151
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Voutilainen SH, Kosola SK, Lohi J, Jahnukainen T, Pakarinen MP, Jalanko H. Expression of fibrosis-related genes in liver allografts: Association with histology and long-term outcome after pediatric liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14373. [PMID: 34043847 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained graft fibrosis and inflammation are common after pediatric liver transplantation (LT). OBJECTIVE We investigated the graft expression of fibrogenic genes and correlated the findings with transplant histopathology and outcome. METHODS Liver biopsies from 29 recipients were obtained at a median of 13.1 (IQR: 5.0-18.4) years after pediatric LT. Control samples were from six liver-healthy subjects. Hepatic expression of 40 fibrosis-related genes was correlated to histological findings: normal histology, fibrosis with no inflammation, and fibrosis with inflammation. Liver function was evaluated after a subsequent follow-up of 9.0 years (IQR: 8.0-9.4). RESULTS Patients with fibrosis and no inflammation had significantly increased gene expression of profibrotic TGF-β3 (1.17 vs. 1.02 p = .005), CTGF (1.64 vs. 0.66 p = .014), PDGF-α (1.79 vs. 0.98 p = .049), PDGF -β (0.99 vs. 0.76 p = .006), integrin-subunit-β1 (1.19 vs. 1.02 p = .045), α-SMA (1.12 vs. 0.58 p = .013), type I collagen (0.82 vs. 0.53 p = .005) and antifibrotic decorin (1.15 vs. 0.99 p = .045) compared to patients with normal histology. mRNA expression of VEGF A (0.84 vs. 1.06 p = .049) was lower. Only a few of the studied genes were upregulated in patients with both fibrosis and inflammation. The gene expression levels showed no association with later graft outcome. CONCLUSIONS Altered hepatic expression of fibrosis-related genes is associated with graft fibrosis without concurrent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja H Voutilainen
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Transplantation Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University, Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silja K Kosola
- Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Jahnukainen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Transplantation Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University, Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Jalanko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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152
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Boyd AJ. Intraluminal thrombus: Innocent bystander or factor in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis? JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:159-169. [PMID: 34617066 PMCID: PMC8489244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a complex multifactorial hemodynamic, thrombotic, and inflammatory process that can ultimately result in aortic rupture and death. Despite improved screening and surgical management of AAAs, the mortality rates have remained high after rupture, and little progress has occurred in the development of nonoperative treatments. Intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is present in most AAAs and might be involved in AAA pathogenesis. The present review examined the latest clinical and experimental evidence for possible involvement of the ILT in AAA growth and rupture. METHODS A literature review was performed after a search of the PubMed database from 2012 to June 2020 using the terms "abdominal aortic aneurysm" and "intraluminal thrombus." RESULTS The structure, composition, and hemodynamics of ILT formation and propagation were reviewed in relation to the hemostatic and proteolytic factors favoring ILT deposition. The potential effects of the ILT on AAA wall degeneration and rupture, including a review of the current controversies regarding the position, thickness, and composition of ILT, are presented. Although initially potentially protective against increased wall stress, increasing evidence has shown that an increased volume and greater age of the ILT have direct detrimental effects on aortic wall integrity, which might predispose to an increased rupture risk. CONCLUSIONS ILT does not appear to be an innocent bystander in AAA pathophysiology. However, its exact role remains elusive and controversial. Despite computational evidence of a possible protective role of the ILT in reducing wall stress, increasing evidence has shown that the ILT promotes AAA wall degeneration in humans and in animal models. Further research, with large animal models and with more chronic ILT is crucial for a better understanding of the role of the ILT in AAAs and for the potential development of targeted therapies to slow or halt AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J. Boyd
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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153
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Shin CM, Cho S, Kim DH, Ha Y, Shin HJ, Shin N, Kim DW, Choi CH, Cho WK, Oh SH. Zwitterionic polydopamine coatings suppress silicone implant-induced capsule formation. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3425-3432. [PMID: 33949402 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic zwitterionic dopamine derivative (ZW-DOPA) containing both catechol and amine groups was recently shown to exhibit excellent antifouling activity on marine surfaces. Here, we have extended these analyses to investigate the effects of ZW-DOPA coating on silicone implants. Successful formation of ZW-DOPA coatings on silicone implants was confirmed based on a combination of decreased static water contact angles on silicone implants, evidence of new peaks at 400.2 (N 1s), 232.2 (S 2s), and 168.0 (S 2p) eV, and increased quantitative atomic composition of C 1s with a concurrent decrease of Si 2p. Anti-biofilm formation assays revealed that ZW-DOPA coating prevented biofilm formation on silicone at a non-lethal concentration (0.5 mg mL-1). Capsule formation was also significantly inhibited by ZW-DOPA coating in vivo and the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts was significantly suppressed. Together, these data suggest that silicone implants coated with ZW-DOPA may prevent capsular contracture after insertion when used in breast surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Min Shin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojeong Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea and Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooseok Ha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea and Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ha Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
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154
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Aubert A, Mercier-Gouy P, Aguero S, Berthier L, Liot S, Prigent L, Alcaraz LB, Verrier B, Terreux R, Moali C, Lambert E, Valcourt U. Latent TGF-β Activation Is a Hallmark of the Tenascin Family. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613438. [PMID: 34054795 PMCID: PMC8155481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms are secreted as inactive complexes formed through non-covalent interactions between bioactive TGF-β entities and their N-terminal pro-domains called latency-associated peptides (LAP). Extracellular activation of latent TGF-β within this complex is a crucial step in the regulation of TGF-β activity for tissue homeostasis and immune cell function. We previously showed that the matrix glycoprotein Tenascin-X (TN-X) interacted with the small latent TGF-β complex and triggered the activation of the latent cytokine into a bioactive TGF-β. This activation most likely occurs through a conformational change within the latent TGF-β complex and requires the C-terminal fibrinogen-like (FBG) domain of the glycoprotein. As the FBG-like domain is highly conserved among the Tenascin family members, we hypothesized that Tenascin-C (TN-C), Tenascin-R (TN-R) and Tenascin-W (TN-W) might share with TN-X the ability to regulate TGF-β bioavailability through their C-terminal domain. Here, we demonstrate that purified recombinant full-length Tenascins associate with the small latent TGF-β complex through their FBG-like domains. This association promotes activation of the latent cytokine and subsequent TGF-β cell responses in mammary epithelial cells, such as cytostasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Considering the pleiotropic role of TGF-β in numerous physiological and pathological contexts, our data indicate a novel common function for the Tenascin family in the regulation of tissue homeostasis under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Aubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Perrine Mercier-Gouy
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Aguero
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Berthier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Liot
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Prigent
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Raphaël Terreux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Moali
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Lambert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
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155
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Tartaglia G, Cao Q, Padron ZM, South AP. Impaired Wound Healing, Fibrosis, and Cancer: The Paradigm of Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5104. [PMID: 34065916 PMCID: PMC8151646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (RDEB) is a devastating skin blistering disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen (C7), leading to epidermal fragility, trauma-induced blistering, and long term, hard-to-heal wounds. Fibrosis develops rapidly in RDEB skin and contributes to both chronic wounds, which emerge after cycles of repetitive wound and scar formation, and squamous cell carcinoma-the single biggest cause of death in this patient group. The molecular pathways disrupted in a broad spectrum of fibrotic disease are also disrupted in RDEB, and squamous cell carcinomas arising in RDEB are thus far molecularly indistinct from other sub-types of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Collectively these data demonstrate RDEB is a model for understanding the molecular basis of both fibrosis and rapidly developing aggressive cancer. A number of studies have shown that RDEB pathogenesis is driven by a radical change in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling that is a direct result of C7 loss-of-function in dermal fibroblasts. However, the exact mechanism of how C7 loss results in extensive fibrosis is unclear, particularly how TGFβ signaling is activated and then sustained through complex networks of cell-cell interaction not limited to the traditional fibrotic protagonist, the dermal fibroblast. Continued study of this rare disease will likely yield paradigms relevant to more common pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tartaglia
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, BLSB 406, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (G.T.); (Q.C.); (Z.M.P.)
| | - Qingqing Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, BLSB 406, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (G.T.); (Q.C.); (Z.M.P.)
| | - Zachary M. Padron
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, BLSB 406, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (G.T.); (Q.C.); (Z.M.P.)
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrew P. South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th Street, BLSB 406, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (G.T.); (Q.C.); (Z.M.P.)
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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156
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Zou T, Qi Y, Yi B, Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. DPSCs treated by TGF-β1 regulate angiogenic sprouting of three-dimensionally co-cultured HUVECs and DPSCs through VEGF-Ang-Tie2 signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:281. [PMID: 33971955 PMCID: PMC8112067 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining the stability and maturation of blood vessels is of paramount importance for the vessels to carry out their physiological function. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the maturation process of the newly formed vessels. The aim of this study was to investigate whether transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treatment could enhance pericyte-like properties of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and how TGF-β1-treated DPSCs for 7 days (T-DPSCs) stabilize the newly formed blood vessels. Methods We utilized TGF-β1 to treat DPSCs for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the expression of SMC markers. Functional contraction assay was conducted to assess the contractility of T-DPSCs. The effects of T-DPSC-conditioned media (T-DPSC-CM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and migration were examined by MTT, wound healing, and trans-well migration assay. Most importantly, in vitro 3D co-culture spheroidal sprouting assay was used to investigate the regulating role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie2 signaling on angiogenic sprouting in 3D co-cultured spheroids of HUVECs and T-DPSCs. Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) and VEGF were used to treat the co-cultured spheroids to explore their roles in angiogenic sprouting. Inhibitors for Tie2 and VEGFR2 were used to block Ang1/Tie2 and VFGF/VEGFR2 signaling. Results Western blotting and immunofluorescence showed that the expression of SMC-specific markers (α-SMA and SM22α) were significantly increased after treatment with TGF-β1. Contractility of T-DPSCs was greater compared with that of DPSCs. T-DPSC-CM inhibited HUVEC migration. In vitro sprouting assay demonstrated that T-DPSCs enclosed HUVECs, resembling pericyte-like cells. Compared to co-culture with DPSCs, a smaller number of HUVEC sprouting was observed when co-cultured with T-DPSCs. VEGF and Ang2 co-stimulation significantly enhanced sprouting in HUVEC and T-DPSC co-culture spheroids, whereas VEGF or Ang2 alone exerted insignificant effects on HUVEC sprouting. Blocking Tie2 signaling reversed the sprouting inhibition by T-DPSCs, while blocking VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling boosted the sprouting inhibition by T-DPSCs. Conclusions This study revealed that TGF-β1 can induce DPSC differentiation into functional pericyte-like cells. T-DPSCs maintain vessel stability through Ang1/Tie2 and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02349-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqing Liu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yubingqing Qi
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baicheng Yi
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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157
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ADAM9 enhances Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmunity by activating TGF-β1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023230118. [PMID: 33911034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family of proteinases alter the extracellular environment and are involved in the development of T cells and autoimmunity. The role of ADAM family members in Th17 cell differentiation is unknown. We identified ADAM9 to be specifically expressed and to promote Th17 differentiation. Mechanistically, we found that ADAM9 cleaved the latency-associated peptide to produce bioactive transforming growth factor β1, which promoted SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and activation. A transcription factor inducible cAMP early repressor was found to bind directly to the ADAM9 promoter and to promote its transcription. Adam9-deficient mice displayed mitigated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and transfer of Adam9-deficient myelin oligodendrocyte globulin-specific T cells into Rag1 -/- mice failed to induce disease. At the translational level, an increased abundance of ADAM9 levels was observed in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and ADAM9 gene deletion in lupus primary CD4+ T cells clearly attenuated their ability to differentiate into Th17 cells. These findings revealed that ADAM9 as a proteinase provides Th17 cells with an ability to activate transforming growth factor β1 and accelerates its differentiation, resulting in aberrant autoimmunity.
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158
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Zhang YY, Feng BS, Zhang H, Yang G, Jin QR, Luo XQ, Ma N, Huang QM, Yang LT, Zhang GH, Liu DB, Yu Y, Liu ZG, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Modulating oxidative stress counteracts specific antigen-induced regulatory T-cell apoptosis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1748-1761. [PMID: 33811758 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-β to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-β precursor to its mature form, TGF-β. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Sui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhang
- Department of Allergy Medicine, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qian Luo
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Miao Huang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Li-Teng Yang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Liu
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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159
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Lu Q, Sun D, Shivhare SB, Hou H, Bulmer JN, Innes BA, Hapangama DK, Lash GE. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β and Endometrial Vascular Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640065. [PMID: 33898426 PMCID: PMC8063037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate growth and development of the endometrium across the menstrual cycle is key for a woman’s quality of life and reproductive well-being. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affect a significant proportion of the female population worldwide. These endometrial pathologies have a significant impact on a woman’s quality of life as well as placing a high economic burden on a country’s health service. An underlying cause for both conditions is unknown in approximately 50% of cases. Previous research has demonstrated that aberrant endometrial vascular maturation is associated with both RPL and HMB, where it is increased in RPL but reduced in HMB. TGFβ1 is one of the key growth factors that regulate vascular maturation, by inducing phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a synthetic phenotype to a more contractile one. Our previous data demonstrated an increase in TGFβ1 in the endometrium of RPL, while others have shown a decrease in women with HMB. However, TGFβ1 bioavailability is tightly controlled, and we therefore sought to perform an extensive immunohistochemical analysis of different components in the pathway in the endometrium of normal controls, women with HMB or RPL. In addition, two in vitro models were used to examine the role of TGFβ1 in endometrial vascular maturation and endothelial cell (EC):VSMC association. Taken all together, the immunohistochemical data suggest a decrease in bioavailability, receptor binding capacity, and signaling in the endometrium of women with HMB compared with controls. In contrast, there is an increase in the bioavailability of active TGFβ1 in the endometrium of women with RPL compared with controls. Endometrial explants cultured in TGFβ1 had an increase in the number of vessels associated with contractile VSMC markers, although the total number of vessels did not increase. In addition, TGFβ1 increased EC:VSMC association in an in vitro model. In conclusion, TGFβ1 is a key regulator of endometrial vascular maturation and could be considered as a therapeutic target for women suffering from HMB and/or RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Lu
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingqian Sun
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sourima Biswas Shivhare
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Huomei Hou
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Judith N Bulmer
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Innes
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gendie E Lash
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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160
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Identification of chlorophyll a-b binding protein AB96 as a novel TGFβ1 neutralizing agent. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7740. [PMID: 33833368 PMCID: PMC8032758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of compounds and proteins from plants has greatly contributed to modern medicine. Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Compositae) is used by humans and primates for a variety of conditions including parasitic infection. This paper describes the serendipitous discovery that V. amygdalina extract was able to bind to, and functionally inhibit, active TGFβ1. The binding agent was isolated and identified as chlorophyll a-b binding protein AB96. Given that active TGFβ1 contributes to the pathology of many infectious diseases, inhibiting these processes may explain some of the benefits associated with the ingestion of this species. This is the first plant-derived cytokine-neutralizing protein to be described and paves the way for further such discoveries.
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161
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Mojsilovic S, Mojsilovic SS, Bjelica S, Santibanez JF. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: A cancerous partnership. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:105-124. [PMID: 33797140 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) plays a crucial role in tumor progression. It can inhibit early cancer stages but promotes tumor growth and development at the late stages of tumorigenesis. TGF-β1 has a potent immunosuppressive function within the tumor microenvironment that largely contributes to tumor cells' immune escape and reduction in cancer immunotherapy responses. Likewise, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been postulated as leading tumor promoters and a hallmark of cancer immune evasion mechanisms. This review attempts to analyze the prominent roles of both TGF-β1 and MDSCs and their interplay in cancer immunity. Furthermore, therapies against either TGF-β1 or MDSCs, and their potential synergistic combination with immunotherapies are discussed. Simultaneous TGF-β1 and MDSCs inhibition suggest a potential improvement in immunotherapy or subverted tumor immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Mojsilovic
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja S Mojsilovic
- Laboratory for Immunochemistry, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suncica Bjelica
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Hospital Centre Dragisa Misovic, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juan F Santibanez
- Molecular oncology group, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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162
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Targeting RGD-binding integrins as an integrative therapy for diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100966. [PMID: 33775825 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a class of transmembrane receptors that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. Dysregulation of integrins has been implicated in many pathological processes and consequently, they are attractive therapeutic targets. In the ophthalmology arena, there is extensive evidence suggesting that integrins play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, dry eye disease and retinal vein occlusion. For example, there is extensive evidence that arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp; RGD)-binding integrins are involved in key disease hallmarks of DR and neovascular AMD (nvAMD), specifically inflammation, vascular leakage, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Based on such evidence, drugs that engage integrin-linked pathways have received attention for their potential to block all these vision-threatening pathways. This review focuses on the pathophysiological role that RGD-binding integrins can have in complex multifactorial retinal disorders like DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and nvAMD, which are leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Special emphasis will be given on how RGD-binding integrins can modulate the intricate molecular pathways and regulate the underlying pathological mechanisms. For instance, the interplay between integrins and key molecular players such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes will be summarized. In addition, recent clinical advances linked to targeting RGD-binding integrins in the context of DME and nvAMD will be discussed alongside future potential for limiting progression of these diseases.
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163
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SMADS-Mediate Molecular Mechanisms in Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063203. [PMID: 33801157 PMCID: PMC8004153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in delineating the molecular mechanisms of action of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), considered as central player in a plethora of human conditions, including cancer, fibrosis and autoimmune disease. TGF-β elicits its biological effects through membrane bound serine/threonine kinase receptors which transmit their signals via downstream signalling molecules, SMADs, which regulate the transcription of target genes in collaboration with various co-activators and co-repressors. Until now, therapeutic strategy for primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) has been focused on inflammation, but, recently, the involvement of TGF-β/SMADs signalling has been demonstrated in pSS salivary glands (SGs) as mediator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation. Although EMT seems to cause pSS SG fibrosis, TGF-β family members have ambiguous effects on the function of pSS SGs. Based on these premises, this review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi-faceted functions of TGF-β in pSS that are dictated by orchestrations of SMADs, and describe TGF-β/SMADs value as both disease markers and/or therapeutic target for pSS.
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164
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Oshimori N, Guo Y, Taniguchi S. An emerging role for cellular crosstalk in the cancer stem cell niche. J Pathol 2021; 254:384-394. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oshimori
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
- Department of Dermatology Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
- Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
| | - Yifei Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
| | - Sachiko Taniguchi
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
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165
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Yu T, Zhang J, Zhu W, Wang X, Bai Y, Feng B, Zhuang Q, Han C, Wang S, Hu Q, An S, Wan M, Dong S, Xu J, Weng X, Cao X. Chondrogenesis mediates progression of ankylosing spondylitis through heterotopic ossification. Bone Res 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 33731675 PMCID: PMC7969928 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is chronic inflammatory arthritis with a progressive fusion of axial joints. Anti-inflammatory treatments such as anti-TNF-α antibody therapy suppress inflammation but do not effectively halt the progression of spine fusion in AS patients. Here we report that the autoimmune inflammation of AS generates a microenvironment that promotes chondrogenesis in spine ligaments as the process of spine fusion. Chondrocyte differentiation was observed in the ligaments of patients with early-stage AS, and cartilage formation was followed by calcification. Moreover, a large number of giant osteoclasts were found in the inflammatory environment of ligaments and on bony surfaces of calcified cartilage. Resorption activity by these giant osteoclasts generated marrow with high levels of active TGF-β, which induced new bone formation in the ligaments. Notably, no Osterix+ osteoprogenitors were found in osteoclast resorption areas, indicating uncoupled bone resorption and formation. Even at the late and maturation stages, the uncoupled osteoclast resorption in bony interspinous ligament activates TGF-β to induce the progression of ossification in AS patients. Osteoclast resorption of calcified cartilage-initiated ossification in the progression of AS is a similar pathologic process of acquired heterotopic ossification (HO). Our finding of cartilage formation in the ligaments of AS patients revealed that the pathogenesis of spinal fusion is a process of HO and explained why anti-inflammatory treatments do not slow ankylosing once there is new bone formation in spinal soft tissues. Thus, inhibition of HO formation, such as osteoclast activity, cartilage formation, or TGF-β activity could be a potential therapy for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qimiao Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Senbo An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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166
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Zhen G, Guo Q, Li Y, Wu C, Zhu S, Wang R, Guo XE, Kim BC, Huang J, Hu Y, Dan Y, Wan M, Ha T, An S, Cao X. Mechanical stress determines the configuration of TGFβ activation in articular cartilage. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1706. [PMID: 33731712 PMCID: PMC7969741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our incomplete understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis has significantly hindered the development of disease-modifying therapy. The functional relationship between subchondral bone (SB) and articular cartilage (AC) is unclear. Here, we found that the changes of SB architecture altered the distribution of mechanical stress on AC. Importantly, the latter is well aligned with the pattern of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) activity in AC, which is essential in the regulation of AC homeostasis. Specifically, TGFβ activity is concentrated in the areas of AC with high mechanical stress. A high level of TGFβ disrupts the cartilage homeostasis and impairs the metabolic activity of chondrocytes. Mechanical stress stimulates talin-centered cytoskeletal reorganization and the consequent increase of cell contractile forces and cell stiffness of chondrocytes, which triggers αV integrin–mediated TGFβ activation. Knockout of αV integrin in chondrocytes reversed the alteration of TGFβ activation and subsequent metabolic abnormalities in AC and attenuated cartilage degeneration in an OA mouse model. Thus, SB structure determines the patterns of mechanical stress and the configuration of TGFβ activation in AC, which subsequently regulates chondrocyte metabolism and AC homeostasis. The functional relationship between subchondral bone and articular cartilage is unclear. Here, the authors show that transforming growth factor-beta propagates the mechanical impact of subchondral bone on articular cartilage through αV integrin–talin mechanical transduction system in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiaoyue Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chuanlong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruomei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yizhong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Dan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven An
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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167
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Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain. Bone Res 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 33731688 PMCID: PMC7969608 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis comprises several joint disorders characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and persistent pain, causing disability and economic burden. The incidence of osteoarthritis is rapidly increasing worldwide due to aging and obesity trends. Basic and clinical research on osteoarthritis has been carried out for decades, but many questions remain unanswered. The exact role of subchondral bone during the initiation and progression osteoarthritis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence shows that subchondral bone lesions, including bone marrow edema and angiogenesis, develop earlier than cartilage degeneration. Clinical interventions targeting subchondral bone have shown therapeutic potential, while others targeting cartilage have yielded disappointing results. Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, angiogenesis and sensory nerve innervation contribute directly or indirectly to cartilage destruction and pain. This review is about bone-cartilage crosstalk, the subchondral microenvironment and the critical role of both in osteoarthritis progression. It also provides an update on the pathogenesis of and interventions for osteoarthritis and future research targeting subchondral bone.
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168
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Cao N, Tang X, Gao R, Kong L, Zhang J, Qin W, Hu N, Zhang A, Ma K, Li L, Si JQ. Galectin-3 participates in PASMC migration and proliferation by interacting with TGF-β1. Life Sci 2021; 274:119347. [PMID: 33716065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodelling is one of the most important factors for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin. In the latest literature, Gal-3 has been reported to be involved in pulmonary vascular remodelling, and its underlying mechanism is unclear. Our research aims to prove the effect of Gal-3 on the proliferation and migration of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and to study its mechanism. In vivo experiment: In Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, monocrotaline was injected intraperitoneally to establish a PH model, and the Gal-3 inhibitor (modified citrus pectin, MCP) 28 Ds was administered in the stomach. The results indicate that Gal-3 and TGF-β1 may be involved in the occurrence and development of PH, which may be related to the Smad2/3 signalling pathway. In vitro experiment: Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were pretreated with the Gal-3 inhibitor (MCP) for 24 h, then TGF-β1 or Gal-3 was administered to the cells for 24 h. The results show that exogenous TGF-β1 and Gal-3 can activate the downstream Smad2/3 signalling pathway, and increase the proliferation and migration ability of HPASMC. However, the Gal-3 inhibitor (MCP) inhibited these effects. Further results display that TGF-β1 and Gal-3 could mutually regulate the protein and mRNA expression levels. In summary, the results of this study indicate that Gal-3 regulates the Smad2/3 signalling pathway through protein interaction with TGF-β1, in turn regulates the proliferation and migration of HPASMC, thereby regulating the occurrence and development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Xuechun Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; Department of Burns department, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - RuiJuan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Liangjingyuan Kong
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Jingrong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Wenjuan Qin
- Department of Ultrasound Room, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Na Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Physiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi 832002, China; The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832002, China; Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Physiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China.
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169
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Peres KC, Teodoro L, Amaral LHP, Teixeira ES, Barreto IS, de Freitas LLL, Maximo V, Assumpção LVM, Bufalo NE, Ward LS. Clinical utility of TGFB1 and its receptors ( TGFBR1 and TGFBR2) in thyroid nodules: evaluation based on single nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:172-184. [PMID: 33905626 PMCID: PMC10065325 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Abnormalities involving the TGFB1 gene and its receptors are common in several types of cancer and often related to tumor progression. We investigated the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the susceptibility to cancer, their impact on its features, as well as the role of mRNA expression of these genes in thyroid malignancy. Methods We genotyped TGFB1, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2 SNPs in 157 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients and 200 healthy controls. Further, we investigated RNA samples of 47 PTC and 80 benign nodules, searching for differential mRNA expression. Results SNPs rs1800472 and rs1800469 were associated with characteristics of PTC aggressiveness. Effect predictor software analysis of nonsynonymous SNP rs1800472 indicated increasing protein stability and post-translational changes. TGFB1 mRNA expression was upregulated in PTC and downregulated in benign samples, differentiating malignant from benign nodules (p<0.0001); PTC from goiter (p<0.0001); and PTC from FA (p<0.0001). TGFBR1 mRNA expression was upregulated in goiter and PTC, but downregulated in FA, distinguishing PTC from goiter (p=0.0049); PTC from FA (p<0.0001); and goiter from FA (p=0.0267). On the other hand, TGFBR2 was downregulated in all histological types analyzed and was not able to differentiate thyroid nodules. Conclusion TGFB1 polymorphism rs1800472 may confer greater activity to TGF-β1 in the tumor microenvironment, favoring PTC aggressiveness. Evaluation of TGFB1 and TGFBR1 mRNA levels may be useful to identify malignancy in thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil,
| | - Larissa Teodoro
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Laís Helena Pereira Amaral
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisângela Souza Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Icléia Siqueira Barreto
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Leandro Luiz Lopes de Freitas
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdemar Maximo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia V Montalli Assumpção
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Natassia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular do Câncer, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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170
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Tong Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Zhu S, Lu K, He Z. Lotus leaf extract inhibits ER - breast cancer cell migration and metastasis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:20. [PMID: 33602253 PMCID: PMC7891157 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancer have poor prognosis due to high rates of metastasis. However, there is no effective treatment and drugs for ER- breast cancer metastasis. Our purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lotus leaf alcohol extract (LAE) on the cell migration and metastasis of ER- breast cancer. METHODS The anti-migratory effect of LAE were analyzed in ER- breast cancer cells including SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 cell lines. Cell viability assay, wound-healing assay, RNA-sequence analysis and immunoblotting assay were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and anti-migratory effect of LAE. To further investigate the inhibitory effect of LAE on metastasis in vivo, subcutaneous xenograft and intravenous injection nude mice models were established. Lung and liver tissues were analyzed by the hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunoblotting assay. RESULTS We found that lotus LAE, not nuciferine, inhibited cell migration significantly in SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 breast cancer cells, and did not affect viability of breast cancer cells. The anti-migratory effect of LAE was dependent on TGF-β1 signaling, while independent of Wnt signaling and autophagy influx. Intracellular H2O2 was involved in the TGF-β1-related inhibition of cell migration. LAE inhibited significantly the breast cancer cells metastasis in mice models. RNA-sequence analysis showed that extracellular matrix signaling pathways are associated with LAE-suppressed cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that lotus leaf alcohol extract inhibits the cell migration and metastasis of ER- breast cancer, at least in part, via TGF-β1/Erk1/2 and TGF-β1/SMAD3 signaling pathways, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for ER- breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yikuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Keke Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China. .,Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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171
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Herskind C, Sticht C, Sami A, Giordano FA, Wenz F. Gene Expression Profiles Reveal Extracellular Matrix and Inflammatory Signaling in Radiation-Induced Premature Differentiation of Human Fibroblast in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:539893. [PMID: 33681189 PMCID: PMC7930333 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.539893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fibroblasts are considered to play a major role in the development of fibrotic reaction after radiotherapy and premature radiation-induced differentiation has been proposed as a cellular basis. The purpose was to relate gene expression profiles to radiation-induced phenotypic changes of human skin fibroblasts relevant for radiogenic fibrosis. Materials and Methods Exponentially growing or confluent human skin fibroblast strains were irradiated in vitro with 1–3 fractions of 4 Gy X-rays. The differentiated phenotype was detected by cytomorphological scoring and immunofluorescence microscopy. Microarray analysis was performed on Human Genome U133 plus2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix) with JMP Genomics software, and pathway analysis with Reactome R-package. The expression levels and kinetics of selected genes were validated with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. Results Irradiation of exponentially growing fibroblast with 1 × 4 Gy resulted in phenotypic differentiation over a 5-day period. This was accompanied by downregulation of cell cycle-related genes and upregulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes. Pathway analysis confirmed inactivation of proliferation and upregulation of ECM- and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-related pathways. Furthermore, pathways related to inflammatory reactions were upregulated, and potential induction and signaling mechanisms were identified. Fractionated irradiation (3 × 4 Gy) of confluent cultures according to a previously published protocol for predicting the risk of fibrosis after radiotherapy showed similar downregulation but differences in upregulated genes and pathways. Conclusion Gene expression profiles after irradiation of exponentially growing cells were related to radiation-induced differentiation and inflammatory reactions, and potential signaling mechanisms. Upregulated pathways by different irradiation protocols may reflect different aspects of the fibrogenic process thus providing a model system for further hypothesis-based studies of radiation-induced fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Herskind
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Centre for Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ahmad Sami
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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172
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Belair DG, Lee JS, Kellner AV, Huard J, Murphy WL. Receptor mimicking TGF-β1 binding peptide for targeting TGF-β1 signaling. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:645-652. [PMID: 33289741 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged and elevated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling can lead to undesired scar formation during tissue repair and fibrosis that is often a result of chronic inflammation in the lung, kidney, liver, heart, skin, and joints. We report new TGF-β1 binding peptides that interfere with TGF-β1 binding to its cognate receptors and thus attenuate its biological activity. We identified TGF-β1 binding peptides from the TGF-β1 binding domains of TGF-β receptors and engineered their sequences to facilitate chemical conjugation to biomaterials using molecular docking simulations. The in vitro binding studies and cell-based assays showed that RIPΔ, which was derived from TGF-β type I receptor, bound TGF-β1 in a sequence-specific manner and reduced the biological activity of TGF-β1 when the peptide was presented either in soluble form or conjugated to a commonly used synthetic biomaterial. This approach may have implications for clinical applications such as treatment of various fibrotic diseases and soft tissue repair and offer a design strategy for peptide antibodies based on the biomimicry of ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Belair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna V Kellner
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative Sports Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. and Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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173
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Woo J, Koziol-White C, Panettieri R, Jude J. TGF-β: The missing link in obesity-associated airway diseases? CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100016. [PMID: 34909651 PMCID: PMC8663968 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is emerging as a global public health epidemic. The co-morbidities associated with obesity significantly contribute to reduced quality of life, mortality, and global healthcare burden. Compared to other asthma comorbidities, obesity prominently engenders susceptibility to inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), contributes to greater disease severity and evokes insensitivity to current therapies. Unlike in other metabolic diseases associated with obesity, the mechanistic link between obesity and airway diseases is only poorly defined. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine belonging to a family of growth factors with pivotal roles in asthma. In this review, we summarize the role of TGF-β in major obesity-associated co-morbidities to shed light on mechanisms of the diseases. Literature evidence shows that TGF-β mechanistically links many co-morbidities with obesity through its profibrotic, remodeling, and proinflammatory functions. We posit that TGF-β plays a similar mechanistic role in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and COPD. Concerning the role of TGF-β on metabolic effects of obesity, we posit that TGF-β has a similar mechanistic role in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases in interplay with different comorbidities such as hypertension, metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, and cardiomyopathies. Future studies in TGF-β-dependent mechanisms in obesity-associated inflammatory airway diseases will advance our understanding of obesity-induced asthma and help find novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Woo
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States
| | - Reynold Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States
| | - Joseph Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Rutgers, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ08854, United States,Corresponding author. Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, United States.
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174
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Donkor MK, Sarkar A, Li MO. Tgf-β1 produced by activated CD4(+) T Cells Antagonizes T Cell Surveillance of Tumor Development. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:162-171. [PMID: 22720237 PMCID: PMC3376999 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.2.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ1 is a regulatory cytokine with a crucial function in the control of T cell tolerance to tumors. Our recent study revealed that T cell-produced TGFβ1 is essential for inhibiting cytotoxic T cell responses to tumors. However, the exact TGFβ1-producing T cell subset required for tumor immune evasion remains unknown. Here we showed that deletion of TGFβ1 from CD8+ T cells or Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells did not protect mice against transplanted tumors. However, absence of TGFβ1 produced by activated CD4+ T cells and Treg cells inhibited tumor growth, and protected mice from spontaneous prostate cancer. These findings suggest that TGFβ1 produced by activated CD4+ T cells is a necessary requirement for tumor evasion from immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses K Donkor
- Immunology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
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175
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DeRoo E, Martinod K, Cherpokova D, Fuchs T, Cifuni S, Chu L, Staudinger C, Wagner DD. The role of platelets in thrombus fibrosis and vessel wall remodeling after venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:387-399. [PMID: 33058430 PMCID: PMC8530247 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelets are known to play an important role in venous thrombogenesis, but their role in thrombus maturation, resolution, and postthrombotic vein wall remodeling is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the role that circulating platelets play in the later phases of venous thrombosis. METHODS We used a murine inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis model. Baseline studies in untreated mice were performed to determine an optimal postthrombotic time point for tissue harvest that would capture both thrombus maturation/resolution and postthrombotic vein wall remodeling. This time point was found to be postoperative day 10. After undergoing IVC ultrasound on day 2 to confirm venous thrombus formation, mice were treated with a daily injection of platelet-depleting antibody (anti-GP1bα) to maintain thrombocytopenia or with control IgG until postoperative day 10, at which time IVC and thrombi were harvested and thrombus length, volume, fibrosis, neovascularization, and smooth muscle cell invasion analyzed. Vein wall fibrosis and intimal thickening were also determined. RESULTS Mice that were made thrombocytopenic after venous thrombogenesis had thrombi that were less fibrotic, with fewer invading smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, thrombocytopenia in the setting of venous thrombosis resulted in less postthrombotic vein wall intimal thickening. Thrombus volume did not differ between thrombocytopenic mice and their control peers. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that circulating platelets contribute to venous thrombus maturation, fibrosis, and adverse vein wall remodeling, and that that inhibition of platelet recruitment may decrease thrombus and vein wall fibrosis, thus helping thrombolysis and preventing postthrombotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise DeRoo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Fuchs
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Cifuni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Chu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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176
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Characterization of TGF-β by Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010107. [PMID: 33451157 PMCID: PMC7828702 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the pathomechanism of glaucoma, which is a multifactorial blinding disease that may cause irreversible damage within human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs). It is known that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is an important component of oxidative stress-induced damage related to extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrosis and activates cell antioxidative mechanisms. To elucidate the dual potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β in effects on HTMCs, we established an in vitro oxidative model using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and further focused on TGF-β-related oxidative stress pathways and the related signal transduction. Via a series of cell functional qualitative analyses to detect related protein level alterations and cell fibrosis status, we illustrated the role of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in oxidative stress-induced injury by shTGF-β1 and shTGF-β2 knockdown or added recombinant human TGF-β1 protein (rhTGF-β1). The results of protein level showed that p38 MAPK, TGF-β, and its related SMAD family were activated after H2O2 stimulation. Cell functional assays showed that HTMCs with H2O2 exposure duration had a more irregular actin architecture compared to normal TM cells. Data with rhTGF-β1 (1 ng/mL) pretreatment reduced the cell apoptosis rate and amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while it also enhanced survival. Furthermore, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in terms of antioxidant signaling were related to the activation of collagen I and laminin, which are fibrosis-response proteins. Succinctly, our study demonstrated that low concentrations of TGF-β1 (1 ng/mL) preserves HTMCs from free radical-mediated injury by p-p38 MAPK level and p-AKT signaling balance, presenting a signaling transduction mechanism of TGF-β1 in HTMC oxidative stress-related therapies.
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177
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Liu S, Ren J, Ten Dijke P. Targeting TGFβ signal transduction for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33414388 PMCID: PMC7791126 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of TGFβ family signaling can lead to a plethora of developmental disorders and diseases, including cancer, immune dysfunction, and fibrosis. In this review, we focus on TGFβ, a well-characterized family member that has a dichotomous role in cancer progression, acting in early stages as a tumor suppressor and in late stages as a tumor promoter. The functions of TGFβ are not limited to the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis of cancer cells. Recent reports have related TGFβ to effects on cells that are present in the tumor microenvironment through the stimulation of extracellular matrix deposition, promotion of angiogenesis, and suppression of the anti-tumor immune reaction. The pro-oncogenic roles of TGFβ have attracted considerable attention because their intervention provides a therapeutic approach for cancer patients. However, the critical function of TGFβ in maintaining tissue homeostasis makes targeting TGFβ a challenge. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions of TGFβ in cancer initiation and progression, summarize the recent clinical advancements regarding TGFβ signaling interventions for cancer treatment, and discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities related to targeting this pathway. We provide a perspective on synergistic therapies that combine anti-TGFβ therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiang Ren
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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178
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TGFβ Signaling in Photoaging and UV-Induced Skin Cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1104-1110. [PMID: 33358021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UVR is a major etiology for premature skin aging that leads to photoaging and UV-induced skin cancers. In the skin, TGFβ signaling is a growth inhibitor for keratinocytes and a profibrotic factor in the dermis. It exerts context-dependent effects on tumor progression. Chronic UV exposure likely causes TGFβ1/SMAD3 signaling activation and contributes to metalloproteinase-induced collagen degradation and photoinflammation in photoaging. UV irradiation also causes gene mutations in key elements of the TGFβ pathway, including TGFβRI, TGFβRII, SMAD2, and SMAD4. These mutations enable tumor cells to escape from TGFβ-induced growth inhibition and induce genomic instability and cancer stem cells, leading to the initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Furthermore, UV-induced mutations cause TGFβ overexpression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cSCC, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous melanoma, resulting in inflammation, angiogenesis, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune inhibition, supporting cancer survival, immune evasion, and metastasis. The pleiotropic effects of TGFβ provide possible treatment options for photoaging and skin cancer. Given the high UV-induced mutational burden and immune-repressive TME seen in cSCC, BCC, and cutaneous melanoma, treatment with the combination of a TGFβ signaling inhibitor and immune checkpoint blockade could reverse immune evasion to reduce tumor growth.
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179
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Pedrioli G, Paganetti P. Hijacking Endocytosis and Autophagy in Extracellular Vesicle Communication: Where the Inside Meets the Outside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:595515. [PMID: 33490063 PMCID: PMC7817780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, phospholipid bilayer-membrane vesicles of cellular origin, are emerging as nanocarriers of biological information between cells. Extracellular vesicles transport virtually all biologically active macromolecules (e.g., nucleotides, lipids, and proteins), thus eliciting phenotypic changes in recipient cells. However, we only partially understand the cellular mechanisms driving the encounter of a soluble ligand transported in the lumen of extracellular vesicles with its cytosolic receptor: a step required to evoke a biologically relevant response. In this context, we review herein current evidence supporting the role of two well-described cellular transport pathways: the endocytic pathway as the main entry route for extracellular vesicles and the autophagic pathway driving lysosomal degradation of cytosolic proteins. The interplay between these pathways may result in the target engagement between an extracellular vesicle cargo protein and its cytosolic target within the acidic compartments of the cell. This mechanism of cell-to-cell communication may well own possible implications in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giona Pedrioli
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Member of the International Ph.D. Program of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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180
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Takaiwa F, Wakasa Y, Ozawa K, Sekikawa K. Improvement of production yield and extraction efficacy of recombinant protein by high endosperm-specific expression along with simultaneous suppression of major seed storage proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110692. [PMID: 33288006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human transforming growth factor-β1 (hTGF-β1) was produced in transgenic rice seeds. To boost its production yield and to extract it simply, it was expressed under the control of seed-specific promoters along with the simultaneous suppression of endogenous seed storage proteins (SSPs) through RNA interference (RNAi). When driven by the 26 kDa α-globulin endosperm-specific promoter, it accumulated up to the markedly high level of 452 μg/grain. However, exchange with other seed-specific promoters such as 18 kDa oleosin and AGPase promoters resulted in remarkable reduction to the levels of 62 and 48 μg/grain, respectively, even though endogenous SSPs were reduced to the similar level. These production levels were almost similar to those (42 and 108 μg/grain) produced by the glutelin GluB-1 endosperm-specific promoter and the maize ubiquitin constitutive promoter without reduction of SSPs, respectively. When extracted from these transgenic rice seeds with reduced SSPs with various buffers, it could be solubilized with denaturant solution, which was in remarkable contrast with those without depressed SSPs which required further supplementation of reducing agent for extraction. This difference was associated with the fact that it was mainly deposited to ER-derived structures though self-aggregation or interaction with remaining prolamin via intermolecular disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takaiwa
- PrevenTec inc. Ami-chuo 3-21-1, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan; Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan.
| | - Yuhya Wakasa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Ozawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kenji Sekikawa
- PrevenTec inc. Ami-chuo 3-21-1, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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181
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are critical to processes involved in normal wound healing and during pathological fibrosis. They transdifferentiate from fibroblasts, and in doing so become contractile and capable of secreting large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine involved in wound healing and fibrogenesis. TGFβ signaling has long been the subject of experimental therapeutic approaches to inhibit fibrosis in a variety of organ systems. Inhibition of TGFβ can reduce myofibroblast transdifferentiation, contractility, and matrix production. Importantly, TGFβ is released from cells and sequestered in the extracellular matrix in a latent form that requires activation for biological function. There have been multiple mechanisms of TGFβ activation described in a variety of cell types and in cell free systems; however, myofibroblasts have previously been shown to activate TGFβ via cell surface integrins, particularly αvβ5 integrins. This chapter will provide detailed protocols for accurately measuring activation of TGFβ by myofibroblasts in vitro. Levels of active TGFβ usually represent a small proportion of the total amount of latent TGFβ present in the matrix. Methods to measure active TGFβ therefore need to be sensitive and specific to detect the active cytokine only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Porte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda L Tatler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, NIHR Nottingham Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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αvβ8 integrin-expression by BATF3-dependent dendritic cells facilitates early IgA responses to Rotavirus. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:53-67. [PMID: 32161355 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory intestinal IgA can protect from re-infection with rotavirus (RV), but very little is known about the mechanisms that induce IgA production during intestinal virus infections. Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) in the intestine can facilitate both T cell-dependent and -independent secretory IgA. Here, we show that BATF3-dependent cDC1, but not cDC2, are critical for the optimal induction of RV-specific IgA responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes. This depends on the selective expression of the TGFβ-activating integrin αvβ8 by cDC1. In contrast, αvβ8 on cDC1 is dispensible for steady state immune homeostasis. Given that cDC2 are crucial in driving IgA during steady state but are dispensable for RV-specific IgA responses, we propose that the capacity of DC subsets to induce intestinal IgA responses reflects the context, as opposed to an intrinsic property of individual DC subsets.
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183
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Abstract
The complex development of the brain vascular system can be broken down by embryonic stages and anatomic locations, which are tightly regulated by different factors and pathways in time and spatially. The adult brain is relatively quiescent in angiogenesis. However, under disease conditions, such as trauma, stroke, or tumor, angiogenesis can be activated in the adult brain. Disruption of any of the factors or pathways may lead to malformed vessel development. In this chapter, we will discuss factors and pathways involved in normal brain vasculogenesis and vascular maturation, and the pathogenesis of several brain vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonali S Shaligram
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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184
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Lafuse WP, Wozniak DJ, Rajaram MVS. Role of Cardiac Macrophages on Cardiac Inflammation, Fibrosis and Tissue Repair. Cells 2020; 10:E51. [PMID: 33396359 PMCID: PMC7824389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and resolution of inflammation following insult or damage to organs. The heart is a vital organ which supplies nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. Heart failure (HF) has been conventionally described as a disease associated with cardiac tissue damage caused by systemic inflammation, arrhythmia and conduction defects. Cardiac inflammation and subsequent tissue damage is orchestrated by the infiltration and activation of various immune cells including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and T and B cells into the myocardium. After tissue injury, monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes, and function as key regulators of tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis. Disturbance in resident macrophage functions such as uncontrolled production of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and inefficient generation of an anti-inflammatory response or unsuccessful communication between macrophages and epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblasts can lead to aberrant repair, persistent injury, and HF. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the role of cardiac macrophages on cardiac inflammation, tissue repair, regeneration and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (W.P.L.); (D.J.W.)
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185
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Di Gregorio J, Robuffo I, Spalletta S, Giambuzzi G, De Iuliis V, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Conti P, Flati V. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607483. [PMID: 33409282 PMCID: PMC7779530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Iole Robuffo
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Section of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Spalletta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, E. Profili Hospital, Fabriano, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Giambuzzi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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186
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van Dorst DCH, de Wagenaar NP, van der Pluijm I, Roos-Hesselink JW, Essers J, Danser AHJ. Transforming Growth Factor-β and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Syndromic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Implications for Treatment. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:1233-1252. [PMID: 33283255 PMCID: PMC8578102 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are permanent pathological dilatations of the thoracic aorta, which can lead to life-threatening complications, such as aortic dissection and rupture. TAAs frequently occur in a syndromic form in individuals with an underlying genetic predisposition, such as Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). Increasing evidence supports an important role for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in TAA pathology. Eventually, most patients with syndromic TAAs require surgical intervention, as the ability of present medical treatment to attenuate aneurysm growth is limited. Therefore, more effective medical treatment options are urgently needed. Numerous clinical trials investigated the therapeutic potential of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and β-blockers in patients suffering from syndromic TAAs. This review highlights the contribution of TGF-β signaling, RAS, and impaired mechanosensing abilities of aortic VSMCs in TAA formation. Furthermore, it critically discusses the most recent clinical evidence regarding the possible therapeutic benefit of ARBs and β-blockers in syndromic TAA patients and provides future research perspectives and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C H van Dorst
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie P de Wagenaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee702b, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee702b, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien W Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee702b, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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187
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Aujla PK, Kassiri Z. Diverse origins and activation of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109869. [PMID: 33278559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) have emerged as a heterogenous cell population. Fibroblasts are considered the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and as such a dysregulation in cFB function, activity, or viability can lead to disrupted ECM structure or fibrosis. Fibrosis can be initiated in response to different injuries and stimuli, and can be reparative (beneficial) or reactive (damaging). FBs need to be activated to myofibroblasts (MyoFBs) which have augmented capacity in synthesizing ECM proteins, causing fibrosis. In addition to the resident FBs in the myocardium, a number of other cells (pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic cells) can transform into MyoFBs, further driving the fibrotic response. Multiple molecules including hormones, cytokines, and growth factors stimulate this process leading to generation of activated MyoFBs. Contribution of different cell types to cFBs and MyoFBs can result in an exponential increase in the number of MyoFBs and an accelerated pro-fibrotic response. Given the diversity of the cell sources, and the array of interconnected signalling pathways that lead to formation of MyoFBs and subsequently fibrosis, identifying a single target to limit the fibrotic response in the myocardium has been challenging. This review article will delineate the importance and relevance of fibroblast heterogeneity in mediating fibrosis in different models of heart failure and will highlight important signalling pathways implicated in myofibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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188
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Mutlu-Albayrak H, Emiralioğlu N, Damar Ç. Overview of the Pulmonary Manifestations in Patients with Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa Type IC. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2020; 33:207-212. [PMID: 35921570 PMCID: PMC9353980 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2020.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type IC (ARCL1C) is characterized by cutis laxa accompanied by pulmonary, gastrointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal involvement caused by biallelic mutations in latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein 4 (LTBP4) gene. The overall prognosis is poor, and most patients die in infancy because of severe pulmonary emphysema (PE). Aim: We aimed to evaluate 3 ARCL1C patients, 2 of whom are still alive and in their childhood period, from 2 unrelated families with novel LTBP4 mutations, to demonstrate the clinical variability of pulmonary involvement. Materials and Methods: Three children who were molecularly confirmed by LTBP4 sequencing analysis were comprehensively reviewed in terms of pulmonary manifestations through chest examination, lung function tests (LFTs), chest X-ray, and thorax computed tomography. Results: Family 1 (c.3740A>G LTBP4 mutation): A 5-year-old male patient with pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) presented with persistent cough and exhibited mild restriction on LFT. Family 2 (c.2T>G LTBP4 mutation): Radiographic examinations revealed PE in a 7-year-old female patient who was operated for diaphragmatic hernia. She had recurrent bronchiolitis and pulmonary infections. LFT revealed both obstructive and restrictive pattern. Her cousin also had respiratory distress with the onset of the newborn period and died due to bilateral pneumothorax in early infancy. Conclusion: The variable severity of pulmonary findings was shown in these patients. It should also be kept in mind that there could be intrafamilial variability of systemic manifestations. Although obstructive lung disease is expected to be seen in ARLC1C patients, restrictive LFT patterns may also be detected as a result of comorbidities such as diaphragmatic hernia and PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu-Albayrak
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cengiz Gökcek Maternity and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nagehan Emiralioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çağrı Damar
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Gaziantep Medical Faculty Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
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189
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Cao Y, Ta HT, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 transactivation of TGFBR1 stimulates the mRNA expression of proteoglycan synthesizing genes XYLT1 and CHST3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118848. [PMID: 32920014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) via transactivation dependent signalling pathways contributes to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological responses. In the vasculature, hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on proteoglycans leads to lipid retention in the intima resulting in the early pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated and defined the contribution of transactivation dependent signalling in LPA mediated GAG chain hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). LPA acting via the LPA receptor 5 (LPAR5) transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate the mRNA expression of GAG initiation and elongation genes xylosyltransferase-1 (XYLT1) and chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (CHST3), respectively. We found that LPA stimulates ROS and Akt signalling in VSMCs, however they are not associated in LPAR5 transactivation of the TGFBR1. We observed that LPA via ROCK dependent pathways transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate genes associated with GAG chain elongation. We demonstrate that GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1 occurs via a universal biochemical mechanism and the identified effectors represent potential therapeutic targets to inhibit pathophysiological effects of GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hang T Ta
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
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190
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TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239138. [PMID: 33266300 PMCID: PMC7730716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-β3 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-β1 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-β pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.
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191
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Ungefroren H, Wellner UF, Keck T, Lehnert H, Marquardt JU. The Small GTPase RAC1B: A Potent Negative Regulator of-and Useful Tool to Study-TGFβ Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3475. [PMID: 33266416 PMCID: PMC7700615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RAC1 and its alternatively spliced isoform, RAC1B, are members of the Rho family of GTPases. Both isoforms are involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell motility, cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Compared to RAC1, RAC1B exhibits a number of distinctive features with respect to tissue distribution, downstream signaling and a role in disease conditions like inflammation and cancer. The subcellular locations and interaction partners of RAC1 and RAC1B vary depending on their activation state, which makes RAC1 and RAC1B ideal candidates to establish cross-talk with cancer-associated signaling pathways-for instance, interactions with signaling by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), a known tumor promoter. Although RAC1 has been found to promote TGFβ-driven tumor progression, recent observations in pancreatic carcinoma cells surprisingly revealed that RAC1B confers anti-oncogenic properties, i.e., through inhibiting TGFβ-induced EMT. Since then, an unexpected array of mechanisms through which RAC1B cross-talks with TGFβ signaling has been demonstrated. However, rather than being uniformly inhibitory, RAC1B interacts with TGFβ signaling in a way that results in the selective blockade of tumor-promoting pathways, while concomitantly allowing tumor-suppressive pathways to proceed. In this review article, we are going to discuss the specific interactions between RAC1B and TGFβ signaling, which occur at multiple levels and include various components such as ligands, receptors, cytosolic mediators, transcription factors, and extracellular inhibitors of TGFβ ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany;
- Clinic for General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Campus Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich F. Wellner
- Clinic for Surgery, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; (U.F.W.); (T.K.)
| | - Tobias Keck
- Clinic for Surgery, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany; (U.F.W.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Jens-Uwe Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany;
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192
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Chakraborti S, Pramanick A, Saha S, Sarkar S, Singh LP, Stewart A, Maity B. Biphasic changes in TGF-β1 signaling drive NSAID-induced multi-organ damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:125-140. [PMID: 32750407 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The clinical utility of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), used extensively worldwide, is limited by adverse cardiac events resulting from chronic drug exposure. Here, we provide evidence identifying transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1), released from multiple tissues, as a critical driver of NSAID-induced multi-organ damage. Biphasic changes in TGF-β1 levels in liver and heart were accompanied by ROS generation, cell death, fibrotic remodeling, compromised cardiac contractility and elevated liver enzymes. Pharmacological inhibition of TGF-βRI signaling markedly improved heart and liver function and increased overall survival of animals exposed to multiple NSAIDs, effects likely mediated by reductions in NOX-dependent ROS generation. Notably, the beneficial impact of TGF-βRI blockade was confined to a critical window wherein consecutive, but not concurrent, inhibitor administration improved cardiac and hepatic endpoints. Remarkably, in addition to ameliorating indomethacin-mediated myofilament disruptions, cardiac TGF-βRI knockdown lead to drastic reductions in TGF-β1 production accompanied by lessening in intestinal lesioning underscoring the importance of endocrine TGF-β1 signaling in NSAID-driven tissue injury. Indeed, gastric ulceration was associated with a higher incidence of cardiac complications in a human cohort underscoring the critical importance of circulation-facilitated peripheral organ system interconnectedness in efforts seeking to mitigate the toxic side effects of chronic NSAID use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemoyee Chakraborti
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Arnab Pramanick
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Subhasish Sarkar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, B.T. Road, Kamarhati, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700058, India
| | | | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
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193
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McQuitty CE, Williams R, Chokshi S, Urbani L. Immunomodulatory Role of the Extracellular Matrix Within the Liver Disease Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574276. [PMID: 33262757 PMCID: PMC7686550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease when accompanied by underlying fibrosis, is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and chronic inflammation. Although traditionally considered as a passive and largely architectural structure, the ECM is now being recognized as a source of potent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)s with immune-active peptides and domains. In parallel, the ECM anchors a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, all of which are capable of modulating immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that ECM proteins themselves are capable of modulating immunity either directly via ligation with immune cell receptors including integrins and TLRs, or indirectly through release of immunoactive molecules such as cytokines which are stored within the ECM structure. Notably, ECM deposition and remodeling during injury and fibrosis can result in release or formation of ECM-DAMPs within the tissue, which can promote local inflammatory immune response and chemotactic immune cell recruitment and inflammation. It is well described that the ECM and immune response are interlinked and mutually participate in driving fibrosis, although their precise interactions in the context of chronic liver disease are poorly understood. This review aims to describe the known pro-/anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic properties of ECM proteins and DAMPs, with particular reference to the immunomodulatory properties of the ECM in the context of chronic liver disease. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel biotechnological platforms based on decellularized ECM-scaffolds, which provide opportunities to directly explore liver ECM-immune cell interactions in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. McQuitty
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Urbani
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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194
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Skeletal muscle healing by M1-like macrophages produced by transient expression of exogenous GM-CSF. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 33158459 PMCID: PMC7648431 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After traumatic skeletal muscle injury, muscle healing is often incomplete and produces extensive fibrosis. The sequence of M1 and M2 macrophage accumulation and the duration of each subtype in the injured area may help to direct the relative extent of fibrogenesis and myogenesis during healing. We hypothesized that increasing the number of M1 macrophages early after traumatic muscle injury would produce more cellular and molecular substrates for myogenesis and fewer substrates for fibrosis, leading to better muscle healing. Methods To test this hypothesis, we transfected skeletal muscle with a plasmid vector to transiently express GM-CSF shortly after injury to drive the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 subset. C57BL/6 mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by contusion and electroporated with uP-mGM, which is a plasmid vector that transiently expresses GM-CSF. Myogenesis, angiogenesis, and fibrosis were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR; subpopulations of macrophages by flow cytometry; and muscle functioning by the maximum running speed on the treadmill and the recovery of muscle mass. Results Muscle injury increased the number of local M1-like macrophages and decreased the number of M2-like macrophages on day 4, and uP-mGM treatment enhanced this variation. uP-mGM treatment decreased TGF-β1 protein expression on day 4, and the Sirius Red-positive area decreased from 35.93 ± 15.45% (no treatment) to 2.9% ± 6.5% (p < 0.01) on day 30. uP-mGM electroporation also increased Hgf, Hif1α, and Mtor gene expression; arteriole density; and muscle fiber number during regeneration. The improvement in the quality of the muscle tissue after treatment with uP-mGM affected the increase in the TA muscle mass and the maximum running speed on a treadmill. Conclusion Collectively, our data show that increasing the number of M1-like macrophages immediately after traumatic muscle injury promotes muscle recovery with less fibrosis, and this can be achieved by the transient expression of GM-CSF.
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195
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Hanna A, Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109826. [PMID: 33160018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most myocardial pathologic conditions are associated with cardiac fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although replacement fibrosis plays a reparative role after myocardial infarction, excessive, unrestrained or dysregulated myocardial ECM deposition is associated with ventricular dysfunction, dysrhythmias and adverse prognosis in patients with heart failure. The members of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily are critical regulators of cardiac repair, remodeling and fibrosis. TGF-βs are released and activated in injured tissues, bind to their receptors and transduce signals in part through activation of cascades involving a family of intracellular effectors the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads). This review manuscript summarizes our knowledge on the role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Smad3, the best-characterized member of the family plays a critical role in activation of a myofibroblast phenotype, stimulation of ECM synthesis, integrin expression and secretion of proteases and anti-proteases. In vivo, fibroblast Smad3 signaling is critically involved in scar organization and exerts matrix-preserving actions. Although Smad2 also regulates fibroblast function in vitro, its in vivo role in rodent models of cardiac fibrosis seems more limited. Very limited information is available on the potential involvement of the Smad1/5/8 cascade in cardiac fibrosis. Dissection of the cellular actions of Smads in cardiac fibrosis, and identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial Smad-dependent fibrogenic responses are critical for design of successful therapeutic strategies in patients with fibrosis-associated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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196
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Brennen WN, J Thorek DL, Jiang W, Krueger TE, Antony L, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Overcoming stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses via fibroblast activation protein-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 13:155-175. [PMID: 33148078 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes to disease progression through multiple mechanisms, including immune suppression mediated in part by fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-expressing cells. Herein, a review of FAP biology is presented, supplemented with primary data. This includes FAP expression in prostate cancer and activation of latent reservoirs of TGF-β and VEGF to produce a positive feedback loop. This collectively suggests a normal wound repair process subverted during cancer pathophysiology. There has been immense interest in targeting FAP for diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic purposes. Until recently, this development has outpaced an understanding of the biology; impeding optimal translation into the clinic. A summary of these applications is provided with an emphasis on eliminating tumor-infiltrating FAP-positive cells to overcome stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63310, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy E Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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197
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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198
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Calafiore AM, Totaro A, Testa N, Sacra C, Castellano G, Guarracini S, Di Marco M, Prapas S, Gaudino M, Lorusso R, Paparella D, Di Mauro M. The secret life of the mitral valve. J Card Surg 2020; 36:247-259. [PMID: 33135267 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In secondary mitral regurgitation, the concept that the mitral valve (MV) is an innocent bystander, has been challenged by many studies in the last decades. The MV is a living structure with intrinsic plasticity that reacts to changes in stretch or in mechanical stress activating biohumoral mechanisms that have, as purpose, the adaptation of the valve to the new environment. If the adaptation is balanced, the leaflets increase both surface and length and the chordae tendineae lengthen: the result is a valve with different characteristics, but able to avoid or to limit the regurgitation. However, if the adaptation is unbalanced, the leaflets and the chords do not change their size, but become stiffer and rigid, with moderate or severe regurgitation. These changes are mediated mainly by a cytokine, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which is able to promote the changes that the MV needs to adapt to a new hemodynamic environment. In general, mild TGF-β activation facilitates leaflet growth, excessive TGF-β activation, as after myocardial infarction, results in profibrotic changes in the leaflets, with increased thickness and stiffness. The MV is then a plastic organism, that reacts to the external stimuli, trying to maintain its physiologic integrity. This review has the goal to unveil the secret life of the MV, to understand which stimuli can trigger its plasticity, and to explain why the equation "large heart = moderate/severe mitral regurgitation" and "small heart = no/mild mitral regurgitation" does not work into the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicola Testa
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacra
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gaetano Castellano
- Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Gemelli Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Di Marco
- Department of Cardiology, "Santo Spirito" Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Sotirios Prapas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henry Durant Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Paparella
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Santa Maria Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Department of Cardiology, "Pierangeli" Hospital, Pescara, Italy.,Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Unit, Heart and Vascular Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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199
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Li L, Xiang S, Wang B, Lin H, Cao G, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. Dead muscle tissue promotes dystrophic calcification by lowering circulating TGF-β1 level. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:742-750. [PMID: 33135464 PMCID: PMC7649510 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.911.bjr-2020-0148.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Dystrophic calcification (DC) is the abnormal appearance of calcified deposits in degenerating tissue, often associated with injury. Extensive DC can lead to heterotopic ossification (HO), a pathological condition of ectopic bone formation. The highest rate of HO was found in combat-related blast injuries, a polytrauma condition with severe muscle injury. It has been noted that the incidence of HO significantly increased in the residual limbs of combat-injured patients if the final amputation was performed within the zone of injury compared to that which was proximal to the zone of injury. While aggressive limb salvage strategies may maximize the function of the residual limb, they may increase the possibility of retaining non-viable muscle tissue inside the body. In this study, we hypothesized that residual dead muscle tissue at the zone of injury could promote HO formation. Methods We tested the hypothesis by investigating the cellular and molecular consequences of implanting devitalized muscle tissue into mouse muscle pouch in the presence of muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Results Our findings showed that the presence of devitalized muscle tissue could cause a systemic decrease in circulating transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), which promoted DC formation following muscle injury. We further demonstrated that suppression of TGF-β signalling promoted DC in vivo, and potentiated osteogenic differentiation of muscle-derived stromal cells in vitro. Conclusion Taken together, these findings suggest that TGF-β1 may play a protective role in dead muscle tissue-induced DC, which is relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of post-traumatic HO. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):742–750.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shiqi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guorui Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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200
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Zhou Y, Ng DYE, Richards AM, Wang P. microRNA-221 Inhibits Latent TGF-β1 Activation through Targeting Thrombospondin-1 to Attenuate Kidney Failure-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:803-814. [PMID: 33230477 PMCID: PMC7645417 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kidney failure (KF) is associated with cardiac fibrosis and significantly increased mortality in heart failure. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a key regulator of latent transforming growth factor-β1 (L-TGF-β1) activation, is a predicted target of miR-221. We hypothesized miR-221 attenuates severe KF-associated cardiac fibrosis via targeting of Thbs1 with subsequent inhibition of L-TGF-β1 activation. Rat cardiac fibroblasts (cFB) were isolated and transfected with microRNA-221 (miR-221) mimics or mimic control (miR-221 and MC) with or without exposure to L-TGF-β1. We demonstrate miR-221 downregulates Thbs1 via direct 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) targeting with consequent inhibition of L-TGF-β1 activation in cFB as proven by the significant reduction of myofibroblast activation, collagen secretion, TGF-β1 signaling, TSP1 secretion, and TGF-β1 bioactivity measured by Pai1 promoter reporter. The 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) model of cardiac fibrosis was used to test the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of miR-221 (i.v. 1 mg/kg ×3). miR-221 significantly inhibited Nx-induced upregulation of TSP1 and p-SMAD3 in the heart at day-7 and reduced cardiac fibrosis (picro-sirius), improved cardiac function (±dP/dt), and improved 8-week survival rate (60% versus 36%; p = 0.038). miR-221 mimic treatment improved survival and reduced cardiac fibrosis in a model of severe KF. miR-221 is a therapeutic target to address cardiac fibrosis originating from renal disease and other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Denise Yu En Ng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Christchurch Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peipei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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