination of multiple metabolic platforms in addition to their well-known role in bioenergetics. Mitochondrial signaling strongly depends on cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific structurally unusual anionic phospholipid containing four fatty acyl chains. While our previous reports indicated that CL is selectively oxidized and presents itself as a target for the redox therapy following TBI, the topography of changes of CL in the injured brain remained to be defined. Here, we present a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging study which reports regio-specific changes in CL, in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging revealed that TBI caused early decreases in CL in the contusional cortex, ipsilateral hippocampus, and thalamus with the most highly unsaturated CL species being most susceptible to loss. Phosphatidylinositol was the only other lipid species that exhibited a significant decrease, albeit to a lesser extent than CL. Signals for other lipids remained unchanged. This is the first study evaluating the spatial distribution of CL loss after acute brain injury. We propose that the CL loss may constitute an upstream mechanism for CL-driven signaling in different brain regions as an early response mechanism and may also underlie the bioenergetic changes that occur in hippocampal, cortical, and thalamic mitochondria after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. B. Fink
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - L.E. New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P.M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - V.E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H. Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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154
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Intramitochondrial phospholipid trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:81-89. [PMID: 27542541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions and architecture rely on a defined lipid composition of their outer and inner membranes, which are characterized by a high content of non-bilayer phospholipids such as cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Mitochondrial membrane lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or within mitochondria from ER-derived precursor lipids, are asymmetrically distributed within mitochondria and can relocate in response to cellular stress. Maintenance of lipid homeostasis thus requires multiple lipid transport processes to be orchestrated within mitochondria. Recent findings identified members of the Ups/PRELI family as specific lipid transfer proteins in mitochondria that shuttle phospholipids between mitochondrial membranes. They cooperate with membrane organizing proteins that preserve the spatial organization of mitochondrial membranes and the formation of membrane contact sites, unravelling an intimate crosstalk of membrane lipid transport and homeostasis with the structural organization of mitochondria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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155
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Known unknowns of cardiolipin signaling: The best is yet to come. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:8-24. [PMID: 27498292 PMCID: PMC5323096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 75years ago, a wealth of knowledge has accumulated on the role of cardiolipin, the hallmark phospholipid of mitochondria, in bioenergetics and particularly on the structural organization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A surge of interest in this anionic doubly-charged tetra-acylated lipid found in both prokaryotes and mitochondria has emerged based on its newly discovered signaling functions. Cardiolipin displays organ, tissue, cellular and transmembrane distribution asymmetries. A collapse of the membrane asymmetry represents a pro-mitophageal mechanism whereby externalized cardiolipin acts as an "eat-me" signal. Oxidation of cardiolipin's polyunsaturated acyl chains - catalyzed by cardiolipin complexes with cytochrome c. - is a pro-apoptotic signal. The messaging functions of myriads of cardiolipin species and their oxidation products are now being recognized as important intracellular and extracellular signals for innate and adaptive immune systems. This newly developing field of research exploring cardiolipin signaling is the main subject of this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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156
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Cardiolipin binds selectively but transiently to conserved lysine residues in the rotor of metazoan ATP synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8687-92. [PMID: 27382158 PMCID: PMC4978264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608396113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anionic lipid cardiolipin is an essential component of active ATP synthases. In metazoans, their rotors contain a ring of eight c-subunits consisting of inner and outer circles of N- and C-terminal α-helices, respectively. The beginning of the C-terminal α-helix contains a strictly conserved and fully trimethylated lysine residue in the lipid head-group region of the membrane. Larger rings of known structure, from c9-c15 in eubacteria and chloroplasts, conserve either a lysine or an arginine residue in the equivalent position. In computer simulations of hydrated membranes containing trimethylated or unmethylated bovine c8-rings and bacterial c10- or c11-rings, the head-groups of cardiolipin molecules became associated selectively with these modified and unmodified lysine residues and with adjacent polar amino acids and with a second conserved lysine on the opposite side of the membrane, whereas phosphatidyl lipids were attracted little to these sites. However, the residence times of cardiolipin molecules with the ring were brief and sufficient for the rotor to turn only a fraction of a degree in the active enzyme. With the demethylated c8-ring and with c10- and c11-rings, the density of bound cardiolipin molecules at this site increased, but residence times were not changed greatly. These highly specific but brief interactions with the rotating c-ring are consistent with functional roles for cardiolipin in stabilizing and lubricating the rotor, and, by interacting with the enzyme at the inlet and exit of the transmembrane proton channel, in participation in proton translocation through the membrane domain of the enzyme.
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157
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Dimmer KS, Rapaport D. Mitochondrial contact sites as platforms for phospholipid exchange. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:69-80. [PMID: 27477677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are unique organelles that contain their own - although strongly reduced - genome, and are surrounded by two membranes. While most cellular phospholipid biosynthesis takes place in the ER, mitochondria harbor the whole spectrum of glycerophospholipids common to biological membranes. Mitochondria also contribute to overall phospholipid biosynthesis in cells by producing phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. Considering these features, it is not surprising that mitochondria maintain highly active exchange of phospholipids with other cellular compartments. In this contribution we describe the transport of phospholipids between mitochondria and other organelles, and discuss recent developments in our understanding of the molecular functions of the protein complexes that mediate these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Stefan Dimmer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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158
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159
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Schuler MH, Di Bartolomeo F, Mårtensson CU, Daum G, Becker T. Phosphatidylcholine Affects Inner Membrane Protein Translocases of Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18718-29. [PMID: 27402832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.722694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two protein translocases transport precursor proteins into or across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The presequence translocase (TIM23 complex) sorts precursor proteins with a cleavable presequence either into the matrix or into the inner membrane. The carrier translocase (TIM22 complex) inserts multispanning proteins into the inner membrane. Both protein import pathways depend on the presence of a membrane potential, which is generated by the activity of the respiratory chain. The non-bilayer-forming phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine are required for the activity of the respiratory chain and therefore to maintain the membrane potential for protein import. Depletion of cardiolipin further affects the stability of the TIM23 complex. The role of bilayer-forming phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (PC) in protein transport into the inner membrane and the matrix is unknown. Here, we report that import of presequence-containing precursors and carrier proteins is impaired in PC-deficient mitochondria. Surprisingly, depletion of PC does not affect stability and activity of respiratory supercomplexes, and the membrane potential is maintained. Instead, the dynamic TIM23 complex is destabilized when the PC levels are reduced, whereas the TIM22 complex remains intact. Our analysis further revealed that initial precursor binding to the TIM23 complex is impaired in PC-deficient mitochondria. We conclude that reduced PC levels differentially affect the TIM22 and TIM23 complexes in mitochondrial protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Hinderk Schuler
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Francesca Di Bartolomeo
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph U Mårtensson
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, and
| | - Günther Daum
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NaWi Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Becker
- From the Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany and
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160
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Yadav PK, Rajasekharan R. Misregulation of a DDHD Domain-containing Lipase Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Yeast. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18562-81. [PMID: 27402848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DDHD domain-containing proteins, which belong to the intracellular phospholipase A1 (iPLA1) family, have been predicted to be involved in phospholipid metabolism, lipid trafficking, membrane turnover, and signaling. Defective cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol remodeling cause Barth syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we report that Yor022c is a Ddl1 (DDHD domain-containing lipase 1) that hydrolyzes CL, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Ddl1 has been implicated in the remodeling of mitochondrial phospholipids and CL degradation. Our data also suggested that the accumulation of monolysocardiolipin is deleterious to the cells. We show that Aft1 and Aft2 transcription factors antagonistically regulate the DDL1 gene. This study reveals that the misregulation of DDL1 by Aft1/2 transcription factors alters CL metabolism and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells. In humans, mutations in the DDHD1 and DDHD2 genes cause specific types of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG28 and SPG54, respectively), and the yeast DDL1-defective strain produces similar phenotypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in lipid metabolism). Therefore, the DDL1-defective strain could be a good model system for understanding hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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161
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Xu Y, Phoon CKL, Berno B, D'Souza K, Hoedt E, Zhang G, Neubert TA, Epand RM, Ren M, Schlame M. Loss of protein association causes cardiolipin degradation in Barth syndrome. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:641-7. [PMID: 27348092 PMCID: PMC4955704 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specific mitochondrial phospholipid that has a high affinity for proteins and that stabilizes the assembly of supercomplexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. We found that sequestration of cardiolipin in protein complexes is critical to protect it from degradation. The turnover of cardiolipin is slower by almost an order of magnitude than the turnover of other phospholipids. However, in subjects with Barth syndrome, cardiolipin is rapidly degraded via the intermediate monolyso-cardiolipin. Treatments that induce supercomplex assembly decrease the turnover of cardiolipin and the concentration of monolyso-cardiolipin, whereas dissociation of supercomplexes has the opposite effect. Our data suggest that cardiolipin is uniquely protected from normal lipid turnover by its association with proteins, but this association is compromised in subjects with Barth syndrome, leading cardiolipin to become unstable, which in turn causes the accumulation of monolyso-cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bob Berno
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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162
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Ping HA, Kraft LM, Chen W, Nilles AE, Lackner LL. Num1 anchors mitochondria to the plasma membrane via two domains with different lipid binding specificities. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:513-24. [PMID: 27241910 PMCID: PMC4896055 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ping et al. demonstrate that mitochondria-to-plasma membrane anchoring is mediated by Num1 directly interacting with both organelles through two distinct and spatially separated lipid-specific binding domains. These findings suggest a general mechanism for interorganelle tethering. The mitochondria–ER cortex anchor (MECA) is required for proper mitochondrial distribution and functions by tethering mitochondria to the plasma membrane. The core component of MECA is the multidomain protein Num1, which assembles into clusters at the cell cortex. We show Num1 adopts an extended, polarized conformation. Its N-terminal coiled-coil domain (Num1CC) is proximal to mitochondria, and the C-terminal pleckstrin homology domain is associated with the plasma membrane. We find that Num1CC interacts directly with phospholipid membranes and displays a strong preference for the mitochondria-specific phospholipid cardiolipin. This direct membrane interaction is critical for MECA function. Thus, mitochondrial anchoring is mediated by a protein that interacts directly with two different membranes through lipid-specific binding domains, suggesting a general mechanism for interorganelle tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Ping
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Lauren M Kraft
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - WeiTing Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Amy E Nilles
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Laura L Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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163
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Lu YW, Galbraith L, Herndon JD, Lu YL, Pras-Raves M, Vervaart M, Van Kampen A, Luyf A, Koehler CM, McCaffery JM, Gottlieb E, Vaz FM, Claypool SM. Defining functional classes of Barth syndrome mutation in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1754-70. [PMID: 26908608 PMCID: PMC4986330 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked disease Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in TAZ; TAZ is the main determinant of the final acyl chain composition of the mitochondrial-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin. To date, a detailed characterization of endogenous TAZ has only been performed in yeast. Further, why a given BTHS-associated missense mutation impairs TAZ function has only been determined in a yeast model of this human disease. Presently, the detailed characterization of yeast tafazzin harboring individual BTHS mutations at evolutionarily conserved residues has identified seven distinct loss-of-function mechanisms caused by patient-associated missense alleles. However, whether the biochemical consequences associated with individual mutations also occur in the context of human TAZ in a validated mammalian model has not been demonstrated. Here, utilizing newly established monoclonal antibodies capable of detecting endogenous TAZ, we demonstrate that mammalian TAZ, like its yeast counterpart, is localized to the mitochondrion where it adopts an extremely protease-resistant fold, associates non-integrally with intermembrane space-facing membranes and assembles in a range of complexes. Even though multiple isoforms are expressed at the mRNA level, only a single polypeptide that co-migrates with the human isoform lacking exon 5 is expressed in human skin fibroblasts, HEK293 cells, and murine heart and liver mitochondria. Finally, using a new genome-edited mammalian BTHS cell culture model, we demonstrate that the loss-of-function mechanisms for two BTHS alleles that represent two of the seven functional classes of BTHS mutation as originally defined in yeast, are the same when modeled in human TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
| | - Laura Galbraith
- Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jenny D Herndon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ya-Lin Lu
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Mia Pras-Raves
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Martin Vervaart
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Antoine Van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Angela Luyf
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - J Michael McCaffery
- Integrated Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Frederic M Vaz
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA,
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164
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Structural comparison of yeast and human intra-mitochondrial lipid transport systems. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:479-85. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria depend on a tightly regulated supply of phospholipids. The protein of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI)/Ups1 family together with its mitochondrial chaperones [TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1)/Mdm35] represents a unique heterodimeric lipid-transfer system that is evolutionary conserved from yeast to man. Recent X-ray crystal structures of the human and yeast systems are compared and discuss here and shed new insight into the mechanism of the PRELI/Ups1 system.
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165
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Hsu P, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang HG, Ye JM, Shi Y. Cardiolipin remodeling by TAZ/tafazzin is selectively required for the initiation of mitophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:643-52. [PMID: 25919711 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1023984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tafazzin (TAZ) is a phospholipid transacylase that catalyzes the remodeling of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial phospholipid required for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of TAZ cause Barth syndrome, which is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy, leading to premature death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of TAZ in regulating mitochondrial function and mitophagy. Using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with doxycycline-inducible knockdown of Taz, we showed that TAZ deficiency in MEFs caused defective mitophagosome biogenesis, but not other autophagic processes. Consistent with a key role of mitophagy in mitochondria quality control, TAZ deficiency in MEFs also led to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and severe oxidative stress. Together, these findings provide key insights on mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome, suggesting that pharmacological restoration of mitophagy may provide a novel treatment for this lethal condition.
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Key Words
- AdGFP-LC3, recombinant adenovirus expressing GFP tagged MAP1LC3B
- AdTAZ, recombinant adenovirus expressing Myc-tagged TAZ
- BTHS, Barth syndrome
- BafA1, bafilomycin A1
- Barth syndrome
- CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone
- CL, cardiolipin
- Dox, doxycycline
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- LTG, LysoTracker Green
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MLCL, monolysocardiolipin
- MTR, MitoTracker Red
- PARK2, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2 mitochondrial
- TAZ, tafazzin
- TLCL, tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin
- autophagy
- cardiolipin
- mitochondrial dysfunction
- mitophagosome
- mitophagy
- tafazzin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hsu
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology ; Hershey , PA USA
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166
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Sathappa M, Alder NN. The ionization properties of cardiolipin and its variants in model bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1362-72. [PMID: 26965987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The anionic phospholipid cardiolipin has an unusual dimeric structure with a two-phosphate headgroup and four acyl chains. Cardiolipin is present in energy-transducing membranes that maintain electrochemical gradients, including most bacterial plasma membranes and the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it mediates respiratory complex assembly and activation, among many other roles. Dysfunctional biogenesis of cardiolipin is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including Barth syndrome. Because cardiolipin is a dominant anionic lipid in energy-conserving membranes, its headgroup is a major contributor to surface charge density and the bilayer electrostatic profile. However, the proton dissociation behavior of its headgroup remains controversial. In one model, the pKa values of the phosphates differ by several units and the headgroup exists as a monoanion at physiological pH. In another model, both phosphates ionize as strong acids with low pKa values and the headgroup exists in dianionic form at physiological pH. Using independent electrokinetic and spectroscopic approaches, coupled with analysis using Gouy-Chapman-Stern formalism, we have analyzed the ionization properties of cardiolipin within biologically relevant lipid bilayer model systems. We show that both phosphates of the cardiolipin headgroup show strong ionization behavior with low pKa values. Moreover, cardiolipin variants lacking structural features proposed to be required to maintain disparate pKa values--namely the secondary hydroxyl on the central glycerol or a full complement of four acyl chains--were shown to have ionization behavior identical to intact cardiolipin. Hence, these results indicate that within the physiological pH range, the cardiolipin headgroup is fully ionized as a dianion. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the role of cardiolipin in defining membrane surface potential, activating respiratory complexes, and modulating membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugappan Sathappa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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167
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Purity matters: A workflow for the valid high-resolution lipid profiling of mitochondria from cell culture samples. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21107. [PMID: 26892142 PMCID: PMC4759577 DOI: 10.1038/srep21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular lipidomics is a novel field of research that requires the careful combination of several pre-analytical and analytical steps. To define a reliable strategy for mitochondrial lipid profiling, we performed a systematic comparison of different mitochondria isolation procedures by western blot analyses and comprehensive high-resolution lipidomics. Using liver-derived HepG2 cells, we compared three common mitochondria isolation methods, differential centrifugation (DC), ultracentrifugation (UC) and a magnetic bead-assisted method (MACS). In total, 397 lipid species, including 32 cardiolipins, could be quantified in only 100 μg (by protein) of purified mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated by UC showed the highest enrichment in the mitochondria-specific cardiolipins as well as their precursors, phosphatidylglycerols. Mitochondrial fractions obtained by the commonly used DC and the more recent MACS method contained substantial contaminations by other organelles. Employing these isolation methods when performing lipidomics analyses from cell culture mitochondria may lead to inaccurate results. To conclude, we present a protocol how to obtain reliable mitochondria-specific lipid profiles from cell culture samples and show that quality controls are indispensable when performing mitochondria lipidomics.
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168
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Saric A, Andreau K, Armand AS, Møller IM, Petit PX. Barth Syndrome: From Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Associated with Aberrant Production of Reactive Oxygen Species to Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies. Front Genet 2016; 6:359. [PMID: 26834781 PMCID: PMC4719219 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme tafazzin, TAZ, cause Barth syndrome (BTHS). Individuals with this X-linked multisystem disorder present cardiomyopathy (CM) (often dilated), skeletal muscle weakness, neutropenia, growth retardation, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Biopsies of the heart, liver and skeletal muscle of patients have revealed mitochondrial malformations and dysfunctions. It is the purpose of this review to summarize recent results of studies on various animal or cell models of Barth syndrome, which have characterized biochemically the strong cellular defects associated with TAZ mutations. Tafazzin is a mitochondrial phospholipidlysophospholipid transacylase that shuttles acyl groups between phospholipids and regulates the remodeling of cardiolipin (CL), a unique inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid dimer consisting of two phosphatidyl residues linked by a glycerol bridge. After their biosynthesis, the acyl chains of CLs may be modified in remodeling processes involving up to three different enzymes. Their characteristic acyl chain composition depends on the function of tafazzin, although the enzyme itself surprisingly lacks acyl specificity. CLs are crucial for correct mitochondrial structure and function. In addition to their function in the basic mitochondrial function of ATP production, CLs play essential roles in cardiac function, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Recent developments in tafazzin research have provided strong insights into the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An important tool has been the generation of BTHS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from BTHS patients. In a complementary approach, disease-specific mutations have been introduced into wild-type iPSC lines enabling direct comparison with isogenic controls. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were then characterized using biochemical and classical bioenergetic approaches. The cells are tested in a "heart-on-chip" assay to model the pathophysiology in vitro, to characterize the underlying mechanism of BTHS deriving from TAZ mutations, mitochondrial deficiencies and ROS production and leading to tissue defects, and to evaluate potential therapies with the use of mitochondrially targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saric
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-PèresParis, France; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Karine Andreau
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Ian M Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Patrice X Petit
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
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169
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Ravera S, Bartolucci M, Garbati P, Ferrando S, Calzia D, Ramoino P, Balestrino M, Morelli A, Panfoli I. Evaluation of the Acquisition of the Aerobic Metabolic Capacity by Myelin, during its Development. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7048-7056. [PMID: 26676569 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous reports indicate that the electron transfer chain and FoF1-ATP synthase are functionally expressed in myelin sheath, performing an extra-mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which would provide energy to the nerve axon. This supports the idea that myelin plays a trophic role for the axon. Although the four ETC complexes and ATP synthase are considered exquisite mitochondrial proteins, they are found ectopically expressed in several membranous structures. This study was designed to understand when and how the mitochondrial OXPHOS machinery is embedded in myelin, following myelinogenesis in the rat, which starts at birth and continues until the first month of age. Rats were sacrificed at different time points (from day 5 to 90 post birth). Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy, luminometric, and oximetric analyses show that the isolated myelin starts to show OXPHOS components around the 11th day after birth and increases proportionally to the rat age, becoming similar to those of adult rat around the 30-third day. Interestingly, WB data show the same temporal relationship between myelinogenesis and appearance of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and cellular trafficking. It may be speculated that the OXPHOS complexes may be transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (known to interact with mitochondria) and from there through the Golgi apparatus to the forming myelin membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Martina Bartolucci
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Garbati
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Via de Toni 5, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- DISTAV, University of Genova, C.so Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Calzia
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Ramoino
- DISTAV, University of Genova, C.so Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Balestrino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Via de Toni 5, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
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170
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Akhmedov AT, Rybin V, Marín-García J. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and uncoupling proteins in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 20:227-49. [PMID: 25192828 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in cardiovascular medicine, myocardial ischemia and infarction, progressing eventually to the final end point heart failure (HF), remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. HF is a complex syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment in ventricular filling or blood ejection. Ultimately, the heart's inability to supply the body's tissues with enough blood may lead to death. Mechanistically, the hallmarks of the failing heart include abnormal energy metabolism, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defects in excitation-contraction coupling. HF is a highly dynamic pathological process, and observed alterations in cardiac metabolism and function depend on the disease progression. In the early stages, cardiac remodeling characterized by normal or slightly increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation plays a compensatory, cardioprotective role. However, upon progression of HF, FA oxidation and mitochondrial oxidative activity are decreased, resulting in a significant drop in cardiac ATP levels. In HF, as a compensatory response to decreased oxidative metabolism, glucose uptake and glycolysis are upregulated, but this upregulation is not sufficient to compensate for a drop in ATP production. Elevated mitochondrial ROS generation and ROS-mediated damage, when they overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defense system, induce heart injury and contribute to the progression of HF. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which promote proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane, have emerged as essential regulators of mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory activity and ROS generation. Although the physiological role of UCP2 and UCP3, expressed in the heart, has not been clearly established, increasing evidence suggests that these proteins by promoting mild uncoupling could reduce mitochondrial ROS generation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ameliorate thereby myocardial function. Further investigation on the alterations in cardiac UCP activity and regulation will advance our understanding of their physiological roles in the healthy and diseased heart and also may facilitate the development of novel and more efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Akhmedov
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Avenue, Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA
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171
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Nakahira K, Hisata S, Choi AMK. The Roles of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1329-50. [PMID: 26067258 PMCID: PMC4685486 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria, vital cellular power plants to generate energy, are involved in immune responses. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that are released from mitochondria to extracellular space during cell death and include not only proteins but also DNA or lipids. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce inflammatory responses and are critically involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs are released and initiate immune responses by use of genetically modulated cells or animals. Importantly, the levels of mitochondrial DAMPs in patients are often associated with severity and prognosis of human diseases, such as infection, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. CRITICAL ISSUES Although mitochondrial DAMPs can represent proinflammatory molecules in various experimental models, their roles in human diseases may be multifunctional and complex. It remains unclear where and how mitochondrial DAMPs are liberated into extracellular spaces and exert their biological functions particularly in vivo. In addition, while mitochondria can secrete several types of DAMPs during cell death, the interaction of each mitochondrial DAMP (e.g., synergistic effects) remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Regulation of mitochondrial DAMP-mediated immune responses may be important to alter the progression of human diseases. In addition, measuring mitochondrial DAMPs in patients may be clinically useful as biomarkers to predict prognosis or response to therapies. Further studies of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs impact the initiation and progression of diseases may lead to the development of therapeutics specifically targeting this pathway. Antioxid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakahira
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Shu Hisata
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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172
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Zou C, Synan MJ, Li J, Xiong S, Manni ML, Liu Y, Chen BB, Zhao Y, Shiva S, Tyurina YY, Jiang J, Lee JS, Das S, Ray A, Ray P, Kagan VE, Mallampalli RK. LPS impairs oxygen utilization in epithelia by triggering degradation of the mitochondrial enzyme Alcat1. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:51-64. [PMID: 26604221 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (also known as PDL6) is an indispensable lipid required for mitochondrial respiration that is generated through de novo synthesis and remodeling. Here, the cardiolipin remodeling enzyme, acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin-acyltransferase-1 (Alcat1; SwissProt ID, Q6UWP7) is destabilized in epithelia by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairing mitochondrial function. Exposure to LPS selectively decreased levels of carbon 20 (C20)-containing cardiolipin molecular species, whereas the content of C18 or C16 species was not significantly altered, consistent with decreased levels of Alcat1. Alcat1 is a labile protein that is lysosomally degraded by the ubiquitin E3 ligase Skp-Cullin-F-box containing the Fbxo28 subunit (SCF-Fbxo28) that targets Alcat1 for monoubiquitylation at residue K183. Interestingly, K183 is also an acetylation-acceptor site, and acetylation conferred stability to the enzyme. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) interacted with Alcat1, and expression of a plasmid encoding HDAC2 or treatment of cells with LPS deacetylated and destabilized Alcat1, whereas treatment of cells with a pan-HDAC inhibitor increased Alcat1 levels. Alcat1 degradation was partially abrogated in LPS-treated cells that had been silenced for HDAC2 or treated with MLN4924, an inhibitor of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. Thus, LPS increases HDAC2-mediated Alcat1 deacetylation and facilitates SCF-Fbxo28-mediated disposal of Alcat1, thus impairing mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbin Zou
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew J Synan
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill B Chen
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianfei Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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173
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Song Y, Zhao R, Hu Y, Hao F, Li N, Nie G, Tang H, Wang Y. Assessment of the Biological Effects of a Multifunctional Nano-Drug-Carrier and Its Encapsulated Drugs. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5193-201. [PMID: 26531143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-nanoparticle-encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (TAX) have the potential for novel therapeutic use against cancer in the clinic. However, the systemic biological effect of the nanoparticle material, namely, methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA), and its encapsulated drugs have not been fully studied. We have applied NMR-based metabonomics methodology to characterize and analyze the systemic metabolic changes in mice after being exposed to mPEG-PLGA, mPEG-PLGA-encapsulated DOX and TAX (NP-D/T), and their free forms. The study revealed that mPEG-PLGA exposure only induces temporary and slight metabolic alternations and that there are detoxification effects of nanoparticle packed with D/T drugs on the heart when comparing with free-form D/T drugs. Both NP-D/T and their free forms induce a shift in energy metabolism, stimulate antioxidation pathways, and disturb the gut microbial activity of the host. However, mPEG-PLGA packaging can relieve the energy metabolism inhibition and decrease the activation of antioxidation pathways caused by D/T exposure. These findings provide a holistic insight into the biological effect of polymer nanoparticle and nanoparticle-encapsulated drugs. This study also furthers our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration effects of mPEG-PLGA packaging on the toxicity of the incorporated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yili Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Biospectroscopy and Metabolomics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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174
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Calzada E, Onguka O, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 321:29-88. [PMID: 26811286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the second most abundant glycerophospholipid in eukaryotic cells. The existence of four only partially redundant biochemical pathways that produce PE, highlights the importance of this essential phospholipid. The CDP-ethanolamine and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase pathways occur in different subcellular compartments and are the main sources of PE in cells. Mammalian development fails upon ablation of either pathway. Once made, PE has diverse cellular functions that include serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine and a substrate for important posttranslational modifications, influencing membrane topology, and promoting cell and organelle membrane fusion, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. The importance of PE metabolism in mammalian health has recently emerged following its association with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, nonalcoholic liver disease, and the virulence of certain pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Calzada
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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175
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Mitochondrial degradation and energy metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2812-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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176
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Gaspard GJ, McMaster CR. Cardiolipin metabolism and its causal role in the etiology of the inherited cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 193:1-10. [PMID: 26415690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid with many unique characteristics. CL is synthesized in the mitochondria and resides almost exclusively within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Unlike most phospholipids that have two fatty acyl chains, CL possesses four fatty acyl chains resulting in unique biophysical characteristics that impact several biological processes including membrane fission and fusion. In addition, several proteins directly bind CL including proteins within the electron transport chain, the ADP/ATP carrier, and proteins that mediate mitophagy. Tafazzin is an enzyme that remodels saturated fatty acyl chains within CL to unsaturated fatty acyl chains, loss of function mutations in the TAZ gene encoding tafazzin are causal for the inherited cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Cells from Barth syndrome patients as well as several models of Barth have reduced mitochondrial functions including impaired electron transport chain function and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondria in cells from Barth syndrome patients, as well as several model organism mimics of Barth syndrome, are large and lack cristae consistent with the recently described role of CL participating in the generation of mitochondrial membrane contact sites. Cells with an inactive TAZ gene have also been shown to have a decreased capacity to undergo mitophagy when faced with stresses such as increased ROS or decreased mitochondrial quality control. This review describes CL metabolism and how defects in CL metabolism cause Barth syndrome, the etiology of Barth syndrome, and known modifiers of Barth syndrome phenotypes some of which could be explored for their amelioration of Barth syndrome in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Gaspard
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christopher R McMaster
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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177
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Lund M, Olsen RKJ, Gregersen N. A short introduction to acyl-CoA dehydrogenases; deficiencies and novel treatment strategies. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1092869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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178
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Richard VR, Beach A, Piano A, Leonov A, Feldman R, Burstein MT, Kyryakov P, Gomez-Perez A, Arlia-Ciommo A, Baptista S, Campbell C, Goncharov D, Pannu S, Patrinos D, Sadri B, Svistkova V, Victor A, Titorenko VI. Mechanism of liponecrosis, a distinct mode of programmed cell death. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3707-26. [PMID: 25483081 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to exogenous palmitoleic acid (POA) elicits "liponecrosis," a mode of programmed cell death (PCD) which differs from the currently known PCD subroutines. Here, we report the following mechanism for liponecrotic PCD. Exogenously added POA is incorporated into POA-containing phospholipids that then amass in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, mitochondrial membranes and the plasma membrane. The buildup of the POA-containing phospholipids in the plasma membrane reduces the level of phosphatidylethanolamine in its extracellular leaflet, thereby increasing plasma membrane permeability for small molecules and committing yeast to liponecrotic PCD. The excessive accumulation of POA-containing phospholipids in mitochondrial membranes impairs mitochondrial functionality and causes the excessive production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. The resulting rise in cellular reactive oxygen species above a critical level contributes to the commitment of yeast to liponecrotic PCD by: (1) oxidatively damaging numerous cellular organelles, thereby triggering their massive macroautophagic degradation; and (2) oxidatively damaging various cellular proteins, thus impairing cellular proteostasis. Several cellular processes in yeast exposed to POA can protect cells from liponecrosis. They include: (1) POA oxidation in peroxisomes, which reduces the flow of POA into phospholipid synthesis pathways; (2) POA incorporation into neutral lipids, which prevents the excessive accumulation of POA-containing phospholipids in cellular membranes; (3) mitophagy, a selective macroautophagic degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria, which sustains a population of functional mitochondria needed for POA incorporation into neutral lipids; and (4) a degradation of damaged, dysfunctional and aggregated cytosolic proteins, which enables the maintenance of cellular proteostasis.
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Key Words
- CFU, colony forming units
- CL, cardiolipin
- Cvt, cytoplasm-to-vacuole pathway
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- LD, lipid droplets
- NL, neutral lipids
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PL, phospholipids
- PM, plasma membrane
- POA, palmitoleic acid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAG, triacylglycerols
- WT, wild-type
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- cellular proteostasis
- lipid metabolism in cellular organelles
- mechanisms of programmed cell death
- mitochondria,
- mitophagy
- plasma membrane
- signal transduction
- yeast
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Richard
- a Department of Biology ; Concordia University ; Montreal , QC Canada
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179
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Sapandowski A, Stope M, Evert K, Evert M, Zimmermann U, Peter D, Päge I, Burchardt M, Schild L. Cardiolipin composition correlates with prostate cancer cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:175-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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180
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Watanabe Y, Tamura Y, Kawano S, Endo T. Structural and mechanistic insights into phospholipid transfer by Ups1-Mdm35 in mitochondria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7922. [PMID: 26235513 PMCID: PMC4532887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into membrane-bounded organelles whose functions rely on lipid trafficking to achieve membrane-specific compositions of lipids. Here we focused on the Ups1–Mdm35 system, which mediates phosphatidic acid (PA) transfer between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, and determined the X-ray structures of Mdm35 and Ups1–Mdm35 with and without PA. The Ups1–Mdm35 complex constitutes a single domain that has a deep pocket and flexible Ω-loop lid. Structure-based mutational analyses revealed that a basic residue at the pocket bottom and the Ω-loop lid are important for PA extraction from the membrane following Ups1 binding. Ups1 binding to the membrane is enhanced by the dissociation of Mdm35. We also show that basic residues around the pocket entrance are important for Ups1 binding to the membrane and PA extraction. These results provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanism of PA transfer between mitochondrial membranes. Phospholipid trafficking between membranes is essential to maintain the structural integrity and function of membrane-bound cellular compartments. Here the authors establish the structural basis for transport of phosphatidic acid between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria by the Ups1–Mdm35 lipid-transport complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- 1] Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [2] JST/CREST, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [3] JST/CREST, Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- 1] JST/CREST, Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan [2] Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shin Kawano
- 1] Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [2] JST/CREST, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [3] JST/CREST, Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan [4] Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- 1] Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [2] JST/CREST, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan [3] JST/CREST, Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan [4] Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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181
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Karkheiran S, Shahidi GA, Walker RH, Paisán-Ruiz C. PLA2G6-associated Dystonia-Parkinsonism: Case Report and Literature Review. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015. [PMID: 26196026 PMCID: PMC4503963 DOI: 10.7916/d84q7t4w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Phospholipase-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) caused by PLA2G6 mutations is a recessively inherited disorder with three known phenotypes: the typical infantile onset neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD); an atypical later onset form (atypical NAD); and the more recently recognized young-onset dystonia–parkinsonism (PLAN-DP). Case Report We report the clinical, radiological, and genetic findings of a young Pakistani male with PLAN-DP. We review 11 previously published case reports cited in PubMed, and summarize the demographic, clinical, genetic, and radiological data of the 23 patients described in those articles. Discussion PLAN-DP presents with diverse motor, autonomic, and neuropsychiatric features and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with young-onset neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Karkheiran
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Shahidi
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA ; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA ; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA ; The Friedman Brain and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institutes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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182
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Abstract
Cancer is widely considered a genetic disease involving nuclear mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. This view persists despite the numerous inconsistencies associated with the somatic mutation theory. In contrast to the somatic mutation theory, emerging evidence suggests that cancer is a mitochondrial metabolic disease, according to the original theory of Otto Warburg. The findings are reviewed from nuclear cytoplasm transfer experiments that relate to the origin of cancer. The evidence from these experiments is difficult to reconcile with the somatic mutation theory, but is consistent with the notion that cancer is primarily a mitochondrial metabolic disease.
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183
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Angelini R, Lobasso S, Gorgoglione R, Bowron A, Steward CG, Corcelli A. Cardiolipin fingerprinting of leukocytes by MALDI-TOF/MS as a screening tool for Barth syndrome. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1787-94. [PMID: 26144817 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d059824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked disease associated with cardioskeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and organic aciduria, is characterized by abnormalities of card-iolipin (CL) species in mitochondria. Diagnosis of the disease is often compromised by lack of rapid and widely available diagnostic laboratory tests. The present study describes a new method for BTHS screening based on MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of leukocyte lipids. This generates a "CL fingerprint" and allows quick and simple assay of the relative levels of CL and monolysocardiolipin species in leukocyte total lipid profiles. To validate the method, we used vector algebra to analyze the difference in lipid composition between controls (24 healthy donors) and patients (8 boys affected by BTHS) in the high-mass phospholipid range. The method of lipid analysis described represents an important additional tool for the diagnosis of BTHS and potentially enables therapeutic monitoring of drug targets, which have been shown to ameliorate abnormal CL profiles in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Angelini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Lobasso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ann Bowron
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - Colin G Steward
- Clinical Lead, National Health Service Specialised Services Barth Syndrome Service, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Corcelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
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184
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Enzymatic measurement of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in cultured cells and mitochondria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11737. [PMID: 26122953 PMCID: PMC4485230 DOI: 10.1038/srep11737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) are synthesized in mitochondria and regulate numerous biological functions. In this study, a novel fluorometric method was developed for measuring PG and CL using combinations of specific enzymes and Amplex Red. This assay quantified the sum of PG and CL (PG + CL) regardless of the species of fatty acyl chain. The calibration curve for PG + CL measurement was linear, and the detection limit was 1 μM (10 pmol in the reaction mixture). This new method was applied to the determinations of PG + CL content in HEK293 cells and CL content in purified mitochondria, because the mitochondrial content of PG is negligible compared with that of CL. We demonstrated that the PG+CL content was greater at low cell density than at high cell density. The overexpression of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase 1 (PGS1) increased the cellular contents of PG + CL and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and reduced that of phosphatidic acid. PGS1 overexpression also elevated the mitochondrial contents of CL and PC, but had no effect on the number of mitochondria per cell. In addition to the enzymatic measurements of other phospholipids, this simple, sensitive and high-throughput assay for measuring PG + CL can be used to understand cellular, physiological and pathological processes.
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185
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Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Mohammadyani D, Angeli JPF, Baranov SV, Klein-Seetharaman J, Friedlander RM, Mallampalli RK, Conrad M, Bayir H. Cardiolipin signaling mechanisms: collapse of asymmetry and oxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1667-80. [PMID: 25566681 PMCID: PMC4486147 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An ancient anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), ubiquitously present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes, is essential for several structural and functional purposes. RECENT ADVANCES The emerging role of CLs in signaling has become the focus of many studies. CRITICAL ISSUES In this work, we describe two major pathways through which mitochondrial CLs may fulfill the signaling functions via utilization of their (i) asymmetric distribution across membranes and translocations, leading to the surface externalization and (ii) ability to undergo oxidation reactions to yield the signature products recognizable by the executionary machinery of cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We present a concept that CLs and their oxidation/hydrolysis products constitute a rich communication language utilized by mitochondria of eukaryotic cells for diversified regulation of cell physiology and metabolism as well as for inter-cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- 5Department of Bioengineering, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sergei V Baranov
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- 8Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rama K Mallampalli
- 9Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcus Conrad
- 6Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hülya Bayir
- 10Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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186
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Sidiq S, Verma I, Pal SK. pH-Driven Ordering Transitions in Liquid Crystal Induced by Conformational Changes of Cardiolipin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4741-4751. [PMID: 25856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of interfacial phenomena occurring at aqueous-liquid crystal (LC) interfaces that triggers an orientational ordering transition of the LC in the presence of cardiolipin (CL) by varying pH, salt concentration and valence. In particular, the effects of three different conformational isomeric forms of the CL are observed to cause the response of the LC ordering to vary significantly from one to another at those interfaces. An ordering transition of the LC was observed when the CL is mostly in undissociated (at pH 2) and/or in bicyclic (at pH 4) conformation in which LC shows changes in the optical appearance from bright to dark. By contrast, no change in the optical appearance of the LC was observed when the pH of the system increases to 8 or higher in which the CL mostly exists in the open conformation. Fluorescence microscopy measurements further suggest that pH-dependent conformational forms of the CL have different ability to self-assemble (thus different packing efficiency) at aqueous-LC interfaces leading to dissimilar orientational behavior of the LC. Specifically, we found that change in headgroup-headgroup repulsion of the central phosphatidyl groups of the CL plays a key role in tuning the lipid packing efficiency and thus responses to interfacial phenomena. Orientational ordering transition of the LC was also observed as a function of increasing the ionic strength (buffer capacity) and strongly influenced in the presence of mono and divalent cations. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements provide further insight in modulation of the lipid packing efficiency and alkyl chain conformation of the CL at different pH and ionic conditions. Overall, the results presented in this paper establish that LCs offer a promising approach to differentiate different conformations (label free detection) of the CL through ordering transition of the LC at aqueous-LC interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
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187
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Onguka O, Calzada E, Ogunbona OB, Claypool SM. Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 autocatalysis and function does not require a mitochondrial-specific factor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12744-52. [PMID: 25829489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a major cellular phospholipid that can be made by four separate pathways, one of which resides in the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial enzyme that generates PE is phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (Psd1p). The pool of PE produced by Psd1p, which cannot be compensated for by the other cellular PE metabolic pathways, is important for numerous mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and is essential for murine development. To become catalytically active, Psd1p undergoes an autocatalytic processing step involving a conserved LGST motif that separates the enzyme into α and β subunits that remain non-covalently attached and are anchored to the inner membrane by virtue of the membrane-embedded β subunit. It was speculated that Psd1p autocatalysis requires a mitochondrial-specific factor and that for Psd1p to function in vivo, it had to be embedded with the correct topology in the mitochondrial inner membrane. However, the identity of the mitochondrial factor required for Psd1p autocatalysis has not been identified. With the goal of defining molecular requirements for Psd1p autocatalysis, we demonstrate that: 1) despite the conservation of the LGST motif from bacteria to humans, only the serine residue is absolutely required for Psd1p autocatalysis and function; 2) yeast Psd1p does not require its substrate phosphatidylserine for autocatalysis; and 3) contrary to a prior report, yeast Psd1p autocatalysis does not require mitochondrial-specific phospholipids, proteins, or co-factors, because Psd1p re-directed to the secretory pathway undergoes autocatalysis normally and is fully functional in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouma Onguka
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Oluwaseun B Ogunbona
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Steven M Claypool
- From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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188
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporation into cardiolipin in H9c2 cardiac myoblast. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:769-75. [PMID: 25866137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), known as ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), are common nutrients in daily food intake and have been shown to prevent cardiovascular disease and improve cardiac functions. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial phospholipid necessary for maintaining physiological function of mitochondria. Several studies have indicated that the cardiolipin acyl chain compositions affect the function of cardiolipin and mitochondria. Here, we investigated the structural changes of cardiolipin after DHA and EPA supplementation and compared them to arachidonic acid (AA) treatment. H9c2 cardiac myoblast was used as a cell model, and cardiolipin species was monitored and identified via LC-MS and MS/MS. Our results showed distinct mass envelopes of cardiolipin with the same carbon number but different double bonds in mass spectrum. There were 116 cardiolipin species with 36 distinct mass in 6 mass envelopes identified by MS/MS. Three days of PUFA treatment resulted in decreases of low-molecular-weight cardiolipin and increases of high-molecular-weight cardiolipin, suggesting the incorporation of exogenous DHA, EPA and AA into mitochondrial cardiolipin. PUFA incorporation was further verified by MS/MS analysis. More importantly, we found that DHA supplementation elevated the percent content of less unsaturated cardiolipin species and highly unsaturated cardiolipin species, containing ω-3 fatty acyl chains, indicating a ω-3 fatty acid incorporation mechanism with peroxidation protection. Our results indicate that PUFA supplementation differentially perturbed the fatty acyl chain compositions in the mitochondrial cardiolipin in the H9c2 cardiac myoblast, suggesting that mitochondrial membrane and the function of mitochondria are susceptible to exogenous lipid species.
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189
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Lu YW, Claypool SM. Disorders of phospholipid metabolism: an emerging class of mitochondrial disease due to defects in nuclear genes. Front Genet 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25691889 PMCID: PMC4315098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. Of the multitude of mitochondrial disorders known to date, only a fifth are maternally inherited. The recent characterization of the mitochondrial proteome therefore serves as an important step toward delineating the nosology of a large spectrum of phenotypically heterogeneous diseases. Following the identification of the first nuclear gene defect to underlie a mitochondrial disorder, a plenitude of genetic variants that provoke mitochondrial pathophysiology have been molecularly elucidated and classified into six categories that impact: (1) oxidative phosphorylation (subunits and assembly factors); (2) mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression; (3) mitochondrial protein import and assembly; (4) mitochondrial quality control (chaperones and proteases); (5) iron–sulfur cluster homeostasis; and (6) mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion). Here, we propose that an additional class of genetic variant be included in the classification schema to acknowledge the role of genetic defects in phospholipid biosynthesis, remodeling, and metabolism in mitochondrial pathophysiology. This seventh class includes a small but notable group of nuclear-encoded proteins whose dysfunction impacts normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. The resulting human disorders present with a diverse array of pathologic consequences that reflect the variety of functions that phospholipids have in mitochondria and highlight the important role of proper membrane homeostasis in mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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190
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Rutter J, Hughes AL. Power(2): the power of yeast genetics applied to the powerhouse of the cell. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:59-68. [PMID: 25591985 PMCID: PMC4315768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a remarkable model organism for numerous seminal discoveries in biology. This paradigm extends to the mitochondria, a central hub for cellular metabolism, where studies in yeast have helped to reinvigorate the field and launch an exciting new era in mitochondrial biology. Here we discuss a few recent examples in which yeast research has laid a foundation for our understanding of evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial processes and functions, from key factors and pathways involved in the assembly of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes to metabolite transport, lipid metabolism, and interorganelle communication. We also highlight new areas of yeast mitochondrial biology that are likely to aid in our understanding of the mitochondrial etiology of disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Adam L Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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191
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Mitochondrial quality control: Easy come, easy go. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2802-11. [PMID: 25596427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
"Friends come and go but enemies accumulate." - Arthur Bloch Mitochondrial networks in eukaryotic cells are maintained via regular cycles of degradation and biogenesis. These complex processes function in concert with one another to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria in a specific and targeted manner and coordinate the biogenesis of new organelles. This review covers the two aspects of mitochondrial turnover, focusing on the main pathways and mechanisms involved. The review also summarizes the current methods and techniques for analyzing mitochondrial turnover in vivo and in vitro, from the whole animal proteome level to the level of single organelle.
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192
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Bird SS, Stavrovskaya IG, Gathungu RM, Tousi F, Kristal BS. Qualitative characterization of the rat liver mitochondrial lipidome using all ion fragmentation on an Exactive benchtop Orbitrap MS. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1264:441-52. [PMID: 25631033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2257-4_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted lipidomics profiling by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) allows researchers to observe the occurrences of lipids in a biological sample without showing intentional bias to any specific class of lipids and allows retrospective reanalysis of data collected. Typically, and in the specific method described, a general extraction method followed by LC separation is used to achieve nonspecific class coverage of the lipidome prior to high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) MS detection. Here we describe a workflow including the isolation of mitochondria from liver tissue, followed by mitochondrial lipid extraction and the LC-MS conditions used for data acquisition. We also highlight how, in this method, all-ion fragmentation can be used to identify species of lower abundances, often missed by data-dependent fragmentation techniques. Here we describe the isolation of mitochondria from liver tissue, followed by mitochondrial lipid extraction and the LC-MS conditions used for data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Bird
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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193
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Vance JE. Phospholipid Synthesis and Transport in Mammalian Cells. Traffic 2014; 16:1-18. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean E. Vance
- Department of Medicine and Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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194
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Zhang J, Xu D, Nie J, Han R, Zhai Y, Shi Y. Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) promotes autophagy as a putative lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33044-53. [PMID: 25315780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CGI-58 is a lipid droplet-associated protein that, when mutated, causes Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome in humans, which is characterized by excessive storage of triglyceride in various tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defect remain elusive. CGI-58 was previously reported to catalyze the resynthesis of phosphatidic acid as a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. In addition to triglyceride, phosphatidic acid is also used a substrate for the synthesis of various mitochondrial phospholipids. In this report, we investigated the propensity of CGI-58 in the remodeling of various phospholipids. We found that the recombinant CGI-58 overexpressed in mammalian cells or purified from Sf9 insect cells catalyzed efficiently the reacylation of lysophosphatidylglycerol to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which requires acyl-CoA as the acyl donor. In contrast, the recombinant CGI-58 was devoid of acyltransferase activity toward other lysophospholipids. Accordingly, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected the endogenous PG level in C2C12 cells. PG is a substrate for the synthesis of cardiolipin, which is required for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitophagy. Consequently, overexpression and knockdown of CGI-58 adversely affected autophagy and mitophagy in C2C12 cells. In support for a key role of CGI-58 in mitophagy, overexpression of CGI-58 significantly stimulated mitochondrial fission and translocation of PINK1 to mitochondria, key steps involved in mitophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of CGI-58 promoted mitophagic initiation through activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling, the positive and negative regulators of autophagy, respectively. Together, these findings identified novel molecular mechanisms by which CGI-58 regulates lipid homeostasis, because defective autophagy is implicated in dyslipidemia and fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Dan Xu
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jia Nie
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Ruili Han
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China and
| | - Yuguang Shi
- the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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195
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Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Epand RM, Boissan M, Lacombe ML, Klein-Seetharaman J, Kagan VE. Mitochondrial NM23-H4/NDPK-D: a bifunctional nanoswitch for bioenergetics and lipid signaling. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:271-8. [PMID: 25231795 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel paradigm for the function of the mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase NM23-H4/NDPK-D is proposed: acting as a bifunctional nanoswitch in bioenergetics and cardiolipin (CL) trafficking and signaling. Similar to some other mitochondrial proteins like cytochrome c or AIF, NM23-H4 seems to have dual functions in bioenergetics and apoptotic signaling. In its bioenergetic phosphotransfer mode, the kinase reversibly phosphorylates NDPs into NTPs, driven by mitochondrially generated ATP. Among others, this reaction can locally supply GTP to mitochondrial GTPases as shown for the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1, found in a complex together with NM23-H4. Further, NM23-H4 is functionally coupled to adenylate translocase (ANT) of the mitochondrial inner membrane (MIM), so generated ADP can stimulate respiration to rapidly regenerate ATP. The lipid transfer mode of NM23-H4 can support, dependent on the presence of CL, the transfer of anionic lipids between membranes in vitro and the sorting of CL from its mitochondrial sites of synthesis (MIM) to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) in vivo. Such (partial) collapse of MIM/MOM CL asymmetry results in CL externalization on the mitochondrial surface, where CL can serve as pro-apoptotic or pro-mitophagic "eat me"-signal. The functional state of NM23-H4 depends on its degree of CL-membrane interaction. In vitro assays have shown that only NM23-H4 that fully cross-links two membranes is lipid transfer competent, but at the same time phosphotransfer (kinase) inactive. Thus, the two functions of NM23-H4 seem to be mutually exclusive. This novel mitochondrial regulatory circuit has potential for the development of interventions in various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France,
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196
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Gonçalves IO, Maciel E, Passos E, Torrella JR, Rizo D, Viscor G, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Santos-Alves E, Domingues MR, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Exercise alters liver mitochondria phospholipidomic profile and mitochondrial activity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:163-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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197
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Enriquez JA, Lenaz G. Coenzyme q and the respiratory chain: coenzyme q pool and mitochondrial supercomplexes. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:119-40. [PMID: 25126045 DOI: 10.1159/000363364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alternative models of organization of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) have been alternatively favored or questioned by the accumulation evidences of different sources, the solid model or the random collision model. Both agree in the number of respiratory complexes (I-IV) that participate in the mETC, but while the random collision model proposes that Complexes I-IV do not interact physically and that electrons are transferred between them by coenzyme Q and cytochrome c, the solid model proposes that all complexes super-assemble in the so-called respirasome. Recently, the plasticity model has been developed to incorporate the solid and the random collision model as extreme situations of a dynamic organization, allowing super-assembly free movement of the respiratory complexes. In this review, we evaluate the supporting evidences of each model and the implications of the super-assembly in the physiological role of coenzyme Q.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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198
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Moffat C, Bhatia L, Nguyen T, Lynch P, Wang M, Wang D, Ilkayeva OR, Han X, Hirschey MD, Claypool SM, Seifert EL. Acyl-CoA thioesterase-2 facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in the liver. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2458-70. [PMID: 25114170 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase (Acot)2 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and hydrolyses long-chain fatty acyl-CoA into free FA and CoASH. Acot2 is expressed in highly oxi-dative tissues and is poised to modulate mitochondrial FA oxidation (FAO), yet its biological role is unknown. Using a model of adenoviral Acot2 overexpression in mouse liver (Ad-Acot2), we show that Acot2 increases the utilization of FA substrate during the daytime in ad libitum-fed mice, but the nighttime switch to carbohydrate oxidation is similar to control mice. In further support of elevated FAO in Acot2 liver, daytime serum ketones were higher in Ad-Acot2 mice, and overnight fasting led to minimal hepatic steatosis as compared with control mice. In liver mitochondria from Ad-Acot2 mice, phosphorylating O₂ consumption was higher with lipid substrate, but not with nonlipid substrate. This increase depended on whether FA could be activated on the outer mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that the FA released by Acot2 could be effluxed from mitochondria then taken back up again for oxidation. This circuit would prevent the build-up of inhibitory long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters. Altogether, our findings indicate that Acot2 can enhance FAO, possibly by mitigating the accumulation of FAO intermediates within the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Moffat
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Lavesh Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Peter Lynch
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Miao Wang
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Dongning Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xianlin Han
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Erin L Seifert
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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199
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Seyfried TN, Flores R, Poff AM, D'Agostino DP, Mukherjee P. Metabolic therapy: a new paradigm for managing malignant brain cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:289-300. [PMID: 25069036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Little progress has been made in the long-term management of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), considered among the most lethal of brain cancers. Cytotoxic chemotherapy, steroids, and high-dose radiation are generally used as the standard of care for GBM. These procedures can create a tumor microenvironment rich in glucose and glutamine. Glucose and glutamine are suggested to facilitate tumor progression. Recent evidence suggests that many GBMs are infected with cytomegalovirus, which could further enhance glucose and glutamine metabolism in the tumor cells. Emerging evidence also suggests that neoplastic macrophages/microglia, arising through possible fusion hybridization, can comprise an invasive cell subpopulation within GBM. Glucose and glutamine are major fuels for myeloid cells, as well as for the more rapidly proliferating cancer stem cells. Therapies that increase inflammation and energy metabolites in the GBM microenvironment can enhance tumor progression. In contrast to current GBM therapies, metabolic therapy is designed to target the metabolic malady common to all tumor cells (aerobic fermentation), while enhancing the health and vitality of normal brain cells and the entire body. The calorie restricted ketogenic diet (KD-R) is an anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic metabolic therapy that also reduces fermentable fuels in the tumor microenvironment. Metabolic therapy, as an alternative to the standard of care, has the potential to improve outcome for patients with GBM and other malignant brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela M Poff
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 33612 Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 33612 Tampa, FL, USA
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200
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Bustillo-Zabalbeitia I, Montessuit S, Raemy E, Basañez G, Terrones O, Martinou JC. Specific interaction with cardiolipin triggers functional activation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102738. [PMID: 25036098 PMCID: PMC4103857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1), a large GTPase of the dynamin superfamily, is required for mitochondrial fission in healthy and apoptotic cells. Drp1 activation is a complex process that involves translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and assembly into rings/spirals at the MOM, leading to membrane constriction/division. Similar to dynamins, Drp1 contains GTPase (G), bundle signaling element (BSE) and stalk domains. However, instead of the lipid-interacting Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain present in the dynamins, Drp1 contains the so-called B insert or variable domain that has been suggested to play an important role in Drp1 regulation. Different proteins have been implicated in Drp1 recruitment to the MOM, although how MOM-localized Drp1 acquires its fully functional status remains poorly understood. We found that Drp1 can interact with pure lipid bilayers enriched in the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). Building on our previous study, we now explore the specificity and functional consequences of this interaction. We show that a four lysine module located within the B insert of Drp1 interacts preferentially with CL over other anionic lipids. This interaction dramatically enhances Drp1 oligomerization and assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis. Our results add significantly to a growing body of evidence indicating that CL is an important regulator of many essential mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsasne Bustillo-Zabalbeitia
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sylvie Montessuit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Raemy
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Basañez
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oihana Terrones
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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