151
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Drake B, Jones G. Public value at risk from Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae spread in England and Wales. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 191:136-144. [PMID: 28092749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heritage gardens, heathland and woodland are increasingly under threat from the non-native tree and plant diseases Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae. However, there exist only limited literature that estimates the public non-market value that may be lost from a continued spread of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae into these habitats. This paper therefore uses a contingent valuation survey to assess the non-extractive public use and non-use values at risk from an uncontrolled spread of these diseases in England and Wales. Results estimate that £1.446bn of public value is at risk in England and Wales per year from an uncontrolled spread of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae. The greatest public value at risk, of £578 m/year, is from an uncontrolled spread of these diseases to heritage gardens, while the lowest public value at risk, of £386 m/year, is from disease spread to heathland. The findings of this paper should help policymakers make informed decisions as to the public resources to dedicate towards Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae control in England and Wales. In this regard, the current control programme to contain these diseases appears cost-effective in light of the public value at risk estimates produced by this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Drake
- RSK ADAS Ltd, 4205, Park Approach, Thorpe Park, Leeds, LS15 8GB, United Kingdom.
| | - Glyn Jones
- FERA Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
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152
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No rest for the laurels: symbiotic invaders cause unprecedented damage to southern USA forests. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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153
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Proença DN, Grass G, Morais PV. Understanding pine wilt disease: roles of the pine endophytic bacteria and of the bacteria carried by the disease-causing pinewood nematode. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00415. [PMID: 27785885 PMCID: PMC5387314 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most destructive diseases in trees of the genus Pinus and is responsible for environmental and economic losses around the world. The only known causal agent of the disease is the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Despite that, bacteria belonging to several different genera have been found associated with PWN and their roles in the development of PWD have been suggested. Molecular methodologies and the new era of genomics have revealed different perspectives to the problem, recognizing the manifold interactions between different organisms involved in the disease. Here, we reviewed the possible roles of nematode-carried bacteria in PWD, what could be the definition of this group of microorganisms and questioned their origin as possible endophytes, discussing their relation within the endophytic community of pine trees. The diversity of the nematode-carried bacteria and the diversity of pine tree endophytes, reported until now, is revised in detail in this review. What could signify a synergetic effect with PWN harming the plant, or what could equip bacteria with functions to control the presence of nematodes inside the tree, is outlined as two possible roles of the microbial community in the etiology of this disease. An emphasis is put on the potential revealed by the genomic data of isolated organisms in their potential activities as effective tools in PWD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo N. Proença
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
| | - Paula V. Morais
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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154
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Macpherson MF, Kleczkowski A, Healey JR, Hanley N. Payment for multiple forest benefits alters the effect of tree disease on optimal forest rotation length. ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 2017; 134:82-94. [PMID: 28373745 PMCID: PMC5328025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forests deliver multiple benefits both to their owners and to wider society. However, a wave of forest pests and pathogens is threatening this worldwide. In this paper we examine the effect of disease on the optimal rotation length of a single-aged, single rotation forest when a payment for non-timber benefits, which is offered to private forest owners to partly internalise the social values of forest management, is included. Using a generalisable bioeconomic framework we show how this payment counteracts the negative economic effect of disease by increasing the optimal rotation length, and under some restrictive conditions, even makes it optimal to never harvest the forest. The analysis shows a range of complex interactions between factors including the rate of spread of infection and the impact of disease on the value of harvested timber and non-timber benefits. A key result is that the effect of disease on the optimal rotation length is dependent on whether the disease affects the timber benefit only compared to when it affects both timber and non-timber benefits. Our framework can be extended to incorporate multiple ecosystem services delivered by forests and details of how disease can affect their production, thus facilitating a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag F. Macpherson
- Computing Science and Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Computing Science and Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - John R. Healey
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Nick Hanley
- School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
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155
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Bayles BR, Thomas SM, Simmons GS, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Daugherty MP. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Southern California Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) invasion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173226. [PMID: 28278188 PMCID: PMC5344380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are governed by spatial processes that tend to be distributed in non-random ways across landscapes. Characterizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of the introduction, establishment, and spread of non-native insect species is a key aspect of effectively managing their geographic expansion. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), a vector of the bacterium associated with huanglongbing (HLB), poses a serious threat to commercial and residential citrus trees. In 2008, D. citri first began expanding northward from Mexico into parts of Southern California. Using georeferenced D. citri occurrence data from 2008-2014, we sought to better understand the extent of the geographic expansion of this invasive vector species. Our objectives were to: 1) describe the spatial and temporal distribution of D. citri in Southern California, 2) identify the locations of statistically significant D. citri hotspots, and 3) quantify the dynamics of anisotropic spread. We found clear evidence that the spatial and temporal distribution of D. citri in Southern California is non-random. Further, we identified the existence of statistically significant hotspots of D. citri occurrence and described the anisotropic dispersion across the Southern California landscape. For example, the dominant hotspot surrounding Los Angeles showed rapid and strongly asymmetric spread to the south and east. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative invasive insect risk assessment with the application of a spatial epidemiology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Bayles
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- School of Health and Natural Sciences, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shyam M. Thomas
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Simmons
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Salinas, California, United States of America
| | | | - Mathew P. Daugherty
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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156
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Schoebel CN, Botella L, Lygis V, Rigling D. Population genetic analysis of a parasitic mycovirus to infer the invasion history of its fungal host. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2482-2497. [PMID: 28160501 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 1 (HfMV1) occurs in the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, an introduced plant pathogen responsible for the devastating ash dieback epidemic in Europe. Here, we explored the prevalence and genetic structure of HfMV1 to elucidate the invasion history of both the virus and the fungal host. A total of 1298 H. fraxineus isolates (181 from Japan and 1117 from Europe) were screened for the presence of this RNA virus and 301 virus-positive isolates subjected to partial sequence analysis of the viral RNA polymerase gene. Our results indicate a high mean prevalence (78.7%) of HfMV1 across European H. fraxineus isolates, which is supported by the observed high transmission rate (average 83.8%) of the mitovirus into sexual spores of its host. In accordance with an expected founder effect in the introduced population in Europe, only 1.1% of the Japanese isolates were tested virus positive. In Europe, HfMV1 shows low nucleotide diversity but a high number of haplotypes, which seem to be subject to strong purifying selection. Phylogenetic and clustering analysis detected two genetically distinct HfMV1 groups, both present throughout Europe. This pattern supports the hypothesis that only two (mitovirus-carrying) H. fraxineus individuals were introduced into Europe as previously suggested from the bi-allelic nature of the fungus. Moreover, our data points to reciprocal mating events between the two introduced individuals, which presumably initiated the ash dieback epidemic in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine N Schoebel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Botella
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vaidotas Lygis
- Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre, Zaliuju Ezeru str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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157
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Erb KH, Luyssaert S, Meyfroidt P, Pongratz J, Don A, Kloster S, Kuemmerle T, Fetzel T, Fuchs R, Herold M, Haberl H, Jones CD, Marín-Spiotta E, McCallum I, Robertson E, Seufert V, Fritz S, Valade A, Wiltshire A, Dolman AJ. Land management: data availability and process understanding for global change studies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:512-533. [PMID: 27447350 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the light of daunting global sustainability challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss and food security, improving our understanding of the complex dynamics of the Earth system is crucial. However, large knowledge gaps related to the effects of land management persist, in particular those human-induced changes in terrestrial ecosystems that do not result in land-cover conversions. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of ten common land management activities for their biogeochemical and biophysical impacts, the level of process understanding and data availability. Our review shows that ca. one-tenth of the ice-free land surface is under intense human management, half under medium and one-fifth under extensive management. Based on our review, we cluster these ten management activities into three groups: (i) management activities for which data sets are available, and for which a good knowledge base exists (cropland harvest and irrigation); (ii) management activities for which sufficient knowledge on biogeochemical and biophysical effects exists but robust global data sets are lacking (forest harvest, tree species selection, grazing and mowing harvest, N fertilization); and (iii) land management practices with severe data gaps concomitant with an unsatisfactory level of process understanding (crop species selection, artificial wetland drainage, tillage and fire management and crop residue management, an element of crop harvest). Although we identify multiple impediments to progress, we conclude that the current status of process understanding and data availability is sufficient to advance with incorporating management in, for example, Earth system or dynamic vegetation models in order to provide a systematic assessment of their role in the Earth system. This review contributes to a strategic prioritization of research efforts across multiple disciplines, including land system research, ecological research and Earth system modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Sebastiaan Luyssaert
- LSCE-IPSL CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Georges Lemaître Center for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 3, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
- F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
| | - Axel Don
- Thünen-Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Silvia Kloster
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Tamara Fetzel
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Richard Fuchs
- Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geoinformation Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Chris D Jones
- Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ian McCallum
- Ecosystems Services & Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Eddy Robertson
- Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Verena Seufert
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia (UBC), 6476 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Steffen Fritz
- Ecosystems Services & Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Aude Valade
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, IPSL-CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
| | | | - Albertus J Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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158
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Allison JD, Redak RA. The Impact of Trap Type and Design Features on Survey and Detection of Bark and Woodboring Beetles and Their Associates: A Review and Meta-Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 62:127-146. [PMID: 27813665 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large literature on the survey and detection of forest Coleoptera and their associates exists. Identification of patterns in the effect of trap types and design features among guilds and families of forest insects would facilitate the optimization and development of intercept traps for use in management programs. We reviewed the literature on trapping bark and woodboring beetles and their associates and conducted meta-analyses to examine patterns in effects across guilds and families; we observed the following general patterns: (a) Panel traps were superior to multiple-funnel traps, (b) bark beetles and woodborers were captured in higher numbers in traps treated with a surface treatment to make them slippery than untreated traps,
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Allison
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada;
| | - Richard A Redak
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
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159
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Hill L, Hector A, Hemery G, Smart S, Tanadini M, Brown N. Abundance distributions for tree species in Great Britain: A two-stage approach to modeling abundance using species distribution modeling and random forest. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1043-1056. [PMID: 28303176 PMCID: PMC5306018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐quality abundance data are expensive and time‐consuming to collect and often highly limited in availability. Nonetheless, accurate, high‐resolution abundance distributions are essential for many ecological applications ranging from species conservation to epidemiology. Producing models that can predict abundance well, with good resolution over large areas, has therefore been an important aim in ecology, but poses considerable challenges. We present a two‐stage approach to modeling abundance, combining two established techniques. First, we produce ensemble species distribution models (SDMs) of trees in Great Britain at a fine resolution, using much more common presence–absence data and key environmental variables. We then use random forest regression to predict abundance by linking the results of the SDMs to a much smaller amount of abundance data. We show that this method performs well in predicting the abundance of 20 of 25 tested British tree species, a group that is generally considered challenging for modeling distributions due to the strong influence of human activities. Maps of predicted tree abundance for the whole of Great Britain are provided at 1 km2 resolution. Abundance maps have a far wider variety of applications than presence‐only maps, and these maps should allow improvements to aspects of woodland management and conservation including analysis of habitats and ecosystem functioning, epidemiology, and disease management, providing a useful contribution to the protection of British trees. We also provide complete R scripts to facilitate application of the approach to other scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hill
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Gabriel Hemery
- Sylva Foundation Sylva Wood Centre Long Wittenham Oxfordshire UK
| | - Simon Smart
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Bailrigg Lancaster UK
| | | | - Nick Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
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160
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Maresi G, Prospero S, Vettraino AM, Vloutoglou I, Pautasso M, Rossi V. Risk assessment and reduction options for Cryphonectria parasitica in the EU. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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161
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Kambach S, Kühn I, Castagneyrol B, Bruelheide H. The Impact of Tree Diversity on Different Aspects of Insect Herbivory along a Global Temperature Gradient - A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165815. [PMID: 27835651 PMCID: PMC5105991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests with higher tree diversity are often assumed to be more resistant to insect herbivores but whether this effect depends on climatic conditions is so far poorly understood. In particular, a forest’s resistance to herbivory may depend on mean annual temperature (MAT) as a key driver of plant and insect phenology. We carried out a global meta-analysis on regression coefficients between tree diversity and four aspects of insect herbivory, namely herbivore damage, abundance, incidence rate and species richness. To test for a potential shift of tree diversity effects along a global gradient of MAT we applied mixed-effects models and estimated grand mean effect sizes and the influence of MAT, experimental vs. observational studies and herbivores diet breadth. There was no overall effect of tree diversity on the pooled effect sizes of insect herbivore damage, abundance and incidence rate. However, when analysed separately, we found positive grand mean effect sizes for herbivore abundance and species richness. For herbivore damage and incidence rate we found a significant but opposing shift along a gradient of MAT indicating that with increasing MAT diversity effects on herbivore damage tend towards associational resistance whereas diversity effects on incidence rates tend towards associational susceptibility. Our results contradict previous meta-analyses reporting overall associational resistance to insect herbivores in mixed forests. Instead, we report that tree diversity effects on insect herbivores can follow a biogeographic pattern calling for further in-depth studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kambach
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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162
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Janoušek J, Wingfield MJ, Monsivais JGM, Jankovský L, Stauffer C, Konečný A, Barnes I. Genetic Analyses Suggest Separate Introductions of the Pine Pathogen Lecanosticta acicola Into Europe. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1413-1425. [PMID: 26714104 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-15-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight on native and nonnative Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. In this study we investigated the origin of European L. acicola populations and estimated the level of random mating of the pathogen in affected areas. Part of the elongation factor 1-α gene was sequenced, 11 microsatellite regions were screened, and the mating type idiomorphs were determined for 201 isolates of L. acicola collected from three continents and 17 host species. The isolates from Mexico and Guatemala were unique, highly diverse and could represent cryptic species of Lecanosticta. The isolates from East Asia formed a uniform and discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions indicated random recombination in the populations of North America and Europe. Its intercontinental introduction can most likely be explained as a consequence of the movement of infected plant material. In contrast, the spread of L. acicola within Europe appears to be primarily due to conidial dispersion and probably also ascospore dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Janoušek
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - José G Marmolejo Monsivais
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Jankovský
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Stauffer
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Konečný
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Barnes
- First and fourth authors: Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic; second and seventh authors: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; third author: Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, UANL, Nuevo León 67700, Mexico; fifth author: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria; and sixth author: Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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163
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Macpherson MF, Kleczkowski A, Healey JR, Hanley N. The Effects of Disease on Optimal Forest Rotation: A Generalisable Analytical Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2016; 70:565-588. [PMID: 30996519 PMCID: PMC6435107 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-016-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The arrival of novel pathogens and pests can have a devastating effect on the market values of forests. Calibrating management strategies/decisions to consider the effect of disease may help to reduce disease impacts on forests. Here, we use a novel generalisable, bioeconomic model framework, which combines an epidemiological compartmental model with a Faustmann optimal rotation length model, to explore the management decision of when to harvest a single rotation, even-aged, plantation forest under varying disease conditions. Sensitivity analysis of the rate of spread of infection and the effect of disease on the timber value reveals a key trade-off between waiting for the timber to grow and the infection spreading further. We show that the optimal rotation length, which maximises the net present value of the forest, is reduced when timber from infected trees has no value; but when the infection spreads quickly, and the value of timber from infected trees is non-zero, it can be optimal to wait until the disease-free optimal rotation length to harvest. Our original approach provides an exemplar framework showing how a bioeconomic model can be used to examine the effect of tree diseases on management strategies/decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag F. Macpherson
- Computing Science and Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Computing Science and Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, Cottrell Building, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - John R. Healey
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, Bangor, LL57 2UW UK
| | - Nick Hanley
- School of Geography and Geosciences, Irvine Building, University of St Andrews, North Street, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL UK
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164
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Tomback DF, Blakeslee SC, Wagner AC, Wunder MB, Resler LM, Pyatt JC, Diaz S. Whitebark pine facilitation at treeline: potential interactions for disruption by an invasive pathogen. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5144-57. [PMID: 27551372 PMCID: PMC4984493 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In stressful environments, facilitation often aids plant establishment, but invasive plant pathogens may potentially disrupt these interactions. In many treeline communities in the northern Rocky Mountains of the U.S. and Canada, Pinus albicaulis, a stress‐tolerant pine, initiates tree islands at higher frequencies than other conifers – that is, leads to leeward tree establishment more frequently. The facilitation provided by a solitary (isolated) P. albicaulis leading to tree island initiation may be important for different life‐history stages for leeward conifers, but it is not known which life‐history stages are influenced and protection provided. However, P. albicaulis mortality from the non‐native pathogen Cronartium ribicola potentially disrupts these facilitative interactions, reducing tree island initiation. In two Rocky Mountain eastern slope study areas, we experimentally examined fundamental plant–plant interactions which might facilitate tree island formation: the protection offered by P. albicaulis to leeward seed and seedling life‐history stages, and to leeward krummholz conifers. In the latter case, we simulated mortality from C. ribicola for windward P. albicaulis to determine whether loss of P. albicaulis from C. ribicola impacts leeward conifers. Relative to other common solitary conifers at treeline, solitary P. albicaulis had higher abundance. More seeds germinated in leeward rock microsites than in conifer or exposed microsites, but the odds of cotyledon seedling survival during the growing season were highest in P. albicaulis microsites. Planted seedling survival was low among all microsites examined. Simulating death of windward P. albicaulis by C. ribicola reduced shoot growth of leeward trees. Loss of P. albicaulis to exotic disease may limit facilitation interactions and conifer community development at treeline and potentially impede upward movement as climate warms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Tomback
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Sarah C Blakeslee
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Aaron C Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Michael B Wunder
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Lynn M Resler
- Department of Geography Virginia Tech 115 Major Williams Hall (0115) Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Jill C Pyatt
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
| | - Soledad Diaz
- Department of Integrative Biology Campus Box 171 University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364 Denver Colorado 80217
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165
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Parnell S, Gottwald TR, Cunniffe NJ, Alonso Chavez V, van den Bosch F. Early detection surveillance for an emerging plant pathogen: a rule of thumb to predict prevalence at first discovery. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1478. [PMID: 26336177 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging plant pathogens are a significant problem for conservation and food security. Surveillance is often instigated in an attempt to detect an invading epidemic before it gets out of control. Yet in practice many epidemics are not discovered until already at a high prevalence, partly due to a lack of quantitative understanding of how surveillance effort and the dynamics of an invading epidemic relate. We test a simple rule of thumb to determine, for a surveillance programme taking a fixed number of samples at regular intervals, the distribution of the prevalence an epidemic will have reached on first discovery (discovery-prevalence) and its expectation E(q*). We show that E(q*) = r/(N/Δ), i.e. simply the rate of epidemic growth divided by the rate of sampling; where r is the epidemic growth rate, N is the sample size and Δ is the time between sampling rounds. We demonstrate the robustness of this rule of thumb using spatio-temporal epidemic models as well as data from real epidemics. Our work supports the view that, for the purposes of early detection surveillance, simple models can provide useful insights in apparently complex systems. The insight can inform decisions on surveillance resource allocation in plant health and has potential applicability to invasive species generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parnell
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - T R Gottwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - N J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - V Alonso Chavez
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - F van den Bosch
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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166
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Suckling DM, Baker G, Salehi L, Woods B. Is the Combination of Insecticide and Mating Disruption Synergistic or Additive in Lightbrown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160710. [PMID: 27500834 PMCID: PMC4976986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest suppression from combinations of tactics is fundamental to pest management and eradication. Interactions may occur among tactical combinations and affect suppression. The best case is synergistic, where suppression from a combination is greater than the sum of effects from single tactics (AB >> A+B). We explored how mating disruption and insecticide interacted at field scale, additively or synergistically. Use of a pheromone delivery formulation (SPLAT™) as either a mating disruption treatment (i.e. a two-component pheromone alone) or as a lure and kill treatment (i.e. the two-component pheromone plus a permethrin insecticide) was compared for efficacy against the lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana. Next, four point-source densities of the SPLAT™ formulations were compared for communication disruption. Finally, the mating disruption and lure and kill treatments were applied with a broadcast insecticide. Population assessment used virgin female traps and synthetic pheromone in replicated 9-ha vineyard plots compared with untreated controls and insecticide-treated plots, to investigate interactions. Lure and kill and mating disruption provided equivalent suppression; no additional benefit accrued from including permethrin with the pheromone suggesting lack of contact. The highest point-source density tested (625/ha) was most effective. The insect growth regulator methoxyfenoxide applied by broadcast application lowered pest prevalence by 70% for the first ten weeks compared to pre-trial. Pheromone addition suppressed the pest further by an estimated 92.5%, for overall suppression of 97.7% from the treatment combination of insecticide plus mating disruption. This was close to that expected for an additive model of interactivity between insecticide and mating disruption (AB = A+B) estimated from plots with single tactics as 98% suppression in a combination. The results indicate the need to examine other tactical combinations to achieve the potential cost-efficiencies of synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Suckling
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Building 733, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Better Border Biosecurity, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Greg Baker
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Entomology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Latif Salehi
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Entomology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bill Woods
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Bruce ACT, Australia
- Department of Food and Agriculture, South Perth, WA, Australia
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167
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Alonso Chavez V, Parnell S, VAN DEN Bosch F. Monitoring invasive pathogens in plant nurseries for early-detection and to minimise the probability of escape. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:290-302. [PMID: 27477202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in the movement of plant products in recent years has triggered an increase in the number of introduced plant pathogens. Plant nurseries importing material from abroad may play an important role in the introduction and spread of diseases such as ash dieback and sudden oak death which are thought to have been introduced through trade. The economic, environmental and social costs associated with the spread of invasive pathogens become considerably larger as the incidence of the pathogen increases. To control the movement of pathogens across the plant trade network it is crucial to develop monitoring programmes at key points of the network such as plant nurseries. By detecting the introduction of invasive pathogens at low incidence, the control and eradication of an epidemic is more likely to be successful. Equally, knowing the likelihood of having sold infected plants once a disease has been detected in a nursery can help designing tracing plans to control the onward spread of the disease. Here, we develop an epidemiological model to detect and track the movement of an invasive plant pathogen into and from a plant nursery. Using statistical methods, we predict the epidemic incidence given that a detection of the pathogen has occurred for the first time, considering that the epidemic has an asymptomatic period between infection and symptom development. Equally, we calculate the probability of having sold at least one infected plant during the period previous to the first disease detection. This analysis can aid stakeholder decisions to determine, when the pathogen is first discovered in a nursery, the need of tracking the disease to other points in the plant trade network in order to control the epidemic. We apply our method to high profile recent introductions including ash dieback and sudden oak death in the UK and citrus canker and Huanglongbing disease in Florida. These results provide new insight for the design of monitoring strategies at key points of the trade network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasthi Alonso Chavez
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Stephen Parnell
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK; University of Salford, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Frank VAN DEN Bosch
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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168
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Lovett GM, Weiss M, Liebhold AM, Holmes TP, Leung B, Lambert KF, Orwig DA, Campbell FT, Rosenthal J, McCullough DG, Wildova R, Ayres MP, Canham CD, Foster DR, LaDeau SL, Weldy T. Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1437-1455. [PMID: 27755760 PMCID: PMC6680343 DOI: 10.1890/15-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We review and synthesize information on invasions of nonnative forest insects and diseases in the United States, including their ecological and economic impacts, pathways of arrival, distribution within the United States, and policy options for reducing future invasions. Nonnative insects have accumulated in United States forests at a rate of ~2.5 per yr over the last 150 yr. Currently the two major pathways of introduction are importation of live plants and wood packing material such as pallets and crates. Introduced insects and diseases occur in forests and cities throughout the United States, and the problem is particularly severe in the Northeast and Upper Midwest. Nonnative forest pests are the only disturbance agent that has effectively eliminated entire tree species or genera from United States forests within decades. The resulting shift in forest structure and species composition alters ecosystem functions such as productivity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat. In urban and suburban areas, loss of trees from streets, yards, and parks affects aesthetics, property values, shading, stormwater runoff, and human health. The economic damage from nonnative pests is not yet fully known, but is likely in the billions of dollars per year, with the majority of this economic burden borne by municipalities and residential property owners. Current policies for preventing introductions are having positive effects but are insufficient to reduce the influx of pests in the face of burgeoning global trade. Options are available to strengthen the defenses against pest arrival and establishment, including measures taken in the exporting country prior to shipment, measures to ensure clean shipments of plants and wood products, inspections at ports of entry, and post-entry measures such as quarantines, surveillance, and eradication programs. Improved data collection procedures for inspections, greater data accessibility, and better reporting would support better evaluation of policy effectiveness. Lack of additional action places the nation, local municipalities, and property owners at high risk of further damaging and costly invasions. Adopting stronger policies to reduce establishments of new forest insects and diseases would shift the major costs of control to the source and alleviate the economic burden now borne by homeowners and municipalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Lovett
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Marissa Weiss
- Science Policy Exchange, Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA
| | - Thomas P Holmes
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27701, USA
| | - Brian Leung
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Kathy Fallon Lambert
- Science Policy Exchange, Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Faith T Campbell
- Center for Invasive Species Prevention, Bethesda, MD 20814 , USA
| | | | - Deborah G McCullough
- Department of Entomology and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Radka Wildova
- Ecological Research Institute, Kingston, New York, 12401, USA
| | - Matthew P Ayres
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
| | - Charles D Canham
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - David R Foster
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - Shannon L LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - Troy Weldy
- The Nature Conservancy, New York State Chapter, Albany, New York, 12205, USA
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169
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Cunniffe NJ, Cobb RC, Meentemeyer RK, Rizzo DM, Gilligan CA. Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5640-5. [PMID: 27140631 PMCID: PMC4878485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602153113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has killed millions of oak and tanoak in California since its first detection in 1995. Despite some localized small-scale management, there has been no large-scale attempt to slow the spread of the pathogen in California. Here we use a stochastic spatially explicit model parameterized using data on the spread of P. ramorum to investigate whether and how the epidemic can be controlled. We find that slowing the spread of P. ramorum is now not possible, and has been impossible for a number of years. However, despite extensive cryptic (i.e., presymptomatic) infection and frequent long-range transmission, effective exclusion of the pathogen from large parts of the state could, in principle, have been possible were it to have been started by 2002. This is the approximate date by which sufficient knowledge of P. ramorum epidemiology had accumulated for large-scale management to be realistic. The necessary expenditure would have been very large, but could have been greatly reduced by optimizing the radius within which infected sites are treated and careful selection of sites to treat. In particular, we find that a dynamic strategy treating sites on the epidemic wave front leads to optimal performance. We also find that "front loading" the budget, that is, treating very heavily at the start of the management program, would greatly improve control. Our work introduces a framework for quantifying the likelihood of success and risks of failure of management that can be applied to invading pests and pathogens threatening forests worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Richard C Cobb
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751
| | - Ross K Meentemeyer
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607-8002
| | - David M Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751
| | - Christopher A Gilligan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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170
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Bert D, Lasnier JB, Capdevielle X, Dugravot A, Desprez-Loustau ML. Powdery Mildew Decreases the Radial Growth of Oak Trees with Cumulative and Delayed Effects over Years. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155344. [PMID: 27177029 PMCID: PMC4866782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercus robur and Q. petraea are major European forest tree species. They have been affected by powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe alphitoides for more than a century. This fungus is a biotrophic foliar pathogen that diverts photosynthetate from the plant for its own nutrition. We used a dendrochronological approach to investigate the effects of different levels of infection severity on the radial growth of young oak trees. Oak infection was monitored at individual tree level, at two sites in southwestern France, over a five-year period (2001-2005). Mean infection severity was almost 75% (infected leaf area) at the end of the 2001 growing season, at both sites, but only about 40% in 2002, and 8%, 5% and 2% in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Infection levels varied considerably between trees and were positively related between 2001 and 2002. Increment cores were taken from each tree to assess annual ring widths and increases in basal area. Annual radial growth was standardised to take the effect of tree size into account. Annual standardised radial growth was significantly and negatively correlated with infection severity in the same year, for both 2001 and 2002, and at both sites. The decrease in growth reached 70-90% for highly infected trees. The earlywood width was poorly correlated with infection severity, but the proportion of latewood in tree rings was lower in highly infected trees (60%) than in less heavily infected trees (85%). Infection in 2001 and 2002 was found to have a cumulative effect on radial growth in these years, together with a delayed effect detectable in 2003. Thus, even non-lethal pathogens like powdery mildew can have a significant impact on tree functioning. This impact should be taken into account in growth and yield models, to improve predictions of forest net primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bert
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
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171
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Nguyen D, Castagneyrol B, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Guyot V, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Valladares F, Stenlid J, Boberg J. Fungal disease incidence along tree diversity gradients depends on latitude in European forests. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2426-38. [PMID: 27066232 PMCID: PMC4788975 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
European forests host a diversity of tree species that are increasingly threatened by fungal pathogens, which may have cascading consequences for forest ecosystems and their functioning. Previous experimental studies suggest that foliar and root pathogen abundance and disease severity decrease with increasing tree species diversity, but evidences from natural forests are rare. Here, we tested whether foliar fungal disease incidence was negatively affected by tree species diversity in different forest types across Europe. We measured the foliar fungal disease incidence on 16 different tree species in 209 plots in six European countries, representing a forest‐type gradient from the Mediterranean to boreal forests. Forest plots of single species (monoculture plots) and those with different combinations of two to five tree species (mixed species plots) were compared. Specifically, we analyzed the influence of tree species richness, functional type (conifer vs. broadleaved) and phylogenetic diversity on overall fungal disease incidence. The effect of tree species richness on disease incidence varied with latitude and functional type. Disease incidence tended to increase with tree diversity, in particular in northern latitudes. Disease incidence decreased with tree species richness in conifers, but not in broadleaved trees. However, for specific damage symptoms, no tree species richness effects were observed. Although the patterns were weak, susceptibility of forests to disease appears to depend on the forest site and tree type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Nguyen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- BIOGECO University of Bordeaux UMR 1202 33615 Pessac France; INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 06108 Halle Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences University of Firenze 50144 Firenze Italy
| | - Virginie Guyot
- INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France; INRA DYNAFOR UMR 1201 31326 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Hervé Jactel
- BIOGECO University of Bordeaux UMR 1202 33615 Pessac France; INRA BIOGECO UMR 1202 33612 Cestas France
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw 17230 Warsaw Poland
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johanna Boberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7026 75007 Uppsala Sweden
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172
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Abstract
Plant and animal disease outbreaks have significant ecological and economic impacts. The spatial extent of control is often informed solely by administrative geography - for example, quarantine of an entire county or state once an invading disease is detected - with little regard for pathogen epidemiology. We present a stochastic model for the spread of a plant pathogen that couples spread in the natural environment and transmission via the nursery trade, and use it to illustrate that control deployed according to administrative boundaries is almost always sub-optimal. We use sudden oak death (caused by Phytophthora ramorum) in mixed forests in California as motivation for our study, since the decision as to whether or not to deploy plant trade quarantine is currently undertaken on a county-by-county basis for that system. However, our key conclusion is applicable more generally: basing management of any disease entirely upon administrative borders does not balance the cost of control with the possible economic and ecological costs of further spread in the optimal fashion.
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173
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Complex patterns of global spread in invasive insects: eco-evolutionary and management consequences. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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174
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Zou Y, Rutledge CE, Nakamuta K, Maier CT, Hanks LM, Richards AB, Lacey ES, Millar JG. Identification of a Pheromone Component and a Critical Synergist for the Invasive Beetle Callidiellum rufipenne (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:216-222. [PMID: 26510607 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The invasive Asian cerambycid beetle Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), informally known as the Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, was first detected in North America in North Carolina in 1997. The beetle has since been detected in neighboring states and is expected to further expand its range. However, delineating the current distribution of C. rufipenne has been hindered by the lack of efficient sampling methods. Here, we present the results of research on the chemistry of volatile pheromones of C. rufipenne. Analyses of headspace odors revealed that males produce (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, with lesser amounts of (S)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, and (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxyhexan-3-one. In field bioassays conducted over several years in Connecticut, where populations of the beetle were well established, no reconstructed blend of these compounds was significantly attractive to beetles of either sex. However, during field trials in Japan that targeted another species, we discovered that adult male and female C. rufipenne were attracted to a blend of racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and a novel natural product, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione. Attraction to (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and the pyrrole subsequently was confirmed in field trials in Connecticut. Although it is unclear why the pyrrole acts as a synergist for a species that apparently does not produce it, the serendipitous discovery that adult C. rufipenne are attracted by the blend of ketone and pyrrole provides a badly needed method for monitoring its ongoing range expansion within North America, and for detecting new introductions in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; )
| | - Claire E Rutledge
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504 (; )
| | - Kiyoshi Nakamuta
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Chris T Maier
- Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504 (; )
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 ,
| | - Austin B Richards
- Aquatic Bioassessment Laboratory, California State University, Chico, CA 95929
| | - Emerson S Lacey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; )
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (; ; )
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175
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Craven D, Filotas E, Angers VA, Messier C. Evaluating resilience of tree communities in fragmented landscapes: linking functional response diversity with landscape connectivity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Craven
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Centre for Forest Research (CFR); Université du Québec à Montreal; QC H3C 3P8 Canada
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute for Biology; University of Leipzig; Johannisallee 21 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - E. Filotas
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR), TÉLUQ; Université du Québec; Montreal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - V. A. Angers
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Centre for Forest Research (CFR); Université du Québec à Montreal; QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - C. Messier
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Centre for Forest Research (CFR); Université du Québec à Montreal; QC H3C 3P8 Canada
- Institute for Temperate Forest Science; Université de Québec en Outaouais; Ripon QC H3C 3P8 Canada
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176
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Fine PVA, Baraloto C. Habitat Endemism in White‐sand Forests: Insights into the Mechanisms of Lineage Diversification and Community Assembly of the Neotropical Flora. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria University of California 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane 97310 Kourou French Guiana
- Department of Biological Sciences and International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami FL 33199 U.S.A
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177
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Harper AL, McKinney LV, Nielsen LR, Havlickova L, Li Y, Trick M, Fraser F, Wang L, Fellgett A, Sollars ESA, Janacek SH, Downie JA, Buggs RJA, Kjær ED, Bancroft I. Molecular markers for tolerance of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to dieback disease identified using Associative Transcriptomics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19335. [PMID: 26757823 PMCID: PMC4725942 DOI: 10.1038/srep19335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree disease epidemics are a global problem, impacting food security, biodiversity and national economies. The potential for conservation and breeding in trees is hampered by complex genomes and long lifecycles, with most species lacking genomic resources. The European Ash tree Fraxinus excelsior is being devastated by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which causes ash dieback disease. Taking this system as an example and utilizing Associative Transcriptomics for the first time in a plant pathology study, we discovered gene sequence and gene expression variants across a genetic diversity panel scored for disease symptoms and identified markers strongly associated with canopy damage in infected trees. Using these markers we predicted phenotypes in a test panel of unrelated trees, successfully identifying individuals with a low level of susceptibility to the disease. Co-expression analysis suggested that pre-priming of defence responses may underlie reduced susceptibility to ash dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Vig McKinney
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Rostgaard Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yi Li
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Martin Trick
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona Fraser
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | | | | | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard. J. A. Buggs
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Erik Dahl Kjær
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Bancroft
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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178
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179
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Liebhold AM, Berec L, Brockerhoff EG, Epanchin-Niell RS, Hastings A, Herms DA, Kean JM, McCullough DG, Suckling DM, Tobin PC, Yamanaka T. Eradication of Invading Insect Populations: From Concepts to Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 61:335-52. [PMID: 26667377 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eradication is the deliberate elimination of a species from an area. Given that international quarantine measures can never be 100% effective, surveillance for newly arrived populations of nonnative species coupled with their eradication represents an important strategy for excluding potentially damaging insect species. Historically, eradication efforts have not always been successful and have sometimes been met with public opposition. But new developments in our understanding of the dynamics of low-density populations, the availability of highly effective treatment tactics, and bioeconomic analyses of eradication strategies offer new opportunities for developing more effective surveillance and eradication programs. A key component that connects these new developments is the harnessing of Allee effects, which naturally promote localized species extinction. Here we review these developments and suggest how research might enhance eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505; ,
| | - Ludek Berec
- Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | | | | | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
| | - John M Kean
- AgResearch Limited, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Deborah G McCullough
- Department of Entomology and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824;
| | - David M Suckling
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research and University of Auckland, Christchurch 4704, New Zealand;
| | - Patrick C Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Natural Resources Inventory Center, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan;
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180
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Wingfield MJ, Brockerhoff EG, Wingfield BD, Slippers B. Planted forest health: The need for a global strategy. Science 2015; 349:832-6. [PMID: 26293956 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and microbial pathogens, which are introduced accidentally and/or have adapted to new host trees. Globalization has hastened tree pest emergence, despite a growing awareness of the problem, improved understanding of the costs, and an increased focus on the importance of quarantine. To protect the value and potential of planted forests, innovative solutions and a better-coordinated global approach are needed. Mitigation strategies that are effective only in wealthy countries fail to contain invasions elsewhere in the world, ultimately leading to global impacts. Solutions to forest pest problems in the future should mainly focus on integrating management approaches globally, rather than single-country strategies. A global strategy to manage pest issues is vitally important and urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - E G Brockerhoff
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Post Office Box 23297, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - B Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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181
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Millar CI, Stephenson NL. Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance. Science 2015; 349:823-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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182
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Purse BV, Golding N. Tracking the distribution and impacts of diseases with biological records and distribution modelling. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethan V. Purse
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Nick Golding
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford Oxfordshire OX1 3PS UK
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183
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Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8667-71. [PMID: 26069208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506279112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of humans, wildlife, and domesticated species are increasing worldwide, driving the need to understand the mechanisms that shape outbreaks. Simultaneously, human activities are drastically reducing biodiversity. These concurrent patterns have prompted repeated suggestions that biodiversity and disease are linked. For example, the dilution effect hypothesis posits that these patterns are causally related; diverse host communities inhibit the spread of parasites via several mechanisms, such as by regulating populations of susceptible hosts or interfering with parasite transmission. However, the generality of the dilution effect hypothesis remains controversial, especially for zoonotic diseases of humans. Here we provide broad evidence that host diversity inhibits parasite abundance using a meta-analysis of 202 effect sizes on 61 parasite species. The magnitude of these effects was independent of host density, study design, and type and specialization of parasites, indicating that dilution was robust across all ecological contexts examined. However, the magnitude of dilution was more closely related to the frequency, rather than density, of focal host species. Importantly, observational studies overwhelmingly documented dilution effects, and there was also significant evidence for dilution effects of zoonotic parasites of humans. Thus, dilution effects occur commonly in nature, and they may modulate human disease risk. A second analysis identified similar effects of diversity in plant-herbivore systems. Thus, although there can be exceptions, our results indicate that biodiversity generally decreases parasitism and herbivory. Consequently, anthropogenic declines in biodiversity could increase human and wildlife diseases and decrease crop and forest production.
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184
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Pureswaran DS, De Grandpré L, Paré D, Taylor A, Barrette M, Morin H, Régnière J, Kneeshaw DD. Climate-induced changes in host tree–insect phenology may drive ecological state-shift in boreal forests. Ecology 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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185
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Burokiene D, Prospero S, Jung E, Marciulyniene D, Moosbrugger K, Norkute G, Rigling D, Lygis V, Schoebel CN. Genetic population structure of the invasive ash dieback pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in its expanding range. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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186
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Mangels J, Blüthgen N, Frank K, Grassein F, Hilpert A, Mody K. Tree Species Composition and Harvest Intensity Affect Herbivore Density and Leaf Damage on Beech, Fagus sylvatica, in Different Landscape Contexts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126140. [PMID: 25938417 PMCID: PMC4418704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most forests are exposed to anthropogenic management activities that affect tree species composition and natural ecosystem processes. Changes in ecosystem processes such as herbivory depend on management intensity, and on regional environmental conditions and species pools. Whereas influences of specific forest management measures have already been addressed for different herbivore taxa on a local scale, studies considering effects of different aspects of forest management across different regions are rare. We assessed the influence of tree species composition and intensity of harvesting activities on arthropod herbivores and herbivore-related damage to beech trees, Fagus sylvatica, in 48 forest plots in three regions of Germany. We found that herbivore abundance and damage to beech trees differed between regions and that – despite the regional differences - density of tree-associated arthropod taxa and herbivore damage were consistently affected by tree species composition and harvest intensity. Specifically, overall herbivore damage to beech trees increased with increasing dominance of beech trees – suggesting the action of associational resistance processes – and decreased with harvest intensity. The density of leaf chewers and mines was positively related to leaf damage, and several arthropod groups responded to beech dominance and harvest intensity. The distribution of damage patterns was consistent with a vertical shift of herbivores to higher crown layers during the season and with higher beech dominance. By linking quantitative data on arthropod herbivore abundance and herbivory with tree species composition and harvesting activity in a wide variety of beech forests, our study helps to better understand the influence of forest management on interactions between a naturally dominant deciduous forest tree and arthropod herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jule Mangels
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kevin Frank
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabrice Grassein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Hilpert
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Mody
- Ecological Networks, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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187
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Part of the solution? Stakeholder awareness, information and engagement in tree health issues. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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188
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McDowell NG, Coops NC, Beck PSA, Chambers JQ, Gangodagamage C, Hicke JA, Huang CY, Kennedy R, Krofcheck DJ, Litvak M, Meddens AJH, Muss J, Negrón-Juarez R, Peng C, Schwantes AM, Swenson JJ, Vernon LJ, Williams AP, Xu C, Zhao M, Running SW, Allen CD. Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:114-23. [PMID: 25500552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial disturbances are accelerating globally, but their full impact is not quantified because we lack an adequate monitoring system. Remote sensing offers a means to quantify the frequency and extent of disturbances globally. Here, we review the current application of remote sensing to this problem and offer a framework for more systematic analysis in the future. We recommend that any proposed monitoring system should not only detect disturbances, but also be able to: identify the proximate cause(s); integrate a range of spatial scales; and, ideally, incorporate process models to explain the observed patterns and predicted trends in the future. Significant remaining challenges are tied to the ecology of disturbances. To meet these challenges, more effort is required to incorporate ecological principles and understanding into the assessments of disturbance worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Pieter S A Beck
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Earth Science Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chandana Gangodagamage
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hicke
- University of Idaho, Department of Geography, Moscow, ID 83844-3021, USA
| | - Cho-ying Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Robert Kennedy
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dan J Krofcheck
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- University of Idaho, Department of Geography, Moscow, ID 83844-3021, USA
| | - Jordan Muss
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Changhui Peng
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada and State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Amanda M Schwantes
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jennifer J Swenson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Louis J Vernon
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A Park Williams
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Maosheng Zhao
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Steve W Running
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, MT 59812, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountain Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
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189
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Rubino L, Charles S, Sirulnik AG, Tuininga AR, Lewis JD. Invasive insect effects on nitrogen cycling and host physiology are not tightly linked. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:124-133. [PMID: 25721368 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasive insects may dramatically alter resource cycling and productivity in forest ecosystems. Yet, although responses of individual trees should both reflect and affect ecosystem-scale responses, relationships between physiological- and ecosystem-scale responses to invasive insects have not been extensively studied. To address this issue, we examined changes in soil nitrogen (N) cycling, N uptake and allocation, and needle biochemistry and physiology in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carr) saplings, associated with infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand), an invasive insect causing widespread decline of eastern hemlock in the eastern USA. Compared with uninfested saplings, infested saplings had soils that exhibited faster nitrification rates, and more needle (15)N uptake, N and total protein concentrations. However, these variables did not clearly covary. Further, within infested saplings, needle N concentration did not vary with HWA density. Light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (Asat) declined by 42% as HWA density increased from 0 to 3 adelgids per needle, but did not vary with needle N concentration. Rather, Asat varied with stomatal conductance, which was highest at the lowest HWA density and accounted for 79% of the variation in Asat. Photosynthetic light response did not differ among HWA densities. Our results suggest that the effects of HWA infestation on soil N pools and fluxes, (15)N uptake, needle N and protein concentrations, and needle physiology may not be tightly coupled under at least some conditions. This pattern may reflect direct effects of the HWA on N uptake by host trees, as well as effects of other scale-dependent factors, such as tree hydrology, affected by HWA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rubino
- Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, USA
| | - Sherley Charles
- Department of Biology, St Francis College, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Abby G Sirulnik
- Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, USA
| | - Amy R Tuininga
- Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Louis Calder Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, Armonk, NY 10504, USA University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
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190
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Scarpari M, Bello C, Pietricola C, Zaccaria M, Bertocchi L, Angelucci A, Ricciardi MR, Scala V, Parroni A, Fabbri AA, Reverberi M, Zjalic S, Fanelli C. Aflatoxin control in maize by Trametes versicolor. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3426-37. [PMID: 25525683 PMCID: PMC4280542 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a well-known ubiquitous fungus able to contaminate both in pre- and postharvest period different feed and food commodities. During their growth, these fungi can synthesise aflatoxins, secondary metabolites highly hazardous for animal and human health. The requirement of products with low impact on the environment and on human health, able to control aflatoxin production, has increased. In this work the effect of the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor on the aflatoxin production by A. flavus both in vitro and in maize, was investigated. The goal was to propose an environmental loyal tool for a significant control of aflatoxin production, in order to obtain feedstuffs and feed with a high standard of quality and safety to enhance the wellbeing of dairy cows. The presence of T. versicolor, grown on sugar beet pulp, inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 in maize by A. flavus. Furthermore, treatment of contaminated maize with culture filtrates of T. versicolor containing ligninolytic enzymes, showed a significant reduction of the content of aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scarpari
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Bello
- Zooprohylactic Experimental Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pietricola
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Luigi Bertocchi
- Zooprohylactic Experimental Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Zooprohylactic Experimental Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia 25124, Italy.
| | | | - Valeria Scala
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Alessia Parroni
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Anna A Fabbri
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
| | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, 23 000 Zadar, Croatia.
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- Environmental Biology Department, Università Sapienza, Roma 00185, Italy.
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191
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Complementarity in the provision of ecosystem services reduces the cost of mitigating amplified natural disturbance events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16718-23. [PMID: 25385604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407381111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has been implicated as a root cause of the recent surge in natural disturbance events such as storms, wildfires, and insect outbreaks. This climate-based surge has led to a greater focus on disturbance-mitigating benefits of ecosystem management. Quantifying these benefits requires knowledge of the relationship between natural and anthropogenic disturbances, which is lacking at the temporal and spatial scales needed to inform ecosystem-based management. This study investigates a specific relationship between timber harvesting and climate-amplified outbreaks of mountain pine beetle. If harvesting is located to mitigate long-distance insect dispersal, there is potential for a win-win outcome in which both timber production and forest conservation can be increased. This spatially targeted harvesting strategy lowers the cost of providing disturbance-mitigating ecosystem services, because valuable timber products are also produced. Mitigating long-distance dispersal also produces net gains in forest conservation across various stakeholder groups. These results speak to ongoing federal efforts to encourage forest vegetation removal on public forestlands to improve forest health. These efforts will lower the cost of responding to climate-amplified natural disturbance events but only if vegetation removal efforts are spatially located to reduce disturbance risk. Otherwise, efforts to improve forest health may be converting forest conservation services to timber services.
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192
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Jules ES, Carroll AL, Garcia AM, Steenbock CM, Kauffman MJ. Host heterogeneity influences the impact of a non-native disease invasion on populations of a foundation tree species. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00043.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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193
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Dietze MC, Matthes JH. A general ecophysiological framework for modelling the impact of pests and pathogens on forest ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1418-26. [PMID: 25168168 PMCID: PMC4257091 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forest insects and pathogens (FIPs) have enormous impacts on community dynamics, carbon storage and ecosystem services, however, ecosystem modelling of FIPs is limited due to their variability in severity and extent. We present a general framework for modelling FIP disturbances through their impacts on tree ecophysiology. Five pathways are identified as the basis for functional groupings: increases in leaf, stem and root turnover, and reductions in phloem and xylem transport. A simple ecophysiological model was used to explore the sensitivity of forest growth, mortality and ecosystem fluxes to varying outbreak severity. Across all pathways, low infection was associated with growth reduction but limited mortality. Moderate infection led to individual tree mortality, whereas high levels led to stand-level die-offs delayed over multiple years. Delayed mortality is consistent with observations and critical for capturing biophysical, biogeochemical and successional responses. This framework enables novel predictions under present and future global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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194
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Biocontrol opportunities to study microevolution in invasive populations. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:429-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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195
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Dale AG, Frank SD. The effects of urban warming on herbivore abundance and street tree condition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102996. [PMID: 25054326 PMCID: PMC4108386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees are essential to urban habitats because they provide services that benefit the environment and improve human health. Unfortunately, urban trees often have more herbivorous insect pests than rural trees but the mechanisms and consequences of these infestations are not well documented. Here, we examine how temperature affects the abundance of a scale insect, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), on one of the most commonly planted street trees in the eastern U.S. Next, we examine how both pest abundance and temperature are associated with water stress, growth, and condition of 26 urban street trees. Although trees in the warmest urban sites grew the most, they were more water stressed and in worse condition than trees in cooler sites. Our analyses indicate that visible declines in tree condition were best explained by scale-insect infestation rather than temperature. To test the broader relevance of these results, we extend our analysis to a database of more than 2700 Raleigh, US street trees. Plotting these trees on a Landsat thermal image of Raleigh, we found that warmer sites had over 70% more trees in poor condition than those in cooler sites. Our results support previous studies linking warmer urban habitats to greater pest abundance and extend this association to show its effect on street tree condition. Our results suggest that street tree condition and ecosystem services may decline as urban expansion and global warming exacerbate the urban heat island effect. Although our non-probability sampling method limits our scope of inference, our results present a gloomy outlook for urban forests and emphasize the need for management tools. Existing urban tree inventories and thermal maps could be used to identify species that would be most suitable for urban conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Dale
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven D. Frank
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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196
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Cunniffe NJ, Koskella B, Metcalf CJE, Parnell S, Gottwald TR, Gilligan CA. Thirteen challenges in modelling plant diseases. Epidemics 2014; 10:6-10. [PMID: 25843374 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying structure of epidemiological models, and the questions that models can be used to address, do not necessarily depend on the host organism in question. This means that certain preoccupations of plant disease modellers are similar to those of modellers of diseases in human, livestock and wild animal populations. However, a number of aspects of plant epidemiology are very distinctive, and this leads to specific challenges in modelling plant diseases, which in turn sets a certain agenda for modellers. Here we outline a selection of 13 challenges, specific to plant disease epidemiology, that we feel are important targets for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Britt Koskella
- BioSciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Tremough TR10 9EZ, UK
| | | | - Stephen Parnell
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Tim R Gottwald
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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197
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Gross A, Hosoya T, Queloz V. Population structure of the invasive forest pathogen Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2943-60. [PMID: 24819666 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of invasive pathogens in source and in introduced areas is crucial to the revelation of hidden biological features of an organism, to the reconstruction of the course of invasions and to the establishment of effective control measures. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph: Chalara fraxinea) is an invasive and highly destructive fungal pathogen found on common ash Fraxinus excelsior in Europe and is native to East Asia. To gain insights into its dispersal mechanisms and history of invasion, we used microsatellite markers and characterized the genetic structure and diversity of H. pseudoalbidus populations at three spatial levels: (i) between Europe and Japan, (ii) in Europe and (iii) at the epidemic's front in Switzerland. Phylogenetic and network analysis demonstrated that individuals from both regions are conspecific. However, populations from Japan harboured a higher genetic diversity and were genetically differentiated from European ones. No evident population structure was found among the 1208 European strains using Bayesian and multivariate clustering analysis. Only the distribution of genetic diversity in space, pairwise population differentiation (GST) and the spatial analysis of principal components revealed a faint geographical pattern around Europe. A significant allele deficiency in most European populations pointed to a recent genetic bottleneck, whereas no pattern of isolation by distance was found. Our data suggest that H. pseudoalbidus was introduced just once by at least two individuals. The potential source region of H. pseudoalbidus is vast, and further investigations are required for a more accurate localization of the source population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrin Gross
- Forest Pathology and Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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198
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Kusari S, Singh S, Jayabaskaran C. Biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic fungi: hope versus hype. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:297-303. [PMID: 24703621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of endophytes, particularly endophytic fungi, capable of demonstrating desirable functional traits worth exploitation using red biotechnology is well established. However, these discoveries have not yet translated into industrial bioprocesses for commercial production of biopharmaceuticals using fungal endophytes. Here, we define the current challenges in transforming curiosity driven discoveries into industrial scale endophyte biotechnology. The possible practical, feasible, and sustainable strategies that can lead to harnessing fungal endophyte-mediated pharmaceutical products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Satpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Chelliah Jayabaskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
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