151
|
Yakubovich AR, Esposti MD, Lange BCL, Melendez-Torres GJ, Parmar A, Wiebe DJ, Humphreys DK. Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:e1-e14. [PMID: 33621113 PMCID: PMC7958062 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.306101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background. Since 2005, most US states have expanded civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense outside the home. In most cases, legislation has included removing the duty to retreat anywhere one may legally be, commonly known as stand-your-ground laws. The extent to which these laws affect public health and safety is widely debated in public and policy discourse.Objectives. To synthesize the available evidence on the impacts and social inequities associated with changing civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense on violence, injury, crime, and firearm-related outcomes.Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, National Bureau of Economic Research working papers, and SocArXiv; harvested references of included studies; and consulted with experts to identify studies until April 2020.Selection Criteria. Eligible studies quantitatively estimated the association between laws that expanded or restricted the right to use deadly force in self-defense and population or subgroup outcomes among civilians with a comparator.Data Collection and Analysis. Two reviewers extracted study data using a common form. We assessed study quality using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tools adapted for (controlled) before-after studies. To account for data dependencies, we conducted graphical syntheses (forest plots and harvest plots) to summarize the evidence on impacts and inequities associated with changing self-defense laws.Main Results. We identified 25 studies that estimated population-level impacts of laws expanding civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense, all of which focused on stand-your-ground or other expansions to self-defense laws in the United States. Studies were scored as having serious or critical risk of bias attributable to confounding. Risk of bias was low across most other domains (i.e., selection, missing data, outcome, and reporting biases). Stand-your-ground laws were associated with no change to small increases in violent crime (total and firearm homicide, aggravated assault, robbery) on average across states. Florida-based studies showed robust increases (24% to 45%) in firearm and total homicide while self-defense claims under stand-your-ground law were more often denied when victims were White, especially when claimants were racial minorities.Author's Conclusions. The existing evidence contradicts claims that expanding self-defense laws deters violent crime across the United States. In at least some contexts, including Florida, stand-your-ground laws are associated with increases in violence, and there are racial inequities in the application of these laws.Public Health Implications. In some US states, most notably Florida, stand-your-ground laws may have harmed public health and safety and exacerbated social inequities. Our findings highlight the need for scientific evidence on both population and equity impacts of self-defense laws to guide legislative action that promotes public health and safety for all.Trial Registration. Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/uz68e).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Yakubovich
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michelle Degli Esposti
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brittany C L Lange
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alpa Parmar
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas J Wiebe
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David K Humphreys
- Alexa R. Yakubovich, Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, Alpa Parmar, and David K. Humphreys are affiliated with University of Oxford, Oxford, England. A. R. Yakubovich is also affiliated with St Michael's Hospital (Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto), Toronto, ON. B. C. L. Lange is also affiliated with Child Health and Development Institute of Connecticut, Farmington, CT. G. J. Melendez-Torres is affiliated with University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Douglas J. Wiebe is affiliated with University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Patel R, Gupte SS, Srivastava S, Kumar P, Chauhan S, Govindu MD, Dhillon P. Experience of gender-based violence and its effect on depressive symptoms among Indian adolescent girls: Evidence from UDAYA survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248396. [PMID: 33765009 PMCID: PMC7993765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women has been one of the most prominent issue and a major public health concern. It is a principle violation of basic human rights and has both physical and mental effect on the victim. This study focuses on married and unmarried girls aged 15 to 19 years, belonging to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. This study attempts to examine depression level among married and unmarried girls who have faced violence against them. With the unprecedented growth in social networking, online digital platform and its accessibility, the study also brings out the pertinent aspect of internet based violence and its psychological outcome on adolescent girls. Hence, the study can be seen as an important and needed value addition to the existing pool of knowledge on the subject. METHODS The study uses Understanding the lives of adolescents and young adults (UDAYA) project data for Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Depressive symptoms among adolescent girl is the outcome variable of the study. Descriptive statistic and bivariate analysis has been used to get to preliminary results. Chi-squared test is used to test the significant of variables. Further, multi-variate analysis (logistic regression) was used. RESULTS Almost 29, 23 and 26 percent of married adolescent girls had faced emotional, physical and sexual violence respectively. It was found that about five per cent of unmarried and eight per cent of married girls had high depressive symptoms. It was found that unmarried adolescent girls who had witnessed their father beating mother were 71 percent more likely to suffer from higher depressive symptoms [OR: 1.71, 1.09-2.69]. Adolescents who faced perpetrated bullying had 90 per cent [OR: 1.90, 1.32-2.72] and 86 per cent [OR: 1.86, 0.98-3.52] higher likelihood to suffer from higher depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The study goes beyond intimate partner violence and includes various covariates to explain the association between violence and depressive symptoms among married and unmarried adolescents. Hence, more inclusive policies are needed to address the issue of violence against women as the spectrum of the violence is expanding with time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Patel
- Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shekhar Chauhan
- Department of Population Policies and Programmes, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Mani Deep Govindu
- Karnataka Health Promotion Trust (KHPT), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Dhillon
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Fiorentino M, Sow A, Sagaon-Teyssier L, Mora M, Mengue MT, Vidal L, Kuaban C, March L, Laurent C, Spire B, Boyer S, for the EVOLCam study Group. Intimate partner violence by men living with HIV in Cameroon: Prevalence, associated factors and implications for HIV transmission risk (ANRS-12288 EVOLCAM). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246192. [PMID: 33600445 PMCID: PMC7891744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is frequent in Central Africa and may be a HIV infection risk factor. More data on HIV-positive men (MLHIV) committing IPV are needed to develop perpetrator-focused IPV and HIV prevention interventions. We investigated the relationship between IPV and HIV transmission risk and IPV-associated factors. METHODS We used data from the cross-sectional survey EVOLCam which was conducted in Cameroonian outpatient HIV structures in 2014. The study population comprised MLHIV declaring at least one sexual partner in the previous year. Using principal component analysis, we built three variables measuring, respectively, self-reported MLHIV-perpetrated psychological and physical IPV (PPV), severe physical IPV (SPV), and sexual IPV (SV). Ordinal logistic regressions helped investigate: i) the relationship between HIV transmission risk (defined as unstable aviremia and inconsistent condom use) and IPV variables, ii) factors associated with each IPV variable. RESULTS PPV, SPV and SV were self-reported by 28, 15 and 11% of the 406 study participants, respectively. IPV perpetrators had a significantly higher risk of transmitting HIV than non-IPV perpetrators. Factors independently associated with IPV variables were: i) socio-demographic, economic and dyadic factors, including younger age (PPV and SPV), lower income (PPV), not being the household head (SPV and SV), living with a main partner (SPV), and having a younger main partner (SPV); ii) sexual behaviors, including ≥2 partners in the previous year (PPV and SPV), lifetime sex with another man (SPV), inconsistent condom use (SV), and >20 partners during lifetime (SV); iii) HIV-related stigma (PPV and SV). CONCLUSION IPV perpetrators had a higher risk of transmitting HIV and having lifetime and recent risky sexual behaviors. Perpetrating IPV was more frequent in those with socioeconomic vulnerability and self-perceived HIV-related stigma. These findings highlight the need for interventions to prevent IPV by MLHIV and related HIV transmission to their(s) partner(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fiorentino
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Abdourahmane Sow
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Luis Sagaon-Teyssier
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Mora
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurent Vidal
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Christopher Kuaban
- Department of Internal Medicine and Subspecialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Laura March
- Laboratoire Populations Environnement Développement, UMR 151, IRD, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Spire
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Boyer
- INSERM, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal violence, such as intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and adverse childhood experiences, is a significant global health concern. A major challenge to nurses and others working in the field of interpersonal violence deals with the complexity involved in measuring interpersonal violence. Numerous validated instruments exist; however, there is no standard approach for scoring these instruments. There is also a tendency to examine different forms of violence separately, not accounting for the known co-occurrence of violence. This has led to confusion as the interpretation of results often differs depending on the specific method used. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to summarize the major methods for scoring interpersonal violence measures and implications of each approach with a specific focus on co-occurrence. METHODS The article begins with a summary of the primary goals of measuring interpersonal violence, major methods for scoring interpersonal violence measures, along with scoring challenges. We then provide a case exemplar examining the relationship between interpersonal violence and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms to illustrate how scoring methods can affect study results and interpretation of findings. RESULTS Our article shows that each scoring method provides a different picture of the distribution of interpersonal violence experiences and varies regarding the ease of interpretation. Scoring methods also affect interpretation of associations between interpersonal violence and other factors, such as having statistical power to detect significant associations. Accounting for the co-occurrence is critical for making accurate inferences by identifying potential confounding interactions between different types of violence. DISCUSSION The application of different scoring methods leading to varying interpretations highlights the need for researchers to be purposeful when selecting a method and even applying multiple methods when possible. Recommendations are provided to assist researchers and providers when making decisions about the use of scoring methods in different contexts.
Collapse
|
155
|
Perkins NH, Rai A, Grossman SF. Physical and Emotional Sibling Violence in the Time of COVID -19. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2021; 37:745-752. [PMID: 33584003 PMCID: PMC7869424 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted families in a variety of ways with much being written on the potential impact of sheltering in place and quarantining on intimate partner violence and parent-to-child abuse. One area that has received scant attention is that of physical and emotional sibling violence. While physical and emotional sibling violence is a predominant form of family violence, discussion of violence between siblings in the time of COVID-19 has not received the attention it warrants. This article examines the potential for family stress to place siblings at risk for engaging in physical and emotional sibling violence and how this is exacerbated in the time of COVID-19. Also discussed is the the connection between physical and emotional sibling violence and other forms of family violence including intimate partner violence and parent-to-child abuse and neglect which underwrites the need to place physical and emotional sibling violence on the radar of practitioners, policy makers, and researchers. Finally, implications for practice, policy, and research on physical and emotional sibling violence in the context of COVID-19 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H. Perkins
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 1 E. Pearson St. 526 Maguire Hall, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Abha Rai
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 1 E. Pearson St. 526 Maguire Hall, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Susan F. Grossman
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 1 E. Pearson St. 526 Maguire Hall, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Herbert A, Heron J, Barter C, Szilassy E, Barnes M, Howe LD, Feder G, Fraser A. Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:176. [PMID: 33553678 PMCID: PMC7848855 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16106.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk. Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors. Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common type of IPVA was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of anxiety, self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use, or risky sexual behaviour among males and females were associated with a 50% increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting depression, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), witnessing domestic violence, or parental separation were also more likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring, high academic achievement during adolescence, and NEET (not being in education, employment, or training) status in young adulthood were associated with reduced risks of IPVA. Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Herbert
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christine Barter
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eszter Szilassy
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Barnes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Stewart DE, MacMillan H, Kimber M. Recognizing and Responding to Intimate Partner Violence: An Update. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 66:71-106. [PMID: 32777936 PMCID: PMC7890590 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720939676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Stewart
- University Professor, Department of Psychiatry, 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Head of Research and Academic Development, Centre for Mental Health, Senior Scientist, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ethics and Review Committee, World Psychiatric Association, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Distinguished University Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, and Chedoke Health Chair in Child Psychiatry, Offord Centre for Child Studies, 3710McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Core Member of the Offord Centre for Child Studies, 3710McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Herbert A, Heron J, Barter C, Szilassy E, Barnes M, Howe LD, Feder G, Fraser A. Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:176. [PMID: 33553678 PMCID: PMC7848855 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16106.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk. Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors. Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common sub-type was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use among males and females were associated with a two-fold increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting risky sexual behaviour, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), or witnessing domestic violence, and females reporting sexual minority status in adolescence were also twice as likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring during adolescence was associated with a reduced risk of IPVA in males and females, as was high academic achievement, and NEET (not being in education, employment, or training) status for young adult men. Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Herbert
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christine Barter
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eszter Szilassy
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Barnes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D. Howe
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Al Shidhani NA, Al Kendi AA, Al Kiyumi MH. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Effects of Domestic Violence Before and During Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes: An Observational Study of Literate Omani Women. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:911-925. [PMID: 33149702 PMCID: PMC7604256 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s272419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence against women before and/or during pregnancy is a concerning public health issue. It has a deleterious impact on both the mother and the baby. AIM The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and predictors of emotional and physical domestic violence during three periods (lifelong, one year before pregnancy and during pregnancy). Moreover, it evaluates the effects of domestic violence on the outcomes of pregnancy, including miscarriages, birth weight of the baby, gestational age at delivery, and mode of delivery. METHODOLOGY This is a prospective observational study of literate pregnant women, attending four primary health-care centers in Muscat, from 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2020. Subjects with twin pregnancies were excluded from the study. The validated Arabic NorVold Domestic Abuse Questionnaire (NORAQ) was used to determine the prevalence of emotional and physical domestic violence. The recruited subjects were re-evaluated for birth outcomes at 2-4 weeks postpartum. RESULTS A total of 960 women participated in the study, with the mean age of 30.3 ± 5.4 years. Overall, experiences of lifelong domestic violence were reported by 161 women (16.8%), and the prevalence rate declined substantially in the one-year period preceding pregnancy and during pregnancy, 2.7% and 1.6%, respectively. Women who reported any type of domestic violence one year before pregnancy were at a higher risk of experiencing it again during pregnancy. A multivariate analysis of the obtained data revealed a strong association between physical domestic violence one year before pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy. Subjects with lifelong domestic violence reported higher rates of depression, insomnia, and somatic symptoms. No significant association was found between domestic violence, across any periods, and birth outcomes. CONCLUSION The rates of domestic violence are relatively lower during pregnancy and one year before pregnancy compared to those of the lifelong period among Omani women. A significant association was found between domestic violence and depression, insomnia, somatic symptoms, and unplanned pregnancy. Screening for domestic violence during the perinatal period, using high-quality surveys, is of utmost importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Herbert A, Heron J, Barter C, Szilassy E, Barnes M, Howe LD, Feder G, Fraser A. Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:176. [PMID: 33553678 PMCID: PMC7848855 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16106.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk. Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors. Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common sub-type was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use among boys and girls was associated with a two-fold increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting risky sexual behaviour, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), or witnessing domestic violence, and females reporting sexual minority status in adolescence were also twice as likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring during adolescence was associated with a reduced risk of IPVA in males and females, as was not being in education, employment, or training for young adult men. Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Herbert
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christine Barter
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eszter Szilassy
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria Barnes
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D. Howe
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Li Y, Bloom T, Herbell K, Bullock LFC. Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among Chinese immigrant women. J Adv Nurs 2020; 76:2559-2571. [PMID: 32686152 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among Chinese immigrant women residing in the USA. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using the online survey approach. METHODS A total of 475 Chinese immigrant women were recruited online between April-June 2019. We measured past year intimate partner violence, sociodemographic, relationship-related and immigration-related factors, religion, social support, acculturation, adverse childhood experiences, and gender role beliefs. RESULTS Twenty-one percent of Chinese immigrant women experienced past year intimate partner violence. Younger age, cohabiting relationship, lower levels of relationship satisfaction and social support, older age at arrival, longer length of stay, religious belief, and adverse childhood experiences were associated with the occurrence of intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION Chinese immigrant women experience higher rates of intimate partner violence compared with other populations of women. Future research is still needed to elucidate abused Chinese immigrant women's violence experiences, help-seeking behaviours, availability of resources and needs for services to tailor prevention and intervention programs culturally. IMPACT The findings added to our understanding of intimate partner violence among this largest Asian immigrant group. Modifiable risk factors such as social support should be targeted in future preventions and interventions for abused Chinese immigrant women residing in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tina Bloom
- Sinclair School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kayla Herbell
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Unpacking the Causes of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Violently Injured Patients. J Surg Res 2020; 256:43-47. [PMID: 32683055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence is a public health problem that disproportionately affects urban communities. The root causes of PTSD and effects on quality of life, substance abuse, and mental health are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PTSD and its root causes to direct services to be provided in a hospital-based violence intervention program. METHODS Victims of Violence (VOVs) at University Hospital were approached from December 2017 to June 2019. They completed several validated patient-reported outcome surveys, including the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, Peritraumatic Dissociative Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Abuse Screening Test. Responses were recorded in Research Electronic Data Capture and were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Fifty-four individuals completed the surveys; 94% were men, 88% black, and 100% victims of interpersonal violence. 85% screened positive for PTSD. VOVs experienced many traumatic events throughout their life. Reported alcohol and drug abuse were low, with 91% at low risk for alcohol use disorders and 92% at low risk for drug abuse disorders (Figure 1). Positive affect remained high, indicating the possibility of resiliency in this population. CONCLUSIONS PTSD is high in VOVs in urban trauma centers. Understanding the root causes of PTSD can help direct interventions to support individuals with services that meet their individual needs. Simple screening tools can help hospital-based violence intervention programs and trauma social workers identify individual needs and assess risk for mental health and substance abuse disorders.
Collapse
|
163
|
Moreira DN, Pinto da Costa M. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the precipitation of intimate partner violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101606. [PMID: 32768122 PMCID: PMC7318988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global pandemic and many have been victims of it long before Covid-19. International organizations have documented an increase in IPV reports during the current pandemic, raising awareness of the potential causes for such an increase. Reflecting on risk factors associated with IPV, and the underlying need of the perpetrators to exert control over the victims, it becomes increasingly important to understand how the current policies of social distancing, self-isolation, and lockdown can precipitate episodes of IPV. Furthermore, access to specialized services and health care can be compromised, and health care professionals face new challenges and demands imposed by the pandemic while managing IPV cases. This article begins by examining the main risk factors more commonly associated with IPV in the literature. It proceeds by reflecting on how these risk factors may be exacerbated during the Covid-19 pandemic, which can explain the increased number of reports. Finally, it emphasizes the new challenges faced by health care professionals, while assisting IPV victims during the pandemic and provides possible recommendations on actions to implement during and beyond the Covid-19 pandemic to prevent such cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nadine Moreira
- Santa Maria Family Health Unit, North Regional Health Administration, Rua Actor Mário Viegas, s/n°, 4435-076 Rio Tinto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal; Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development), Queen Mary University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London E13 8SP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Evaluation of Physicians Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Violence Against Women. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.723415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
165
|
Yakubovich AR, Heron J, Feder G, Fraser A, Humphreys DK. Long-term Exposure to Neighborhood Deprivation and Intimate Partner Violence Among Women: A UK Birth Cohort Study. Epidemiology 2020; 31:272-281. [PMID: 31764275 PMCID: PMC7004477 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence perpetrated against women. To our knowledge, the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on intimate partner violence against women has never been investigated prospectively outside the United States. METHODS We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom, which followed our target sample, 7,219 women, from birth and their mothers (from pregnancy). At age 21, 2,128 participants self-reported the frequency of experiencing physical, psychological, or sexual intimate partner violence since age 18. Participants' exposure to neighborhood-level deprivation and family-level socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., income) were measured at 10 time points from baseline (gestation) until children were 18 years old. We estimated the effect of cumulative exposure to greater neighborhood-level deprivation on the risk of experiencing intimate partner violence using marginal structural models with stabilized inverse probability weights, accounting for time-varying confounding by socioeconomic indicators and sample attrition. RESULTS A one-unit increase in cumulative exposure to more severe neighborhood deprivation was associated with a 62% increase in participants' frequency of experiencing intimate partner violence (95% confidence interval 11%, 237%) and 36% increase in their risk of experiencing any intimate partner violence (95% confidence interval 1%, 85%). CONCLUSIONS In our study, cumulative exposure to greater neighborhood deprivation over the first 18 years of life was associated with women's increased risk of experiencing intimate partner violence in early adulthood. Future studies should test this association across contexts, including underlying mechanisms, and evaluate preventive strategies that target structural disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Yakubovich
- From the Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jon Heron
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gene Feder
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David K. Humphreys
- From the Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Guzzo KB, Hayford SR. Pathways to Parenthood in Social and Family Context: Decade in Review, 2020. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2020; 82:117-144. [PMID: 34012172 PMCID: PMC8130890 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews research from the past decade on patterns, trends, and differentials in the pathway to parenthood. BACKGROUND Whether, and under what circumstances, people become parents has implications for individual identity, family relationships, the well-being of adults and children, and population growth and age structure. Understanding the factors that influence pathways to parenthood is central to the study of families and can inform policies aimed at changing childbearing behaviors. METHOD This review summarizes recent trends in fertility as well as research on the predictors and correlates of childbearing, with a focus on the United States and on research most relevant to family scholars. We document fertility differentials and prevailing explanations for variation across sub-groups and discuss alternative pathways to parenthood, such as adoption. The article suggests avenues for future research, outlines emerging theoretical developments, and concludes with a discussion of fertility policy. RESULTS U.S. fertility has declined in recent years; whether fertility rates will increase is unclear. Elements of the broader social context such as the Great Recession and increasing economic inequality have impacted pathways to parenthood, and there is growing divergence in behaviors across social class. Scholars of childbearing have developed theories to better understand how childbearing is shaped by life course processes and social context. CONCLUSION Future research on the pathways to parenthood should continue to study group differentials, refine measurement and theories, and better integrate men and couples. Childbearing research is relevant for social policy, but ideological factors impact the application of research to policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Benjamin Guzzo
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0222
| | - Sarah R Hayford
- Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University 1885 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH, 43210
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Coll CVN, Ewerling F, García-Moreno C, Hellwig F, Barros AJD. Intimate partner violence in 46 low-income and middle-income countries: an appraisal of the most vulnerable groups of women using national health surveys. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002208. [PMID: 32133178 PMCID: PMC7042580 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a critical public health issue that transcends social and economic boundaries and considered to be a major obstacle to the progress towards the 2030 women, children and adolescents’ health goals in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Standardised IPV measures have been increasingly incorporated into Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in LMICs. Routine reporting and disaggregated analyses at country level are essential to identify populational subgroups that are particularly vulnerable to IPV exposure. Methods We examined data from 46 countries with surveys carried out between 2010 and 2017 to assess the prevalence and inequalities in recent psychological, physical and sexual IPV among ever-partnered women aged 15–49 years. Inequalities were assessed by disaggregating the data according to household wealth, women’s age, women’s empowerment level, polygyny status of the relationship and area of residence. Results National levels of reported IPV varied widely across countries—from less than 5% in Armenia and Comoros to more than 40% in Afghanistan. Huge inequalities within countries were also observed. Generally, richer and more empowered women reported less IPV, as well as those whose partners had no cowives. Different patterns across countries were observed according to women’s age and area of residence but in most cases younger women and those living in rural areas tend to be more exposed to IPV. Conclusion The present study advances the current knowledge by providing a global panorama of the prevalence of different forms of IPV across LMICs, helping the identification of the most vulnerable groups of women and for future monitoring of leaving no one behind towards achieving the elimination of all forms of violence among women and girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V N Coll
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ewerling
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Hellwig
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aluisio J D Barros
- International Center for Equity in Health, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Pro G, Camplain R, de Heer B, Chief C, Teufel-Shone N. A National Epidemiologic Profile of Physical Intimate Partner Violence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Supportive Childhood Relationships: Group Differences in Predicted Trends and Associations. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:660-670. [PMID: 31912443 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common in the USA and associated with multiple health sequelae. Physical intimate partner violence (IPV) is a type of revictimization that some adults with ACEs may be more prone to. Positive and supportive childhood environments may buffer the effects of ACEs, but little is known about the differential associations between physical IPV and ACEs and supportive childhood environments. We sought to illustrate racial/ethnic and gender differences in the adjusted predicted probability of physical IPV across multiple ACE and supportive childhood scores. METHODS We used multivariate linear regression to model the predicted probability of experiencing physical IPV across ACE (physical, psychological, sexual, household environment, mother's abuse) and supportive childhood scores in a national sample (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, 2012-2013, n = 35,614). Data analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women demonstrated the highest proportion of experiencing physical IPV (21%). AI/AN men had the highest mean physical ACE score (1.6/4), while AI/AN women had the highest mean scores for all other ACE typologies. ACE scores were positively associated with predicted physical IPV among women, and among AI/AN women in particular. Supportive childhood scores were negatively associated with predicted physical IPV primarily among women. CONCLUSION Physical IPV and ACEs are exceedingly high among AI/AN women. A better understanding of differential associations between childhood experiences and IPV is needed to more effectively tailor childhood and family-based health promotion strategies among multiple diverse communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Pro
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Brooke de Heer
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona University, 5 East McConnell Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Carmenlita Chief
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nicolette Teufel-Shone
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Bedford LE, Guo VY, Yu EYT, Wong CKH, Fung CSC, Lam CLK. Do Negative Emotional States Play a Role in the Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Poor Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Women From Low-Income Families? Violence Against Women 2020; 26:2041-2061. [PMID: 31896311 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219892648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional analysis of a dataset of 156 participants in a health assessment program explored whether negative emotional states mediated the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Compared with IPV screen-negative participants, those who screened positive had significantly lower HRQoL and significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The inverse associations between the presence of IPV and HRQoL were found to be mediated by depression, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, interventions to alleviate negative emotions in women suffering from IPV have the potential to be useful in improving their HRQoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elizabeth Bedford
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Esther Yee Tak Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carlos King Ho Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colman Siu Cheung Fung
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
An JH, Moon CS, Kim DE, Lee-Tauler SY, Jeon HJ, Cho SJ, Sung SJ, Hong JP. Prevalence of intimate partner violence victimization and its association with mental disorders in the Korean general population. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:751-758. [PMID: 31377864 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-019-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the association between experiencing physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health among women in the general Korean population. A total of 3160 South Korean women aged 18 to 74 responded to the Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI), version 2.1., and questions about IPV. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the odds of developing mental disorders associated with each type of IPV. Victimization by any type of IPV was associated with significantly increased odds of experiencing any mental disorders in the lifetime (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.4-8.0). Participants who experienced sexual IPV had the highest odds of having mental disorders (OR 14.3, 95% CI 4.1-54.8). Sexual IPV experience among participants was associated with higher odds of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, agoraphobia, and nicotine dependence. Alcohol use disorder was highly associated with experiencing physical IPV (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7-8.0). Among women who experienced IPV, the youngest age group, from 18 to 35 years old (2.6%, 95% CI 1.4-3.8), and the never married group (2.7%, 95% CI 1.2-4.2) experienced the highest proportion of any form of IPV. Mental disorders throughout the lifetime are highly associated with the experience of IPV among women and are most prevalent among those who experienced sexual IPV. Thus, to prevent mental disorders among female IPV victims, treatment specific to each type of IPV should be provided early.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun An
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Carolyn Seungyoun Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Da Eun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee-Tauler
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Seong Jin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Su Jeong Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Anderson EJ, McClelland J, Meyer Krause C, Krause KC, Garcia DO, Koss MP. Web-based and mHealth interventions for intimate partner violence prevention: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029880. [PMID: 31401604 PMCID: PMC6701589 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), or those individuals susceptible to IPV victimisation or perpetration, may benefit from participation in primary, secondary or tertiary interventions to address or mitigate exposure to violence despite mixed evidence of IPV intervention effectiveness. However, participation in such programmes is limited by poor access, sociocultural barriers and programme cost. As the world fast approaches universal access to the internet, web-based technologies and low-cost smartphones, new avenues to provide preventive health services including mobile health (mHealth) tools, platforms and services have emerged. The objective of this systematic review is to assess current web-based and mHealth interventions, which include web-based or mobile-based delivery methods for IPV prevention. Interpersonal violence is defined as perpetration or victimisation of a physical, psychological or sexual nature among adults. Interventions may be at the primary, secondary or tertiary level of the public health model. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This systematic review will incorporate studies focused on any empirical prevention intervention intended for IPV victims or perpetrators of any gender where one or more components is web based or mobile based. Articles will be retrieved from the following academic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Open Grey, as well Google Scholar. Results will be limited to articles reporting primary data, published since 1998, and in English, Spanish, Portuguese or French. Data extraction procedures will follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, a critical appraisal tool, will be used to record ratings of quality and risk of bias among studies selected for inclusion. Content analysis and between-study comparisons will be used to answer the objectives of this review. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Results from this review will be published in an open access format for the benefit of both academic and non-academic audiences, including community organisations and individuals seeking mHealth strategies to reduce and prevent IPV. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019123006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean McClelland
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Keegan C Krause
- College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David O Garcia
- College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mary P Koss
- College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Steele SJ, Abrahams N, Duncan K, Woollett N, Hwang B, O'Connell L, van Cutsem G, Shroufi A. The epidemiology of rape and sexual violence in the platinum mining district of Rustenburg, South Africa: Prevalence, and factors associated with sexual violence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216449. [PMID: 31365536 PMCID: PMC6668777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates for the prevalence of rape and other forms of sexual violence (SV) vary in South Africa. This survey aimed to provide clarity by quantifying the prevalence of SV (forced sex or sexual acts) by 1) sexual partners, and 2) non-partners, and to describe factors associated with these outcomes among women (18–49 years) living in Rustenburg Municipality. Materials and methods We conducted a cluster-randomized household survey (November—December 2015). Women were asked about their experiences of SV, associated attitudes and behaviours, and access to services. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with partner and non-partner SV. Results Of eligible households, 83·1% (1700/2044) participated. Of 966 women invited, 836 participated (86·5%). Average age of participants was 31.6 years (95%CI: 30·9, 32·4) with 45% having completed at least secondary school, and 60% unemployed or looking for work. Lifetime prevalence of SV was 24.9% (95%CI: 21·7–28·5), reaching 9.0% (95% CI: 6·6–12·1) by age 15. Almost one third told no one of their SV experiences. Factors related to financial dependence were associated with SV by a partner. History of termination of pregnancy increased the likelihood of SV by a non-partner as an adult. Women who experienced SV in childhood or as an adult were more likely to experience SV from a different type of perpetrator than those who did not. Conclusions We found a high prevalence of SV, including during childhood, in this setting, with limited access to care. This and the high morbidity attributed to SV calls for increased service provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Steele
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) South Africa, Operational Control Centre Brussels, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- South African Medical Research Council, Gender and Health Division, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kristal Duncan
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) South Africa, Operational Control Centre Brussels, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nataly Woollett
- University of the Witwatersrand, School of Clinical Medicine, School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bella Hwang
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) South Africa, Operational Control Centre Brussels, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy O'Connell
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Southern African Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gilles van Cutsem
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Southern African Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.,University of Cape Town, Centre for Infection Disease and Epidemiology Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amir Shroufi
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) South Africa, Operational Control Centre Brussels, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Abstract
Purpose of review Violence prevention research has enhanced our understanding of individual and community risk and protective factors for aggression and violence. However, our knowledge of risk and protective factors for violence is highly dependent on observational studies, since there are few randomized trials of risk and protective factors for violence. Observational studies are susceptible to systematic errors, specifically confounding, and may lack internal validity. Recent findings Many violence prevention studies utilize methods that do not correctly identify the set of covariates needed for statistical adjustment. This results in unwarranted matching and restriction leading to further confounding or selection bias. Covariate adjustment based on purely statistical criteria generates inconsistent results and uncertain conclusions. Summary Conventional methods used to identify confounding in violence prevention research are often inadequate. Causal diagrams have potential to improve the understanding and identification of potential confounding biases in observational violence prevention studies, and methods like sensitivity analysis using quantitative bias analysis can help to address unmeasured confounding. Violence research studies should make more use of these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbar I Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Zapata-Calvente AL, Megías JL, Moya M, Schoebi D. Gender-Related Ideological and Structural Macrosocial Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Against European Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319839367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is investigated mostly at the individual level, which ignores the role of macrosocial variables and possible interactions between them. We explored how two ideological gender-related macrosocial factors (traditional gender role beliefs and attitudes toward gender equality) and one structural gender-related macrosocial factor (the economic Gender Equality Index) are associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPVAW in Europe. We examined their interactions with individual-level factors in predicting IPVAW. Secondary analysis ( N = 30,284 heterosexual women) of the 2015 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ Violence Against Women survey revealed that 26.1% of women in Europe reported at least one act of physical, psychological, or sexual violence. Generalized linear mixed models analysis revealed that individual-level factors (women’s education, childhood victimization, equal say about income, partner’s alcohol consumption, and an aggressive partner) were associated with IPVAW. Adding the Eurobarometer of Gender Equality ( N = 28 countries) and the Gender Equality Index ( N = 28 countries), attitudes more favorable to gender equality were related to lower rates of psychological victimization; more traditional gender role beliefs predicted higher rates of sexual victimization. Ideological gender-related macrofactors played an important role in cross-level interactions with individual-level factors. To reduce the rates of IPVAW victimization, clinicians, educators, and policy makers need to focus on individual predictors and macrofactors to promote societal attitudes toward equality and change traditional gender role socialization. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319839367
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús L. Megías
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dominik Schoebi
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Yakubovich AR, Heron J, Feder G, Fraser A, Humphreys DK. Intimate partner violence victimisation in early adulthood: psychometric properties of a new measure and gender differences in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025621. [PMID: 30904864 PMCID: PMC6475136 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the psychometric properties of a novel, brief measure of physical, psychological and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and estimate the overall prevalence of and gender differences in this violence. DESIGN Data are from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a birth-cohort study. SETTING Avon, UK. PARTICIPANTS 2128 women and 1145 men who completed the questionnaire assessment at age 21. OUTCOME MEASURES Participants responded to eight items on physical, psychological and sexual IPV victimisation at age 21. Participants indicated whether the violence occurred before age 18 and/or after and led to any of eight negative impacts (eg, fear). We estimated the prevalence of IPV and tested for gender differences using χ2 or t-tests. We evaluated the IPV victimisation measure based on internal consistency (alpha coefficient), dimensionality (exploratory factor analysis) and convergent validity with negative impacts. RESULTS Overall, 37% of participants reported experiencing any IPV and 29% experienced any IPV after age 18. Women experienced more frequent IPV, more acts of IPV and more negative impacts than men (p<0.001 for all comparisons). The IPV measure showed high internal consistency (α=0.95), strong evidence for unidimensionality and was highly correlated with negative impacts (r=0.579, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of IPV victimisation in the ALSPAC cohort was considerable for both women and men. The strong and consistent gender differences in the frequency and severity of IPV suggest clinically meaningful differences in experiences of this violence. The ALSPAC measure for IPV victimisation was valid and reliable, indicating its suitability for further aetiological investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David K Humphreys
- Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Chermack ST, Bonar EE, Goldstick JE, Winters J, Blow FC, Friday S, Ilgen MA, Rauch SA, Perron BE, Ngo QM, Walton MA. A randomized controlled trial for aggression and substance use involvement among Veterans: Impact of combining Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment and telephone-based Continuing Care. J Subst Abuse Treat 2019; 98:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
177
|
Websdale N, Ferraro K, Barger SD. The domestic violence fatality review clearinghouse: introduction to a new National Data System with a focus on firearms. Inj Epidemiol 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 31245255 PMCID: PMC6582678 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-019-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the US more than 1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men have experienced severe physical violence by an intimate partner. The most severe violence, violence that ends in death, disproportionately affects women. Current or former male intimate partners commit the majority of homicides of females and fifty to 60 % of these homicides are perpetrated with firearms. Most murder-suicides involve intimate partners and the vast majority of these cases are women murdered by intimate partners using a firearm. Little data exist to illuminate the social and legal circumstances surrounding firearm use in intimate partner homicide. Here we describe US Domestic Violence Fatality Review Teams and the planning and development of a National Clearinghouse for Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews. Among other things, the National Clearinghouse will centrally record and harmonize reviews across the US through standardized reporting templates and protocols for gathering de-identified intimate partner homicide case information. Conclusion Domestic violence fatality reviews provide a promising yet underutilized data source to understand the links between firearms and domestic violence related deaths. The nascent Clearinghouse can inform policy approaches to address intimate partner homicide as well as firearm-related violence in the United States.
Collapse
|