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Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Ozel MN, Burchardt LS, Osterland M, Epstein D, Wolfenberg H, Prohaska S, Hiesinger PR. Live Observation of Two Parallel Membrane Degradation Pathways at Axon Terminals. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1027-1038.e4. [PMID: 29551411 PMCID: PMC5944365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that require continuous turnover of membrane proteins at axon terminals to develop, function, and survive. Yet, it is still unclear whether membrane protein degradation requires transport back to the cell body or whether degradation also occurs locally at the axon terminal, where live observation of sorting and degradation has remained a challenge. Here, we report direct observation of two cargo-specific membrane protein degradation mechanisms at axon terminals based on a live-imaging approach in intact Drosophila brains. We show that different acidification-sensing cargo probes are sorted into distinct classes of degradative “hub” compartments for synaptic vesicle proteins and plasma membrane proteins at axon terminals. Sorting and degradation of the two cargoes in the separate hubs are molecularly distinct. Local sorting of synaptic vesicle proteins for degradation at the axon terminal is, surprisingly, Rab7 independent, whereas sorting of plasma membrane proteins is Rab7 dependent. The cathepsin-like protease CP1 is specific to synaptic vesicle hubs, and its delivery requires the vesicle SNARE neuronal synaptobrevin. Cargo separation only occurs at the axon terminal, whereas degradative compartments at the cell body are mixed. These data show that at least two local, molecularly distinct pathways sort membrane cargo for degradation specifically at the axon terminal, whereas degradation can occur both at the terminal and en route to the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmet Neset Ozel
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lara Sophie Burchardt
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Osterland
- Zuse Institute Berlin, Takustraße 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Epstein
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Straße 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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252
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Ko JH, Lee SG, Yang WM, Um JY, Sethi G, Mishra S, Shanmugam MK, Ahn KS. The Application of Embelin for Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29522451 PMCID: PMC6017120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a naturally-occurring benzoquinone compound that has been shown to possess many biological properties relevant to human cancer prevention and treatment, and increasing evidence indicates that embelin may modulate various characteristic hallmarks of tumor cells. This review summarizes the information related to the various oncogenic pathways that mediate embelin-induced cell death in multiple cancer cells. The mechanisms of the action of embelin are numerous, and most of them induce apoptotic cell death that may be intrinsic or extrinsic, and modulate the NF-κB, p53, PI3K/AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Embelin also induces autophagy in cancer cells; however, these autophagic cell-death mechanisms of embelin have been less reported than the apoptotic ones. Recently, several autophagy-inducing agents have been used in the treatment of different human cancers, although they require further exploration before being transferred from the bench to the clinic. Therefore, embelin could be used as a potential agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyeon Ko
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Um
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Srishti Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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253
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway for cells to maintain homeostasis, produce energy, degrade misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, and fight against intracellular pathogens. The process of autophagy entails the isolation of cytoplasmic cargo into double membrane bound autophagosomes that undergo maturation by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to obtain degradation capacity. RAB proteins regulate intracellular vesicle trafficking events including autophagy. RAB24 is an atypical RAB protein that is required for the clearance of late autophagic vacuoles under basal conditions. RAB24 has also been connected to several diseases including ataxia, cancer and tuberculosis. This review gives a short summary on autophagy and RAB proteins, and an overview on the current knowledge on the roles of RAB24 in autophagy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Ylä-Anttila
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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254
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Wu QM, Liu SL, Chen G, Zhang W, Sun EZ, Xiao GF, Zhang ZL, Pang DW. Uncovering the Rab5-Independent Autophagic Trafficking of Influenza A Virus by Quantum-Dot-Based Single-Virus Tracking. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1702841. [PMID: 29409147 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is closely related to virus-induced disease and a comprehensive understanding of the autophagy-associated infection process of virus will be significant for developing more effective antiviral strategies. However, many critical issues and the underlying mechanism of autophagy in virus entry still need further investigation. Here, this study unveils the involvement of autophagy in influenza A virus entry. The quantum-dot-based single-virus tracking technique assists in real-time, prolonged, and multicolor visualization of the transport process of individual viruses and provides unambiguous dissection of the autophagic trafficking of viruses. These results reveal that roughly one-fifth of viruses are ferried into cells for infection by autophagic machineries, while the remaining are not. A comprehensive overview of the endocytic- and autophagic-trafficking process indicates two distinct trafficking pathway of viruses, either dependent on Rab5-positive endosomes or autophagosomes, with striking similarities. Expressing dominant-negative mutant of Rab5 suggests that the autophagic trafficking of viruses is independent on Rab5. The present study provides dynamic, precise, and mechanistic insights into the involvement of autophagy in virus entry, which contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between autophagy and virus entry. The quantum-dot-based single-virus tracking is proven to hold promise for autophagy-related fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - En-Ze Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Geng-Fu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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255
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Anzell AR, Maizy R, Przyklenk K, Sanderson TH. Mitochondrial Quality Control and Disease: Insights into Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:2547-2564. [PMID: 28401475 PMCID: PMC5636654 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate during disease. They control cell survival via the production of ATP that fuels cellular processes and, conversely, cell death via the induction of apoptosis through release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome C. Therefore, it is essential to have stringent quality control mechanisms to ensure a healthy mitochondrial network. Quality control mechanisms are largely regulated by mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. The processes of mitochondrial fission (division) and fusion allow for damaged mitochondria to be segregated and facilitate the equilibration of mitochondrial components such as DNA, proteins, and metabolites. The process of mitophagy are responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged mitochondria. These mitochondrial quality control mechanisms have been well studied in chronic and acute pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction, but less is known about how these two processes interact and contribute to specific pathophysiologic states. To date, evidence for the role of mitochondrial quality control in acute and chronic disease is divergent and suggests that mitochondrial quality control processes can serve both survival and death functions depending on the disease state. This review aims to provide a synopsis of the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial quality control, to summarize our current understanding of the complex role that mitochondrial quality control plays in the progression of acute vs chronic diseases and, finally, to speculate on the possibility that targeted manipulation of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms may be exploited for the rationale design of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Anzell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Rita Maizy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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256
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Wang B, Ding W, Zhang M, Li H, Guo H, Lin L, Chen J, Gu Y. Role of FOXO1 in aldosterone-induced autophagy: a compensatory protective mechanism related to podocyte injury. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45331-45351. [PMID: 27244896 PMCID: PMC5216726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate whether and how autophagy was regulated in aldosterone (Aldo)-induced podocyte injury and to examine its role in this model both in vitro and in vivo. In cultured podocytes, Aldo increased autophagy flux as indicated by the enhanced expression of LC3-II/LC3-I and the reduction of p62. Autophagy induction with rapamycin (RP) provided a cytoprotective effect, and inhibition of autophagy with Atg7-specific siRNA, chloroquine (CQ) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) worsened Aldo-induced podocyte injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Aldo inhibited Akt phosphorylation but increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway; however, Aldo up-regulated the expression of FOXO1 and its downstream effector Rab7. Either knockdown of FOXO1 or Rab7 inhibited Aldo-induced autophagy. Additionally, an elevated level of P300-regulated acetylation of FOXO1 and the interaction of acetylated FOXO1 and Atg7 were also confirmed to be involved in regulating autophagy in Aldo-induced podocytes. Similar results were further confirmed in vivo. We propose that autophagy enhancement through enhancing of the FOXO1/Rab7 axis and post-translational modification of FOXO1 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy against podocyte injury by promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Guo
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lilu Lin
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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257
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Yang D, Livingston MJ, Liu Z, Dong G, Zhang M, Chen JK, Dong Z. Autophagy in diabetic kidney disease: regulation, pathological role and therapeutic potential. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:669-688. [PMID: 28871310 PMCID: PMC5771948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease, a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, has become a serious public health problem worldwide and lacks effective therapies. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. As important stress-responsive machinery, autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Emerging evidence has suggested that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to both glomerular and tubulointerstitial pathologies in kidneys under diabetic conditions. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and highlights the regulation of autophagy by the nutrient-sensing pathways and intracellular stress signaling in this disease. The advances in our understanding of autophagy in diabetic kidney disease will facilitate the discovery of a new therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of this life-threatening diabetes complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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258
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Autophagy Modulation in Cancer: Current Knowledge on Action and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8023821. [PMID: 29643976 PMCID: PMC5831833 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8023821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, accumulating evidence pointed to the importance of autophagy in various human diseases. As an essential evolutionary catabolic process of cytoplasmatic component digestion, it is generally believed that modulating autophagic activity, through targeting specific regulatory actors in the core autophagy machinery, may impact disease processes. Both autophagy upregulation and downregulation have been found in cancers, suggesting its dual oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties during malignant transformation. Identification of the key autophagy targets is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Despite this great potential, no therapies are currently available that specifically focus on autophagy modulation. Although drugs like rapamycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and others act as autophagy modulators, they were not originally developed for this purpose. Thus, autophagy may represent a new and promising pharmacologic target for future drug development and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Here, we summarize our current knowledge in regard to the interplay between autophagy and malignancy in the most significant tumor types: pancreatic, breast, hepatocellular, colorectal, and lung cancer, which have been studied in respect to autophagy manipulation as a promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we present an overview of the most recent advances in therapeutic strategies involving autophagy modulators in cancer.
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259
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Yamano K, Wang C, Sarraf SA, Münch C, Kikuchi R, Noda NN, Hizukuri Y, Kanemaki MT, Harper W, Tanaka K, Matsuda N, Youle RJ. Endosomal Rab cycles regulate Parkin-mediated mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:e31326. [PMID: 29360040 PMCID: PMC5780041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondria are selectively eliminated by mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1, gene products mutated in familial Parkinson's disease, play essential roles in mitophagy through ubiquitination of mitochondria. Cargo ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is important to trigger selective autophagy. Although autophagy receptors recruit LC3-labeled autophagic membranes onto damaged mitochondria, how other essential autophagy units such as ATG9A-integrated vesicles are recruited remains unclear. Here, using mammalian cultured cells, we demonstrate that RABGEF1, the upstream factor of the endosomal Rab GTPase cascade, is recruited to damaged mitochondria via ubiquitin binding downstream of Parkin. RABGEF1 directs the downstream Rab proteins, RAB5 and RAB7A, to damaged mitochondria, whose associations are further regulated by mitochondrial Rab-GAPs. Furthermore, depletion of RAB7A inhibited ATG9A vesicle assembly and subsequent encapsulation of the mitochondria by autophagic membranes. These results strongly suggest that endosomal Rab cycles on damaged mitochondria are a crucial regulator of mitophagy through assembling ATG9A vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Shireen A Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Christian Münch
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of Medicine, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yohei Hizukuri
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and SystemsMishimaJapan
- Department of GeneticsSOKENDAIMishimaJapan
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, ROISMishimaJapan
| | - Wade Harper
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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260
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Minakaki G, Menges S, Kittel A, Emmanouilidou E, Schaeffner I, Barkovits K, Bergmann A, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Marxreiter F, Mollenhauer B, Galasko D, Buzás EI, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Marcus K, Xiang W, Lie DC, Vekrellis K, Masliah E, Winkler J, Klucken J. Autophagy inhibition promotes SNCA/alpha-synuclein release and transfer via extracellular vesicles with a hybrid autophagosome-exosome-like phenotype. Autophagy 2018; 14:98-119. [PMID: 29198173 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1395992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) regulates intracellular homeostasis of the cytosolic protein SNCA/alpha-synuclein and is impaired in synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Emerging evidence suggests that ALP influences SNCA release, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. Several studies identified SNCA in exosome/extracellular vesicle (EV) fractions. EVs are generated in the multivesicular body compartment and either released upon its fusion with the plasma membrane, or cleared via the ALP. We therefore hypothesized that inhibiting ALP clearance 1) enhances SNCA release via EVs by increasing extracellular shuttling of multivesicular body contents, 2) alters EV biochemical profile, and 3) promotes SNCA cell-to-cell transfer. Indeed, ALP inhibition increased the ratio of extra- to intracellular SNCA and upregulated SNCA association with EVs in neuronal cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a widespread, fused multivesicular body-autophagosome compartment. Biochemical characterization revealed the presence of autophagosome-related proteins, such as LC3-II and SQSTM1. This distinct "autophagosome-exosome-like" profile was also identified in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) EVs. After a single intracortical injection of SNCA-containing EVs derived from CSF into mice, human SNCA colocalized with endosome and neuronal markers. Prominent SNCA immunoreactivity and a higher number of neuronal SNCA inclusions were observed after DLB patient CSF EV injections. In summary, this study provides compelling evidence that a) ALP inhibition increases SNCA in neuronal EVs, b) distinct ALP components are present in EVs, and c) CSF EVs transfer SNCA from cell to cell in vivo. Thus, macroautophagy/autophagy may regulate EV protein composition and consequently progression in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefanie Menges
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Agnes Kittel
- b Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Evangelia Emmanouilidou
- c Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Katalin Barkovits
- e Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty , Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Anna Bergmann
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Franz Marxreiter
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- g Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel and Departments of Neuropathology & Neurosurgery , & University Medical Center , Göttingen
| | - Douglas Galasko
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- h Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Katrin Marcus
- e Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty , Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Wei Xiang
- d Institute of Biochemistry , FAU , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Kostas Vekrellis
- c Department of Neuroscience, Center for Basic Research , Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- f Department of Neurosciences , University of California , San Diego , CA USA.,j Department of Pathology , University of California , San Diego , CA USA
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- a Department of Molecular Neurology , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen , Germany
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261
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Ji XR, Cheng KC, Chen YR, Lin TY, Cheung CHA, Wu CL, Chiang HC. Dysfunction of different cellular degradation pathways contributes to specific β-amyloid42-induced pathologies. FASEB J 2018; 32:1375-1387. [PMID: 29127191 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700199rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system (ELS), autophagy, and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are cellular degradation pathways that each play a critical role in the removal of misfolded proteins and the prevention of the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Recent studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis have suggested that accumulation of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the AD brain results from a dysfunction in these cellular clearance systems. However, the specific roles of these pathways in the removal of Aβ peptides and the pathogenesis underlying AD are unclear. Our in vitro and in vivo genetic approaches revealed that ELS mainly removed monomeric β-amyloid42 (Aβ42), while autophagy and UPS clear oligomeric Aβ42. Although overproduction of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-5 increased Aβ42 clearance, it reduced the life span of Aβ42 transgenic flies. Our behavioral studies further demonstrated impaired autophagy and UPS-enhanced Aβ42-induced learning and memory deficits, but there was no effect on Aβ42-induced reduction in life span. Results from genetic fluorescence imaging showed that these pathways were damaged in the following order: UPS, autophagy, and finally ELS. The results of our study demonstrate that different degradation pathways play distinct roles in the removal of Aβ42 aggregates and in disease progression. These findings also suggest that pharmacologic treatments that are designed to stimulate cellular degradation pathways in patients with AD should be used with caution.-Ji, X.-R., Cheng, K.-C., Chen, Y.-R., Lin, T.-Y., Cheung, C. H. A., Wu, C.-L., Chiang, H.-C. Dysfunction of different cellular degradation pathways contributes to specific β-amyloid42-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ru Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and
| | - Yu-Ru Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and
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262
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Kuchitsu Y, Homma Y, Fujita N, Fukuda M. Rab7 knockout unveiled regulated autolysosome maturation induced by glutamine starvation. J Cell Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (simply called autophagy hereafter) is an intracellular degradation mechanism that is activated by nutrient starvation. Although it is well-known that starvation induces autophagosome formation in an mTORC1-dependent manner, whether starvation also regulates autophagosome/autolysosome maturation was unclear. In the present study we succeeded in demonstrating that starvation activates autolysosome maturation in mammalian cells. We found that knockout (KO) of Rab7 caused accumulation of a massive number of LC3-positive autolysosomes under nutrient-rich conditions, indicating that Rab7 is dispensable for autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Intriguingly, the autolysosomes that had accumulated in Rab7-KO cells matured and disappeared by starvation for a brief period (∼10 min), and we identified glutamine as an essential nutrient for autolysosome maturation. In contrast, forced mTORC1 inactivation by Torin2 failed to induce autolysosome maturation, suggesting that the process is controlled by an mTORC1-independent mechanism. Since starvation-induced autolysosome maturation was also observed in wild-type cells, the nutrient-starvation-induced maturation of autolysosomes is likely to be a generalized mechanism, the same as starvation-induced autophagosome formation is. Such multistep regulatory mechanisms would enable efficient autophagic flux during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kuchitsu
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naonobu Fujita
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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263
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Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: Roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:40-51. [PMID: 28988799 PMCID: PMC5748263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), largely owing to a triplication of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. In DS and AD, defects in endocytosis and lysosomal function appear at the earliest stages of disease development and progress to widespread failure of intraneuronal waste clearance, neuritic dystrophy and neuronal cell death. The same genetic factors that cause or increase AD risk are also direct causes of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, underscoring the essential partnership between this dysfunction and APP metabolites in AD pathogenesis. The appearance of APP-dependent endosome anomalies in DS beginning in infancy and evolving into the full range of AD-related endosomal-lysosomal deficits provides a unique opportunity to characterize the earliest pathobiology of AD preceding the classical neuropathological hallmarks. Facilitating this characterization is the authentic recapitulation of this endosomal pathobiology in peripheral cells from people with DS and in trisomy mouse models. Here, we review current research on endocytic-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and AD, the emerging importance of APP/βCTF in initiating this dysfunction, and the potential roles of additional trisomy 21 genes in accelerating endosomal-lysosomal impairment in DS. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing value of investigating DS to probe the biological origins of AD as well as to understand and ameliorate the developmental disability of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Colacurcio
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Mattoscio D, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, Chiocca S. Immunogold Electron Microscopy of the Autophagosome Marker LC3. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2648. [PMID: 34595311 PMCID: PMC8438370 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though autophagy was firstly observed by transmission electron microscopy already in the 1950s (reviewed in Eskelinen et al., 2011 ), nowadays this technique remains one of the most powerful systems to monitor autophagic processes. The autophagosome, an LC3-positive double membrane structures enclosing cellular materials, represents the key organelle in autophagy and its simple visualization and/or numeration allow to draw important conclusions about the autophagic flux. Therefore, the accurate identification of autophagosomes is crucial for a comprehensive and detailed dissection of autophagy. Here we present a simple protocol to identify autophagosomes by transmission electron microscopy coupled to immunogold labeling of LC3 starting from a relatively low cell number, which we recently developed to follow the autophagic pathway during viral-mediated human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mattoscio
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnology Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center on Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT) “G. d’Annunzio”, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Medical School, University Vita.Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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265
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RAB37 interacts directly with ATG5 and promotes autophagosome formation via regulating ATG5-12-16 complex assembly. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:918-934. [PMID: 29229996 PMCID: PMC5943352 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular membrane trafficking is essential for eukaryotic cell existence. Here, we show that RAB37 activation through GTP binding recruits ATG5-12 to isolation membrane and promotes autophagosome formation through the ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 complex. RAB37 is localized on the isolation membrane. It can bind directly with ATG5 and promotes formation of the ATG5-12-16 complex. Mutation analysis reveals that GTP-bound RAB37 exhibits an enhanced interaction with ATG5-12 and GDP-stabilised mutation impairs the interaction. RAB37 promotes ATG5-12 interaction with ATG16L1, thus facilitates lipidation of LC3B in a GTP-dependent manner to enhance autophagy. Notably, ablation of RAB37 expression affects the complex formation and decreases autophagy, whereas forced RAB37 expression promotes autophagy and also suppresses cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate a role of RAB37 in autophagosome formation through a molecular connection of RAB37, ATG5-12, ATG16L1 up to LC3B, suggesting an organiser role of RAB37 during autophagosomal membrane biogenesis. These findings have broad implications for understanding the role of RAB vesicle transport in autophagy and cancer.
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266
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Guerra F, Guaragnella N, Arbini AA, Bucci C, Giannattasio S, Moro L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Novel Potential Driver of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:295. [PMID: 29250487 PMCID: PMC5716985 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cancer cells to assume mesenchymal features, endowing them with enhanced motility and invasiveness, thus enabling cancer dissemination and metastatic spread. The induction of EMT is orchestrated by EMT-inducing transcription factors that switch on the expression of “mesenchymal” genes and switch off the expression of “epithelial” genes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cancer and has been associated with progression to a metastatic and drug-resistant phenotype. The mechanistic link between metastasis and mitochondrial dysfunction is gradually emerging. The discovery that mitochondrial dysfunction owing to deregulated mitophagy, depletion of the mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA) or mutations in Krebs’ cycle enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, activate the EMT gene signature has provided evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and EMT are interconnected. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of different types of mitochondrial dysfunction in inducing EMT in cancer cells. We place emphasis on recent advances in the identification of signaling components in the mito-nuclear communication network initiated by dysfunctional mitochondria that promote cellular remodeling and EMT activation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Arnaldo A Arbini
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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267
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Ehrlichia Activation of Wnt-PI3K-mTOR Signaling Inhibits Autolysosome Generation and Autophagic Destruction by the Mononuclear Phagocyte. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00690-17. [PMID: 28993455 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00690-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, autophagy is induced as an innate defense mechanism. Notably, the obligate intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis resides in early endosome-like vacuoles and circumvents lysosomal fusion through an unknown mechanism, thereby avoiding destruction in the autophagolysosome. In this report, we reveal that Wnt signaling plays a crucial role in inhibition of lysosomal fusion and autolysosomal destruction of ehrlichiae. During early infection, autophagosomes fuse with ehrlichial vacuoles to form an amphisome indicated by the presence of autophagy markers such as LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), Beclin-1, and p62. LC3 colocalized with ehrlichial morulae on days 1, 2, and 3 postinfection, and increased LC3II levels were detected during infection, reaching a maximal level on day 3. Ehrlichial vacuoles did not colocalize with the lysosomal marker LAMP2, and lysosomes were redistributed and dramatically reduced in level in the infected cells. An inhibitor specific for the Wnt receptor signaling component Dishevelled induced lysosomal fusion with ehrlichial inclusions corresponding to p62 degradation and promoted transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear localization. E. chaffeensis infection activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway, and activation was induced by three ehrlichial tandem repeat protein (TRP) effectors, with TRP120 inducing the strongest activation. Moreover, induction of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) performed using a Wnt inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of critical components of PI3K-GSK3-mTOR signaling decreased ehrlichial survival. This report reveals Ehrlichia exploitation of the evolutionarily conserved Wnt pathway to inhibit autolysosome generation, thereby leading to evasion of this important innate immune defense mechanism.
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268
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Shen WJ, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. SR-B1: A Unique Multifunctional Receptor for Cholesterol Influx and Efflux. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 80:95-116. [PMID: 29125794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor, class B type 1 (SR-B1), is a multiligand membrane receptor protein that functions as a physiologically relevant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor whose primary role is to mediate selective uptake or influx of HDL-derived cholesteryl esters into cells and tissues. SR-B1 also facilitates the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including macrophages, back to liver. As a regulator of plasma membrane cholesterol content, SR-B1 promotes the uptake of lipid soluble vitamins as well as viral entry into host cells. These collective functions of SR-B1 ultimately affect programmed cell death, female fertility, platelet function, vasculature inflammation, and diet-induced atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. SR-B1 has also been identified as a potential marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, the SR-B1-linked selective HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake pathway is now being evaluated as a gateway for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we focus on the regulation and functional significance of SR-B1 in mediating cholesterol movement into and out of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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269
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Dimasuay KG, Gong L, Rosario F, McBryde E, Spelman T, Glazier J, Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Jansson T, Devenish RJ, Boeuf P. Impaired placental autophagy in placental malaria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187291. [PMID: 29125872 PMCID: PMC5681252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Placental malaria is a major cause of low birthweight, principally due to impaired fetal growth. Intervillositis, a local inflammatory response to placental malaria, is central to the pathogenesis of poor fetal growth as it impairs transplacental amino acid transport. Given the link between inflammation and autophagy, we investigated whether placental malaria-associated intervillositis increased placental autophagy as a potential mechanism in impaired fetal growth. Methods We examined placental biopsies collected after delivery from uninfected women (n = 17) and from women with Plasmodium falciparum infection with (n = 14) and without (n = 7) intervillositis. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining coupled with advanced image analysis were used to quantify the expression of autophagic markers (LC3-II, LC3-I, Rab7, ATG4B and p62) and the density of autophagosomes (LC3-positive puncta) and lysosomes (LAMP1-positive puncta). Results Placental malaria with intervillositis was associated with higher LC3-II:LC3-I ratio, suggesting increased autophagosome formation. We found higher density of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the syncytiotrophoblast of malaria-infected placentas with intervillositis. However, there appear to be no biologically relevant increase in LC3B/LAMP1 colocalization and expression of Rab7, a molecule involved in autophagosome/lysosome fusion, was lower in placental malaria with intervillositis, indicating a block in the later stage of autophagy. ATG4B and p62 expression showed no significant difference across histological groups suggesting normal autophagosome maturation and loading of cargo proteins into autophagosomes. The density of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the syncytiotrophoblast was negatively correlated with placental amino acid uptake. Conclusions Placental malaria-associated intervillositis is associated with dysregulated autophagy that may impair transplacental amino acid transport, possibly contributing to poor fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Genelyn Dimasuay
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine at the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lan Gong
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fredrick Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emma McBryde
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Spelman
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Glazier
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine at the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rodney J. Devenish
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine at the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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270
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Hua Y, Shen M, McDonald C, Yao Q. Autophagy dysfunction in autoinflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 88:11-20. [PMID: 29108670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases (AUIDs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of rheumatic diseases characterized by episodic inflammation linked with dysregulated innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms altered by disease-associated variants in several AUIDs, including NOD2-associated diseases, TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), and highlight the roles dysregulated autophagy plays in disease pathogenesis. Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic pathway for the elimination of cellular stressors, such as misfolded proteins, damaged organelles, or intracellular microorganisms. It is now recognized that autophagy also functions to control inflammation through regulatory interactions with innate immune signaling pathways. AUID-associated genetic variants are known to directly activate inflammatory signaling pathways. Recent evidence also indicates that these variants may also cause impairment of autophagy, thus augmenting inflammatory responses indirectly. Intriguingly, these variants can impair autophagy by different mechanisms, further implicating the autophagic response pathway in AUIDs. These discoveries provide evidence that autophagy could be investigated as a new therapeutic target for AUIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Hua
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Qingping Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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271
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Moloudizargari M, Asghari MH, Ghobadi E, Fallah M, Rasouli S, Abdollahi M. Autophagy, its mechanisms and regulation: Implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:64-74. [PMID: 28923312 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major regulatory cellular mechanism which gives the cell an ability to cope with some of the destructive events that normally occur within a metabolically living cell. This is done by maintaining the cellular homeostasis, clearance of damaged organelles and proteins and recycling necessary molecules like amino acids and fatty acids. There is a wide array of factors that influence autophagy in the state of health and disease. Disruption of these mechanisms may not only give rise to several autophagy-related disease, but also it can occur as the result of intracellular changes induced during disease pathogenesis causing exacerbation of the disease. Our knowledge is increasing regarding the role of autophagy and its mechanisms in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Indeed, getting to know about the pathways of autophagy and its regulation can provide the basis for designing therapeutic interventions. In the present paper, we review the pathways of autophagy, its regulation and the possible autophagy-targeting interventions for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Emad Ghobadi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Fallah
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shima Rasouli
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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272
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Lee Y, Kwon I, Jang Y, Song W, Cosio-Lima LM, Roltsch MH. Potential signaling pathways of acute endurance exercise-induced cardiac autophagy and mitophagy and its possible role in cardioprotection. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:639-654. [PMID: 28685325 PMCID: PMC5684252 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated cells and possess extremely limited regenerative capacity; therefore, preservation of mature cardiac myocytes throughout the individual's entire life span contributes substantially to healthy living. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent cellular catabolic process, is essential for normal cardiac function and mitochondria maintenance. Therefore, it may be reasonable to hypothesize that if endurance exercise promotes cardiac autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy, exercise-induced cardiac autophagy (EICA) or exercise-induced cardiac mitophagy (EICM) may confer propitious cellular environment and thus protect the heart against detrimental stresses, such as an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, although the body of evidence supporting EICA and EICM is growing, the molecular mechanisms of EICA and EICM and their possible roles in cardioprotection against an I/R injury are poorly understood. Here, we introduce the general mechanisms of autophagy in an attempt to integrate potential molecular pathways of EICA and EICM and also highlight a potential insight into EICA and EICM in cardioprotection against an I/R insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngil Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA.
| | - Insu Kwon
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Yongchul Jang
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Wankeun Song
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Ludmila M Cosio-Lima
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Mark H Roltsch
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
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273
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Benkafadar N, Menardo J, Bourien J, Nouvian R, François F, Decaudin D, Maiorano D, Puel JL, Wang J. Reversible p53 inhibition prevents cisplatin ototoxicity without blocking chemotherapeutic efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:7-26. [PMID: 27794029 PMCID: PMC5210089 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapy drug, despite its significant ototoxic side effects. To date, the mechanism of cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity remains unclear, and hearing preservation during cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in patients is lacking. We found activation of the ATM‐Chk2‐p53 pathway to be a major determinant of cisplatin ototoxicity. However, prevention of cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity is hampered by opposite effects of ATM activation upon sensory hair cells: promoting both outer hair cell death and inner hair cell survival. Encouragingly, however, genetic or pharmacological ablation of p53 substantially attenuated cochlear cell apoptosis, thus preserving hearing. Importantly, systemic administration of a p53 inhibitor in mice bearing patient‐derived triple‐negative breast cancer protected auditory function, without compromising the anti‐tumor efficacy of cisplatin. Altogether, these findings highlight a novel and effective strategy for hearing protection in cisplatin‐based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Benkafadar
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Menardo
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Bourien
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Régis Nouvian
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence François
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- Laboratoire d'Investigation Pré -Clinique/Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Puel
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jing Wang
- INSERM - UMR 1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France .,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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274
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an intracellular pathway used for targeting of cellular components to the lysosome for their degradation and involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into autophagosomes formed from a double membrane structure called the phagophore. The nucleation and elongation of the phagophore is tightly regulated by several autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, but also involves vesicular trafficking from different subcellular compartments to the forming autophagosome. Such trafficking must be tightly regulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to respond to different cellular stressors and metabolic states, as well as the nature of the cargo to become degraded. We are only starting to understand the interconnections between different membrane trafficking pathways and macroautophagy. This review will focus on the membrane trafficking machinery found to be involved in delivery of membrane, lipids, and proteins to the forming autophagosome and in the subsequent autophagosome fusion with endolysosomal membranes. The role of RAB proteins and their regulators, as well as coat proteins, vesicle tethers, and SNARE proteins in autophagosome biogenesis and maturation will be discussed.
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275
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Lin Z, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Kou X, Bao Y, Liu H, Sun F, Ling S, Qin N, Jiang L, Yang Y. Mevastatin blockade of autolysosome maturation stimulates LBH589-induced cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17833-17848. [PMID: 28147319 PMCID: PMC5392290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are promising anti-cancer agents, and combining a HDACi with other agents is an attractive therapeutic strategy in solid tumors. We report here that mevastatin increases HDACi LBH589-induced cell death in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Combination treatment inhibited autophagic flux by preventing Vps34/Beclin 1 complex formation and downregulating prenylated Rab7, an active form of the small GTPase necessary for autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This means that co-treatment with mevastatin and LBH589 activated LKB1/AMPK signaling and subsequently inhibited mTOR. Co-treatment also led to cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and induced corresponding expression changes of proteins regulating the cell cycle. Co-treatment also increased apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, and reduced tumor volumes in xenografted mice. Our results indicate that disruption of autophagosome-lysosome fusion likely underlies mevastatin-LBH589 synergistic anticancer effects. This study confirms the synergistic efficacy of, and demonstrates a potential therapeutic role for mevastatin plus LBH589 in targeting aggressive TNBC, and presents a novel therapeutic strategy for further clinical study. Further screening for novel autophagy modulators could be an efficient approach to enhance HDACi-induced cell death in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Chemical Biology, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinhui Kou
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fanghui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuang Ling
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Qin
- Chemical Biology, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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276
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Martinez-Carreres L, Nasrallah A, Fajas L. Cancer: Linking Powerhouses to Suicidal Bags. Front Oncol 2017; 7:204. [PMID: 28932704 PMCID: PMC5592205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles are integrated into cellular networks and work together for a common goal: regulating cell metabolism, cell signaling pathways, cell fate, cellular maintenance, and pathogen defense. Many of these interactions are well established, but little is known about the interplay between mitochondria and lysosomes, and their deregulation in cancer. The present review focuses on the common signaling pathways of both organelles, as well as the processes in which they both physically interact, their changes under pathological conditions, and the impact on targeting those organelles for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Martinez-Carreres
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Nasrallah
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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277
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Palmisano NJ, Rosario N, Wysocki M, Hong M, Grant B, Meléndez A. The recycling endosome protein RAB-10 promotes autophagic flux and localization of the transmembrane protein ATG-9. Autophagy 2017; 13:1742-1753. [PMID: 28872980 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1356976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy involves the formation of an autophagosome, a double-membrane vesicle that delivers sequestered cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Closely related, endocytosis mediates the sorting and transport of cargo throughout the cell, and both processes are important for cellular homeostasis. However, how endocytic proteins functionally intersect with autophagy is not clear. Mutations in the DAF-2/insulin-like IGF-1 (INSR) receptor at the permissive temperature result in a small increase in GFP::LGG-1 foci, i.e. autophagosomes, but a large increase at the nonpermissive temperature, allowing us to control the level of autophagy. In a RNAi screen for endocytic genes that alter the expression of GFP::LGG-1 in daf-2 mutants, we identified RAB-10, a small GTPase that regulates basolateral endocytosis. Loss of rab-10 in daf-2 mutants results in more GFP::LGG-1-positive foci at the permissive, but less GFP::LGG-1 or SQST-1::GFP foci at the nonpermissive temperature. As previously reported, loss of rab-10 alone resulted in an increase of GFP:LGG-1 foci. Exposure of rab-10 mutant animals to chloroquine, a known inhibitor of autophagic flux, failed to increase the number of GFP::LGG-1 foci. Moreover, colocalization between LMP-1::tagRFP and GFP::LGG-1 (the lysosome and autophagosome reporters) was decreased in daf-2; rab-10 dauers at the nonpermissive temperature. Intriguingly, RAB-10 was required to maintain the normal size of GFP::ATG-9-positive structures in daf-2 mutants at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperature. Finally, we found that RAB-10 GTPase cycling was required to control the size of GFP::ATG-9 foci. Collectively, our data support a model where rab-10 controls autophagic flux by regulating autophagosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Palmisano
- a Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY , Flushing , NY , USA.,b Biology and Biochemistry Ph.D. Programs , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA
| | - N Rosario
- a Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - M Wysocki
- a Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - M Hong
- a Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - B Grant
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - A Meléndez
- a Biology Department, Queens College, CUNY , Flushing , NY , USA.,b Biology and Biochemistry Ph.D. Programs , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , NY , USA
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278
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Fazeli G, Wehman AM. Safely removing cell debris with LC3-associated phagocytosis. Biol Cell 2017; 109:355-363. [PMID: 28755428 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis and autophagy are two distinct pathways that degrade external and internal unwanted particles. Both pathways lead to lysosomal degradation inside the cell, and over the last decade, the line between them has blurred; autophagy proteins were discovered on phagosomes engulfing foreign bacteria, leading to the proposal of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Many proteins involved in macroautophagy are used for phagosome degradation, although Atg8/LC3 family proteins only decorate the outer membrane of LC3-associated phagosomes, in contrast to both autophagosome membranes. A few proteins distinguish LAP from autophagy, such as components of the autophagy pre-initiation complex. However, most LAP cargo is wrapped in multiple layers of membranes, making them similar in structure to autophagosomes. Recent evidence suggests that LC3 is important for the degradation of internal membranes, explaining why LC3 would be a vital part of both macroautophagy and LAP. In addition to removing invading pathogens, multicellular organisms also use LAP to degrade cell debris, including cell corpses and photoreceptor outer segments. The post-mitotic midbody remnant is another cell fragment, which results from each cell division, that was recently added to the growing list of LAP cargoes. Thus, LAP plays an important role during the normal physiology and homoeostasis of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Ann Marie Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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279
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Kjos I, Borg Distefano M, Sætre F, Repnik U, Holland P, Jones AT, Engedal N, Simonsen A, Bakke O, Progida C. Rab7b modulates autophagic flux by interacting with Atg4B. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1727-1739. [PMID: 28835545 PMCID: PMC5623852 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a highly conserved eukaryotic degradation pathway in which cytosolic components and organelles are sequestered by specialized autophagic membranes and degraded through the lysosomal system. The autophagic pathway maintains basal cellular homeostasis and helps cells adapt during stress; thus, defects in autophagy can cause detrimental effects. It is therefore crucial that autophagy is properly regulated. In this study, we show that the cysteine protease Atg4B, a key enzyme in autophagy that cleaves LC3, is an interactor of the small GTPase Rab7b. Indeed, Atg4B interacts and co‐localizes with Rab7b on vesicles. Depletion of Rab7b increases autophagic flux as indicated by the increased size of autophagic structures as well as the magnitude of macroautophagic sequestration and degradation. Importantly, we demonstrate that Rab7b regulates LC3 processing by modulating Atg4B activity. Taken together, our findings reveal Rab7b as a novel negative regulator of autophagy through its interaction with Atg4B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kjos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marita Borg Distefano
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Sætre
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Holland
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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280
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Button RW, Roberts SL, Willis TL, Hanemann CO, Luo S. Accumulation of autophagosomes confers cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13599-13614. [PMID: 28673965 PMCID: PMC5566519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy comprises the processes of autophagosome synthesis and lysosomal degradation. In certain stress conditions, increased autophagosome synthesis may be associated with decreased lysosomal activity, which may result in reduced processing of the excessive autophagosomes by the rate-limiting lysosomal activity. Thus, the excessive autophagosomes in such situations may be largely unfused to lysosomes, and their formation/accumulation under these conditions is assumed to be futile for autophagy. The role of cytotoxicity in accumulating autophagosomes (representing synthesis of autophagosomes subsequently unfused to lysosomes) has not been investigated previously. Here, we found that accumulation of autophagosomes compromised cell viability, and this effect was alleviated by depletion of autophagosome machinery proteins. We tested whether reduction in autophagosome synthesis could affect cell viability in cell models expressing mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein, given that both of these proteins cause increased autophagosome biogenesis and compromised lysosomal activity. Importantly, partial depletion of autophagosome machinery proteins Atg16L1 and Beclin 1 significantly ameliorated cell death in these conditions. Our data suggest that production/accumulation of autophagosomes subsequently unfused to lysosomes (or accumulation of autophagosomes) directly induces cellular toxicity, and this process may be implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, lowering the accumulation of autophagosomes may represent a therapeutic strategy for tackling such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Button
- From the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Sheridan L Roberts
- From the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Thea L Willis
- From the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- From the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Shouqing Luo
- From the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
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281
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Gupta MK, Kaminski R, Mullen B, Gordon J, Burdo TH, Cheung JY, Feldman AM, Madesh M, Khalili K. HIV-1 Nef-induced cardiotoxicity through dysregulation of autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8572. [PMID: 28819214 PMCID: PMC5561171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of co-morbidity in HIV-1 positive patients, even those in whom plasma virus levels are well-controlled. The pathogenic mechanism of HIV-1-associated cardiomyopathy is unknown, but has been presumed to be mediated indirectly, owing to the absence of productive HIV-1 replication in cardiomyocytes. We sought to investigate the effect of the HIV-1 auxiliary protein, Nef, which is suspected of extracellular release by infected CD4+ T cells on protein quality control and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. After detection of Nef in the serum of HIV-1 positive patients and the accumulation of this protein in human and primate heart tissue from HIV-1/SIV-infected cells we employed cell and molecular biology approaches to investigate the effect of Nef on cardiomyocyte-homeostasis by concentrating on protein quality control (PQC) pathway and autophagy. We found that HIV-1 Nef-mediated inhibition of autophagy flux leads to cytotoxicity and death of cardiomyocytes. Nef compromises autophagy at the maturation stage of autophagosomes by interacting with Beclin 1/Rab7 and dysregulating TFEB localization and cellular lysosome content. These effects were reversed by rapamycin treatment. Our results indicate that HIV-1 Nef-mediated inhibition of cellular PQC is one possible mechanism involved in the development of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Mullen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arthur M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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282
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Nassif M, Woehlbier U, Manque PA. The Enigmatic Role of C9ORF72 in Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:442. [PMID: 28824365 PMCID: PMC5541066 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons resulting in a progressive and irreversible muscular paralysis. Advances in large-scale genetics and genomics have revealed intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the gene encoding C9ORF72 as a main genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the second most common cause of early-onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Novel insights regarding the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of C9ORF72 seem to suggest a synergy of loss and gain of toxic function during disease. C9ORF72, thus far, has been found to be involved in homeostatic cellular pathways, such as actin dynamics, regulation of membrane trafficking, and macroautophagy. All these pathways have been found compromised in the pathogenesis of ALS. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on the function of C9ORF72, particularly in the macroautophagy pathway, hinting at a requirement to maintain the fine balance of macroautophagy to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nassif
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
| | - Patricio A Manque
- Faculty of Science, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Science, Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Universidad MayorSantiago, Chile
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283
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Bhattacharya S, Yin J, Winborn CS, Zhang Q, Yue J, Chaum E. Prominin-1 Is a Novel Regulator of Autophagy in the Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2366-2387. [PMID: 28437526 PMCID: PMC5403116 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prominin-1 (Prom1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is expressed in stem cell lineages, and has recently been implicated in cancer stem cell survival. Mutations in the Prom1 gene have been shown to disrupt photoreceptor disk morphogenesis and cause an autosomal dominant form of Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD4). Despite the apparent structural role of Prom1 in photoreceptors, its role in other cells of the retina is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Prom1 in the highly metabolically active cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods Lentiviral siRNA and the genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 system were used to knockout Prom1 in primary RPE and ARPE-19 cells, respectively. Western blotting, confocal microscopy, and flow sight imaging cytometry assays were used to quantify autophagy flux. Immunoprecipitation was used to detect Prom1 interacting proteins. Results Our studies demonstrate that Prom1 is primarily a cytosolic protein in the RPE. Stress signals and physiological aging robustly increase autophagy with concomitant upregulation of Prom1 expression. Knockout of Prom1 increased mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling, decreased autophagosome trafficking to the lysosome, increased p62 accumulation, and inhibited autophagic puncta induced by activators of autophagy. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of Prom1 inhibited mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities, and potentiated autophagy flux. Through interactions with p62 and HDAC6, Prom1 regulates autophagosome maturation and trafficking, suggesting a new cytoplasmic role of Prom1 in RPE function. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Prom1 plays a key role in the regulation of autophagy via upstream suppression of mTOR signaling and also acting as a component of a macromolecular scaffold involving p62 and HDAC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jinggang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Christina S Winborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Qiuhua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States 3Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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284
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Galluzzi L, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Cecconi F, Choi AM, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo MI, Cuervo AM, Debnath J, Deretic V, Dikic I, Eskelinen EL, Fimia GM, Fulda S, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Harper JW, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhasz G, Kimmelman AC, Kraft C, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Levine B, Lopez-Otin C, Madeo F, Martens S, Martinez J, Melendez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Murphy LO, Penninger JM, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan KM, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simonsen A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Kroemer G. Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes. EMBO J 2017; 36:1811-1836. [PMID: 28596378 PMCID: PMC5494474 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the molecular machinery that underlies autophagic responses has been characterized with ever increasing precision in multiple model organisms. Moreover, it has become clear that autophagy and autophagy-related processes have profound implications for human pathophysiology. However, considerable confusion persists about the use of appropriate terms to indicate specific types of autophagy and some components of the autophagy machinery, which may have detrimental effects on the expansion of the field. Driven by the overt recognition of such a potential obstacle, a panel of leading experts in the field attempts here to define several autophagy-related terms based on specific biochemical features. The ultimate objective of this collaborative exchange is to formulate recommendations that facilitate the dissemination of knowledge within and outside the field of autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Augustine M Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1151, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Department de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Cáncer, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Martens
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alicia Melendez
- Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Campus Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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285
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Schulze RJ, Sathyanarayan A, Mashek DG. Breaking fat: The regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28642194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is defined as the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). While the field of lipophagy research is relatively young, an expansion of research in this area over the past several years has greatly advanced our understanding of lipophagy. Since its original characterization in fasted liver, the contribution of lipophagy is now recognized in various organisms, cell types, metabolic states and disease models. Moreover, recent studies provide exciting new insights into the underlying mechanisms of lipophagy induction as well as the consequences of lipophagy on cell metabolism and signaling. This review summarizes recent work focusing on LDs and lipophagy as well as highlighting challenges and future directions of research as our understanding of lipophagy continues to grow and evolve. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sathyanarayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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286
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Schulze RJ, Drižytė K, Casey CA, McNiven MA. Hepatic Lipophagy: New Insights into Autophagic Catabolism of Lipid Droplets in the Liver. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:359-369. [PMID: 29109982 PMCID: PMC5669271 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a central fat‐storage organ, making it especially susceptible to steatosis as well as subsequent inflammation and cirrhosis. The mechanisms by which the liver mobilizes stored lipid for energy production, however, remain incompletely defined. The catabolic process of autophagy, a well‐known process of bulk cytoplasmic recycling and cellular self‐regeneration, is a central regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. In the past decade, numerous studies have examined a selective form of autophagy that specifically targets a unique neutral lipid storage organelle, the lipid droplet, to better understand the function for this process in hepatocellular fatty acid metabolism. In the liver (and other oxidative tissues), this specialized pathway, lipophagy, likely plays as important a role in lipid turnover as conventional lipase‐driven lipolysis. In this review, we highlight several recent studies that have contributed to our understanding about the regulation and effects of hepatic lipophagy. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:359–369)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kristina Drižytė
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Carol A Casey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 988090 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System (VA NWIHCS), Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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287
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Takahashi K, Mashima H, Miura K, Maeda D, Goto A, Goto T, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Ohnishi H. Disruption of Small GTPase Rab7 Exacerbates the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in Experimental Mouse Models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2817. [PMID: 28588238 PMCID: PMC5460112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aberrations of intracellular vesicle transport systems towards lysosomes including autophagy and endocytosis are involved in the onset and progression of acute pancreatitis, the molecular mechanisms underlying such aberrations remain unclear. The pathways of autophagy and endocytosis are closely related, and Rab7 plays crucial roles in both. In this study, we analyzed the function of Rab7 in acute pancreatitis using pancreas-specific Rab7 knockout (Rab7Δpan) mice. In Rab7Δpan pancreatic acinar cells, the maturation steps of both endosomes and autophagosomes were deteriorated, and the lysosomal functions were affected. In experimental models of acute pancreatitis, the histopathological severity, serum amylase concentration and intra-pancreatic trypsin activity were significantly higher in Rab7Δpan mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, the autophagy process was blocked in Rab7Δpan pancreas compared with wild-type mice. In addition, larger autophagic vacuoles that colocalize with early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) but not with lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1 were much more frequently formed in Rab7Δpan pancreatic acinar cells. Accordingly, Rab7 deficiency exacerbates the severity of acute pancreatitis by impairing the autophagic and endocytic pathways toward lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirosato Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Daichi Maeda
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takashi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Science, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanagawa, Japan.
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288
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Linton MF, Tao H, Linton EF, Yancey PG. SR-BI: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:461-472. [PMID: 28259375 PMCID: PMC5438771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays crucial roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Hepatic SR-BI mediates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by the uptake of HDL cholesterol for routing to the bile. Through the selective uptake of HDL lipids, hepatic SR-BI modulates HDL composition and preserves HDL's atheroprotective functions of mediating cholesterol efflux and minimizing inflammation and oxidation. Macrophage and endothelial cell SR-BI inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol trafficking to minimize atherosclerotic lesion foam cell formation. SR-BI signaling also helps limit inflammation and cell death and mediates efferocytosis of apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions thereby preventing vulnerable plaque formation. SR-BI is emerging as a multifunctional therapeutic target to reduce atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Huan Tao
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
| | - Edward F Linton
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Jordan Medical Education Center, 6th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6055, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
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289
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Li Y, Ding WX. Adipose tissue autophagy and homeostasis in alcohol-induced liver injury. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:54-62. [PMID: 29109891 PMCID: PMC5669268 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to injury in multiple organs and systems, including the liver, brain, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, bone, immune system, and endocrine system. Emerging evidence indicates that alcohol also promotes adipose tissue dysfunction, which may contribute to injury progression in other organs and systems. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that has been shown to regulate adipose tissue homeostasis and adipogenesis. Increasing evidence also demonstrates that alcohol consumption affects autophagy in multiple tissues. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the effect of autophagy on adipose tissue and its potential roles in alcohol-induced adipose tissue atrophy as well as its contribution to alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Correspondence author. Wen-Xing Ding, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics; The University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA.
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290
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Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway for cells to maintain homeostasis, produce energy, degrade misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, and fight against intracellular pathogens. The process of autophagy entails the isolation of cytoplasmic cargo into double membrane bound autophagosomes that undergo maturation by fusion with endosomes and lysosomes to obtain degradation capacity. RAB proteins regulate intracellular vesicle trafficking events including autophagy. RAB24 is an atypical RAB protein that is required for the clearance of late autophagic vacuoles under basal conditions. RAB24 has also been connected to several diseases including ataxia, cancer and tuberculosis. This review gives a short summary on autophagy and RAB proteins, and an overview on the current knowledge on the roles of RAB24 in autophagy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Ylä-Anttila
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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291
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Haidar M, Timmerman V. Autophagy as an Emerging Common Pathomechanism in Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:143. [PMID: 28553203 PMCID: PMC5425483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) comprise a growing list of genetically heterogeneous diseases. With mutations in more than 80 genes being reported to cause IPNs, a wide spectrum of functional consequences is expected to follow this genotypic diversity. Hence, the search for a common pathomechanism among the different phenotypes has become the holy grail of functional research into IPNs. During the last decade, studies on several affected genes have shown a direct and/or indirect correlation with autophagy. Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, is required for the removal of cell aggregates, long-lived proteins and dead organelles from the cell in double-membraned vesicles destined for the lysosomes. As an evolutionarily highly conserved process, autophagy is essential for the survival and proper functioning of the cell. Recently, neuronal cells have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to disruption of the autophagic pathway. Furthermore, autophagy has been shown to be affected in various common neurodegenerative diseases of both the central and the peripheral nervous system including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In this review we provide an overview of the genes involved in hereditary neuropathies which are linked to autophagy and we propose the disruption of the autophagic flux as an emerging common pathomechanism. We also shed light on the different steps of the autophagy pathway linked to these genes. Finally, we review the concept of autophagy being a therapeutic target in IPNs, and the possibilities and challenges of this pathway-specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haidar
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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292
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Up-regulation of the active form of small GTPase Rab13 promotes macroautophagy in vascular endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:613-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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293
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Rodriguez L, Mohamed NV, Desjardins A, Lippé R, Fon EA, Leclerc N. Rab7A regulates tau secretion. J Neurochem 2017; 141:592-605. [PMID: 28222213 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The axonal microtubule-associated protein TAU, involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), can be found in the extracellular space where it could be taken up by neurons, an event that is believed to contribute to the propagation of tau pathology in the brain. Since the small GTPase Rab7A is involved in the trafficking of endosomes, autophagosomes, and lysosomes, and RAB7A gene expression and protein levels are up-regulated in AD patients, we tested the hypothesis that Rab7A was involved in tau secretion. We previously reported that both primary cortical neurons and HeLa cells over-expressing human TAU can release tau. Using these two cellular systems, we demonstrated that Rab7A regulates tau secretion. Upon Rab7A deletion, tau secretion was decreased. Consistent with this, the over-expression of a dominant negative and a constitutively active form of Rab7A decreased and increased tau secretion, respectively. A partial co-localization of tau and Rab7-positive structures in both neurons and HeLa cells indicated that a late endosomal compartment could be involved in its secretion. Collectively, the present data indicate that Rab7A regulates tau secretion and therefore the up-regulation of RAB7A reported in AD, could contribute to the extracellular accumulation of pathological TAU species that could result in the propagation of tau pathology in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Rodriguez
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nguyen-Vi Mohamed
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Desjardins
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roger Lippé
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicole Leclerc
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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294
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Harnett MM, Pineda MA, Latré de Laté P, Eason RJ, Besteiro S, Harnett W, Langsley G. From Christian de Duve to Yoshinori Ohsumi: More to autophagy than just dining at home. Biomed J 2017; 40:9-22. [PMID: 28411887 PMCID: PMC6138802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian de Duve first coined the expression “autophagy” during his seminal work on the discovery of lysosomes, which led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. The term was adopted to distinguish degradation of intracellular components from the uptake and degradation of extracellular substances that he called “heterophagy”. Studies until the 1990s were largely observational/morphological-based until in 1993 Yoshinori Oshumi described a genetic screen in yeast undergoing nitrogen deprivation that led to the isolation of autophagy-defective mutants now better known as ATG (AuTophaGy-related) genes. The screen identified mutants that fell into 15 complementation groups implying that at least 15 genes were involved in the regulation of autophagy in yeast undergoing nutrient deprivation, but today, 41 yeast ATG genes have been described and many (though not all) have orthologues in humans. Attempts to identify the genetic basis of autophagy led to an explosion in its research and it's not surprising that in 2016 Yoshinori Oshumi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Our aim here is not to exhaustively review the ever-expanding autophagy literature (>60 papers per week), but to celebrate Yoshinori Oshumi's Nobel Prize by highlighting just a few aspects that are not normally extensively covered. In an accompanying mini-review we address the role of autophagy in early-diverging eukaryote parasites that like yeast, lack lysosomes and so use a digestive vacuole to degrade autophagosome cargo and also discuss how parasitized host cells react to infection by subverting regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France
| | - Russell J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- DIMNP, UMR CNRS 5235, Montpellier University, Place Eugène Bataillon, Building 24, CC Montpellier, France
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France.
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295
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Vanhauwaert R, Kuenen S, Masius R, Bademosi A, Manetsberger J, Schoovaerts N, Bounti L, Gontcharenko S, Swerts J, Vilain S, Picillo M, Barone P, Munshi ST, de Vrij FM, Kushner SA, Gounko NV, Mandemakers W, Bonifati V, Meunier FA, Soukup SF, Verstreken P. The SAC1 domain in synaptojanin is required for autophagosome maturation at presynaptic terminals. EMBO J 2017; 36:1392-1411. [PMID: 28331029 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic terminals are metabolically active and accrue damage through continuous vesicle cycling. How synapses locally regulate protein homeostasis is poorly understood. We show that the presynaptic lipid phosphatase synaptojanin is required for macroautophagy, and this role is inhibited by the Parkinson's disease mutation R258Q. Synaptojanin drives synaptic endocytosis by dephosphorylating PI(4,5)P2, but this function appears normal in SynaptojaninRQ knock-in flies. Instead, R258Q affects the synaptojanin SAC1 domain that dephosphorylates PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2, two lipids found in autophagosomal membranes. Using advanced imaging, we show that SynaptojaninRQ mutants accumulate the PI(3)P/PI(3,5)P2-binding protein Atg18a on nascent synaptic autophagosomes, blocking autophagosome maturation at fly synapses and in neurites of human patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Additionally, we observe neurodegeneration, including dopaminergic neuron loss, in SynaptojaninRQ flies. Thus, synaptojanin is essential for macroautophagy within presynaptic terminals, coupling protein turnover with synaptic vesicle cycling and linking presynaptic-specific autophagy defects to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roy Masius
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adekunle Bademosi
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Julia Manetsberger
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nils Schoovaerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Bounti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serguei Gontcharenko
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Vilain
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marina Picillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Femke Ms de Vrij
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A Kushner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Electron Microscopy Platform, VIB Bio-Imaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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296
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a highly conserved intracellular degradation system that is essential for homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Due to the wide variety of the cytoplasmic targets of autophagy, its dysregulation is associated with many diseases in humans, such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease and cancer. During autophagy, cytoplasmic materials are sequestered by the autophagosome - a double-membraned structure - and transported to the lysosome for digestion. The specific stages of autophagy are induction, formation of the isolation membrane (phagophore), formation and maturation of the autophagosome and, finally, fusion with a late endosome or lysosome. Although there are significant insights into each of these steps, the mechanisms of autophagosome-lysosome fusion are least understood, although there have been several recent advances. In this Commentary, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding autophagosome-lysosome fusion, focusing on mammals, and discuss the remaining questions and future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 565-0871 Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan .,Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 565-0871 Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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297
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Actin-binding protein coronin 1A controls osteoclastic bone resorption by regulating lysosomal secretion of cathepsin K. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41710. [PMID: 28300073 PMCID: PMC5353622 DOI: 10.1038/srep41710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix proteins via the secretion of lysosomal enzymes. However, the precise mechanisms by which lysosomal components are transported and fused to the bone-apposed plasma membrane, termed ruffled border membrane, remain elusive. Here, we identified coronin 1A as a negative regulator of exocytotic release of cathepsin K, one of the most important bone-degrading enzymes in osteoclasts. The modulation of coronin 1A expression did not alter osteoclast differentiation and extracellular acidification, but strongly affected the secretion of cathepsin K and osteoclast bone-resorption activity, suggesting the coronin 1A-mediated regulation of lysosomal trafficking and protease exocytosis. Further analyses suggested that coronin 1A prevented the lipidation-mediated sorting of the autophagy-related protein LC3 to the ruffled border and attenuated lysosome-plasma membrane fusion. In this process, the interactions between coronin 1A and actin were crucial. Collectively, our findings indicate that coronin 1A is a pivotal component that regulates lysosomal fusion and the secretion pathway in osteoclast-lineage cells and may provide a novel therapeutic target for bone diseases.
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298
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Gnanadhas DP, Dash PK, Sillman B, Bade AN, Lin Z, Palandri DL, Gautam N, Alnouti Y, Gelbard HA, McMillan J, Mosley RL, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S. Autophagy facilitates macrophage depots of sustained-release nanoformulated antiretroviral drugs. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:857-873. [PMID: 28134625 PMCID: PMC5330738 DOI: 10.1172/jci90025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-acting anti-HIV products can substantively change the standard of care for patients with HIV/AIDS. To this end, hydrophobic antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) were recently developed for parenteral administration at monthly or longer intervals. While shorter-acting hydrophilic drugs can be made into nanocarrier-encased prodrugs, the nanocarrier encasement must be boosted to establish long-acting ARV depots. The mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK-3) inhibitor URMC-099 provides this function by affecting autophagy. Here, we have shown that URMC-099 facilitates ARV sequestration and its antiretroviral responses by promoting the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). In monocyte-derived macrophages, URMC-099 induction of autophagy led to retention of nanoparticles containing the antiretroviral protease inhibitor atazanavir. These nanoparticles were localized within macrophage autophagosomes, leading to a 4-fold enhancement of mitochondrial and cell vitality. In rodents, URMC-099 activation of autophagy led to 50-fold increases in the plasma drug concentration of the viral integrase inhibitor dolutegravir. These data paralleled URMC-099-mediated induction of autophagy and the previously reported antiretroviral responses in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. We conclude that pharmacologic induction of autophagy provides a means to extend the action of a long-acting, slow, effective release of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Aditya N. Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Diana L. Palandri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Harris A. Gelbard
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, New York, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine
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299
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Zsiros V, Katz S, Dóczi N, Kiss AL. Autophagy is the key process in the re-establishment of the epitheloid phenotype during mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:382-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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300
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Wen H, Zhan L, Chen S, Long L, Xu E. Rab7 may be a novel therapeutic target for neurologic diseases as a key regulator in autophagy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1993-2004. [PMID: 28186670 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Lixuan Zhan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Long Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - En Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
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