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Elalaoui SC, Fejjal N, Li Y, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Guaoua S, Nürnberg P, Wollnik B, Sefiani A, Ratbi I. Homozygous nonsense mutation of WNT10B gene in a Moroccan family with split-hand foot malformation identified by exome sequencing: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:21. [PMID: 34394812 PMCID: PMC8348243 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.21.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically heterogeneous congenital limb defect affecting predominantly the central rays of hands and/or feet. The clinical expression varies in severity between patients as well between the limbs in the same individual. SHFM might be non-syndromic with limb-confined manifestations or syndromic with extra-limb manifestations. Isolated SHFM is a rare condition with an incidence of about 1 per 18,000 live born infants and accounts for 8-17 % of all limb malformations. To date, many chromosomal loci and genes have been described as associated with isolated SHFM, i.e., SHFM1 to 6. SHFM6 is one of the rarest forms of SHFM, and is caused by mutations in WNT10B gene. Less than ten pathogenic variants have been described. We have investigated a large consanguineous Moroccan family with three affected members showing feet malformations with or without split hand malformation phenotypes. Using an exome sequencing approach, we identified a homozygous nonsense variant p.Arg115* of WNT10B gene retaining thereby the diagnosis of SHFM6. This homozygous nonsense mutation identified by exome sequencing in a large family of split hand foot malformation highlights the importance of exome sequencing in genetically heterogeneous entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Chafai Elalaoui
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Nawfal Fejjal
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Yun Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soukaina Guaoua
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Ilham Ratbi
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen Y, Xu M, Chi P, Lu X, Xu Z. FBXW4 Acts as a Protector of FOLFOX-Based Chemotherapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Identified by Co-Expression Network Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:113. [PMID: 32218799 PMCID: PMC7078371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FOLFOX chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, the efficacy and tolerance of FOLFOX therapy varies between patients. The purpose of this study was to explore hub genes associated with primary chemotherapy-resistance and to explore the possible mechanisms involved from non-European patients. Method A weighted gene co-expression network was constructed to identify gene modules associated with chemotherapy resistance in mCRC from China. Results A Gene Array Chip was used to detect mRNA expression in 11 mCRC patients receiving preoperative FOLFOX chemotherapy. The immune response was associated with chemotherapy-resistance in microarray data. Through the use of WGCNA, we demonstrated that the crucial functions enriched in chemotherapy-resistance modules were cell proliferation, MAPK signaling pathways, and PI3K signaling pathways. Additionally, we identified and validated FBXW4 as a new effective predictor for chemotherapy sensitivity and a prognostic factor for survival of CRC patients by using our own data and GSE69657. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 15 Gene Expression Omnibus–sourced datasets showed that FBXW4 messenger RNA levels were significantly lower in CRC tissues than in normal colon tissues. An analysis of the data from the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform showed that low FBXW4 expression was correlated with a significantly worse event- and relapse-free survival. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the mechanism of FBXW4-mediated chemotherapy resistance may involve the DNA replication signal pathway and the cell cycle. Conclusion FBXW4 is associated with chemotherapy resistance and prognosis of CRC probably by regulating DNA replication signaling pathways and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanwu Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fuzhou Dermatosis Prevention Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meifang Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pan Chi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingrong Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zongbin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Jennings W, Hou M, Perterson D, Missiuna P, Thabane L, Tarnopolsky M, Samaan MC. Paraspinal muscle ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study. Spine J 2019; 19:1911-1916. [PMID: 31202838 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the leading cause of spinal deformity in adolescents globally. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies has implicated variants in or near the ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene, encoding the ladybird homeobox 1 transcription factor, in AIS development. This gene plays a critical role in guiding embryonic neurogenesis and myogenesis and is vital in muscle mass determination. Despite the confirmation of the role for LBX1 gene variants in the development of AIS, the biological basis of LBX1 contribution to AIS remains mostly unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the potential role of LBX1 in driving spinal curving, curve laterality, and progression through muscle-based mechanisms in AIS patients by analyzing its gene and protein expression. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study using clinical data and biological samples from the Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis study (ICONS study). PATIENT SAMPLE Twenty-five patients with AIS provided informed consent. Paraspinal muscle biopsies from the maximal points of concavity and convexity for gene expression and protein analysis were obtained at the start of corrective spinal surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome measures included the detection of paraspinal muscle LBX1 mRNA abundance and LBX1 protein expression and the correlation of the latter with age, sex, and curve severity. METHODS The measurement of mRNA abundance was done using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, protein lysates from the biopsied muscle samples were probed with a monoclonal LBX1 antibody to compare the muscle protein levels on either side of the scoliotic curve by western blot. This study received funding from the Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ($39,900 CAN for 2 years). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. RESULTS LBX1 mRNA abundance (concave 2.98±0.87, convex 3.40±1.10, p value 0.73) and protein expression (concave 1.20±0.13, convex 1.21±0.10, p value 0.43) were detected on both sides of the scoliotic curve at equivalent levels. The expression of LBX1 protein did not correlate with age (concave: correlation coefficient 0.32, p value 0.12; convex: correlation coefficient 0.08, p value 0.69), sex (concave: correlation coefficient -0.03, p value 0.08; convex: correlation coefficient 0.07, p value 0.72), or the severity of spinal curving measured using the Cobb angle (concave: correlation coefficient -0.16, p value 0.45; convex: correlation coefficient -0.08, p value 0.69). CONCLUSIONS LBX1 is expressed in erector spinae muscles, and its levels are equal in muscles on both sides of the scoliotic curve in AIS. The expression of LBX1 on the convex and concave sides of the scoliotic curve did not correlate with age, sex, or the severity of spinal curving. The molecular mechanisms by which LBX1contributes to the development and propagation of AIS need to be explored further in muscle and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jennings
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maggie Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Perterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Missiuna
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Umair M, Hayat A. Nonsyndromic Split-Hand/Foot Malformation: Recent Classification. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:243-254. [PMID: 32021595 DOI: 10.1159/000502784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetic limb anomaly disturbing the central rays of the autopod. SHFM is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with variable expressivity inherited as syndromic and nonsyndromic forms. We provide an update of the clinical and molecular aspects of nonsyndromic SHFM. This rare condition is highly complex due to the clinical variability and irregular genetic inheritance observed in the affected individuals. Nonsyndromic SHFM types have been reviewed in terms of major molecular genetic alterations reported to date. This updated overview will assist researchers, scientists, and clinicians in making an appropriate molecular diagnosis, providing an accurate recurrence risk assessment, and developing a management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Hayat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Chemical Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.,College of Medicine and Health, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation, Exeter, UK
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Papasozomenou P, Papoulidis I, Mikos T, Zafrakas M. Split Hand Foot Malformation Syndrome: A Novel Heterozygous FGFR1 Mutation Detected by Next Generation Sequencing. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:226-230. [PMID: 31929729 PMCID: PMC6935954 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190530092856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Split-hand/foot malformation syndrome is a rare, clinically and genetically het-erogeneous group of limb malformations characterized by absence/hypoplasia and/or median cleft of hands and/or feet. It may occur as an isolated abnormality or it may be associated with a genetic syn-drome. Case Report: In the present case, isolated split-hand/split-foot malformation was diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound at 24 weeks in a male singleton fetus, with deep median cleft of the right hand, syndactyly and hypoplasia of phalanges in both hands, and oligodactyly of the right foot. During consultation, the father of the fetus revealed that he also had an isolated right foot dysplasia. The parents chose elective termination and autopsy confirmed prenatal ultrasound findings. Genetic testing of the aborted fetus with QF-PCR analysis for common aneuploidies and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed a male genomic pattern, without aneuploidies or chromosomal imbalances. Further investigation with next generation sequencing of 49 clinically relevant genes revealed a novel heterozygous FGFR1 mutation c.787_789del (p.Ala263del) in the fetus; the father was heterozygous to the same mutation. Conclusion: A novel heterozygous FGFR1 mutation causing split-hand/foot malformation syndrome is reported. Accurate genetic diagnosis allowed detailed counseling to be provided to the couple, including the underlying cause, recurrence risks, and detailed management plan with preimplantation genetic diag-nosis for future pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Papasozomenou
- 1School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Fetal Medicine Centre of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 3Access to Genome, Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 41 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papoulidis
- 1School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Fetal Medicine Centre of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 3Access to Genome, Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 41 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Mikos
- 1School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Fetal Medicine Centre of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 3Access to Genome, Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 41 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Menelaos Zafrakas
- 1School of Health and Medical Care, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Fetal Medicine Centre of Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 3Access to Genome, Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece; 41 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ullah A, Gul A, Umair M, Irfanullah, Ahmad F, Aziz A, Wali A, Ahmad W. Homozygous sequence variants in the WNT10B gene underlie split hand/foot malformation. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:1-8. [PMID: 29384555 PMCID: PMC5901503 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM), also known as ectrodactyly is a rare genetic disorder. It is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of limb malformations characterized by absence/hypoplasia and/or median cleft of hands and/or feet. To date, seven genes underlying SHFM have been identified. This study described four consanguineous families (A-D) segregating SHFM in an autosomal recessive manner. Linkage in the families was established to chromosome 12p11.1-q13.13 harboring WNT10B gene. Sequence analysis identified a novel homozygous nonsense variant (p.Gln154*) in exon 4 of the WNT10B gene in two families (A and B). In the other two families (C and D), a previously reported variant (c.300_306dupAGGGCGG; p.Leu103Argfs*53) was detected. This study further expands the spectrum of the sequence variants reported in the WNT10B gene, which result in the split hand/foot malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ajab Gul
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfanullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Computer Sciences and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wali
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Sowińska-Seidler A, Piwecka M, Olech E, Socha M, Latos-Bieleńska A, Jamsheer A. Hyperosmia, ectrodactyly, mild intellectual disability, and other defects in a male patient with an X-linked partial microduplication and overexpression of the KAL1 gene. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:177-84. [PMID: 25339597 PMCID: PMC4412513 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the KAL1 gene are a known cause of Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by the coexistence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia/hiposmia. On the other hand, neither complete nor partial duplications of KAL1 have been reported in the literature; thus, clinical symptoms associated with such alterations remain unknown. Ectrodactyly is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous abnormality presenting with hypoplasia of the central rays of the extremity, which, in around 68 % of cases, has unknown underlying molecular defect. In this paper, we report on a sporadic male patient manifesting hyperosmia and ectrodactyly accompanied by additional symptoms involving mild intellectual disability, unilateral hearing loss, genital anomalies, stocky build, and facial dysmorphism. Using a combination of high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and breakpoint analysis, we detected a hemizygous tandem duplication of 110,967 bp on Xp22.31, encompassing the promoter region and the first two exons of KAL1. In order to confirm pathogenicity of the duplication, we tested the level of KAL1 transcript in blood lymphocytes, showing 79 times higher expression in the proband compared to controls. We, therefore, hypothesize that olfactory hypersensitivity in our proband directly results from KAL1 overproduction. Additionally, a literature review allowed us to conclude that KAL1 protein at high levels may interfere with FGFR1 signaling activity, most probably indirectly giving rise to ectrodactyly, intellectual disability, and genital anomalies. Noteworthy, those symptoms overlap with Hartsfield syndrome caused by FGFR1 loss-of-function mutations. To conclude, our paper highlights the role of KAL1 in embryogenesis and provides data on the contribution of KAL1 overexpression to human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Piwecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Street, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Latos-Bieleńska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, 4 Grudzieniec Street, 60-601 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, 4 Grudzieniec Street, 60-601 Poznan, Poland
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Sowińska-Seidler A, Badura-Stronka M, Latos-Bieleńska A, Stronka M, Jamsheer A. Heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation associated with isolated split-hand/foot malformation with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in two unrelated families. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:764-71. [PMID: 25196357 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous limb abnormality characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the central rays of the autopod. SHFM1, which is one out of seven known SHFM loci, maps to 7q21.2-q21.3. SHFM1 is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance, although recessive inheritance has been described for a single family carrying a homozygous DLX5 missense variant. In most cases, SHFM1 results from heterozygous deletions encompassing DLX5/DLX6 genes or from inversions and translocations separating the genes from their limb specific enhancers. Recently, a single Chinese family with dominant SHFM1 was shown to result from a heterozygous DLX5 missense mutation. METHODS In this study, we report on four male individuals from two unrelated Polish families (one sporadic and one familial case) presenting with isolated SHFM. We tested both probands for known molecular causes of SHFM, including TP63, WNT10B, DLX5 mutations and copy number changes using 1.4 M array CGH. RESULTS Sanger sequencing of DLX5 revealed a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation c.G115T(p.E39X) in both index patients. Segregation studies demonstrated that the variant was present in all affected family members but also in three apparently healthy relatives (two females and one male). CONCLUSION This is the first report of a heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation resulting in incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant isolated SHFM1. Data shown here provides further evidence for the contribution of DLX5 point mutations to the development of ectrodactyly and suggest the possibility of sex-related segregation distortion with an excess of affected males.
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Tayebi N, Jamsheer A, Flöttmann R, Sowinska-Seidler A, Doelken SC, Oehl-Jaschkowitz B, Hülsemann W, Habenicht R, Klopocki E, Mundlos S, Spielmann M. Deletions of exons with regulatory activity at the DYNC1I1 locus are associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation: array CGH screening of 134 unrelated families. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:108. [PMID: 25231166 PMCID: PMC4237947 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of non-coding regulatory mutations are being identified in congenital disease. Very recently also some exons of protein coding genes have been identified to act as tissue specific enhancer elements and were therefore termed exonic enhancers or "eExons". METHODS We screened a cohort of 134 unrelated families with split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) with high resolution array CGH for CNVs with regulatory potential. RESULTS In three families with an autosomal dominant non-syndromic SHFM phenotype we detected microdeletions encompassing the exonic enhancer (eExons) 15 and 17 of DYNC1I1. In a fourth family, who had hearing loss in addition to SHFM, we found a larger deletion of 510 kb including the eExons of DYNC1I1 and, in addition, the human brain enhancer hs1642. Exons 15 and 17 of DYNC1I1 are known to act as tissue specific limb enhancers of DLX5/6, two genes that have been shown to be associated with SHFM in mice. In our cohort of 134 unrelated families with SHFM, deletions of the eExons of DYNC1I1 account for approximately 3% of the cases, while 17p13.3 duplications were identified in 13% of the families, 10q24 duplications in 12%, and TP63 mutations were detected in 4%. CONCLUSIONS We reduce the minimal critical region for SHFM1 to 78 kb. Hearing loss, however, appears to be associated with deletions of a more telomeric region encompassing the brain enhancer element hs1642. Thus, SHFM1 as well as hearing loss at the same locus are caused by deletion of regulatory elements. Deletions of the exons with regulatory potential of DYNC1I1 are an example of the emerging role of exonic enhancer elements and their implications in congenital malformation syndromes.
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Fernández-Jaén A, Suela J, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, Fernández-Perrone AL, Wotton KR, Dietrich S, Castellanos MDC, Cigudosa JC, Calleja-Pérez B, López-Martín S. Microduplication 10q24.31 in a Spanish girl with scoliosis and myopathy: the critical role of LBX. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2074-8. [PMID: 24782348 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
LBX1 plays a cardinal role in neuronal and muscular development in animal models. Its function in humans is unknown; it has been reported as a candidate gene for idiopathic scoliosis. Our goal is to document the first clinical case of a microduplication at 10q24.31 (chr10:102927883-103053612, hg19), affecting exclusively LBX1. The patient, a 12-year-old girl, showed attention problems, dyspraxia, idiopathic congenital scoliosis, and marked hypotrophy of paravertebral muscles. Her paternal aunt had a severe and progressive myopathy with a genetic study that revealed the same duplication. We propose to consider genetic studies, particularly of LBX1, in patients with scoliosis and/or hypotrophy-hypoplasia of paravertebral muscles of unknown etiology.
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Aziz A, Irfanullah, Khan S, Zimri FK, Muhammad N, Rashid S, Ahmad W. Novel homozygous mutations in the WNT10B gene underlying autosomal recessive split hand/foot malformation in three consanguineous families. Gene 2013; 534:265-71. [PMID: 24211389 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM), representing variable degree of median clefts of hands and feet, is a genetically heterogeneous group of limb malformations with seven loci mapped on different human chromosomes. However, only 3 genes (TP63, WNT10B, DLX5) for the seven loci have been identified. The study, presented here, described three consanguineous Pakistani families segregating SHFM in autosomal recessive manner. Linkage in the families was searched by genotyping microsatellite markers and mutation screening of candidate gene was performed by Sanger DNA sequencing. Clinical features of affected members of these families exhibited SHFM phenotype with involvement of hands and feet. Genotyping using microsatellite markers mapped the families to WNT10B gene at SHFM6 on chromosome 12q13.11-q13. Subsequently, sequence analysis of WNT10B gene revealed a novel 4-bp deletion mutation (c.1165_1168delAAGT) in one family and 7-bp duplication (c.300_306dupAGGGCGG) in two other families. Structure-based analysis showed a significant conformational shift in the active binding site of mutated WNT10B (p.Lys388Glufs*36), influencing binding with Fzd8. The mutations identified in the WNT10B gene extend the body of evidence implicating it in the pathogenesis of SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfanullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology (KUST), Kohat, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Gurrieri F, Everman DB. Clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split-hand/foot malformation: an update. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2860-72. [PMID: 24115638 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We here provide an update on the clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM). This rare condition, affecting 1 in 8,500-25,000 newborns, is extremely complex because of its variability in clinical presentation, irregularities in its inheritance pattern, and the heterogeneity of molecular genetic alterations that can be found in affected individuals. Both syndromal and nonsyndromal forms are reviewed and the major molecular genetic alterations thus far reported in association with SHFM are discussed. This updated overview should be helpful for clinicians in their efforts to make an appropriate clinical and genetic diagnosis, provide an accurate recurrence risk assessment, and formulate a management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Gurrieri
- Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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13
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Lockwood WW, Chandel SK, Stewart GL, Erdjument-Bromage H, Beverly LJ. The novel ubiquitin ligase complex, SCF(Fbxw4), interacts with the COP9 signalosome in an F-box dependent manner, is mutated, lost and under-expressed in human cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63610. [PMID: 23658844 PMCID: PMC3642104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel proteins that can potentially contribute to carcinogenesis is a requisite venture. Herein, we report the first biochemical characterization of the novel F-box and WD40 containing protein, FBXW4. We have identified interacting protein partners and demonstrated that FBXW4 is part of a ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, the Fbxw4 locus is a common site of proviral insertion in a variety of retroviral insertional mutagenesis murine cancer models and Fbxw4 mRNA is highly expressed in the involuting murine mammary gland. To begin to characterize the biochemical function of Fbxw4, we used proteomic analysis to demonstrate that Fbxw4 interacts with Skp1 (SKP1), Cullin1 (CUL1), Ring-box1 (RBX1) and all components of the COP9 signalosome. All of these interactions are dependent on an intact F-box domain of Fbxw4. Furthermore, Fbxw4 is capable of interacting with ubiquitinated proteins within cells in an F-box dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that FBXW4 is mutated, lost and under-expressed in a variety of human cancer cell lines and clinical patient samples. Importantly, expression of FBXW4 correlates with survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Taken together, we suggest that FBXW4 may be a novel tumor suppressor that regulates important cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Lockwood
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Section, Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sahiba K. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Greg L. Stewart
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Levi J. Beverly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Dai L, Deng Y, Li N, Xie L, Mao M, Zhu J. Discontinuous microduplications at chromosome 10q24.31 identified in a Chinese family with split hand and foot malformation. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:45. [PMID: 23596994 PMCID: PMC3637097 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital disorder characterized by a cleft of the hands and/or feet due to dificiency of central rays. Genomic rearrangement at 10q24 has been found to cause nonsyndromic SHFM (SHFM3). Methods Four patients and fourteen unaffected individuals from a four-generation Chinese pedigree with typical SHFM3 phenotypes were recruited for this study. After informed consent was obtained, genome-wide copy number analysis was performed on all patients and two normal family members using the Affymetrix Cytogenetics Whole-Genome 2.7M Array. The results were then confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in all available individuals of this pedigree. Candidate genes were further screened for mutation through sequence analyses. Results Copy number analysis showed a microduplication at chromosome 10q24.31-q24.32 co-segregating with the SHFM phenotype. Compared to other known genomic duplications for SHFM3, the duplication described here contains two discontinuous DNA fragments. The minimal centromeric duplicated segment of 259 kb involves LBX1, POLL and a disrupted BTRC. The minimal telomeric duplication of 114 kb encompasses DPCD and one part of FBXW4. No coding and splice-site mutations of candidate genes in the region were found. Conclusions Genomic duplications at chromosome 10q24.3, which were identified in the current study, provide further evidence for limb-specific cis-regulatory sequences in this region, highlighting the importance of chromosome 10q24.31-q24.32 in limb development and SHFM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, Chengdu, China.
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15
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Quinn G. Normal genetic variation of the human foot: Part 2: Population variance, epigenetic mechanisms, and developmental constraint in function. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2012; 102:149-56. [PMID: 22461272 DOI: 10.7547/1020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital deformities of the foot have been reported to correlate with regulatory epigenetic mechanisms that are also responsible for the timing and sequencing of developmental growth of the lower limb. Developmental variance of normal morphologic features has also been shown to vary between populations despite the retention of human foot characteristics. The molecular evidence for genetically controlled expressions of common evolved physical features is highly suggestive of regulatory control mechanisms that act together with developmental constraints to homogenize the retained functional characteristics of the foot. Genetic variance in morphologic features and functional plasticity when linked to morphometric change during gait may prove influential in clarifying kinematic and kinetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Quinn
- Podiatric Surgery, Holywell Healthcare, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England.
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16
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Khan S, Basit S, Zimri FK, Ali N, Ali G, Ansar M, Ahmad W. A novel homozygous missense mutation in WNT10B in familial split-hand/foot malformation. Clin Genet 2011; 82:48-55. [PMID: 21554266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare limb developmental malformation, characterized by variable degree of median clefts of hands and feet due to the absence of central rays of extremities. To date, six different forms of SHFM have been described. Four of these SHFM1, SHFM3, SHFM4 and SHFM5 show autosomal dominant, SHFM6 autosomal recessive and SHFM2 X-linked pattern of inheritance. In this study a large consanguineous Pakistani family, with autosomal recessive SHFM, appeared in the last two generations, was investigated. In total 15 individuals including 9 males and 6 females were affected with the syndrome. Affected members of the family exhibited SHFM phenotype with involvement of hands and feet. Most of the affected members showed syndactyly/polydactyly in hands and feet, dysplastic hand, aplasia of radial ray of hand and cleft foot. Investigating linkage to known autosomal SHFM loci mapped the family to SHFM6 locus on chromosome 12p11.1-q13.13. Mutation screening of the gene WNT10B revealed a novel sequence variant (c.986C>G, p.Thr329Arg) in all affected individuals who were studied. This is the third mutation reported in gene WNT10B causing autosomal recessive SHFM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Saitsu H, Kurosawa K, Kawara H, Eguchi M, Mizuguchi T, Harada N, Kaname T, Kano H, Miyake N, Toda T, Matsumoto N. Characterization of the complex 7q21.3 rearrangement in a patient with bilateral split-foot malformation and hearing loss. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1224-30. [PMID: 19449426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on complex rearrangements of the 7q21.3 region in a female patient with bilateral split-foot malformation and hearing loss. G-banding karyotype was 46,XX,t(7;15)(q21;q15),t(9;14)(q21;q11.2)dn. By fluorescence, in situ hybridization (FISH), Southern hybridization, and inverse PCR, the 7q21.3 translocation breakpoint was determined at the nucleotide level. The breakpoint did not disrupt any genes, but was mapped to 38-kb telomeric to the DSS1 gene, and 258- and 272-kb centromeric to the DLX6 and DLX5 genes, respectively. It remains possible that the translocation would disrupt the interaction between these genes and their regulatory elements. Interestingly, microarray analysis also revealed an interstitial deletion close to (but not continuous to) the 7q21.3 breakpoint, indicating complex rearrangements within the split-hand/foot malformation 1 (SHFM1) locus in this patient. Furthermore, a 4.6-Mb deletion at 15q21.1-q21.2 adjacent to the 15q15 breakpoint was also identified. Cloning of the deletion junction at 7q21.3 revealed that the 0.8-Mb deletion was located 750-kb telomeric to the translocation breakpoint, encompassing TAC1, ASNS, OCM, and a part of LMTK2. Because TAC1, ASNS, and OCM genes were located on the reported copy number variation regions, it was less likely that the three genes were related to the split-foot malformation. LMTK2 appeared to be a potential candidate gene for SHFM1, but no LMTK2 mutations were found in 29 individuals with SHFM. Further LMTK2 analysis of SHFM patients together with hearing loss is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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18
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Chen CP, Chen YJ, Chern SR, Tsai FJ, Chang TY, Lee CC, Town DD, Lee MS, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of concomitant Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and split hand-foot malformation associated with partial monosomy 4p (4p16.1→pter) and partial trisomy 10q (10q25.1→qter). Prenat Diagn 2008; 28:450-3. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kano H, Kurahashi H, Toda T. Genetically regulated epigenetic transcriptional activation of retrotransposon insertion confers mouse dactylaplasia phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19034-9. [PMID: 17984064 PMCID: PMC2141903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705483104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dactylaplasia, characterized by missing central digital rays, is an inherited mouse limb malformation that depends on two genetic loci. The first locus, Dac, is an insertional mutation around the dactylin gene that is inherited as a semidominant trait. The second locus is an unlinked modifier, mdac/Mdac, that is polymorphic among inbred strains. Mdac dominantly suppresses the dactylaplasia phenotype in mice carrying Dac. However, little is known about either locus or the nature of their interaction. Here we show that Dac is a LTR retrotransposon insertion caused by the type D mouse endogenous provirus element (MusD). This insertion exhibits different epigenetic states and spatiotemporally expresses depending on the mdac/Mdac modifier background. In dactylaplasia mutants (Dac/+ mdac/mdac), the LTRs of the insertion contained unmethylated CpGs and active chromatin. Furthermore, MusD elements expressed ectopically at the apical ectodermal ridge of limb buds, accompanying the dactylaplasia phenotype. On the other hand, in Dac mutants carrying Mdac (Dac/+ Mdac/mdac), the 5' LTR of the insertion was heavily methylated and enriched with inactive chromatin, correlating with inhibition of the dactylaplasia phenotype. Ectopic expression was not observed in the presence of Mdac, which we refined to a 9.4-Mb region on mouse chromosome 13. We report a pathogenic mutation caused by MusD. Our findings indicate that ectopic expression from the MusD insertion correlates with the dactylaplasia phenotype and that Mdac acts as a defensive factor to protect the host genome from pathogenic MusD insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kano
- *Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- *Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
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20
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Luo T, Yu W, Yuan Z, Deng Y, Zhao Y, Yuan W, Xiao J, Wang Y, Luo N, Mo X, Li Y, Liu M, Wu X. A novel mutation of p63 in a Chinese family with inherited syndactyly and adactylism. Mutat Res 2007; 637:182-9. [PMID: 17915261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
p63 is a transcription factor homologous to p53 and p73; mutations in this gene have been identified in individuals with several types of developmental abnormalities, including EEC (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, facial clefts) syndrome and split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM). Several mutations in the p63 gene have previously been shown to be related to SHFM. In this study, we report on a Chinese family with intrafamilial clinical variability of SHFM that have a novel heterozygous mutation in all four affected individuals. The mutation is in exon 8 of p63, 1046G --> A, which predicts an amino acid substitution G310E. SSCP analysis of the segregation pattern of the mutation strongly suggests a causal relationship to the SHFM phenotype in p63. This mutation has not been observed in other countries in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiu Luo
- The Center For Heart Development, Key Lab of MOE for Development Biology and Protein Chemistry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, PR China
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21
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Basel D, Kilpatrick MW, Tsipouras P. The expanding panorama of split hand foot malformation. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1359-65. [PMID: 16763964 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The split hand/foot malformation is a developmental defect of the extremities resulting from errors in the initiation and maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge. The phenotype is genetically heterogeneous, and it can be identified either as an isolated phenotypic manifestation or as a constituent component of a malformation syndrome. This overview describes the clinical phenotype, related animal models, and the evolving genetic heterogeneity of the malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Basel
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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22
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Lyle R, Radhakrishna U, Blouin JL, Gagos S, Everman DB, Gehrig C, Delozier-Blanchet C, Solanki JV, Patel UC, Nath SK, Gurrieri F, Neri G, Schwartz CE, Antonarakis SE. Split-hand/split-foot malformation 3 (SHFM3) at 10q24, development of rapid diagnostic methods and gene expression from the region. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1384-95. [PMID: 16691619 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM, also called ectrodactyly) is a clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous group of limb malformations. Several SHFM loci have been mapped, including SHFM1 (7q21), SHFM2 (Xq26), SHFM3 (10q24), SHFM4 (3q27) and SHFM5 (2q31). To date, mutations in a gene (TP63) have only been identified for SHFM4. SHFM3 has been shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to be caused by an approximately 500 kb DNA rearrangement at 10q24. This region contains a number of candidate genes for SHFM3, though which gene(s) is (are) involved in the pathogenesis of SHFM3 is not known. Our aim in this study was to improve the diagnosis of SHFM3, and to begin to understand which genes are involved in SHFM3. Here we show, using two different techniques, FISH and quantitative PCR that SHFM3 is caused by a minimal 325 kb duplication containing only two genes (BTRC and POLL). The data presented provide improved methods for diagnosis and begin to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of SHFM3. Expression analysis of 13 candidate genes within and flanking the duplicated region shows that BTRC (present in three copies) and SUFU (present in two copies) are overexpressed in SHFM3 patients compared to controls. Our data suggest that SHFM3 may be caused by overexpression of BTRC and SUFU, both of which are involved in beta-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lyle
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Njar VCO, Gediya L, Purushottamachar P, Chopra P, Vasaitis TS, Khandelwal A, Mehta J, Huynh C, Belosay A, Patel J. Retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) for treatment of cancer and dermatological diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4323-40. [PMID: 16530416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring retinoids and their synthetic analogs play a key role in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and their use/potential in oncology, dermatology and a variety of diseases are well documented. This review focuses on the role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the principal endogenous metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) and its metabolism in oncology and dermatology. ATRA has been used successfully in differentiated therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia, skin cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and also in the treatment of acne and psoriasis. However, its usefulness is limited by the rapid emergence of acquired ATRA resistance involving multifactoral mechanisms. A key mechanism of resistance involves ATRA-induced catabolism of ATRA. Thus, a novel strategy to overcome the limitation associated with exogenous ATRA therapy has been to modulate and/or increase the levels of endogenous ATRA by inhibiting the cytochrome P450-dependent ATRA-4-hydroxylase enzymes (particularly CYP26s) responsible for ATRA metabolism. These inhibitors are also referred to as retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs). This review highlights development in the design, synthesis, and evaluation of RAMBAs. Major emphasis is given to liarozole, the most studied and only RAMBA in clinical use and also the new RAMBAs in development and with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201-1559, USA.
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24
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Kano H, Kurosawa K, Horii E, Ikegawa S, Yoshikawa H, Kurahashi H, Toda T. Genomic rearrangement at 10q24 in non-syndromic split-hand/split-foot malformation. Hum Genet 2005; 118:477-83. [PMID: 16235095 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb malformation characterized by a median cleft of hand and/or foot due to the absence of central rays. Five loci for syndromic and non-syndromic SHFM, termed SHFM1-5, have been mapped to date. Recently, a 0.5 Mb tandem genomic duplication was found at chromosome 10q24 in SHFM3 families. To refine the minimum duplicated region and to further characterize the SHFM3 locus, we screened 28 non-syndromic SHFM families for tandem genomic duplication of 10q24 by Southern blot and sequence analysis of the dactylin gene. Of 28 families, only two showed genomic rearrangements. Representative patients from the two families exhibit typical SHFM, with symmetrically affected hands and feet. One patient is a familial case with a 511,661 bp tandem duplication, whereas the second is a sporadic case arising from a de novo, 447,338 bp duplication of maternal origin. The smaller duplication in the second patient contained the LBX1, BTRC, POLL, and DPCD genes and a disrupted extra copy of the dactylin gene, and was nearly identical to the smallest known duplicated region of SHFM3. Our results indicate that genomic rearrangement of SHFM3 is rare among non-syndromic SHFM patients and emphasize the importance of screening for genomic rearrangements even in sporadic cases of SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kano
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-B9, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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25
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García-Ortiz JE, Banda-Espinoza F, Zenteno JC, Galván-Uriarte LM, Ruiz-Flores P, García-Cruz D. Split hand malformation, hypospadias, microphthalmia, distinctive face and short stature in two brothers suggest a new syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:21-7. [PMID: 15809993 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetically heterogeneous limb malformation that may be isolated or associated with other malformations. More than 50 recognizable entities with SHFM have been described and at least 5 mapped genetic loci have been implicated. Two brothers with intrauterine growth retardation, short stature, distinctive face, microphthalmia, genital anomalies, and SHFM are described. Molecular analyses of TP63, HOXA13, and HOXD13 genes were normal. We propose this pattern to be a newly recognized SHFM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E García-Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunobiología Molecular, CIB, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, México.
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26
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Basel D, DePaepe A, Kilpatrick MW, Tsipouras P. Split hand foot malformation is associated with a reduced level of Dactylin gene expression. Clin Genet 2003; 64:350-4. [PMID: 12974740 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Split hand foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb malformation presenting with a median cleft of the hand and/or foot, syndactyly and polydactyly. SHFM is genetically heterogeneous with four loci mapped to date. Murine Dactylaplasia (Dac) is phenotypically similar, and it has been mapped to a syntenic region of 10q24, where SHFM3 has been localized. Structural alterations of the gene-encoding dactylin, a constituent of the ubiquitinization pathway, leading to reduced levels of transcript have been identified in Dac. Here, we report a significant decrease of Dactylin transcript in several individuals affected by SHFM. This observation supports a central role for dactylin in the pathogenesis of SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Basel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Roscioli T, Taylor PJ, Bohlken A, Donald JA, Masel J, Glass IA, Buckley MF. The 10q24-linked split hand/split foot syndrome (SHFM3): Narrowing of the critical region and confirmation of the clinical phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 124A:136-41. [PMID: 14699611 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this communication we describe the clinical and molecular genetic findings in a family with a variable ectrodactyly linked to SHFM3. This is only the second detailed report of the clinical features of the SHFM3 linked syndrome in a large pedigree. Within this family the expressivity of the condition ranges from the classical ectrodactyly deformity to partial absence of the thumb and agenesis of the distal tip of the index finger. There is discordant limb severity, with the feet more severely affected than the hands. Two individuals have a nail dysplasia indicating the presence of a minor ectodermal component. A cleft palate was present in one individual. Radiological features of family members include short metacarpals with rounded proximal heads, agenesis of the radial ray, epiphysial coning, and an unusual supernumerary ossicle opposed to the distal phalanx of the left thumb. Genetic mapping studies in this family exclude p63 involvement and demonstrate that ectrodactyly in this pedigree is linked to the SHFM3 region on chromosome 10q24. A meiotic recombination event enabled exclusion of a maximum of 1.9 Mb of DNA from the previously known critical region thereby narrowing the critical interval to between D10S1265 and D10S222, with the minimal critical region being between D10S1240 and D10S1267. Further investigations are in progress to identify the gene within the SHFM3 critical region responsible for ectrodactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Roscioli
- Queensland Clinical Genetics Service, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Gurrieri F, Kjaer KW, Sangiorgi E, Neri G. Limb anomalies: Developmental and evolutionary aspects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 115:231-44. [PMID: 12503118 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe the developmental mechanisms involved in the making of a limb, by focusing on the nature and types of interactions of the molecules that play a part in the regulation of limb patterning and characterizing clinical conditions that are known to result from the abnormal function of these molecules. The latter subject is divided into sections dealing with syndromal and nonsyndromal deficiencies, polydactylies, and brachydactylies. Conditions caused by mutations in homeobox genes and fibroblast growth factors and their receptor genes are listed separately. Since the process of limb development has been conserved for more than 300 millions years, with all the necessary adaptive modifications occurring throughout evolution, we also take into consideration the evolutionary aspects of limb development in terms of genetic repertoire, molecular pathways, and morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Gurrieri
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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29
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Vervoort VS, Viljoen D, Smart R, Suthers G, DuPont BR, Abbott A, Schwartz CE. Sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) is disrupted in a patient with a translocation t(6;13)(q21;q12) and microcephaly, microphthalmia, ectrodactyly, prognathism (MMEP) phenotype. J Med Genet 2002; 39:893-9. [PMID: 12471201 PMCID: PMC1757218 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.12.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A patient with microcephaly, microphthalmia, ectrodactyly, and prognathism (MMEP) and mental retardation was previously reported to carry a de novo reciprocal t(6;13)(q21;q12) translocation. In an attempt to identify the presumed causative gene, we mapped the translocation breakpoints using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Two overlapping genomic clones crossed the breakpoint on the der(6) chromosome, locating the breakpoint region between D6S1594 and D6S1250. Southern blot analysis allowed us to determine that the sorting nexin 3 gene (SNX3) was disrupted. Using Inverse PCR, we were able to amplify and sequence the der(6) breakpoint region, which exhibited homology to a BAC clone that contained marker D13S250. This clone allowed us to amplify and sequence the der(13) breakpoint region and to determine that no additional rearrangement was present at either breakpoint, nor was another gene disrupted on chromosome 13. Therefore, the translocation was balanced and SNX3 is probably the candidate gene for MMEP in the patient. However, mutation screening by dHPLC and Southern blot analysis of another sporadic case with MMEP failed to detect any point mutations or deletions in the SNX3 coding sequence. Considering the possibility of positional effect, another candidate gene in the vicinity of the der(6) chromosome breakpoint may be responsible for MMEP in the original patient or, just as likely, the MMEP phenotype in the two patients results from genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Vervoort
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina 29646, USA
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30
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Grimm T, Teglund S, Tackels D, Sangiorgi E, Gurrieri F, Schwartz C, Toftgård R. Genomic organization and embryonic expression of Suppressor of Fused, a candidate gene for the split-hand/split-foot malformation type 3. FEBS Lett 2001; 505:13-7. [PMID: 11557033 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genes for human and mouse Suppressor of Fused (SU(FU)/Su(Fu)) in the Hedgehog signaling pathway were characterized and found to contain 12 exons. Human SU(FU) localized on chromosome 10q24-25 between the markers D10S192 and AFM183XB12. We detected three additional SU(FU) isoforms, two of which have lost their ability to interact with the transcription factor GLI1. Expression analysis using whole mount in situ hybridization revealed strong expression of Su(Fu) in various mouse embryonic tissues. SU(FU) was considered a candidate gene for the split-hand/split-foot malformation type 3 (SHFM3). However, no alterations in the SU(FU) gene were found in SHFM3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Grimm
- Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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31
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Sifakis S, Basel D, Ianakiev P, Kilpatrick M, Tsipouras P. Distal limb malformations: underlying mechanisms and clinical associations. Clin Genet 2001; 60:165-72. [PMID: 11595015 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.600301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital malformations of the extremities are conspicuous and have been described through the ages. Over the past decade, a wealth of knowledge has been generated regarding the genetic regulation of limb development and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have identified several of the signaling molecules, growth factors, and transcriptional regulators involved in the initiation and maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) as well as the molecular markers defining the three axes of the developing limb. Studies of abnormal murine phenotypes have uncovered the role played by genes such as p63 and Dactylin in the maintenance of AER activity. These phenotypes resemble human malformations and in this review we describe the underlying mechanisms and clinical associations of split hand/foot malformation and ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome, which have both been associated with mutations in the p63 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sifakis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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32
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Ianakiev P, Kilpatrick MW, Toudjarska I, Basel D, Beighton P, Tsipouras P. Split-hand/split-foot malformation is caused by mutations in the p63 gene on 3q27. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:59-66. [PMID: 10839977 PMCID: PMC1287102 DOI: 10.1086/302972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2000] [Accepted: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM), a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with syndactyly, median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals, is phenotypically analogous to the naturally occurring murine Dactylaplasia mutant (Dac). Results of recent studies have shown that, in heterozygous Dac embryos, the central segment of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) degenerates, leaving the anterior and posterior segments intact; this finding suggests that localized failure of ridge maintenance activity is the fundamental developmental defect in Dac and, by inference, in SHFM. Results of gene-targeting studies have demonstrated that p63, a homologue of the cell-cycle regulator TP53, plays a critically important role in regulation of the formation and differentiation of the AER. Two missense mutations, 724A-->G, which predicts amino acid substitution K194E, and 982T-->C, which predicts amino acid substitution R280C, were identified in exons 5 and 7, respectively, of the p63 gene in two families with SHFM. Two additional mutations (279R-->H and 304R-->Q) were identified in families with EEC (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial cleft) syndrome. All four mutations are found in exons that fall within the DNA-binding domain of p63. The two amino acids mutated in the families with SHFM appear to be primarily involved in maintenance of the overall structure of the domain, in contrast to the p63 mutations responsible for EEC syndrome, which reside in amino acid residues that directly interact with the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ianakiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael W. Kilpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Iva Toudjarska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donald Basel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Beighton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Petros Tsipouras
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and Department of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Trofimova-Griffin ME, Brzezinski MR, Juchau MR. Patterns of CYP26 expression in human prenatal cephalic and hepatic tissues indicate an important role during early brain development. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 120:7-16. [PMID: 10727725 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CYP26 (P450RAI) catalyzes catabolic retinoic acid (RA) hydroxylation and thereby appears to play a critical role in retinoid signaling pathways during development. In this study, a quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for evaluation of CYP26 message levels in human prenatal tissues. Statistical analyses of transcription levels in 12 prenatal human brains and six prenatal human livers demonstrated good sensitivity and reproducibility. Quantitative profiles of CYP26 gene expression in early (gestational days 57-110) prenatal cephalic and hepatic tissues and comparisons with adult counterparts are reported for the first time. Prenatal cephalic tissues at days 57-67 exhibited values of 1950+/-420 (CYP26 molecules/10(6) GAPDH molecules) whereas prenatal cephalic tissues at days 105-110 exhibited values of 22300+/-4450 (CYP26 molecules/10(6) GAPDH molecules), indicating a sharp developmental increase (approximately 11-fold). Levels in human adult cephalic tissues were slightly less than the prenatal cephalic levels measured during the earliest stages of gestation and were approximately 3-fold lower than those measured in adult human hepatic tissues. Levels in human prenatal hepatic tissues at days 63-110 gestation were less than 800 (CYP26 molecules/10(6) GAPDH molecules) and did not exhibit developmental increases. Considered together, the data have strong implications for the importance of CYP26 in early development of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Trofimova-Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Box 357280, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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34
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Stevens CA, Moore CA. Tibial hemimelia in Langer-Giedion syndrome-possible gene location for tibial hemimelia at 8q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 85:409-12. [PMID: 10398269 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990806)85:4<409::aid-ajmg19>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on a girl with Langer-Giedion syndrome or tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, type II (TRPS II) with deletion on 8q, and the unusual findings of bilateral tibial hemimelia and unilateral absence of the ulna. An 8-year-old boy with TRPS II with bilateral tibial hemimelia was reported by Turleau et al. [1982: Hum. Genet. 62:183-187]. The critical region for TRPS II is 8q24.1. Although no genes involving limb development in the human have been identified in this region, two mouse syndromes are localized to the homologous chromosome region of 9A1-A4 which involve limb abnormalities. We propose that a gene involved in limb development is contiguous with the TRPS II gene which, when deleted, may cause tibial hemimelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, T.C. Thompson Children's Hospital and Chattanooga Unit, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, USA
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35
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Ianakiev P, Kilpatrick MW, Dealy C, Kosher R, Korenberg JR, Chen XN, Tsipouras P. A novel human gene encoding an F-box/WD40 containing protein maps in the SHFM3 critical region on 10q24. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261:64-70. [PMID: 10405324 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a new human gene, Dactylin, encoding a novel member of the F-box/WD40 protein family. The Dactylin gene comprises nine exons distributed in more than 85 kb of genomic DNA and encoding a protein with four WD40 repeats and an F-box motif. Northern blot analysis demonstrates a single 2.8 kb transcript in brain, kidney, lung and liver. FISH hybridization localized Dactylin to 10q24.3. Using an Msc I SNP identified in the first exon of the gene, we were able to assign Dactylin within the critical region for Split Hand Split Foot malformation (SHFM3) that has been mapped to 10q24. The SHFM3 phenotype includes absence or hypoplasia of the central digital rays, a deep median cleft and syndactyly of the remaining digits. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of F-box/WD40 proteins in the regulation of developmental processes, by a mechanism of specific ubiquitinization and subsequent proteolysis of target proteins belonging to the Wnt, Hh and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. The chromosomal location of Dactylin and its putative function as an F-box/WD40 repeat protein, likely to be involved in key signaling pathways crucial for normal limb development, make it a promising candidate gene for SHFM3.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Exons/genetics
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- F-Box Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ianakiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030, USA
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36
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Ozen RS, Baysal BE, Devlin B, Farr JE, Gorry M, Ehrlich GD, Richard CW. Fine mapping of the split-hand/split-foot locus (SHFM3) at 10q24: evidence for anticipation and segregation distortion. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1646-54. [PMID: 10330351 PMCID: PMC1377907 DOI: 10.1086/302403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM, ectrodactyly, or lobster-claw deformity) is a human limb malformation characterized by aberrant development of central digital rays with absence of fingers and toes, a deep median cleft, and fusion of remaining digits. SHFM is clinically heterogeneous, presenting both in an isolated form and in combination with additional abnormalities affecting the tibia and/or other organ systems, including the genitourinary, craniofacial, and ectodermal structures. Three SHFM disease loci have been genetically mapped to chromosomes 7q21 (SHFM1), Xq26 (SHFM2), and 10q24 (SHFM3). We mapped data from a large Turkish family with isolated SHFM to chromosome 10q24 and have narrowed the SHFM3 region from 9 cM to an approximately 2-cM critical interval between genetic markers D10S1147 and D10S1240. In several instances we found evidence for a more severe phenotype in offspring of a mildly affected parent, suggesting anticipation. Finally, data from this family, combined with those from six other pedigrees, mapped to 10q24, demonstrate biased transmission of SHFM3 alleles from affected fathers to offspring. The degree of this segregation distortion is obvious in male offspring and is possibly of the same magnitude for female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ozen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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37
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Trofimova-Griffin ME, Juchau MR. Expression of cytochrome P450RAI (CYP26) in human fetal hepatic and cephalic tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 252:487-91. [PMID: 9826557 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PCR amplifications with two sets of degenerate primers that were targeted to CYP26-specific regions were performed with cDNAs from human fetal liver and brain as templates. PCR products were purified, cloned, sequenced and analyzed with the BLAST program. Our results revealed expression of CYP26 in both human fetal liver and brain. Furthermore, human fetal CYP26 cDNA exhibited 99.2%-100% nucleotide sequence identity to its adult counterpart. Novel isoforms, that would have indicated additional CYP26 genes, were not found. A Northern blot containing poly(A+)RNAs from 43 human adult and 7 human fetal tissues was tested for CYP26 expression. We were able to detect CYP26 message in most tissues but hybridization signals varied in intensity. Highest levels of transcription were in adult liver, heart, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, placenta and regions of the brain. CYP26 expression in fetal tissues was strongest in the brain and comparable with message levels in adult tissues.
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38
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White JA, Beckett B, Scherer SW, Herbrick JA, Petkovich M. P450RAI (CYP26A1) maps to human chromosome 10q23-q24 and mouse chromosome 19C2-3. Genomics 1998; 48:270-2. [PMID: 9521883 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A White
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Abstract
Ectrodactyly has not previously been reported in children with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS). Based on this premise and the identification of an unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 4p15 and 10q25 in a fetus with ectrodactyly and hemimelia, a second locus for dominantly inherited split hand/foot malformation (SHFM3) was mapped to chromosome 10q24-q25. We present the clinical findings of an infant with WHS and SHFM and suggest that the presence of additional loci on 4p which modify/cause SHFM cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
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40
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Yoshiura KI, Leysens NJ, Chang J, Ward D, Murray JC, Muenke M. Genomic structure, sequence, and mapping of humanFGF8 with no evidence for its role in craniosynostosis/limb defect syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19971031)72:3<354::aid-ajmg21>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Seto ML, Nunes ME, MacArthur CA, Cunningham ML. Pathogenesis of ectrodactyly in the Dactylaplasia mouse: aberrant cell death of the apical ectodermal ridge. TERATOLOGY 1997; 56:262-70. [PMID: 9408977 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199710)56:4<262::aid-tera5>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dactylaplasia, or Dac, was recently mapped to the distal portion of mouse chromosome 19 and shown to be inherited as an autosomal semi-dominant trait characterized by missing central digital rays. The most common locus for human split hand split foot malformation, also typically characterized by missing central digital rays, is 10q25, a region of synteny to the Dac locus. The Dac mouse appears to be an ideal genotypic and phenotypic model for this human malformation syndrome. Several genes lie in this region of synteny, however, only Fibroblast Growth Factor 8, or Fgf-8, has been implicated to have a role in limb development. We demonstrate that the developmental mechanism underlying loss of central rays in Dac limbs is dramatic cell death of the apical ectodermal ridge, or AER. This cell death pattern is apparent in E10.5-11.5 Dac limb buds stained with the supravital dye Nile Blue Sulfate. We demonstrate that Fgf8 expression in wild type limbs colocalizes spatially and temporally with AER cell death in Dac limbs. Furthermore, in our mapping panel, there is an absence of recombinants between Fgf-8 and the Dac locus in 133 backcross progeny with a median linkage estimate of approximately 0.5 cM. Thus, our results demonstrate that cell death of the AER in Dac limbs silences the role of the AER as key regulator of limb outgrowth, and that Fgf-8 is a strong candidate for the cause of the Dac phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Seto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle 98195, USA
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42
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Raas-Rothschild A, Manouvrier S, Gonzales M, Farriaux JP, Lyonnet S, Munnich A. Refined mapping of a gene for split hand-split foot malformation (SHFM3) on chromosome 10q25. J Med Genet 1996; 33:996-1001. [PMID: 9004130 PMCID: PMC1050809 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.12.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Split hand-split foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetically heterogeneous limb developmental defect characterised by the absence of digital rays and syndactyly of the remaining digits. Three disease loci have recently been mapped to chromosomes 7q21 (SHFM1), Xq26 (SHFM2), and 10q25 respectively (SHFM3). We report the mapping of SHFM3 to chromosome 10q25 in two large SHFM families of French ancestry (Zmax for the combined families = 6.62 at theta = 0 for marker AFM249wc5 at locus D10S222). Two recombinant events reduced the critical region to a 9 cM interval (D10S1709-D10S1663) encompassing several candidate genes including a paired box gene PAX2 (Zmax = 5.35 at theta = 0). The fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF 8), the retinol binding protein (RBP4), the zinc finger protein (ZNF32), and the homeobox genes HMX2 and HOX11 are also good candidates by both their position and their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raas-Rothschild
- Département de Génétique, INSERM U-393, Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
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