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Phillippi A, Hamann E, Yund PO. Fertilization in an egg-brooding colonial ascidian does not vary with population density. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2004; 206:152-160. [PMID: 15198941 DOI: 10.2307/1543639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that free-spawning marine organisms may be subject to fertilization failure at low population density (due to the effects of sperm dilution) has sparked much interest, but these effects have been demonstrated only in a few species that broadcast their eggs. Some egg-brooding species may overcome dilution effects by filtering low concentrations of sperm from seawater and fertilizing eggs throughout an extended period of time. We examined the effects of population density and size on fertilization in Botryllus schlosseri, a hermaphroditic colonial ascidian that free-spawns sperm, but broods eggs. We experimentally manipulated the size and density of mating groups and surveyed fertilization levels in natural populations that varied in density. Fertilization was not affected by variation in population size or density in either the experimental or natural populations. Near the end of the reproductive season, some eggs may have been fertilized too late to complete development, suggesting a temporal form of sperm limitation that has not been considered in other systems. We also detected greater variability in fertilization levels at lower population density. Nevertheless, these results suggest that caution must be used in extrapolating reported density effects on fertilization to all taxa of free-spawners; density effects may be reduced in brooders that have efficient sperm collection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Phillippi
- School of Marine Sciences, Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, USA.
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202
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Giménez, Klaus Anger L, Torres G. Linking life history traits in successive phases of a complex life cycle: effects of larval biomass on early juvenile development in an estuarine crab,Chasmagnathus granulata. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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203
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Moore JW, Ruesink JL, McDonald KA. Impact of Supply‐Side Ecology on Consumer‐Mediated Coexistence: Evidence from a Meta‐Analysis. Am Nat 2004; 163:480-7. [PMID: 15026982 DOI: 10.1086/382091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies of marine nearshore hard substrates have demonstrated that consumers and abiotic disturbances can remove biomass, clearing space for species that are competitively subordinate and subsequently increasing diversity. However, studies often examine the impact of these space-opening forces on diversity in isolation from other potentially interacting factors. In marine systems, space can be closed by recruitment decoupled from local populations. Therefore, we investigated how recruitment influences the impacts of consumers on diversity with a meta-analysis of 27 experiments of community development involving sessile species on marine hard substrates. These studies allowed quantification of recruitment rates, consumer pressure, and species richness of primary space occupants. This meta-analysis demonstrated that consumers generally increase diversity at high levels of recruitment but decrease diversity at low levels of recruitment. Therefore, species diversity of sessile species is controlled by the interaction between forces that open (predation and herbivory) and close (recruitment) space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Moore
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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204
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Palmer TM, Stanton ML, Young TP. Competition and coexistence: exploring mechanisms that restrict and maintain diversity within mutualist guilds. Am Nat 2004; 162:S63-79. [PMID: 14583858 DOI: 10.1086/378682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions are diverse and widespread and often involve multispecies guilds of mutualists competing for access to one or more partner species. Despite the ubiquity of these interactions, we know little about the dynamics of competition and coexistence within these guilds or how interactions between mutualists and their shared resource (the partner species) may influence these dynamics. In this article, we review the evidence for interspecific competition for partners within mutualist guilds in both plant-pollinator and ant-myrmecophyte systems. We then review evidence for the operation of different coexistence mechanisms within these guilds and discuss how the dynamics of competition and coexistence may be uniquely shaped by multispecies mutualist interactions. In particular, we note that adaptive and plastic responses by mutualists to variation in partner quality are likely to play an important role in determining these dynamics. We summarize by considering the ecological conditions that are likely to restrict or promote species coexistence within mutualist guilds. We suggest that these guilds may provide powerful model systems for exploring multiple mechanisms of species coexistence, and we discuss how these mechanisms may be modified by evolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Palmer
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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205
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Muko S, Iwasa Y. Incomplete mixing promotes species coexistence in a lottery model with permanent spatial heterogeneity. Theor Popul Biol 2003; 64:359-68. [PMID: 14522175 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-5809(03)00085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For many marine organisms, the population dynamics in multiple habitats are affected by migration of planktonic larvae. We herein examine the effect of incomplete larval mixing on the condition for species coexistence. The system consists of two heterogeneous habitats, each composed of a number of sites occupied by adults of two species. Larvae produced in a habitat form a pool and migrate to the pool of the other habitat. When an adult dies, the vacant site becomes occupied by an individual randomly chosen from the larval pool. We study (1). the invasibility of a inferior species which has no advantage in either habitats, (2). the dynamics when larval migration and competition among adults are symmetric between habitats, and (3). the case with unidirectional migration. The coexistence of competitors is more likely to occur when larval migration is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoka Muko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-ken, Fukuoka-shi 812-8581, Japan.
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206
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Palumbi SR. Ecological subsidies alter the structure of marine communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11927-8. [PMID: 14530398 PMCID: PMC218687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2335832100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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207
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Witman JD, Genovese SJ, Bruno JF, McLaughlin JW, Pavlin BI. MASSIVE PREY RECRUITMENT AND THE CONTROL OF ROCKY SUBTIDAL COMMUNITIES ON LARGE SPATIAL SCALES. ECOL MONOGR 2003. [DOI: 10.1890/01-4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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210
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Kinlan BP, Gaines SD. PROPAGULE DISPERSAL IN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE. Ecology 2003. [DOI: 10.1890/01-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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211
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Abstract
Marine organisms challenge the classical theories of local adaptation and speciation because their planktonic larvae have the potential to maintain high gene flow. The marine-speciation paradox is illustrated by contact zones between incipient species that are so large that allopatric divergence seems unlikely. For this reason any mechanism preventing sympatric larvae of two incipient species from coexisting in the same habitats can be a powerful promoter of speciation. The contact zone between two hybridizing taxa of mussel, Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis, in Europe provides an excellent example. Although the zone itself extends over thousands of kilometres, the opportunities for interbreeding are considerably reduced by the small-scale mosaic structure of the zone, where local patches of each taxon alternate at scales of kilometres or less, in response to locally variable ecological factors. Habitat choice by settling larvae would be a less costly mechanism than post-settlement selection to maintain such a mosaic structure. Unfortunately the role of selective settlement has remained hypothetical because larvae could not be scored by classical genetic markers. PCR markers allowed us to study larvae and settlement in ecologically contrasting sites within the zone. We show that only a subset of the genotypes present in the plankton settle in some sites, and that the adults on these sites show the same genetic bias. Genetically based variation in pre-settlement processes therefore accounts for the ecological segregation observed, though it is not the only factor involved in limiting successful interbreeding. The present dataset also supports previous reports of partial spawning asynchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bierne
- Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptation, Université Montpellier II-IFREMER-CNRS, UMR5000, SMEL, 34200 Sète, France.
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Benedetti-Cecchi L, Bertocci I, Micheli F, Maggi E, Fosella T, Vaselli S. Implications of spatial heterogeneity for management of marine protected areas (MPAs): examples from assemblages of rocky coasts in the northwest Mediterranean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 55:429-458. [PMID: 12628195 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(02)00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a management tool to preserve species and habitats. Testing hypotheses about the effectiveness of MPAs is important for their implementation and to identify informative criteria to support management decisions. This study tested the general proposition that MPAs affected assemblages of algae and invertebrates between 0.0 and 0.5 m above the mean low water level of rocky coasts on two islands in the Tuscan Archipelago (northwest Mediterranean). Protection was concentrated mainly on the west coasts of the islands, raising the possibility that neither the full range of assemblages nor the relevant scales of variation were properly represented within MPAs. This motivated the comparison of assemblages on opposite sides of islands (habitats). The effects of MPAs and habitat were assessed with a multifactorial sampling design; hypotheses were tested about differences in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation. The design consisted of three replicate shores for each condition of protected and reference areas on the west side of each island and three unprotected shores on the eastern side. Assemblages were sampled independently four times on each island between June 1999 and January 2001. At each time of sampling two sites were selected randomly at each of two tidal heights to represent midshore and lowshore assemblages on each shore. Estimates of abundance were obtained using non-destructive sampling methods from five replicate 20x20 cm quadrats at each site. Results indicated differences among habitats in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation at the scale of shores. Most of these patterns were inconsistent with the predicted effect of management through MPAs. The data suggest that designation of MPAs in the Tuscan Archipelago should proceed through management of multiple shores and types of habitat selected to guarantee protection to a representative sample of assemblages and to the processes responsible for maintenance of spatial patchiness at different scales. This study also shows that considerations of spatial heterogeneity are important to underpin management decisions about the number, size and location of MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benedetti-Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Via A. Volta 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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214
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Schneider DW, Stoeckel JA, Rehmann CR, Douglas Blodgett K, Sparks RE, Padilla DK. A developmental bottleneck in dispersing larvae: implications for spatial population dynamics. Ecol Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pittman SJ, McAlpine CA. Movements of marine fish and decapod crustaceans: process, theory and application. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2003; 44:205-294. [PMID: 12846043 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2881(03)44004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many marine species have a multi-phase ontogeny, with each phase usually associated with a spatially and temporally discrete set of movements. For many fish and decapod crustaceans that live inshore, a tri-phasic life cycle is widespread, involving: (1) the movement of planktonic eggs and larvae to nursery areas; (2) a range of routine shelter and foraging movements that maintain a home range; and (3) spawning migrations away from the home range to close the life cycle. Additional complexity is found in migrations that are not for the purpose of spawning and movements that result in a relocation of the home range of an individual that cannot be defined as an ontogenetic shift. Tracking and tagging studies confirm that life cycle movements occur across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This dynamic multi-scale complexity presents a significant problem in selecting appropriate scales for studying highly mobile marine animals. We address this problem by first comprehensively reviewing the movement patterns of fish and decapod crustaceans that use inshore areas and present a synthesis of life cycle strategies, together with five categories of movement. We then examine the scale-related limitations of traditional approaches to studies of animal-environment relationships. We demonstrate that studies of marine animals have rarely been undertaken at scales appropriate to the way animals use their environment and argue that future studies must incorporate animal movement into the design of sampling strategies. A major limitation of many studies is that they have focused on: (1) a single scale for animals that respond to their environment at multiple scales or (2) a single habitat type for animals that use multiple habitat types. We develop a hierarchical conceptual framework that deals with the problem of scale and environmental heterogeneity and we offer a new definition of 'habitat' from an organism-based perspective. To demonstrate that the conceptual framework can be applied, we explore the range of tools that are currently available for both measuring animal movement patterns and for mapping and quantifying marine environments at multiple scales. The application of a hierarchical approach, together with the coordinated integration of spatial technologies offers an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to tackle a range of animal-environment questions for highly mobile marine animals. Without scale-explicit information on animal movements many marine conservation and resource management strategies are less likely to achieve their primary objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Pittman
- Landscape Ecology Group, Department of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Ecology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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219
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220
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Garrabou J, Harmelin JG. A 20-year study on life-history traits of a harvested long-lived temperate coral in the NW Mediterranean: insights into conservation and management needs. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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221
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Menge BA, Sanford E, Daley BA, Freidenburg TL, Hudson G, Lubchenco J. Inter-hemispheric comparison of bottom-up effects on community structure: Insights revealed using the comparative-experimental approach. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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222
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223
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Micheli F, Peterson CH, Mullineaux LS, Fisher CR, Mills SW, Sancho G, Johnson GA, Lenihan HS. PREDATION STRUCTURES COMMUNITIES AT DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS. ECOL MONOGR 2002. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0365:pscads]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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224
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Camus PA, De Ciencias F. Populations, metapopulations, and the open-closed dilemma: the conflict between operational and natural population concepts. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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225
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Botsford, Hastings, Gaines. Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance. Ecol Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hancock KM, Petraitis PS. Effects of herbivorous snails and macroalgal canopy on recruitment and early survivorship of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2001; 257:205-218. [PMID: 11245876 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of grazing by the herbivorous snail Littorina littorea (L.) and the presence of a macroalgal canopy on recruitment and early survivorship of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.) at four sites of various distances from the mouth of Toothacher Cove on Swans Island in the Gulf of Maine in 1998. Recruitment plates were attached to the substrate at each site in all possible treatment combinations, including either presence of absence of macroalgal canopy, presence or absence of the herbivore, and presence or absence of a cage. Significant differences in recruitment were observed among sites in April and May, but not in June. The average number of recruits also varied significantly among herbivore treatments in May and June, and in the May macroalgaexherbivore interaction. Survivorship did not differ among sites, but did vary significantly among herbivore treatments. These differences were due almost entirely to consistently low recruitment and survival in the uncaged or open controls. Comparisons of the caged and open treatments explained between 88 and 99% of the variation in the respective main effects tests. The presence or absence of L. littorea or of macroalgal canopy had little effect on S. balanoides recruitment or survivorship. Results support previous conclusions that recruitment is greater on more exposed shores and suggest that exclusion cages may protect barnacle recruits from factors such as desiccation and the whiplash effect of macroalgal fronds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M. Hancock
- Department of Biology, Leidy Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, 19104-6018, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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233
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Lawrie SM, McQuaid CD. Scales of mussel bed complexity: structure, associated biota and recruitment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2001; 257:135-161. [PMID: 11245873 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically scaled surveys were carried out on beds of the brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus) on the South coast of South Africa. The object was to assess spatial and temporal variations in the complexity of mussel beds and to investigate relationships between mussel bed complexity and mussel recruitment. Complexity was divided into three components: physical complexity; demographic complexity; associated biota. A series of variables within each component were recorded at two different scales (10 and 50 cm) within nested quadrats on three separate occasions. The nested ANOVA design explicitly incorporated spatial scale as levels of the ANOVA. These scales were: shores (areas 1 km in length separated by 25 km); transects (areas 20 m in length separated by 100s of meters); 50x50-cm quadrats separated by meters and 10x10-cm quadrats separated by cm) This approach was intended to generate hypotheses concerning direct associations between recruitment and complexity versus co-variation due external processes. Three main questions were addressed: (1) At what scale does each variable of complexity exhibit greatest significant variation? (2) At these scales is there similar ranking of variables of complexity and recruitment? (3) Within this/these scales, is there any significant relationship between the variables measured and mussel recruitment? On two occasions (Nov. 97 and Mar. 98) the majority of variables showed greatest significant variation at the transect-scale. On a third occasion (Oct. 97) most variables showed greatest significant variation at the quadrat-scale and the site-scale. On all occasions a markedly high percentage of the variation encountered also occurred at the smallest scale of the study, i.e., the residual scale of the ANOVA analyses. Some similarity in the ranking of variables occurred at the transect scale. Within the transect-scale, there was little indication of any relationship between variables of complexity and recruitment. Relationships were inconsistent either among transects or among sampling occasions. Overall, the results suggest that a high degree of variation in mussel bed complexity consistently occurs at very small scales. High components of variance generally also occur at one or more larger scales; however, these scales vary with season. Mussel recruitment does not appear to be directly affected by complexity of mussel beds. Instead it appears external factors may influence both complexity and recruitment independently. In addition recruitment may influence complexity rather than vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M. Lawrie
- Rhodes University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, PO Box 94, 6140, Grahamstown, South Africa
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234
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Wares JP, Gaines SD, Cunningham CW. A comparative study of asymmetric migration events across a marine biogeographic boundary. Evolution 2001; 55:295-306. [PMID: 11308087 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In many nonclonal, benthic marine species, geographic distribution is mediated by the dispersal of their larvae. The dispersal and recruitment of marine larvae may be limited by temperature gradients that can affect mortality or by ocean currents that can directly affect the movements of pelagic larvae. We focus on Point Conception, a well-known biogeographic boundary between the Californian and Oregonian biogeographic provinces, to investigate whether ocean currents affect patterns of gene flow in intertidal marine invertebrates. The predominance of pelagically dispersing species with northern range limits at Point Conception suggests that ocean currents can affect species distributions by erecting barriers to the dispersal of planktonic larvae. In this paper, we investigate whether the predominantly southward currents have left a recognizable genetic signature in species with pelagically dispersing larvae whose ranges span Point Conception. We use patterns of genetic diversity and a new method for inferring cladistic migration events to test the hypothesis that southward currents increase southward gene flow for species with pelagically dispersing larvae. We collected mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data for the barnacles Balanus glandula and Chthamalus fissus and also reanalyzed a previously published mtDNA dataset (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Edmands et al. 1996). For all three species, our cladistic approach identified an excess of southward migration events across Point Conception. In data from a fourth species with nondispersing larvae (Nucella emarginata, Marko 1998), our method suggests that ocean currents have not played a role in generating genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wares
- Zoology Department, Duke University, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Wares JP, Gaines SD, Cunningham CW. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASYMMETRIC MIGRATION EVENTS ACROSS A MARINE BIOGEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARY. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0295:acsoam]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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237
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Nichols JD, Hines JE, Lebreton JD, Pradel R. ESTIMATION OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO POPULATION GROWTH: A REVERSE-TIME CAPTURE–RECAPTURE APPROACH. Ecology 2000. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3362:eoctpg]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Navarrete SA, Wieters EA. Variation in barnacle recruitment over small scales: larval predation by adults and maintenance of community pattern. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2000; 253:131-148. [PMID: 11033361 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over small spatial scales, variation in the density of settlers of benthic sessile species is the result of interactions among larval behavior, local hydrodynamic conditions, and the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the benthic habitat. It has been shown repeatedly that adult benthic filter-feeders can consume larvae of their own and other species, but their effects on the distribution and abundance of recruits have rarely been demonstrated under natural conditions in the field, particularly on hard substrata. Here we experimentally quantified the effect of the large intertidal barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas), on the density of recruits of three common barnacle species. The experiments were conducted at the peak of the barnacle recruitment season over three successive years, on the west coast of San Juan Island, Washington. A persistent and well documented community pattern in the mid intertidal zone of the study site is a sparse bed of adult S. cariosus with bare rock spaces essentially devoid of small barnacles among the large individuals. Field experiments consisted of small areas from which either all adult S. cariosus were killed leaving the shells attached to the rock, or live adult barnacles were left intact. Our results showed that over small spatial scales of a few to tens of centimeters, the large barnacle S. cariosus can interfere and significantly reduce net settlement and recruitment of conspecific as well as other barnacle species. Between 65 and 100% reduction in settlement could be attributed to larval predation by adults, as implied by barnacle settlement patterns on different treatments and by the presence of nauplius larvae in cirri and stomach contents of S. cariosus. The negative effect on barnacle settlement was consistent between years of relatively low barnacle recruitment, which appears to be the most common situation at the study site, but it disappeared on a year of unusually high recruitment, when settling larvae seem to have swamped the filtration ability of adult S. cariosus. The different barnacle species displayed contrasting settlement patterns on bare rock and on the lateral shells of the large barnacles, which appear to be a result of differences in larval behavior. Comparisons against the relative availability of these substrata in the experimental plots suggested that larvae of different species sample the benthic microhabitat in very different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Navarrete
- Departamento de Ecología and Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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240
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Brown CA, Jackson GA, Brooks DA. Particle transport through a narrow tidal inlet due to tidal forcing and implications for larval transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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241
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Jeffery CJ. Settlement in different-sized patches by the gregarious intertidal barnacle Chamaesipho tasmanica Foster and Anderson in New South Wales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2000; 252:15-26. [PMID: 10962062 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most models on settlement of open marine invertebrate populations are based on space-limitation. These models, however, do not recognise that free space may not drive the demography of populations when larval numbers are small or when larval supply varies along a gradient in the habitat. They also do not incorporate the effects of larval choice when settling. It has been hypothesised that, in gregarious barnacles, the effects of adult conspecifics, rather than available free space, may play a primary role in settlement. That is, cues from adults along perimeters of patches, rather than space available, may enhance colonisation. This study therefore aimed to distinguish between these separate influences on populations of Chamaesipho tasmanica, a gregarious barnacle characterised by relatively few larvae arriving to settle each year. Patches of 6, 3 and 1.5 cm diameter were cleared within aggregations of barnacles at three heights (Low, Mid, Upper) of Chamaesipho's distribution at two sites and during 2 years of settlement. Total numbers of settlers in each year were manipulated to determine the separate influences on settlement due to availability of substratum or the effects of conspecific adults. To test for the effects of available free space, numbers of settlers per unit area were analysed. To test for gregarious effects due to the presence of adults, numbers of settlers per unit perimeter were analysed. While available substratum was found not to affect settlement of this barnacle, gregarious settlement in response to adults at perimeters of patches was thought to be confounded by differential larval supply and differential conspecific cues among heights on the shore. Results from this study therefore have important implications for survival of gregarious populations following disturbances, especially in species where larval supply is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Jeffery
- Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities and Institute of Marine Ecology, Marine Ecology Laboratories, A11, University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jeffery CJ, Underwood AJ. Consistent spatial patterns of arrival of larvae of the honeycomb barnacle Chamaesipho tasmanica Foster and Anderson in New South Wales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 2000; 252:109-127. [PMID: 10962069 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The small honeycomb barnacle Chamaesipho tasmanica occurs in patches at high levels on exposed rocky shores, but often carpets the substratum at mid-shore levels of sheltered shores in south-eastern Australia. Studies of larval supply from 1990 to 1993 and concurrent monitoring of settlement from 1991 to 1993 revealed that larval arrival and settlement were typified by trickles of larvae from late July to December (although some were observed in January and February). Major pulses of arriving cyprids were also recorded once or twice each year. While local patterns of water-flow had no impact on numbers of larvae arriving, major peaks of larval arrival were always associated with strong southerly winds during new and full moons. There was a consistent spatial pattern of larval supply; more larvae were always caught in one area low on the shore. Numbers of larvae caught were, however, very sporadic within a given year and very variable from one year to the next. While the different numbers of cyprids in different places cannot be explained by cyprids arriving first on lower parts of the shore, longer periods of submersion nor aggregations of larvae in the plankton, recurrent patterns of arrival of larvae suggest that local site-specific characteristics have an influence on the demography of populations of this species. Variations in numbers of larvae arriving were responsible for the variations in distributions of juveniles on the substratum.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Jeffery
- Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities and Institute of Marine Ecology, Marine Ecology Laboratories, A11, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
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Navarrete SA, Menge BA, Daley BA. SPECIES INTERACTIONS IN INTERTIDAL FOOD WEBS: PREY OR PREDATION REGULATION OF INTERMEDIATE PREDATORS? Ecology 2000. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2264:siiifw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reed DC, Raimondi PT, Carr MH, Goldwasser L. THE ROLE OF DISPERSAL AND DISTURBANCE IN DETERMINING SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN SEDENTARY ORGANISMS. Ecology 2000. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2011:trodad]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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245
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Krug PJ, Zimmer RK. Developmental dimorphism and expression of chemosensory-mediated behavior: habitat selection by a specialist marine herbivore. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:1741-54. [PMID: 10804164 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.11.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dimorphisms provide an opportunity to compare sensory systems and behavior patterns between different forms of a single species. Alternative morphs differing in dispersal ability often show behavioral differences that mediate life-history trade-offs. We measured the behavioral responses of both long-lived, feeding larvae and short-lived, non-feeding larvae of the specialist marine herbivore Alderia modesta during habitat selection. Larvae immediately responded to waterborne cues from the adult host algae by increasing their turning rate, by changing their swimming speed in the water and by moving in rapid hops or spiraling along the bottom. These behavior patterns retained larvae in areas where the dissolved cue was initially perceived, and prolonged exposure to the cue increased the percentage of larvae that initiated metamorphosis. Despite their differences in life span and trophic mode, both larval morphs displayed similar behavior patterns when stimulated by the waterborne cue. Long-lived larvae had a stronger response, however, suggesting that settlement behavior may offset the costs of a prolonged larval life. This is the first study to examine the effects of dimorphic development on chemosensory-mediated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Krug
- Department of Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, PO Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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246
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Bahri-Sfar L, Lemaire C, Ben Hassine OK, Bonhomme F. Fragmentation of sea bass populations in the western and eastern Mediterranean as revealed by microsatellite polymorphism. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:929-35. [PMID: 10853737 PMCID: PMC1690615 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the genetic structure at six microsatellite loci of the Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) on 19 samples collected from different localities in the western and eastern Mediterranean basins. Significant divergence was found between the two basins. The distance tree showed two separate clusters of populations which matched well with geography, with the noticeable exception of one Egyptian sample which grouped within the western clade, a fact attributable to the introduction of aquaculture broodstock. No heterogeneity was observed within the western basin (theta = 0.0014 and n.s.). However, a significant level of differentiation was found among samples of the eastern Mediterranean (theta = 0.026 and p < 0.001). These results match with water currents but probably not with the dispersal abilities of this fish species. We thus hypothesize that selective forces are at play which limit long-range dispersal, a fact to be taken into account in the debate about speciation processes in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bahri-Sfar
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Parasitologie Marines, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisie
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Lancaster J. Geometric scaling of microhabitat patches and their efficacy as refugia during disturbance. J Anim Ecol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sagarin RD, Barry JP, Gilman SE, Baxter CH. CLIMATE-RELATED CHANGE IN AN INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY OVER SHORT AND LONG TIME SCALES. ECOL MONOGR 1999. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069%5b0465%3acrciai%5d2.0.co%3b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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