151
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Toth RP, Atkin JD. Dysfunction of Optineurin in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Glaucoma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1017. [PMID: 29875767 PMCID: PMC5974248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, and glaucoma, affect millions of people worldwide. ALS is caused by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and brain, and genetic mutations are responsible for 10% of all ALS cases. Glaucoma is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and is the most common cause of irreversible blindness. Interestingly, mutations in OPTN, encoding optineurin, are associated with both ALS and glaucoma. Optineurin is a highly abundant protein involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the inflammatory response, autophagy, Golgi maintenance, and vesicular transport. In this review, we summarize the role of optineurin in cellular mechanisms implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including neuroinflammation, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking, focusing in particular on the consequences of expression of mutations associated with ALS and glaucoma. This review, therefore showcases the impact of optineurin dysfunction in ALS and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka P Toth
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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152
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Molecular effect of an OPTN common variant associated to Paget's disease of bone. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197543. [PMID: 29782529 PMCID: PMC5962077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic bone disorder and although genetic factors appear to play an important role in its pathogenesis, to date PDB causing mutations were identified only in the Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) gene at the PDB3 locus. PDB6 locus, also previously linked to PDB, contains several candidate genes for metabolic bone diseases. We focused our analysis in the most significantly associated variant with PDB, within the Optineurin (OPTN) gene, i.e. the common variant rs1561570. Although it was previously shown to be strongly associated with PDB in several populations, its contribution to PDB pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study we have shown that rs1561570 may contribute to PDB since its T allele results in the loss of a methylation site in patients’ DNA, leading to higher levels of OPTN gene expression and a corresponding increase in protein levels in patients’ osteoclasts. This increase in OPTN expression leads to higher levels of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and increasing expression of its target genes, which may contribute to the overactivity of osteoclasts observed in PDB. We also reported a tendency for a more severe clinical phenotype in the presence of a haplotype containing the rs1561570 T allele, which appear to be re-enforced with the presence of the SQSTM1/P392L mutation. In conclusion, our work provides novel insight towards understanding the functional effects of this variant, located in OPTN intron 7, and its implication in the contribution to PDB pathogenesis.
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153
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Wise JP, Price CG, Amaro JA, Cannon JR. Autophagy Disruptions Associated With Altered Optineurin Expression in Extranigral Regions in a Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:289. [PMID: 29867311 PMCID: PMC5964216 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) primarily result from a lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Numerous non-motor symptoms occur in PD, many of which are postulated to stem from pathology outside of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Perturbations to protein trafficking, disruption of mitochondrial integrity, and impaired autophagy have repeatedly been implicated in dopaminergic neuron cell death. Previously, we demonstrated that multiple markers of autophagy are disrupted in a rotenone model of PD, with alterations occurring prior to an overt lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Whether these events occur in extra-nigral nuclei in PD and when relative to a lesion in the nigrostriatal dopamine system are generally unknown. The primary goal of these studies was to determine whether autophagy disruptions, in non-dopaminergic neuronal populations occur in an environmental model of PD utilizing a mitochondrial toxin. Here, we utilized the rat rotenone PD model, with sampling time-points before and after an overt lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system. In analyzing autophagy changes, we focused on optineurin (OPTN) and the autophagy marker, LC3. OPTN is an autophagy cargo adapter protein genetically linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. In the present study, we observed OPTN enrichment in all PD-relevant brain regions examined. Further, alterations in OPTN and LC3 expression and colocalized puncta suggest specific impairments to autophagy that will inform future mechanistic studies. Thus, our data suggest that autophagy disruptions may be critical to PD pathogenesis in non-dopaminergic neurons and the onset of non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wise
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Charles G Price
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph A Amaro
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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154
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Ryan TA, Tumbarello DA. Optineurin: A Coordinator of Membrane-Associated Cargo Trafficking and Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1024. [PMID: 29867991 PMCID: PMC5962687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin is a multifunctional adaptor protein intimately involved in various vesicular trafficking pathways. Through interactions with an array of proteins, such as myosin VI, huntingtin, Rab8, and Tank-binding kinase 1, as well as via its oligomerisation, optineurin has the ability to act as an adaptor, scaffold, or signal regulator to coordinate many cellular processes associated with the trafficking of membrane-delivered cargo. Due to its diverse interactions and its distinct functions, optineurin is an essential component in a number of homeostatic pathways, such as protein trafficking and organelle maintenance. Through the binding of polyubiquitinated cargoes via its ubiquitin-binding domain, optineurin also serves as a selective autophagic receptor for the removal of a wide range of substrates. Alternatively, it can act in an ubiquitin-independent manner to mediate the clearance of protein aggregates. Regarding its disease associations, mutations in the optineurin gene are associated with glaucoma and have more recently been found to correlate with Paget’s disease of bone and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Indeed, ALS-associated mutations in optineurin result in defects in neuronal vesicular localisation, autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and secretory pathway function. More recent molecular and functional analysis has shown that it also plays a role in mitophagy, thus linking it to a number of other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s. Here, we review the role of optineurin in intracellular membrane trafficking, with a focus on autophagy, and describe how upstream signalling cascades are critical to its regulation. Current data and contradicting reports would suggest that optineurin is an important and selective autophagy receptor under specific conditions, whereby interplay, synergy, and functional redundancy with other receptors occurs. We will also discuss how dysfunction in optineurin-mediated pathways may lead to perturbation of critical cellular processes, which can drive the pathologies of number of diseases. Therefore, further understanding of optineurin function, its target specificity, and its mechanism of action will be critical in fully delineating its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ryan
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David A Tumbarello
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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155
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Bingol B. Autophagy and lysosomal pathways in nervous system disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:167-208. [PMID: 29729319 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for delivering cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation. In its classically studied form, autophagy is a stress response induced by starvation to recycle building blocks for essential cellular processes. In addition, autophagy maintains basal cellular homeostasis by degrading endogenous substrates such as cytoplasmic proteins, protein aggregates, damaged organelles, as well as exogenous substrates such as bacteria and viruses. Given their important role in homeostasis, autophagy and lysosomal machinery are genetically linked to multiple human disorders such as chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiomyopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple targets within the autophagy and lysosomal pathways offer therapeutic opportunities to benefit patients with these disorders. Here, I will summarize the mechanisms of autophagy pathways, the evidence supporting a pathogenic role for disturbed autophagy and lysosomal degradation in nervous system disorders, and the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Neuroscience, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, United States.
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156
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Selective autophagy: The new player in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases? Brain Res Bull 2018; 137:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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157
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Li F, Xu D, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Liu J, Hu S, Gong Y, Yuan J, Pan L. Structural insights into the ubiquitin recognition by OPTN (optineurin) and its regulation by TBK1-mediated phosphorylation. Autophagy 2018; 14:66-79. [PMID: 29394115 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1391970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OPTN (optineurin), a ubiquitin-binding scaffold protein, functions as an important macroautophagy/autophagy receptor in selective autophagy processes. Mutations in OPTN have been linked with human neurodegenerative diseases including ALS and glaucoma. However, the mechanistic basis underlying the recognition of ubiquitin by OPTN and its regulation by TBK1-mediated phosphorylation are still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the UBAN domain of OPTN preferentially recognizes linear ubiquitin chain and forms an asymmetric 2:1 stoichiometry complex with the linear diubiquitin. In addition, our results provide new mechanistic insights into how phosphorylation of UBAN would regulate the ubiquitin-binding ability of OPTN and how disease-associated mutations in the OPTN UBAN domain disrupt its interaction with ubiquitin. Finally, we show that defects in ubiquitin-binding may affect the recruitment of OPTN to linear ubiquitin-decorated mutant Huntington protein aggregates. Taken together, our findings clarify the interaction mode between UBAN and linear ubiquitin chain in general, and expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of ubiquitin-decorated substrates recognition by OPTN as well as the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases caused by OPTN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxiang Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,b Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Daichao Xu
- b Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yingli Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianping Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Shichen Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yukang Gong
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Junying Yuan
- b Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,d Department of Cell Biology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Lifeng Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China.,c Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
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158
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Chitranshi N, Dheer Y, Abbasi M, You Y, Graham SL, Gupta V. Glaucoma Pathogenesis and Neurotrophins: Focus on the Molecular and Genetic Basis for Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1018-1035. [PMID: 29676228 PMCID: PMC6120108 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180419121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is a major feature of glaucoma pathology. Neuroprotective approaches that delay or halt the progression of RGC loss are needed to prevent vision loss which can occur even after conventional medical or surgical treatments to lower intraocular pressure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to examine the progress in genetics and cellular mechanisms associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, RGC dysfunction and cell death pathways in glaucoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we review the involvement of neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkB) in glaucoma. The role of ER stress markers in human and animal retinas in health and disease conditions is also discussed. Further, we analysed the literature highlighting genetic linkage in the context of primary open angle glaucoma and suggested mechanistic insights into potential therapeutic options relevant to glaucoma management. RESULTS The literature review of the neurobiology underlying neurotrophin pathways, ER stress and gene associations provide critical insights into association of RGCs death in glaucoma. Alteration in signalling pathway is associated with increased risk of misfolded protein aggregation in ER promoting RGC apoptosis. Several genes that are linked with neurotrophin signalling pathways have been reported to be associated with glaucoma pathology. CONCLUSION Understanding genetic heterogeneity and involvement of neurotrophin biology in glaucoma could help to understand the complex pathophysiology of glaucoma. Identification of novel molecular targets will be critical for drug development and provide neuroprotection to the RGCs and optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chitranshi
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 75, Talavera Road, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Tel: +61-298502760; E-mail:
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159
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Deng Z, Sheehan P, Chen S, Yue Z. Is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia an autophagy disease? Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:90. [PMID: 29282133 PMCID: PMC5746010 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders that share genetic risk factors and pathological hallmarks. Intriguingly, these shared factors result in a high rate of comorbidity of these diseases in patients. Intracellular protein aggregates are a common pathological hallmark of both diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that impaired RNA processing and disrupted protein homeostasis are two major pathogenic pathways for these diseases. Indeed, recent evidence from genetic and cellular studies of the etiology and pathogenesis of ALS-FTD has suggested that defects in autophagy may underlie various aspects of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the link between genetic mutations, autophagy dysfunction, and the pathogenesis of ALS-FTD. Although dysfunction in a variety of cellular pathways can lead to these diseases, we provide evidence that ALS-FTD is, in many cases, an autophagy disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Deng
- Brain center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.,Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Patricia Sheehan
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Brain center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. .,Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA.
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160
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Regulation of selective autophagy: the p62/SQSTM1 paradigm. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:609-624. [PMID: 29233872 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In selective autophagy, cytoplasmic components are selected and tagged before being sequestered into an autophagosome by means of selective autophagy receptors such as p62/SQSTM1. In this review, we discuss how selective autophagy is regulated. An important level of regulation is the selection of proteins or organelles for degradation. Components selected for degradation are tagged, often with ubiquitin, to facilitate recognition by autophagy receptors. Another level of regulation is represented by the autophagy receptors themselves. For p62, its ability to co-aggregate with ubiquitinated substrates is strongly induced by post-translational modifications (PTMs). The transcription of p62 is also markedly increased during conditions in which selective autophagy substrates accumulate. For other autophagy receptors, the LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif is regulated by PTMs, inhibiting or stimulating the interaction with ATG8 family proteins. ATG8 proteins are also regulated by PTMs. Regulation of the capacity of the core autophagy machinery also affects selective autophagy. Importantly, autophagy receptors can induce local recruitment and activation of ULK1/2 and PI3KC3 complexes at the site of cargo sequestration.
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161
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Bansal M, Moharir SC, Sailasree SP, Sirohi K, Sudhakar C, Sarathi DP, Lakshmi BJ, Buono M, Kumar S, Swarup G. Optineurin promotes autophagosome formation by recruiting the autophagy-related Atg12-5-16L1 complex to phagophores containing the Wipi2 protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:132-147. [PMID: 29133525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a quality-control mechanism that helps to maintain cellular homeostasis by removing damaged proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation. During autophagy, signaling events lead to the formation of a cup-shaped structure called the phagophore that matures into the autophagosome. Recruitment of the autophagy-associated Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive phagophores is crucial for producing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II), which is required for autophagosome formation. Here, we explored the role of the autophagy receptor optineurin (Optn) in autophagosome formation. Fibroblasts from Optn knock-out mouse showed reduced LC3-II formation and a lower number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes during both basal and starvation-induced autophagy. However, the number of Wipi2-positive phagophores was not decreased in Optn-deficient cells. We also found that the number of Atg12/16L1-positive puncta and recruitment of the Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive puncta are reduced in Optn-deficient cells. Of note, Optn was recruited to Atg12-5-16L1-positive puncta, and interacted with Atg5 and also with Atg12-5 conjugate. A disease-associated Optn mutant, E478G, defective in ubiquitin binding, was also defective in autophagosome formation and recruitment to the Atg12-5-16L1-positive puncta. Moreover, we noted that Optn phosphorylation at Ser-177 was required for autophagosome formation but not for Optn recruitment to the phagophore. These results suggest that Optn potentiates LC3-II production and maturation of the phagophore into the autophagosome, by facilitating the recruitment of the Atg12-5-16L1 complex to Wipi2-positive phagophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Bansal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Shivranjani C Moharir
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - S Purnima Sailasree
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kapil Sirohi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Cherukuri Sudhakar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - D Partha Sarathi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - B Jyothi Lakshmi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Mario Buono
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Satish Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
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162
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Yang J, Wu W, Wen J, Ye H, Luo H, Bai P, Tang M, Wang F, Zheng L, Yang S, Li W, Peng A, Yang L, Wan L, Chen L. Liposomal honokiol induced lysosomal degradation of Hsp90 client proteins and protective autophagy in both gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Biomaterials 2017; 141:188-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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163
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Gao FB, Almeida S, Lopez-Gonzalez R. Dysregulated molecular pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorder. EMBO J 2017; 36:2931-2950. [PMID: 28916614 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the second most common form of dementia in people under 65 years of age, is characterized by progressive atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. FTD overlaps extensively with the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), especially at the genetic level. Both FTD and ALS can be caused by many mutations in the same set of genes; the most prevalent of these mutations is a GGGGCC repeat expansion in the first intron of C9ORF72 As shown by recent intensive studies, some key cellular pathways are dysregulated in the ALS-FTD spectrum disorder, including autophagy, nucleocytoplasmic transport, DNA damage repair, pre-mRNA splicing, stress granule dynamics, and others. These exciting advances reveal the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms of FTD and ALS and suggest promising molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions in these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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164
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Chatterjee P, Roy D, Bhattacharyya M, Bandyopadhyay S. Biological networks in Parkinson's disease: an insight into the epigenetic mechanisms associated with this disease. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:721. [PMID: 28899360 PMCID: PMC5596942 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in the world. Studying PD from systems biology perspective involving genes and their regulators might provide deeper insights into the complex molecular interactions associated with this disease. RESULT We have studied gene co-expression network obtained from a PD-specific microarray data. The co-expression network identified 11 hub genes, of which eight genes are not previously known to be associated with PD. Further study on the functionality of these eight novel hub genes revealed that these genes play important roles in several neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we have studied the tissue-specific expression and histone modification patterns of the novel hub genes. Most of these genes possess several histone modification sites those are already known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Regulatory network namely mTF-miRNA-gene-gTF involves microRNA Transcription Factor (mTF), microRNA (miRNA), gene and gene Transcription Factor (gTF). Whereas long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) mediated regulatory network involves miRNA, gene, mTF and lncRNA. mTF-miRNA-gene-gTF regulatory network identified a novel feed-forward loop. lncRNA-mediated regulatory network identified novel lncRNAs of PD and revealed the two-way regulatory pattern of PD-specific miRNAs where miRNAs can be regulated by both the TFs and lncRNAs. SNP analysis of the most significant genes of the co-expression network identified 20 SNPs. These SNPs are present in the 3' UTR of known PD genes and are controlled by those miRNAs which are also involved in PD. CONCLUSION Our study identified eight novel hub genes which can be considered as possible candidates for future biomarker identification studies for PD. The two regulatory networks studied in our work provide a detailed overview of the cellular regulatory mechanisms where the non-coding RNAs namely miRNA and lncRNA, can act as epigenetic regulators of PD. SNPs identified in our study can be helpful for identifying PD at an earlier stage. Overall, this study may impart a better comprehension of the complex molecular interactions associated with PD from systems biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Acharya J.C. Bose Centenary Building, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Debjani Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Acharya J.C. Bose Centenary Building, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054 India
| | - Malay Bhattacharyya
- Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah, PO 711103 India
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165
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Inverted recruitment of autophagy proteins to the Plasmodium berghei parasitophorous vacuole membrane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183797. [PMID: 28841718 PMCID: PMC5571950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy and related mechanisms can act as variable defense mechanisms against pathogens and can therefore be considered as intracellular immune responses. When in hepatocytes, Plasmodium parasites reside in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and the PV membrane (PVM) is the main contact site between host cell and parasite. Early in infection, the PVM is directly labeled with host cell autophagy proteins LC3B and p62 (nucleoporin 62). We investigated the recruitment of different selective autophagy receptors and could show that mainly p62 and NBR1 (neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1) and to a lesser extent NDP52 (nuclear dot protein 52) associate with the PVM. To investigate the recruitment of these receptors to the PVM in Plasmodium-infected cells, we generated LC3B knock out HeLa cells. In these cell lines, autophagosome formation and autophagic flux are not different to those in WT cells. Unexpectedly, p62 and NBR1 recruitment to the PVM was strongly impaired in LC3B-negative host cells, suggesting that LC3B recruits both receptors to the PVM of Plasmodium parasites. We also noticed that LC3B recruited ubiquitin to the PVM. This indicates that, in comparison to classical selective autophagy, in P. berghei-infected cells the order of membrane labeling with autophagy proteins appears to be inverted from canonical ubiquitin-receptor-LC3B recruitment to LC3B-receptor and possibly ubiquitin.
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166
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Nassif M, Woehlbier U, Manque PA. The Enigmatic Role of C9ORF72 in Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:442. [PMID: 28824365 PMCID: PMC5541066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons resulting in a progressive and irreversible muscular paralysis. Advances in large-scale genetics and genomics have revealed intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the gene encoding C9ORF72 as a main genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the second most common cause of early-onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Novel insights regarding the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of C9ORF72 seem to suggest a synergy of loss and gain of toxic function during disease. C9ORF72, thus far, has been found to be involved in homeostatic cellular pathways, such as actin dynamics, regulation of membrane trafficking, and macroautophagy. All these pathways have been found compromised in the pathogenesis of ALS. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on the function of C9ORF72, particularly in the macroautophagy pathway, hinting at a requirement to maintain the fine balance of macroautophagy to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nassif
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Patricio A Manque
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
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167
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Stengel S, Messner B, Falk-Paulsen M, Sommer N, Rosenstiel P. Regulated proteolysis as an element of ER stress and autophagy: Implications for intestinal inflammation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2183-2190. [PMID: 28736290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are tightly controlled cellular processes, which are responsible for maintaining protein homeostasis in a cell. Impairment of the interlinking pathways have been implicated in a number of human diseases, prominently in inflammatory bowel disease, where genetic variants in several independent autophagy and ER stress related loci have been associated to increased disease risk. Autophagy is a selective quality control process, which governs the integrity of the cell by removal of aged organelles and proteins via the lysosome, but recently has been shown to actively license the outcome of other signaling pathways by guiding the proteolytic removal of signaling protein complexes (adaptophagy). In this review, we summarize our knowledge on regulated proteolytic events involved in ER stress responses and autophagy, their interplay and potential regulatory effects with a particular focus on intestinal inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stengel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Berith Messner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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168
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Mathai BJ, Meijer AH, Simonsen A. Studying Autophagy in Zebrafish. Cells 2017; 6:E21. [PMID: 28698482 PMCID: PMC5617967 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process which allows lysosomal degradation of complex cytoplasmic components into basic biomolecules that are recycled for further cellular use. Autophagy is critical for cellular homeostasis and for degradation of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles as well as intracellular pathogens. The role of autophagy in protection against age-related diseases and a plethora of other diseases is now coming to light; assisted by several divergent eukaryotic model systems ranging from yeast to mice. We here give an overview of different methods used to analyse autophagy in zebrafish-a relatively new model for studying autophagy-and briefly discuss what has been done so far and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benan John Mathai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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169
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Galluzzi L, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Cecconi F, Choi AM, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo MI, Cuervo AM, Debnath J, Deretic V, Dikic I, Eskelinen EL, Fimia GM, Fulda S, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Harper JW, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhasz G, Kimmelman AC, Kraft C, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Levine B, Lopez-Otin C, Madeo F, Martens S, Martinez J, Melendez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Murphy LO, Penninger JM, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan KM, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simonsen A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Kroemer G. Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes. EMBO J 2017; 36:1811-1836. [PMID: 28596378 PMCID: PMC5494474 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the molecular machinery that underlies autophagic responses has been characterized with ever increasing precision in multiple model organisms. Moreover, it has become clear that autophagy and autophagy-related processes have profound implications for human pathophysiology. However, considerable confusion persists about the use of appropriate terms to indicate specific types of autophagy and some components of the autophagy machinery, which may have detrimental effects on the expansion of the field. Driven by the overt recognition of such a potential obstacle, a panel of leading experts in the field attempts here to define several autophagy-related terms based on specific biochemical features. The ultimate objective of this collaborative exchange is to formulate recommendations that facilitate the dissemination of knowledge within and outside the field of autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Augustine M Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1151, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Department de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Melendez
- Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Campus Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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170
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Deng Z, Purtell K, Lachance V, Wold MS, Chen S, Yue Z. Autophagy Receptors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:491-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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171
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Jo M, Chung AY, Yachie N, Seo M, Jeon H, Nam Y, Seo Y, Kim E, Zhong Q, Vidal M, Park HC, Roth FP, Suk K. Yeast genetic interaction screen of human genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identification of MAP2K5 kinase as a potential drug target. Genome Res 2017; 27:1487-1500. [PMID: 28596290 PMCID: PMC5580709 DOI: 10.1101/gr.211649.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To understand disease mechanisms, a large-scale analysis of human–yeast genetic interactions was performed. Of 1305 human disease genes assayed, 20 genes exhibited strong toxicity in yeast. Human–yeast genetic interactions were identified by en masse transformation of the human disease genes into a pool of 4653 homozygous diploid yeast deletion mutants with unique barcode sequences, followed by multiplexed barcode sequencing to identify yeast toxicity modifiers. Subsequent network analyses focusing on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated genes, such as optineurin (OPTN) and angiogenin (ANG), showed that the human orthologs of the yeast toxicity modifiers of these ALS genes are enriched for several biological processes, such as cell death, lipid metabolism, and molecular transport. When yeast genetic interaction partners held in common between human OPTN and ANG were validated in mammalian cells and zebrafish, MAP2K5 kinase emerged as a potential drug target for ALS therapy. The toxicity modifiers identified in this study may deepen our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and other devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Ah Young Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Nozomu Yachie
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Minchul Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Yeojin Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Quan Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Hae Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
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172
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Rocchi A, He C. Regulation of Exercise-Induced Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:177-186. [PMID: 29057166 PMCID: PMC5646231 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physical exercise is a highly effective method to prevent several pathogenic conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, largely due to metabolic adaptations induced by exercise in skeletal muscle. Yet how exercise induces the beneficial effects in muscle remains to be fully elucidated. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that regulates nutrient recycling, energy production and organelle quality control. The autophagy pathway is upregulated in response to stress during exercise and muscle contraction, and may be an important mechanism mediating exercise-induced health benefits. RECENT FINDINGS A number of studies have indicated that physical exercise induces non-selective autophagy and selective mitophagy in skeletal muscle in animal models and humans. The AMPK-ULK1 and the FoxO3 signaling pathways play an essential role in the activation of the upstream autophagy machinery in skeletal muscle during exercise. The autophagy activity is required for health benefits of exercise, as in different autophagy-deficient mouse lines exercise-induced effects are abolished. SUMMARY This review aims to summarize and highlight the most recent findings on the role of autophagy in muscle maintenance, the molecular pathways that upregulate autophagy during exercise, and the potential functions of exercise-induced autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altea Rocchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Congcong He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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173
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Shahheydari H, Ragagnin A, Walker AK, Toth RP, Vidal M, Jagaraj CJ, Perri ER, Konopka A, Sultana JM, Atkin JD. Protein Quality Control and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia Continuum. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:119. [PMID: 28539871 PMCID: PMC5423993 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, has an important regulatory role in cellular function. Protein quality control mechanisms, including protein folding and protein degradation processes, have a crucial function in post-mitotic neurons. Cellular protein quality control relies on multiple strategies, including molecular chaperones, autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) and the formation of stress granules (SGs), to regulate proteostasis. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of misfolded protein aggregates, implying that protein quality control mechanisms are dysfunctional in these conditions. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are now recognized to overlap clinically and pathologically, forming a continuous disease spectrum. In this review article, we detail the evidence for dysregulation of protein quality control mechanisms across the whole ALS-FTD continuum, by discussing the major proteins implicated in ALS and/or FTD. We also discuss possible ways in which protein quality mechanisms could be targeted therapeutically in these disorders and highlight promising protein quality control-based therapeutics for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Shahheydari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Ragagnin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam K Walker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reka P Toth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cyril J Jagaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma R Perri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Konopka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sultana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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174
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28512398 PMCID: PMC5411428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis), the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is essential for the health and survival of cells. Proteostasis requires an intricate network of protein quality control pathways (the proteostasis network) that work to prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteome health throughout the lifespan of the cell. Collapse of proteostasis has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult onset motor neuron disorder. Here, we review the evidence linking dysfunctional proteostasis to the etiology of ALS and discuss how ALS-associated insults affect the proteostasis network. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of proteostasis network modulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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175
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Markovinovic A, Cimbro R, Ljutic T, Kriz J, Rogelj B, Munitic I. Optineurin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Multifunctional adaptor protein at the crossroads of different neuroprotective mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:1-20. [PMID: 28456633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When optineurin mutations showed up on the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) landscape in 2010, they differed from most other ALS-causing genes. They seemed to act by loss- rather than gain-of-function, and it was unclear how a polyubiquitin-binding adaptor protein, which was proposed to regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell signaling and vesicle trafficking, could mediate neuroprotection. This review discusses the considerable progress that has been made since then. A large number of mutations in optineurin and optineurin-interacting proteins TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) and p62/SQSTM-1 have been found in the ALS patients, suggesting a common neuroprotective pathway. Moreover, functional studies of the ALS-causing optineurin mutations and the recently established optineurin ubiquitin-binding deficient and knockout mouse models helped identify three major mechanisms likely to mediate neuroprotection: regulation of autophagy, mitigation of (chronic) inflammatory signaling, and blockade of necroptosis. These three processes crosstalk, and require multiple levels of control, many of which can be mediated by optineurin. Based on the role of optineurin in multiple processes and the unexpected finding that targeted optineurin deletion in microglia and oligodendrocytes ultimately leads to the same phenotype of axonal degeneration despite different initial defects, we propose that the failure of the weakest link in the optineurin neuroprotective network is sufficient to disturb homeostasis and set-off the domino effect that could ultimately lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Markovinovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tereza Ljutic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre of the Mental Health Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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176
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Phosphorylation of the mitochondrial autophagy receptor Nix enhances its interaction with LC3 proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1131. [PMID: 28442745 PMCID: PMC5430633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitophagy receptor Nix interacts with LC3/GABARAP proteins, targeting mitochondria into autophagosomes for degradation. Here we present evidence for phosphorylation-driven regulation of the Nix:LC3B interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR indicate a ~100 fold enhanced affinity of the serine 34/35-phosphorylated Nix LC3-interacting region (LIR) to LC3B and formation of a very rigid complex compared to the non-phosphorylated sequence. Moreover, the crystal structure of LC3B in complex with the Nix LIR peptide containing glutamic acids as phosphomimetic residues and NMR experiments revealed that LIR phosphorylation stabilizes the Nix:LC3B complex via formation of two additional hydrogen bonds between phosphorylated serines of Nix LIR and Arg11, Lys49 and Lys51 in LC3B. Substitution of Lys51 to Ala in LC3B abrogates binding of a phosphomimetic Nix mutant. Functionally, serine 34/35 phosphorylation enhances autophagosome recruitment to mitochondria in HeLa cells. Together, this study provides cellular, biochemical and biophysical evidence that phosphorylation of the LIR domain of Nix enhances mitophagy receptor engagement.
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177
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Gozuacik D, Akkoc Y, Ozturk DG, Kocak M. Autophagy-Regulating microRNAs and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:65. [PMID: 28459042 PMCID: PMC5394422 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy herein) is a cellular stress response and a survival pathway that is responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, as well as damaged organelles in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consequently, abnormalities of autophagy are associated with a number of diseases, including Alzheimers’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. According to the current view, autophagy seems to serve as a tumor suppressor in the early phases of cancer formation, yet in later phases, autophagy may support and/or facilitate tumor growth, spread, and contribute to treatment resistance. Therefore, autophagy is considered as a stage-dependent dual player in cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. miRNAs control several fundamental biological processes, and autophagy is no exception. Furthermore, accumulating data in the literature indicate that dysregulation of miRNA expression contribute to the mechanisms of cancer formation, invasion, metastasis, and affect responses to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, considering the importance of autophagy for cancer biology, study of autophagy-regulating miRNA in cancer will allow a better understanding of malignancies and lead to the development of novel disease markers and therapeutic strategies. The potential to provide study of some of these cancer-related miRNAs were also implicated in autophagy regulation. In this review, we will focus on autophagy, miRNA, and cancer connection, and discuss its implications for cancer biology and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoc
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gulfem Ozturk
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kocak
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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178
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Yang A, Pantoom S, Wu YW. Elucidation of the anti-autophagy mechanism of the Legionella effector RavZ using semisynthetic LC3 proteins. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28395732 PMCID: PMC5388539 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process involved in the elimination of proteins and organelles. It is also used to combat infection with pathogenic microbes. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila manipulates autophagy by delivering the effector protein RavZ to deconjugate Atg8/LC3 proteins coupled to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on autophagosomal membranes. To understand how RavZ recognizes and deconjugates LC3-PE, we prepared semisynthetic LC3 proteins and elucidated the structures of the RavZ:LC3 interaction. Semisynthetic LC3 proteins allowed the analysis of structure-function relationships. RavZ extracts LC3-PE from the membrane before deconjugation. RavZ initially recognizes the LC3 molecule on membranes via its N-terminal LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif. The RavZ α3 helix is involved in extraction of the PE moiety and docking of the acyl chains into the lipid-binding site of RavZ that is related in structure to that of the phospholipid transfer protein Sec14. Thus, Legionella has evolved a novel mechanism to specifically evade host autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Yang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Precision Therapy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Supansa Pantoom
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Precision Therapy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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179
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Delbridge LMD, Mellor KM, Taylor DJ, Gottlieb RA. Myocardial stress and autophagy: mechanisms and potential therapies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:412-425. [PMID: 28361977 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous cellular catabolic process responsive to energy stress. Research over the past decade has revealed that cardiomyocyte autophagy is a prominent homeostatic pathway, important in adaptation to altered myocardial metabolic demand. The cellular machinery of autophagy involves targeted direction of macromolecules and organelles for lysosomal degradation. Activation of autophagy has been identified as cardioprotective in some settings (that is, ischaemia and ischaemic preconditioning). In other situations, sustained autophagy has been linked with cardiopathology (for example, sustained pressure overload and heart failure). Perturbation of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy has also been observed and is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive responses to stress. Emerging research findings indicate that various forms of selective autophagy operate in parallel to manage various types of catabolic cellular cargo including mitochondria, large proteins, glycogen, and stored lipids. In this Review, induction of autophagy associated with cardiac benefit or detriment is considered. The various static and dynamic approaches used to measure autophagy are critiqued, and current inconsistencies in the understanding of autophagy regulation in the heart are highlighted. The prospects for pharmacological intervention to achieve therapeutic manipulation of autophagic processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M D Delbridge
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, Medical &Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - David J Taylor
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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180
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Mao J, Xia Q, Liu C, Ying Z, Wang H, Wang G. A critical role of Hrd1 in the regulation of optineurin degradation and aggresome formation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1877-1889. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Mao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zheng Ying
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
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181
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Fodor E, Sigmond T, Ari E, Lengyel K, Takács-Vellai K, Varga M, Vellai T. Methods to Study Autophagy in Zebrafish. Methods Enzymol 2017; 588:467-496. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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182
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Lekli I, Haines DD, Balla G, Tosaki A. Autophagy: an adaptive physiological countermeasure to cellular senescence and ischaemia/reperfusion-associated cardiac arrhythmias. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:1058-1072. [PMID: 27997746 PMCID: PMC5431132 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress placed on tissues that involved in pathogenesis of a disease activates compensatory metabolic changes, such as DNA damage repair that in turn causes intracellular accumulation of detritus and ‘proteotoxic stress’, leading to emergence of ‘senescent’ cellular phenotypes, which express high levels of inflammatory mediators, resulting in degradation of tissue function. Proteotoxic stress resulting from hyperactive inflammation following reperfusion of ischaemic tissue causes accumulation of proteinaceous debris in cells of the heart in ways that cause potentially fatal arrhythmias, in particular ventricular fibrillation (VF). An adaptive response to VF is occurrence of autophagy, an intracellular bulk degradation of damaged macromolecules and organelles that may restore cellular and tissue homoeostasis, improving chances for recovery. Nevertheless, depending on the type and intensity of stressors and inflammatory responses, autophagy may become pathological, resulting in excessive cell death. The present review examines the multilayered defences that cells have evolved to reduce proteotoxic stress by degradation of potentially toxic material beginning with endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response, which are mechanisms for removal from the endoplasmic reticulum of misfolded proteins, and then progressing through the stages of autophagy, including descriptions of autophagosomes and related vesicular structures which process material for degradation and autophagy‐associated proteins including Beclin‐1 and regulatory complexes. The physiological roles of each mode of proteotoxic defence will be examined along with consideration of how emerging understanding of autophagy, along with a newly discovered regulatory cell type called telocytes, may be used to augment existing strategies for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Lekli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David Donald Haines
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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183
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Lippai M, Szatmári Z. Autophagy-from molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:145-168. [PMID: 27957648 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway of eukaryotic cells that is highly conserved from yeast to mammals. During this process, cooperating protein complexes are recruited in a hierarchic order to the phagophore assembly site (PAS) to mediate the elongation and closure of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which sequester cytosolic components and deliver their content to the endolysosomal system for degradation. As a major cytoprotective mechanism, autophagy plays a key role in the stress response against nutrient starvation, hypoxia, and infections. Although numerous studies reported that impaired function of core autophagy proteins also contributes to the development and progression of various human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular and muscle diseases, infections, and different types of cancer, the function of this process in human diseases remains unclear. Evidence often suggests a controversial role for autophagy in the pathomechanisms of these severe disorders. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and summarize the recent advances on its function in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Lippai
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szatmári
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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184
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Wold MS, Lim J, Lachance V, Deng Z, Yue Z. ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of ATG14 promotes autophagy and is impaired in Huntington's disease models. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:76. [PMID: 27938392 PMCID: PMC5148922 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a bulk degradation pathway for long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles. ULK1 protein kinase and Vps34 lipid kinase are two key autophagy regulators that are critical for autophagosome biogenesis. However, it isn't fully understood how ULK1 regulates Vps34, especially in the context of disease. Polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (Htt) causes aberrant accumulation of the aggregated protein and disrupts various cellular pathways including autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, underlying the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Although autophagic clearance of Htt aggregates is under investigation as therapeutic strategy for HD, the precise mechanism of autophagy impairment remains poorly understood. Moreover, in-vivo assays of autophagy have been particularly challenging due to lack of reliable and robust molecular biomarkers. METHOD We generated anti-phosphorylated ATG14 antibody to determine ATG14-mediated autophagy regulation; we employed Huntington's disease (HD) genetic cell models and animal models as well as autophagy reporter animal model to understand autophagy signaling and regulation in vivo. We applied biochemical analysis and molecular biology approaches to dissect the alteration of autophagy kinase activity and regulation. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that ULK1 phosphorylates ATG14 at serine 29 in an mTOR-dependent manner. This phosphorylation critically regulates ATG14-Vps34 lipid kinase activity to control autophagy level. We also show that ATG14-associated Vps34 activity and ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of ATG14 and Beclin 1 are compromised in the Q175 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Finally, we show that ATG14 phosphorylation is decreased during general proteotoxic stress caused by proteasomal inhibition. This reduction of the specific phosphorylation of ATG14 and Beclin 1 is mediated, in part, by p62-induced sequestration of ULK1 to an insoluble cellular fraction. We show that increased ULK1 levels and phosphor-mimetic mutant ATG14 facilitate the clearance of polyQ mutant in cells. CONCLUSION Our study identifies a new regulatory mechanism for ATG14-Vps34 kinase activity by ULK1, which can be used as valuable molecular markers for in-vivo autophagic activity as well as potential therapeutic target for the clearance of polyglutamine disease protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Wold
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Present Address: Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Véronik Lachance
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 9-106, 1470 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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185
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Parry TL, Willis MS. Cardiac ubiquitin ligases: Their role in cardiac metabolism, autophagy, cardioprotection and therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:2259-2269. [PMID: 27421947 PMCID: PMC5159290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the lysosomal autophagy system have emerged as complementary key players responsible for the turnover of cellular proteins. The regulation of protein turnover is critical to cardiomyocytes as post-mitotic cells with very limited regenerative capacity. In this focused review, we describe the emerging interface between the UPS and autophagy, with E3's regulating autophagy at two critical points through multiple mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss recent insights in how both the UPS and autophagy can alter metabolism at various levels, to present new ways to think about therapeutically regulating autophagy in a focused manner to optimize disease-specific cardioprotection, without harming the overall homeostasis of protein quality control. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan F.C. Glatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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186
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Abstract
Autophagy is a process tightly regulated by various autophagy-related proteins. It is generally classified into non-selective and selective autophagy. Whereas non-selective autophagy is triggered when the cell is under starvation, selective autophagy is involved in eliminating dysfunctional organelles, misfolded and/or ubiquitylated proteins, and intracellular pathogens. These components are recognized by autophagy receptors and delivered to phagophores. Several selective autophagy receptors have been identified and characterized. They usually have some common domains, such as LC3-interacting- region (LIR) motif, a specific cargo interacting (ubiquitin-dependent or ubiquitin-independent) domain. Recently, structural data of these autophagy receptors has been described, which provides an insight of their function in the selective autophagic process. In this review, we summarize the most up-to-date findings about the structure-function of autophagy receptors that regulates selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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187
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Minegishi Y, Nakayama M, Iejima D, Kawase K, Iwata T. Significance of optineurin mutations in glaucoma and other diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:149-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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188
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Kino Y, Washizu C, Kurosawa M, Yamada M, Doi H, Takumi T, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Hicks GG, Hattori N, Shimogori T, Nukina N. FUS/TLS acts as an aggregation-dependent modifier of polyglutamine disease model mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35236. [PMID: 27739513 PMCID: PMC5064419 DOI: 10.1038/srep35236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS/TLS is an RNA/DNA-binding protein associated with neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Previously, we found that a prion-like domain in the N-terminus of FUS/TLS mediates co-aggregation between FUS/TLS and mutant huntingtin, the gene product of Huntington's disease (HD). Here, we show that heterozygous knockout of FUS/TLS worsened the phenotypes of model mice of (HD, but not spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). This difference was correlated with the degree of pathological association between disease proteins and FUS/TLS. Co-aggregation between FUS/TLS and mutant huntingtin resulted in the depletion of free FUS/TLS protein in HD mice that was detected as a monomer in SDS-PAGE analysis. Recently, we found that FUS/TLS paralogs, TAF15 and EWS, were up-regulated in homozygous FUS/TLS knockout mice. These two proteins were up-regulated in both HD and FUS/TLS heterozygote mice, and were further elevated in HD-TLS+/- double mutant mice, consistent with the functional impairment of FUS/TLS. These results suggest that FUS/TLS sequestration by co-aggregation is a rate-limiting factor of disease phenotypes of HD and that inclusions may have an adverse aspect, rather than being simply benign or protective. In addition, our results highlight inclusions as repositories of potential modifiers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kino
- CREST(Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), JST, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Washizu
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurosawa
- CREST(Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), JST, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Clinical Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- CREST(Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), JST, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory for Mental Biology, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Geoffrey G Hicks
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- CREST(Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), JST, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology , Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.,Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyoto, Japan
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189
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Guebel DV, Torres NV. Sexual Dimorphism and Aging in the Human Hyppocampus: Identification, Validation, and Impact of Differentially Expressed Genes by Factorial Microarray and Network Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:229. [PMID: 27761111 PMCID: PMC5050216 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation: In the brain of elderly-healthy individuals, the effects of sexual dimorphism and those due to normal aging appear overlapped. Discrimination of these two dimensions would powerfully contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as “sporadic” Alzheimer. Methods: Following a system biology approach, top-down and bottom-up strategies were combined. First, public transcriptome data corresponding to the transition from adulthood to the aging stage in normal, human hippocampus were analyzed through an optimized microarray post-processing (Q-GDEMAR method) together with a proper experimental design (full factorial analysis). Second, the identified genes were placed in context by building compatible networks. The subsequent ontology analyses carried out on these networks clarify the main functionalities involved. Results: Noticeably we could identify large sets of genes according to three groups: those that exclusively depend on the sex, those that exclusively depend on the age, and those that depend on the particular combinations of sex and age (interaction). The genes identified were validated against three independent sources (a proteomic study of aging, a senescence database, and a mitochondrial genetic database). We arrived to several new inferences about the biological functions compromised during aging in two ways: by taking into account the sex-independent effects of aging, and considering the interaction between age and sex where pertinent. In particular, we discuss the impact of our findings on the functions of mitochondria, autophagy, mitophagia, and microRNAs. Conclusions: The evidence obtained herein supports the occurrence of significant neurobiological differences in the hippocampus, not only between adult and elderly individuals, but between old-healthy women and old-healthy men. Hence, to obtain realistic results in further analysis of the transition from the normal aging to incipient Alzheimer, the features derived from the sexual dimorphism in hippocampus should be explicitly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Guebel
- Biotechnology Counselling ServicesBuenos Aires, Argentina; Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La LagunaSan Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Néstor V Torres
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
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190
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Cohen-Kaplan V, Livneh I, Avni N, Cohen-Rosenzweig C, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy: Coordinated and independent activities. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:403-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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191
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Structural insights into the interaction and disease mechanism of neurodegenerative disease-associated optineurin and TBK1 proteins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12708. [PMID: 27620379 PMCID: PMC5027247 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin is an important autophagy receptor involved in several selective autophagy processes, during which its function is regulated by TBK1. Mutations of optineurin and TBK1 are both associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanistic basis underlying the specific interaction between optineurin and TBK1 is still elusive. Here we determine the crystal structures of optineurin/TBK1 complex and the related NAP1/TBK1 complex, uncovering the detailed molecular mechanism governing the optineurin and TBK1 interaction, and revealing a general binding mode between TBK1 and its associated adaptor proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that the glaucoma-associated optineurin E50K mutation not only enhances the interaction between optineurin and TBK1 but also alters the oligomeric state of optineurin, and the ALS-related TBK1 E696K mutation specifically disrupts the optineurin/TBK1 complex formation but has little effect on the NAP1/TBK1 complex. Thus, our study provides mechanistic insights into those currently known disease-causing optineurin and TBK1 mutations found in patients.
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192
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Wang DW, Peng ZJ, Ren GF, Wang GX. The different roles of selective autophagic protein degradation in mammalian cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37098-116. [PMID: 26415220 PMCID: PMC4741918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular pathway for bulk protein degradation and the removal of damaged organelles by lysosomes. Autophagy was previously thought to be unselective; however, studies have increasingly confirmed that autophagy-mediated protein degradation is highly regulated. Abnormal autophagic protein degradation has been associated with multiple human diseases such as cancer, neurological disability and cardiovascular disease; therefore, further elucidation of protein degradation by autophagy may be beneficial for protein-based clinical therapies. Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can both participate in selective protein degradation in mammalian cells, but the process is quite different in each case. Here, we summarize the various types of macroautophagy and CMA involved in determining protein degradation. For this summary, we divide the autophagic protein degradation pathways into four categories: the post-translational modification dependent and independent CMA pathways and the ubiquitin dependent and independent macroautophagy pathways, and describe how some non-canonical pathways and modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation and arginylation can influence protein degradation by the autophagy lysosome system (ALS). Finally, we comment on why autophagy can serve as either diagnostics or therapeutic targets in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-ju Peng
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-fang Ren
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-xin Wang
- Medical Institute of Paediatrics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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193
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Brisson L, Bański P, Sboarina M, Dethier C, Danhier P, Fontenille MJ, Van Hée VF, Vazeille T, Tardy M, Falces J, Bouzin C, Porporato PE, Frédérick R, Michiels C, Copetti T, Sonveaux P. Lactate Dehydrogenase B Controls Lysosome Activity and Autophagy in Cancer. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:418-431. [PMID: 27622334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptability is essential for tumor progression and includes cooperation between cancer cells with different metabolic phenotypes. Optimal glucose supply to glycolytic cancer cells occurs when oxidative cancer cells use lactate preferentially to glucose. However, using lactate instead of glucose mimics glucose deprivation, and glucose starvation induces autophagy. We report that lactate sustains autophagy in cancer. In cancer cells preferentially to normal cells, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), catalyzing the conversion of lactate and NAD(+) to pyruvate, NADH and H(+), controls lysosomal acidification, vesicle maturation, and intracellular proteolysis. LDHB activity is necessary for basal autophagy and cancer cell proliferation not only in oxidative cancer cells but also in glycolytic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Brisson
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piotr Bański
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coralie Dethier
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Danhier
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Joséphine Fontenille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent F Van Hée
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Vazeille
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Morgane Tardy
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Falces
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Frédérick
- Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Tamara Copetti
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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194
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Cecarini V, Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Mozzicafreddo M, Angeletti M, Keller JN, Eleuteri AM. The fine-tuning of proteolytic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3433-51. [PMID: 27120560 PMCID: PMC11108445 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several integrated proteolytic systems contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the continuous removal of misfolded, aggregated or oxidized proteins and damaged organelles. Among these systems, the proteasome and autophagy play the major role in protein quality control, which is a fundamental issue in non-proliferative cells such as neurons. Disturbances in the functionality of these two pathways are frequently observed in neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease, and reflect the accumulation of protease-resistant, deleterious protein aggregates. In this review, we explored the sophisticated crosstalk between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in the removal of the harmful structures that characterize Alzheimer's disease neurons. We also dissected the role of the numerous shuttle factors and chaperones that, directly or indirectly interacting with ubiquitin and LC3, are used for cargo selection and delivery to one pathway or the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecarini
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Laura Bonfili
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Centre, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- Department of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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195
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Common Molecular Pathways in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:769-783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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196
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Nakazawa S, Oikawa D, Ishii R, Ayaki T, Takahashi H, Takeda H, Ishitani R, Kamei K, Takeyoshi I, Kawakami H, Iwai K, Hatada I, Sawasaki T, Ito H, Nureki O, Tokunaga F. Linear ubiquitination is involved in the pathogenesis of optineurin-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12547. [PMID: 27552911 PMCID: PMC4999505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) mutations cause neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and glaucoma. Although the ALS-associated E478G mutation in the UBAN domain of OPTN reportedly abolishes its NF-κB suppressive activity, the precise molecular basis in ALS pathogenesis still remains unclear. Here we report that the OPTN-UBAN domain is crucial for NF-κB suppression. Our crystal structure analysis reveals that OPTN-UBAN binds linear ubiquitin with homology to NEMO. TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation is enhanced in OPTN-knockout cells, through increased ubiquitination and association of TNF receptor (TNFR) complex I components. Furthermore, OPTN binds caspase 8, and OPTN deficiency accelerates TNF-α-induced apoptosis by enhancing complex II formation. Immunohistochemical analyses of motor neurons from OPTN-associated ALS patients reveal that linear ubiquitin and activated NF-κB are partially co-localized with cytoplasmic inclusions, and that activation of caspases is elevated. Taken together, OPTN regulates both NF-κB activation and apoptosis via linear ubiquitin binding, and the loss of this ability may lead to ALS. Mutations in optineurin are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, the authors report the structure of the ubiquitin binding domain of optineurin, which binds linear ubiquitin with homology to NEMO, and explore the function of this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshiru Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Shogoin, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kamei
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Izumi Takeyoshi
- Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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197
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Slowicka K, Vereecke L, van Loo G. Cellular Functions of Optineurin in Health and Disease. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:621-633. [PMID: 27480243 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin (OPTN) was initially identified as a regulator of NF-κB and interferon signaling, but attracted most attention because of its association with various human disorders such as glaucoma, Paget disease of bone, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Importantly, OPTN has recently been identified as an autophagy receptor important for the autophagic removal of pathogens, damaged mitochondria, and protein aggregates. This activity is most likely compromised in patients carrying OPTN mutations, and contributes to the observed phenotypes. In this review we summarize recent studies describing the molecular mechanisms by which OPTN controls immunity and autophagy, and discuss these findings in the context of several diseases that have been associated with OPTN (mal)function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Slowicka
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Cellular and Molecular (Patho)Physiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Cellular and Molecular (Patho)Physiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Cellular and Molecular (Patho)Physiology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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198
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Wise JP, Cannon J. From the Cover: Alterations in Optineurin Expression and Localization in Pre-clinical Parkinson's Disease Models. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:372-81. [PMID: 27473339 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects ∼5 million people around the world. PD etiopathogenesis is poorly understood and curative or disease modifying treatments are not available. Mechanistic studies have identified numerous pathogenic pathways that overlap with many other neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations in the protein optineurin (OPTN) have recently been identified as causative factors for glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OPTN has multiple recognized roles in neurons, notably in mediating autophagic flux, which has been found to be disrupted in most neurodegenerative diseases. OPTN(+ )aggregates have preliminarily been identified in cytoplasmic inclusions in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, however, whether OPTN has a role in PD pathogenesis has yet to be tested. Thus, we chose to test the hypothesis that OPTN expression and localization would be modulated in pre-clinical PD models. To test our hypothesis, we characterized midbrain OPTN expression in normal rats and in a rat rotenone PD model. For the first time, we show that OPTN is enriched in dopamine neurons in the midbrain, and its expression is modulated by rotenone treatment in vivo Here, animals were sampled at time-points both prior to overt neurodegeneration and after severe behavioral deficits, where a lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system is present. The effect and magnitude of OPTN expression changes are dependent on duration of treatment. Furthermore, OPTN colocalizes with LC3 (autophagic vesicle marker) and alpha-synuclein positive puncta in rotenone-treated animals, potentially indicating an important role in autophagy and PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pierce Wise
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jason Cannon
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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199
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Ahmad L, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Sancho-Shimizu V. Human TBK1: A Gatekeeper of Neuroinflammation. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:511-527. [PMID: 27211305 PMCID: PMC4890605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1), a multimeric kinase that modulates inflammation and autophagy, in human health has been highlighted for the first time by the recent discoveries of mutations in TBK1 that underlie amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) or childhood herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Gain-of-function of TBK1 are associated with NTG, whereas loss-of-function mutations result in ALS/FTD or in HSE. In light of these new findings, we review the role of TBK1 in these seemingly unrelated, yet allelic diseases, and discuss the role of TBK1 in neuroinflammatory diseases. This discovery has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of the molecular basis of these poorly understood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Ahmad
- Department of Virology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Virology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK.
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200
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Monahan Z, Shewmaker F, Pandey UB. Stress granules at the intersection of autophagy and ALS. Brain Res 2016; 1649:189-200. [PMID: 27181519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal disease caused by loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The majority of ALS cases are classified as sporadic (80-90%), with the remaining considered familial based on patient history. The last decade has seen a surge in the identification of ALS-causing genes - including TARDBP (TDP-43), FUS, MATR3 (Matrin-3), C9ORF72 and several others - providing important insights into the molecular pathways involved in pathogenesis. Most of the protein products of ALS-linked genes fall into two functional categories: RNA-binding/homeostasis and protein-quality control (i.e. autophagy and proteasome). The RNA-binding proteins tend to be aggregation-prone with low-complexity domains similar to the prion-forming domains of yeast. Many also incorporate into stress granules (SGs), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in response to cellular stress. Mutant forms of TDP-43 and FUS perturb SG dynamics, lengthening their cytoplasmic persistence. Recent evidence suggests that SGs are regulated by the autophagy pathway, suggesting a unifying connection between many of the ALS-linked genes. Persistent SGs may give rise to intractable aggregates that disrupt neuronal homeostasis, thus failure to clear SGs by autophagic processes may promote ALS pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Monahan
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frank Shewmaker
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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