151
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Ichikawa T, Sugiura H, Koarai A, Minakata Y, Kikuchi T, Morishita Y, Oka A, Kanai K, Kawabata H, Hiramatsu M, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Nakanishi M, Matsunaga K, Yamamoto N, Ichinose M. TLR3 activation augments matrix metalloproteinase production through reactive nitrogen species generation in human lung fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4977-88. [PMID: 24760149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection often triggers asthma exacerbation and contributes to airway remodeling. Cell signaling in viral infection is mainly mediated through TLR3. Many mediators are involved in airway remodeling, but matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key players in this process in asthma. However, the role of TLR3 activation in production of MMPs is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a ligand for TLR3, on production of MMPs in human lung fibroblasts, with a focus on nitrosative stress in TLR3 modulation of MMP production. After lung fibroblasts were treated with poly(I:C), production of MMP-1, -2, and -9 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was assessed. The roles of NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) in the poly(I:C)-mediated production of MMPs and the responsiveness to poly(I:C) of normal lung fibroblasts and asthmatic lung fibroblasts were also investigated. Poly(I:C) augmented production of MMPs and iNOS in fibroblasts, and an iNOS inhibitor diminished this production of MMPs. Poly(I:C) stimulated translocation of NF-κB and IRF-3 into the nucleus in fibroblasts and inhibition of NF-κB or IRF-3 abrogated the poly(I:C)-induced increase in both iNOS expression and release of MMPs. Poly(I:C)-induced production of iNOS and MMPs was greater in asthmatic fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. We conclude that viral infection may induce nitrosative stress and subsequent MMP production via NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent pathways, thus potentiating viral-induced airway remodeling in asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Minakata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Yukiko Morishita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Asako Oka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Kuninobu Kanai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masataka Hiramatsu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Keiichiro Akamatsu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Tsunahiko Hirano
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masanori Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Kazuto Matsunaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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152
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Mikerov AN, Phelps DS, Gan X, Umstead TM, Haque R, Wang G, Floros J. Effect of ozone exposure and infection on bronchoalveolar lavage: sex differences in response patterns. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:333-344. [PMID: 24769259 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Female mice exhibit a better survival rate than males after infection, but if infection follows an ozone-induced oxidative stress, male survival exceeds that of females. Our goal was to study bronchoalveolar lavage factors that contribute to these sex differences in outcome. We studied parameters at 4, 24, and 48 h after ozone exposure and infection, including markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage, and surfactant phospholipids and surfactant protein A (SP-A). A multianalyte immunoassay at the 4h time point measured 59 different cytokines, chemokines, and other proteins. We found that: (1) Although some parameters studied revealed sex differences, no sex differences were observed in LDH, total protein, MIP-2, and SP-A. Males showed more intragroup significant differences in SP-A between filtered air- and ozone-exposed mice compared to females. (2) Oxidized dimeric SP-A was higher in FA-exposed female mice. (3) Surfactant phospholipids were typically higher in males. (4) The multianalyte data revealed differences in the exuberance of responses under different conditions - males in response to infection and females in response to oxidative stress. These more exuberant, and presumably less well-controlled responses associate with the poorer survival. We postulate that the collective effects of these sex differences in response patterns of lung immune cells may contribute to the clinical outcomes previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N Mikerov
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - David S Phelps
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaozhuang Gan
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guirong Wang
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- The Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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153
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Xu H, Mei Q, He J, Liu G, Zhao J, Xu B. Correlation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 with Patient Age and Grade of Lumbar Disk Herniation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:439-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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154
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Metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors in inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:649-65. [PMID: 23969736 DOI: 10.1038/nri3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, steady growth in the field of metalloproteinase biology has shown that the degradation of extracellular matrix components represents only a fraction of the functions performed by these enzymes and has highlighted their fundamental roles in immunity. Metalloproteinases regulate aspects of immune cell development, effector function, migration and ligand-receptor interactions. They carry out ectodomain shedding of cytokines and their cognate receptors. Together with their endogenous inhibitors TIMPs (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), these enzymes regulate signalling downstream of the tumour necrosis factor receptor and the interleukin-6 receptor, as well as that downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Notch, which are all pertinent for inflammatory responses. This Review discusses the metalloproteinase family as a crucial component in immune cell development and function.
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155
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Haick AK, Rzepka JP, Brandon E, Balemba OB, Miura TA. Neutrophils are needed for an effective immune response against pulmonary rat coronavirus infection, but also contribute to pathology. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:578-590. [PMID: 24323639 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.061986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltrate the respiratory tract early after viral infection and can contribute to both host defence and pathology. Coronaviruses are important causes of respiratory tract infections, ranging from mild to severe depending on the viral strain. This study evaluated the role of PMN during a non-fatal pulmonary coronavirus infection in the natural host. Rat coronavirus (RCoV) causes respiratory disease in adult rats, characterized by an early PMN response, viral replication and inflammatory lesions in the lungs, mild weight loss and effective resolution of infection. To determine their role during RCoV infection, PMN were depleted and the effects on disease progression, viral replication, inflammatory response and lung pathology were analysed. Compared with RCoV infection in control animals, PMN-depleted rats had worsened disease with weight loss, clinical signs, mortality and prolonged pulmonary viral replication. PMN-depleted animals had fewer macrophages and lymphocytes in the respiratory tract, corresponding to lower chemokine levels. Combined with in vitro experiments showing that PMN express cytokines and chemokines in response to RCoV-infected alveolar epithelial cells, these findings support a role for PMN in eliciting an inflammatory response to RCoV infection. Despite their critical role in the protection from severe disease, the presence of PMN was correlated with haemorrhagic lesions, epithelial barrier permeability and cellular inflammation in the lungs. This study demonstrated that while PMN are required for an effective antiviral response, they also contribute to lung pathology during RCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoria K Haick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Joanna P Rzepka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brandon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Onesmo B Balemba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Tanya A Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr., MS 3051, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
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156
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Boué S, De León H, Schlage WK, Peck MJ, Weiler H, Berges A, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Friedrichs B, Lebrun S, Meurrens K, Schracke N, Moehring M, Steffen Y, Schueller J, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Cigarette smoke induces molecular responses in respiratory tissues of ApoE−/− mice that are progressively deactivated upon cessation. Toxicology 2013; 314:112-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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157
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Influenza A virus induction of oxidative stress and MMP-9 is associated with severe lung pathology in a mouse model. Virus Res 2013; 178:411-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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158
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Gabriel C, Her Z, Ng LF. Neutrophils: Neglected Players in Viral Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:665-75. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gabriel
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Lisa F.P. Ng
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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159
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Inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected mice increases survival. J Virol 2013; 88:913-24. [PMID: 24198408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02576-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a respiratory disease that has a 10% mortality rate. We previously showed that SARS-CoV lacking the E gene (SARS-CoV-ΔE) is attenuated in several animal model systems. Here, we show that absence of the E protein resulted in reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased numbers of neutrophils in lung infiltrates, diminished lung pathology, and increased mouse survival, suggesting that lung inflammation contributed to SARS-CoV virulence. Further, infection with SARS-CoV-ΔE resulted in decreased activation of NF-κB compared to levels for the wild-type virus. Most important, treatment with drugs that inhibited NF-κB activation led to a reduction in inflammation and lung pathology in both SARS-CoV-infected cultured cells and mice and significantly increased mouse survival after SARS-CoV infection. These data indicated that activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway represents a major contribution to the inflammation induced after SARS-CoV infection and that NF-κB inhibitors are promising antivirals in infections caused by SARS-CoV and potentially other pathogenic human coronaviruses.
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160
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Ware LB, Koyama T, Zhao Z, Janz DR, Wickersham N, Bernard GR, May AK, Calfee CS, Matthay MA. Biomarkers of lung epithelial injury and inflammation distinguish severe sepsis patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:R253. [PMID: 24156650 PMCID: PMC4056313 DOI: 10.1186/cc13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite recent modifications, the clinical definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains non-specific, leading to under-diagnosis and under-treatment. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a biomarker panel would be useful for biologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of ARDS in patients at risk of developing ARDS due to severe sepsis. Methods This was a retrospective case control study of 100 patients with severe sepsis and no evidence of ARDS compared to 100 patients with severe sepsis and evidence of ARDS on at least two of their first four ICU days. A panel that included 11 biomarkers of inflammation, fibroblast activation, proteolytic injury, endothelial injury, and lung epithelial injury was measured in plasma from the morning of ICU day two. A backward elimination model building strategy on 1,000 bootstrapped data was used to select the best performing biomarkers for further consideration in a logistic regression model for diagnosis of ARDS. Results Using the five best-performing biomarkers (surfactant protein-D (SP-D), receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), interleukin-8 (IL-8), club cell secretory protein (CC-16), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.7 to 0.84) for the diagnosis of ARDS. The AUC improved to 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.90) for diagnosis of severe ARDS, defined as ARDS present on all four of the first four ICU days. Conclusions Abnormal levels of five plasma biomarkers including three biomarkers generated by lung epithelium (SP-D, RAGE, CC-16) provided excellent discrimination for diagnosis of ARDS in patients with severe sepsis. Altered levels of plasma biomarkers may be useful biologic confirmation of the diagnosis of ARDS in patients with sepsis, and also potentially for selecting patients for clinical trials that are designed to reduce lung epithelial injury.
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161
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Deleon-Pennell KY, de Castro Brás LE, Lindsey ML. Circulating Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide resets cardiac homeostasis in mice through a matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent mechanism. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00079. [PMID: 24159380 PMCID: PMC3804276 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) circulates systemically in over 50% of periodontal disease (PD) patients and is associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. We hypothesized that low systemic Pg-LPS would stimulate an inflammatory response in the left ventricle (LV) through MMP-9, leading to a decrease in cardiac function. Wild-type (WT) and MMP-9 null mice (4-7 months old) were exposed for 1 or 28 days to low dose Pg-LPS or saline (n ≥ 6/group). MMP-9 significantly increased in WT mice LV at 1 and 28 days of exposure, compared to control (P < 0.05 for both). Fractional shortening decreased subtly yet significantly in WT mice by day 28 (31 ± 1%) compared to control (35 ± 1%; P < 0.05), and this decrease was attenuated in null (34 ± 1%) mice. Plasma cardiac troponin I levels were elevated in WT mice at day 28. Macrophage-related factors increased over twofold in WT plasma and LV after day 1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-5, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1γ, stem cell factor, Ccl12, Ccl9, Il8rb, Icam1, Itgb2, and Spp1; all P < 0.05), indicating a moderate inflammatory response. Levels returned to baseline by day 28, suggesting tolerance to Pg-LPS. In contrast, macrophage-related factors remained elevated in day 28 null mice, indicating a sustained defense against Pg-LPS stimulation. Consistent with these findings, LV macrophage numbers increased in both groups at day 1 and returned to baseline by day 28 in the WT mice only. Major histocompatibility complex (MCH) II remained elevated in the null group at day 28, confirming Pg-tolerance in the WT. Interestingly Il-1α, a regulator of macrophage immunosuppression, increased in the plasma of WT mice only on day 28, suggesting that Il-1α plays a role in tolerance in a MMP-9-dependent manner. In conclusion, circulating Pg-LPS induced tolerance in WT mice, resulting in significant LV changes and subtle cardiac dysfunction. MMP-9 played a major role in the regulation of chronic systemic inflammation and associated cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Deleon-Pennell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Jackson Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lisandra E de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Jackson Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Jackson Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi ; Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi
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162
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Askovich PS, Sanders CJ, Rosenberger CM, Diercks AH, Dash P, Navarro G, Vogel P, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Aderem A. Differential host response, rather than early viral replication efficiency, correlates with pathogenicity caused by influenza viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74863. [PMID: 24073225 PMCID: PMC3779241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses exhibit large, strain-dependent differences in pathogenicity in mammalian hosts. Although the characteristics of severe disease, including uncontrolled viral replication, infection of the lower airway, and highly inflammatory cytokine responses have been extensively documented, the specific virulence mechanisms that distinguish highly pathogenic strains remain elusive. In this study, we focused on the early events in influenza infection, measuring the growth rate of three strains of varying pathogenicity in the mouse airway epithelium and simultaneously examining the global host transcriptional response over the first 24 hours. Although all strains replicated equally rapidly over the first viral life-cycle, their growth rates in both lung and tracheal tissue strongly diverged at later times, resulting in nearly 10-fold differences in viral load by 24 hours following infection. We identified separate networks of genes in both the lung and tracheal tissues whose rapid up-regulation at early time points by specific strains correlated with a reduced viral replication rate of those strains. The set of early-induced genes in the lung that led to viral growth restriction is enriched for both NF-κB binding site motifs and members of the TREM1 and IL-17 signaling pathways, suggesting that rapid, NF-κB –mediated activation of these pathways may contribute to control of viral replication. Because influenza infection extending into the lung generally results in severe disease, early activation of these pathways may be one factor distinguishing high- and low-pathogenicity strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Askovich
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Sanders
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carrie M. Rosenberger
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan H. Diercks
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Garnet Navarro
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Ghoneim HE, Thomas PG, McCullers JA. Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1250-9. [PMID: 23804714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Viruses such as influenza suppress host immune function by a variety of methods. This may result in significant morbidity through several pathways, including facilitation of secondary bacterial pneumonia from pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. PKH26-phagocytic cell labeling dye was administered intranasally to label resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) in a well-established murine model before influenza infection to determine turnover kinetics during the course of infection. More than 90% of resident AMs were lost in the first week after influenza, whereas the remaining cells had a necrotic phenotype. To establish the impact of this innate immune defect, influenza-infected mice were challenged with S. pneumoniae. Early AM-mediated bacterial clearance was significantly impaired in influenza-infected mice: ~50% of the initial bacterial inoculum could be harvested from the alveolar airspace 3 h later. In mock-infected mice, by contrast, >95% of inocula up to 50-fold higher was efficiently cleared. Coinfection during the AM depletion phase caused significant body weight loss and mortality. Two weeks after influenza, the AM population was fully replenished with successful re-establishment of early innate host protection. Local GM-CSF treatment partially restored the impaired early bacterial clearance with efficient protection against secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. We conclude that resident AM depletion occurs during influenza infection. Among other potential effects, this establishes a niche for secondary pneumococcal infection by altering early cellular innate immunity in the lungs, resulting in pneumococcal outgrowth and lethal pneumonia. This novel mechanism will inform development of novel therapeutic approaches to restore lung innate immunity against bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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164
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Jiménez-Morales S, Martínez-Aguilar N, Gamboa-Becerra R, Jiménez-Ruíz JL, López-Ley D, Lou H, Saldaña-Alvarez Y, Dean M, Orozco L. Polymorphisms in metalloproteinase-9 are associated with the risk for asthma in Mexican pediatric patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:998-1002. [PMID: 23639553 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, which induces airway remodelling of the extracellular matrix over time. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in this process, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP genes may influence their mRNA expression levels or abilities to bind substrates and inhibitors, thereby contributing to asthma predisposition and severity. MMP-9 is highly expressed in airways and many studies support its involvement in asthma pathogenesis; however the contribution of MMP-9 SNPs is controversial. To investigate whether MMP-9 SNPs are associated with childhood-onset asthma in Mexican patients we conducted a case-control study including 403 children with clinical asthma diagnoses and 426 healthy controls from Mexico. The cases and controls were matched by ethnicity and gender. We found that the SNPs rs2274755, rs17577, and rs3918249 were associated with asthma risk. The most significant associations were with rs2274755 (OR=2.10, 95% CI 1.31-3.39, P=0.001) and rs17577 (OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.29-3.30, P=0.001); which were in strong linkage disequilibrium. Both SNPs were also associated with atopic asthma (OR=2.38, 95% CI 1.44-3 · 96, P=0.0005). The SNP rs3918249 exhibited a female gender-dependent association with asthma (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.14-2.43, P=0.007). Our results suggest that MMP-9 polymorphisms could play a role in the susceptibility to childhood-onset asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, SS, Mexico City, Mexico
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165
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Plasminogen controls inflammation and pathogenesis of influenza virus infections via fibrinolysis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003229. [PMID: 23555246 PMCID: PMC3605290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental inflammation of the lungs is a hallmark of severe influenza virus infections. Endothelial cells are the source of cytokine amplification, although mechanisms underlying this process are unknown. Here, using combined pharmacological and gene-deletion approaches, we show that plasminogen controls lung inflammation and pathogenesis of infections with influenza A/PR/8/34, highly pathogenic H5N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. Reduction of virus replication was not responsible for the observed effect. However, pharmacological depletion of fibrinogen, the main target of plasminogen reversed disease resistance of plasminogen-deficient mice or mice treated with an inhibitor of plasminogen-mediated fibrinolysis. Therefore, plasminogen contributes to the deleterious inflammation of the lungs and local fibrin clot formation may be implicated in host defense against influenza virus infections. Our studies suggest that the hemostatic system might be explored for novel treatments against influenza. Influenza viruses, including H5N1 bird influenza viruses continue to form a major threat for public health. Available antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza are effective to a limited extent and the emergence of resistant viruses may further undermine their use. The symptoms associated with influenza are caused by replication of the virus in the respiratory tract and the host immune response. Here, we report that a molecule of the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen, contributes to inflammation caused by influenza. Inhibiting the action of plasminogen protected mice from severe influenza infections, including those caused by H5N1 and H1N1 pandemic 2009 viruses and may be a promising novel strategy to treat influenza.
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Bottini A, De SK, Baaten BJG, Wu B, Barile E, Soonthornvacharin S, Stebbins JL, Bradley LM, Chanda SK, Pellecchia M. Identification of small molecules that interfere with H1N1 influenza A viral replication. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2227-35. [PMID: 23139022 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Successful replication of the influenza A virus requires both viral proteins and host cellular factors. In this study we used a cellular assay to screen for small molecules capable of interfering with any of such necessary viral or cellular components. We used an established reporter assay to assess influenza viral replication by monitoring the activity of co-expressed luciferase. We screened a diverse chemical compound library, resulting in the identification of compound 7, which inhibits a novel yet elusive target. Quantitative real-time PCR studies confirmed the dose-dependent inhibitory activity of compound 7 in a viral replication assay. Furthermore, we showed that compound 7 is effective in rescuing high-dose influenza infection in an in vivo mouse model. As oseltamivir-resistant influenza strains emerge, compound 7 could be further investigated as a new and potentially suitable scaffold for the development of anti-influenza agents that act on novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Bottini
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center (IIDC) and Cancer Center (CC), Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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