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Schultz K, Ivanich JD, Whitesell NR, Zacher T. Tribal Reservation Adolescent Connections Study: A study protocol using mixed methods for examining social networks and associated outcomes among American Indian youth on a Northern Plains reservation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 148:106198. [PMID: 37117069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rich cultural and traditional practices make interpersonal relationships vital for American Indian (AI) youth. Social relations and multigenerational networks (i.e., peer, family, kinship, and community) remain a salient fixture of AI culture, survival and thriving in reservation communities. Research in other populations has demonstrated how social networks impact youth risk and resilience, but data are lacking on AI adolescent networks. Intergenerational trauma from settler colonialism leads some AI youth to early initiation of substance use and subsequent substance misuse, along with disproportionately high risk for suicide and vulnerability to witnessing and experiencing violence. Using network data to develop prevention strategies among this population is a promising new avenue of research. In this study protocol paper, we describe the rationale and methodology of an exploratory study to be conducted with American Indian 9th and 10th graders at three schools on a Northern Plains reservation. METHODS This mixed methods study will collect quantitative social network surveys (N = 300) and qualitative interviews (n = 30). The study will examine the extent to which existing social network theories and data metrics adequately characterize AI youth networks or how they may need to be expanded for this population. Associations of network characteristics with risk and protective factors for substance use, exposure to violence, and suicide will also be examined. DISCUSSION This innovative methodological approach holds promise for informing the development of effective preventive approaches to address co-occurring risks for substance use, violence and suicide among AI adolescents. Understanding processes that impact social networks among AI adolescents can promote culturally resonant social relationships that may support better outcomes for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Schultz
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, 1080 S University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jerreed D Ivanich
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Community and Behavioral Health, CU Anschutz, Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building, 13055 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Nancy Rumbaugh Whitesell
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Community and Behavioral Health, CU Anschutz, Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building, 13055 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Tracy Zacher
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc, 231 E. St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 55701, USA.
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Andreescu V, Overstreet SM. Violent Victimization and Violence Perpetration Among American Indian Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6813-NP6854. [PMID: 33092436 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we propose an integrative approach, which will incorporate elements from the social learning and self-control theories of delinquency and crime to examine violence in an understudied, marginalized, and often discriminated subpopulation group-American Indian youth. The analysis is based on survey data collected between 2009 and 2013 from a sample of American Indian adolescents (N = 3,380) enrolled in 27 school districts located in five regions of the United States (Northern Plains, Southwest, Upper Great Lakes, Southeast/Texas, and the Northeast). The main objective of the analysis is to identify the factors more likely to predict violent offending among American Indian adolescents, a vulnerable group that has an elevated risk of violent victimization. Results of the Tobit regression analysis indicate that in both gender groups a low level of self-control, association with delinquent friends, poor school performance, and underage alcohol consumption significantly predict violence perpetration. Nonetheless, experience with direct violent victimization has the largest effect on male and female adolescents' violent behavior. Although living with both biological parents and childhood exposure to domestic violence do not influence significantly the adolescents' aggressive behavior, parental monitoring does have a significant violence-deterrent effect in both gender groups. Findings suggest that more opportunities should be created for indigenous communities to control their education systems and ensure American Indian students achieve academic success, which is one of the violence protective factors identified in this study. Moreover, measures meant to prevent youth violence in American Indian communities should also focus on parents/caregivers who, directly and indirectly, have the capacity to reduce the adolescents' risk of becoming victims and/or perpetrators of violence.
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Philippe CD, Gloppen K, Sieving RE, Borowsky IW, Pettingell SL. Relationships Between Mental Health, Skill Sets, and Violence Perpetration Among Adolescent Girls. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:1801-1819. [PMID: 27377563 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516657909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines relationships between emotional health, stress management skills, fight-avoidance skills, and two forms of violence perpetration among adolescent girls at high risk for violence involvement. Participants ( n = 253) were 13- to 17-year-old girls enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. The current study was completed with baseline data collected prior to the start of the intervention. Analyses examined self-report outcome measures of physical violence perpetration in the past 6 months (five-item scale, α = .79) and relational aggression perpetration in the past 30 days (six-item scale, α = .77). Independent variables included baseline measures of self-esteem (four-item scale, α = .89), emotional distress (six-item scale, α = .89), stress management skills (eight-item scale, α = .86), and fight avoidance skills (five-item scale, α = .70). Multivariate regression models predicted each form of violence perpetration controlling for age, race/ethnicity, violence victimization, and clustering of participants within clinics. Initial bivariate results showed that stress management skills and fight avoidance skills were inversely and significantly related to perpetration of both relational and physical violence. Emotional distress was related to significantly higher levels of both violence outcomes. In contrast, self-esteem was not significantly related to either violence outcome. Multivariate analyses revealed that stress management skills and fight avoidance skills were significantly protective against perpetration of both relational aggression and physical violence. In conclusion, findings suggest that clinicians providing services to adolescent girls involved in high risk behaviors assess and foster girls' development of stress management and fight avoidance skills to help reduce their risk of involvement in relational violence and physical fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calae D Philippe
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- 2 Department of Public Health, New Providence, The Bahamas
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Young C, Hanson C, Craig JC, Clapham K, Williamson A. Psychosocial factors associated with the mental health of indigenous children living in high income countries: a systematic review. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:153. [PMID: 28830449 PMCID: PMC5568067 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous children living in high income countries have a consistently high prevalence of mental health problems. We aimed to identify psychosocial risk and protective factors for mental health in this setting. METHODS A systematic review of studies published between 1996 and 2016 that quantitatively evaluated the association between psychosocial variables and mental health among Indigenous children living in high income countries was conducted. Psychosocial variables were grouped into commonly occurring domains. Individual studies were judged to provide evidence for an association between a domain and either good mental health, poor mental health, or a negligible or inconsistent association. The overall quality of evidence across all studies for each domain was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. RESULTS Forty-seven papers were eligible (mainland US 30 [64%], Canada 8 [17%], Australia 7 [15%], Hawaii 4 [9%]), including 58,218 participants aged 4-20 years. Most papers were cross-sectional (39, 83%) and measured negative mental health outcomes (41, 87%). Children's negative cohesion with their families and the presence of adverse events appeared the most reliable predictors of increased negative mental health outcomes. Children's substance use, experiences of discrimination, comorbid internalising symptoms, and negative parental behaviour also provided evidence of associations with negative mental health outcomes. Positive family and peer relationships, high self-esteem and optimism were associated with increased positive mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative research investigating Indigenous children's mental health is largely cross-sectional and focused upon negative outcomes. Indigenous children living in high income countries share many of the same risk and protective factors associated with mental health. The evidence linking children's familial environment, psychological traits, substance use and experiences of discrimination with mental health outcomes highlights key targets for more concerted efforts to develop initiatives to improve the mental health of Indigenous children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Young
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Fisher Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 179 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Camilla Hanson
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Fisher Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 179 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Jonathan C. Craig
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Fisher Road, Camperdown, NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 179 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Kathleen Clapham
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Building 234 (iC Enterprise 1), Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Anna Williamson
- The Sax Institute, Level 13, Building 10, 235 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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Henson M, Sabo S, Trujillo A, Teufel-Shone N. Identifying Protective Factors to Promote Health in American Indian and Alaska Native Adolescents: A Literature Review. J Prim Prev 2017; 38:5-26. [PMID: 27826690 PMCID: PMC5313316 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-016-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to protective factors, conditions that protect against the occurrence of an undesirable outcome or promote the occurrence of a desirable outcome within an adolescent's environment, can foster healthy adolescent behaviors and reduce adult morbidity and mortality. Yet, little is known about the nature and effect of protective factors on the positive social and health outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescents. We conducted a review of the literature to identify the protective factors associated with positive health outcomes among AIAN adolescents. We consulted Elsevier Science Direct, ERIC EBSCOhost, PubMed, and the Web of Science databases. A total of 3421 articles were encountered. Excluded publications were those that did not focus on AIAN adolescents (n = 3341), did not identify protective factors (n = 56), were not original research studies (n = 8), or were not written in the English language. We identified nine categories of protective factors positively associated with health and social outcomes, including: current and/or future aspirations, personal wellness, positive self-image, self-efficacy, non-familial connectedness, family connectedness, positive opportunities, positive social norms, and cultural connectedness. Such factors positively influenced adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and substance use; delinquent and violent behavior; emotional health including depression, suicide attempt; resilience; and academic success. Protective factors spanned multiple domains of the socio-ecological model. Strengths-based health promotion efforts that leverage local, innate protective factors and work with AIANs to create environments rich in protective factors are key to improving the health and wellbeing of AIAN adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Henson
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Center for American Indian Resilience, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Samantha Sabo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Aurora Trujillo
- Native Nations Institute, 803 E 1st Street, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Nicolette Teufel-Shone
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Center for American Indian Resilience, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona College of Public Health, 1295 N Martin Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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Mykota DB, Schwean VL. Moderator Factors in First Nation Students at Risk for Psychosocial Problems. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573506297796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study the authors sought to examine the determinants of psychological well-being and risk in First Nation students residing in their home community. The participant sample was drawn from students who resided in a First Nation community and were served by their tribal council in a central western province. All students, Grades 1 to 12, who were registered in a First Nation or provincial school were included. The results of the study indicate that, because academic performance continues to be such a strong predictor of psychosocial well-being, it underscores the importance of the school as an ameliorative factor in the prevention and treatment of behavioral problems. Given this finding, the authors recognize the significance of intervention as a preventive measure for all age groups and the responsibility of federal and provincial funding agencies to continue to make available appropriate educational resources to First Nation communities.
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Duke NN, Borowsky IW. Youth Violence Prevention and Safety: Opportunities for Health Care Providers. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62:1137-58. [PMID: 26318944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Violence involvement remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for youth and young adults in the United States. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on violence involvement can be translated to the cellular level, including alterations in brain structure and function responsible for stress reactivity and coping. This knowledge is counterbalanced by a growing understanding of what works in the realm of youth violence prevention. Incorporating a resilience framework, with its focus on building developmental assets and resources at individual, family, and community levels, offers a renewed approach to fostering healthy behaviors and coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nichele Duke
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 3rd Floor, #385, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis MN 55414, USA.
| | - Iris Wagman Borowsky
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 3rd Floor, #389, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis MN 55414, USA
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Duke NN, Borowsky IW. Adolescent interpersonal violence: implications for health care professionals. Prim Care 2015; 41:671-89. [PMID: 25124212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Violence involvement is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adolescents. This review provides a summary of the burden of adolescent violence and violence-related behavior, risk, and protective factors for violence outcomes. The importance of screening for violence involvement in the primary care setting and examples of online resources to support providers in advocating, assessing, and intervening on behalf of youth are also reviewed. The article draws attention to bullying and dating/relationship violence, not as new forms of violence-related behavior, but as behaviors with health outcomes that have recently received increased attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nichele Duke
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 3rd Floor, #385, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Iris Wagman Borowsky
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 3rd Floor, #389, 717 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Johnson AZ, Sieving RE, Pettingell SL, McRee AL. The roles of partner communication and relationship status in adolescent contraceptive use. J Pediatr Health Care 2015; 29:61-9. [PMID: 25150381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because of high rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among adolescents, factors influencing adolescents' contraceptive use require close examination. This study explores how different types of partner communication relate to contraceptive use among adolescent girls and whether these associations vary by relationship status. METHOD Cross-sectional, self-report data from 253 sexually active 13- to 17-year-old girls were used to examine associations between partner communication, relationship status, and contraceptive consistency. RESULTS In a multivariate analysis, partner communication specific to contraceptive use (RR = 1.3, p < .001) and "steady" partnership status (RR = 0.65, p < .01) were associated with hormonal contraceptive consistency. In interaction models, the impact of partner communication on hormonal consistency was greater in steady partnerships than in casual partnerships. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that clinicians should ask about the nature of adolescent girls' relationships with their sexual partners when encouraging contraceptive use. Early communication with partners about sexual topics should be stressed, especially among girls in steady relationships.
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McPherson KE, Kerr S, McGee E, Morgan A, Cheater FM, McLean J, Egan J. The association between social capital and mental health and behavioural problems in children and adolescents: an integrative systematic review. BMC Psychol 2014; 2:7. [PMID: 25566380 PMCID: PMC4270040 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7283-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health is an important component of overall health and wellbeing and crucial for a happy and meaningful life. The prevalence of mental health problems amongst children and adolescent is high; with estimates suggesting 10-20% suffer from mental health problems at any given time. These mental health problems include internalising (e.g. depression and social anxiety) and externalising behavioural problems (e.g. aggression and anti-social behaviour). Although social capital has been shown to be associated with mental health/behavioural problems in young people, attempts to consolidate the evidence in the form of a review have been limited. This integrative systematic review identified and synthesised international research findings on the role and impact of family and community social capital on mental health/behavioural problems in children and adolescents to provide a consolidated evidence base to inform future research and policy development. Methods Nine electronic databases were searched for relevant studies and this was followed by hand searching. Identified literature was screened using review-specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, the data were extracted from the included studies and study quality was assessed. Heterogeneity in study design and outcomes precluded meta-analysis/meta-synthesis, the results are therefore presented in narrative form. Results After screening, 55 studies were retained. The majority were cross-sectional surveys and were conducted in North America (n = 33); seven were conducted in the UK. Samples ranged in size from 29 to 98,340. The synthesised results demonstrate that family and community social capital are associated with mental health/behavioural problems in children and adolescents. Positive parent–child relations, extended family support, social support networks, religiosity, neighbourhood and school quality appear to be particularly important. Conclusions To date, this is the most comprehensive review of the evidence on the relationships that exist between social capital and mental health/behavioural problems in children and adolescents. It suggests that social capital generated and mobilised at the family and community level can influence mental health/problem behaviour outcomes in young people. In addition, it highlights key gaps in knowledge where future research could further illuminate the mechanisms through which social capital works to influence health and wellbeing and thus inform policy development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2050-7283-2-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E McPherson
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA UK
| | - Susan Kerr
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA UK
| | - Elizabeth McGee
- Institute for Applied Health Research, School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA UK
| | - Antony Morgan
- GCU London, 40 Fashion Street, Spitalfields, London, E1 6PX UK
| | - Francine M Cheater
- School of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jennifer McLean
- Glasgow Centre for Population Health, 1st Floor, House 6, 94 Elmbank Street, Glasgow, G2 4DL UK
| | - James Egan
- Glasgow Centre for Population Health, 1st Floor, House 6, 94 Elmbank Street, Glasgow, G2 4DL UK
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Pu J, Chewning B, St Clair ID, Kokotailo PK, Lacourt J, Wilson D. Protective factors in American Indian communities and adolescent violence. Matern Child Health J 2014; 17:1199-207. [PMID: 22926269 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With their distinct cultural heritage and rural boundaries, American Indian reservation communities offer a unique opportunity to explore protective factors that help buffer adolescents from potential risk behaviors such as violence. Prior published research on Indian communities has not explored three potential protective factors for violence-parental monitoring of adolescents and friends, adolescents' self-efficacy to avoid fighting, and adolescents' interest in learning more about their traditional culture. This paper explores the relationship between these factors and reduced risk of reported violence. In 1998, 630 American Indian students in grades 6-12 were surveyed in five Midwestern, rural Indian reservation schools. Path analysis was used to identify the direct and indirect association of the three potential protective factors with reduced violence behavior. There were significant gender differences both in perceived parental monitoring and in adolescents' self-efficacy. For female adolescents, parental monitoring had the strongest inverse relationship with female adolescents' involvement in violence. Female adolescents' self-efficacy and their interest in learning more about their culture were also inversely associated with violence and therefore potentially important protectors. Male adolescents who reported more interest in learning the tribe's culture had better self-efficacy to avoid violence. However, self-efficacy did not successfully predict their reported involvement in peer violence. These findings support exploring gender differences, parental monitoring, self-efficacy training as well as cultural elements in future violence intervention studies. Further investigation is needed to identify protective factors for risk behaviors among male adolescents and test the generalizability to non-reservation based adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Pu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Reingle JM, Maldonado-Molina MM. Victimization and Violent Offending: An Assessment of the Victim-Offender Overlap Among Native American Adolescents and Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REVIEW 2012; 22:123-138. [PMID: 24078778 PMCID: PMC3782853 DOI: 10.1177/1057567712443966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the victim-offender overlap among a nationally representative sample of Native American adolescents and young adults. Data for this study were obtained from 338 Native American youth who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves I-IV. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to estimate trajectories of violence and victimization separately. Bivariate tests were used to assess the overlap between victimization and violent trajectory groups. Multinomial regression procedures were used to assess the predictors of victimization, offending, and the overlap category of both victimization and offending. Three trajectory groups were found for violence (nonviolent, escalators, and desistors) and victimization (nonvictim, decreasing victimization, and increasing victimization). We found substantial evidence of an overlap between victimization and offending among Native Americans, as 27.5% of the sample reported both victimization and offending. Those in the overlap group had greater number of risk factors present at baseline. These results suggest that the victim-offender overlap is present in Native American adolescents. Explanations and implications are discussed.
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Kenyon DB, Hanson JD. Incorporating Traditional Culture Into Positive Youth Development Programs With American Indian/Alaska Native Youth. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Logan-Greene P, Nurius PS, Herting JR, Hooven CL, Walsh E, Thompson EA. Multi-Domain Risk and Protective Factor Predictors of Violent Behavior among At-risk Youth. JOURNAL OF YOUTH STUDIES 2011; 14:413-429. [PMID: 21769283 PMCID: PMC3137379 DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2010.538044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study extends prior examination of adolescent violence etiology, drawing on an ethnically diverse, community accessed, yet emotionally vulnerable sample (N = 849) of adolescents at-risk for school drop-out. A balanced risk and protective factor framework captured theorized dimensions of strain, coping, and support resources. We tested the combined and unique contribution of risk and protective components spanning individual, peer/school, and family predictor domains, including victimization histories. Hierarchical regressions yielded significant overall explanation of violent behaviors as well as unique predictors within each of the three domains. Tests for sex differences and moderating effects suggested that levels of risk and protective factors differed for males and females, although the functional relationships to violence were the same for both sexes. Results are discussed relative to prevention and early intervention programs; particularly the importance of understanding adolescent violent behaviors within a context that addresses stress and distress.
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Adolescent fighting: racial/ethnic disparities and the importance of families and schools. Acad Pediatr 2010; 10:323-9. [PMID: 20674530 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with fighting among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and white youth, with a focus on family and school connectedness. METHODS Subjects were 4010 adolescents (12-17 years old) from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Stratified logistic regression examined whether fighting in the past year was associated with various risk and protective factors among African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and white youth subsamples. RESULTS Fighting was reported by 27% of African American, 24% of Latino, 16% of white, and 6% of Asian/Pacific Islander youth. Male gender, alcohol use, and smoking were associated with higher odds of fighting among whites and Latinos. Poverty was associated with higher odds of fighting among whites and African Americans, as was depression among Latinos. Higher family support was associated with decreased odds of fighting for white youth. Higher school support was associated with decreased odds of fighting for Latino youth. CONCLUSIONS A higher proportion of African American and Latino youth report fighting than do whites and Asians/Pacific Islanders. There is, however, important variation in racial/ethnic disparities in risk and protective factors associated with fighting. Family and school factors may be protective against fighting. Prevention and intervention efforts to decrease youth violence might benefit from tailoring to communities' racial/ethnic composition and paying greater attention to family and community influences on adolescent fighting.
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Bearinger LH, Pettingell SL, Resnick MD, Potthoff SJ. Reducing weapon-carrying among urban American Indian young people. J Adolesc Health 2010; 47:43-50. [PMID: 20547291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the likelihood of weapon-carrying among urban American Indian young people, given the presence of salient risk and protective factors. METHODS The study used data from a confidential, self-report Urban Indian Youth Health Survey with 200 forced-choice items examining risk and protective factors and social, contextual, and demographic information. Between 1995 and 1998, 569 American Indian youths, aged 9-15 years, completed surveys administered in public schools and an after-school program. Using logistic regression, probability profiles compared the likelihood of weapon-carrying, given the combinations of salient risk and protective factors. RESULTS In the final models, weapon-carrying was associated significantly with one risk factor (substance use) and two protective factors (school connectedness, perceiving peers as having prosocial behavior attitudes/norms). With one risk factor and two protective factors, in various combinations in the models, the likelihood of weapon carrying ranged from 4% (with two protective factors and no risk factor in the model) to 80% of youth (with the risk factor and no protective factors in the model). Even in the presence of the risk factor, the two protective factors decreased the likelihood of weapon-carrying to 25%. CONCLUSIONS This analysis highlights the importance of protective factors in comprehensive assessments and interventions for vulnerable youth. In that the risk factor and two protective factors significantly related to weapon-carrying are amenable to intervention at both individual and population-focused levels, study findings offer a guide for prioritizing strategies for decreasing weapon-carrying among urban American Indian young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Bearinger
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Duke NN, Skay CL, Pettingell SL, Borowsky IW. From adolescent connections to social capital: predictors of civic engagement in young adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2009; 44:161-168. [PMID: 19167665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the ability of adolescent connection in family and community contexts to promote an aspect of healthy youth development and transition into adulthood, civic engagement. METHODS Data are from Wave 1 (1995) and Wave 3 (2001-2002) of the in-home interviews from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample for this study included 9130 young adults aged 18-26 years. Linear and logistic regression models were used to measure the influence of connection in family and community contexts (Wave 1) on outcomes of civic engagement in young adulthood (Wave 3). RESULTS Stronger connection in all family and community contexts during adolescence predicted greater likelihood of voting, community volunteer service, involvement in social action/solidarity groups, education groups, and/or conservation groups, and endorsement of civic trust in young adulthood. Select connections in family and community contexts were also significant predictors of political voice/involvement and blood product donation. In a final multivariate model, frequency of shared activities with parent(s) and school connection during adolescence emerged as unique predictors of young adult civic engagement. CONCLUSIONS Connections in family and community contexts during adolescence promote healthy youth development through facilitation of multiple aspects of civic engagement in young adulthood. The importance of these connections in fostering youth capacity to bond to a broader community construct is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N Duke
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Carol L Skay
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sandra L Pettingell
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Iris W Borowsky
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Saewyc EM, Homma Y, Skay CL, Bearinger LH, Resnick MD, Reis E. Protective factors in the lives of bisexual adolescents in North America. Am J Public Health 2008; 99:110-7. [PMID: 19008523 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared protective factors among bisexual adolescents with those of heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, and gay or lesbian adolescents. METHODS We analyzed 6 school-based surveys in Minnesota and British Columbia. Sexual orientation was measured by gender of sexual partners, attraction, or self-labeling. Protective factors included family connectedness, school connectedness, and religious involvement. General linear models, conducted separately by gender and adjusted for age, tested differences between orientation groups. RESULTS Bisexual adolescents reported significantly less family and school connectedness than did heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents and higher or similar levels of religious involvement. In surveys that measured orientation by self-labeling or attraction, levels of protective factors were generally higher among bisexual than among gay and lesbian respondents. Adolescents with sexual partners of both genders reported levels of protective factors lower than or similar to those of adolescents with same-gender partners. CONCLUSIONS Bisexual adolescents had lower levels of most protective factors than did heterosexual adolescents, which may help explain their higher prevalence of risky behavior. Social connectedness should be monitored by including questions about protective factors in youth health surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Saewyc
- University of British Columbia School of Nursing, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5 Canada.
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Barber BK, Schluterman JM. Connectedness in the lives of children and adolescents: a call for greater conceptual clarity. J Adolesc Health 2008; 43:209-16. [PMID: 18710674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the role of connectedness in the health and development of children and adolescents are accumulating rapidly. Although findings are uniformly consistent in documenting its correlation with a host of health indicators, the construct is in need of substantial conceptual clarification to maximize its research and applied utility. Current conceptualizations and operationalizations inconsistently span a wide spectrum of varied elements of social experience--including the quality of a relationship, the degree of liking an environment or relationship, the quality of performance in an environment or relationship, the possession of feelings or attitude states, and a combination of states and the behaviors that antecede them--resulting in an ability to adequately understand what the construct is and how, why, and when it is most protective. This paper documents this variability in an effort to sensitize researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to the complexity of the construct. It further describes one ongoing, multicultural research project that is currently informing international health initiatives as an illustration of one approach to addressing the complexity with goals of precision, parsimony, cultural sensitivity, and applied utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Barber
- Department of Child and Family Studies, The University of Tennessee, 115 JHB, Knoxville, TN 37996-1912, USA.
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Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Youth: Youth Risk Behavior Survey 1997–2003. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12 Suppl 1:76-81. [PMID: 18483839 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-008-0351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affonso DD, Shibuya JY, Frueh BC. Talk-story: perspectives of children, parents, and community leaders on community violence in rural Hawaii. Public Health Nurs 2007; 24:400-8. [PMID: 17714224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2007.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enhance our understanding of what community violence means to a multiethnic school community in rural Hawaii and obtain people's perspectives of how to deal with and prevent violence-related behaviors among children. DESIGN AND SAMPLE An exploratory design was used to collect qualitative data from a purposive sample of 150 key stakeholder participants, including 84 school children aged 5-10 years and 66 adults. MEASUREMENT Focus group methodology via Hawaiian island-style (culturally adapted techniques) of "talk-story" and a metaphor of introduction were used to elicit contextual data on the experiences, meanings, and perceptions of youth violence. Qualitative narrative analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Five higher order themes were found, including the need to: build a common understanding of what violence looks like; develop school-based identification, management, and prevention efforts; develop comprehensive school health services; develop state-level school health policies; and conduct outreach to make violence prevention a community affair. CONCLUSION The findings will inform the development of a school-based culturally adapted violence-prevention program led by teachers, in partnership with parents, students, and community-cultural leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyanne D Affonso
- Clinical Pharmacy Training, College of Pharmacy and Research Infrastructure Minority Institution-UHH, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA.
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Fulkerson JA, Story M, Mellin A, Leffert N, Neumark-Sztainer D, French SA. Family dinner meal frequency and adolescent development: relationships with developmental assets and high-risk behaviors. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:337-45. [PMID: 16919794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations between family meal frequency and developmental assets and high-risk behaviors among a national sample of adolescents. METHODS Anonymous surveys were distributed to 99,462 sixth to 12th grade students from public and alternative schools in 213 cities and 25 states across the United States. Logistic regression analyses tested differences in assets and high-risk behaviors by family dinner frequency. RESULTS Consistent positive associations were found between the frequency of family dinners and all developmental assets, including both external (e.g., support, boundaries and expectations; odds ratio [OR] 2.1-3.7) and internal assets (e.g., commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies, and positive identity; OR 1.8-2.6); relationships were attenuated, but remained significant after adjusting for demographics and general family communication and support. Consistent inverse relationships were found between the frequency of family dinners and all high-risk behaviors measured (i.e., substance use, sexual activity, depression/suicide, antisocial behaviors, violence, school problems, binge eating/purging, and excessive weight loss; OR .36-.58), relationships were attenuated, but remained significant after adjusting for demographics and family factors. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that the frequency of family dinner is an external developmental asset or protective factor that may curtail high-risk behaviors among youth. Creative and realistic strategies for enhancing and supporting family meals, given the context within which different families live, should be explored to promote healthy adolescent development. Family rituals such as regular mealtimes may ease the stress of daily living in the fast-paced families of today's society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Fulkerson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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