1
|
Han SY, Lee CO, Ahn SH, Lee MO, Kang SY, Cha HJ, Cho SY, Ha JD, Ryu JW, Jung H, Kim HR, Koh JS, Lee J. Evaluation of a multi-kinase inhibitor KRC-108 as an anti-tumor agent in vitro and in vivo. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:518-23. [PMID: 21080208 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kinases have been studied as potential cancer targets because they play important roles in the cellular signaling of tumors. A number of small molecules targeting kinases are prescribed in clinics and many kinase inhibitors are being evaluated in the clinical phase. Previously, we discovered a series of aminopyridines substituted with benzoxazole as orally active c-Met kinase inhibitors. One of the compounds, KRC-108, has been evaluated as an anti-cancer agent in vitro and in vivo. A kinase panel assay exhibited that KRC-108 is a potent inhibitor of Ron, Flt3 and TrkA as well as c-Met. Moreover, KRC-108 inhibited oncogenic c-Met M1250T and Y1230D more strongly than wild type c-Met. The anti-proliferative activity of KRC-108 was measured by performing a cytotoxicity assay on a panel of cancer cell lines. The GI(50) values (i.e., 50% inhibition of cell growth) for KRC-108 ranged from 0.01 to 4.22 μM for these cancer cell lines. KRC-108 was also effective for the inhibition of tumor growth in human HT29 colorectal cancer and NCI-H441 lung cancer xenograft models in athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice. This molecule should serve as a useful lead for inhibitors targeting kinases and may lead to new therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Han
- Bio-Organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pulford K, Morris SW, Turturro F. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase proteins in growth control and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2004; 199:330-58. [PMID: 15095281 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The normal functions of full-length anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) remain to be completely elucidated. Although considered to be important in neural development, recent studies in Drosophila also highlight a role for ALK in gut muscle differentiation. Indeed, the Drosophila model offers a future arena for the study of ALK, its ligands and signalling cascades. The discovery of activated fusion forms of the ALK tyrosine kinase in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has dramatically improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of these lymphomas and enhanced the pathological diagnosis of this subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Likewise, the realisation that a high percentage of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours express activated-ALK fusion proteins has clarified the causation of these mesenchymal neoplasms and provided for their easier discrimination from other mesenchymal-derived inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) mimics. Recent reports of ALK expression in a range of carcinoma-derived cell lines together with its apparent role as a receptor for PTN and MK, both of which have been implicated in tumourigenesis, raise the possibility that ALK-mediated signalling could play a role in the development and/or progression of a number of common solid tumours. The therapeutic targeting of ALK may prove to have efficacy in the treatment of many of these neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Pulford
- Leukaemia Research Fund Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pileri SA, Ascani S, Leoncini L, Sabattini E, Zinzani PL, Piccaluga PP, Pileri A, Giunti M, Falini B, Bolis GB, Stein H. Hodgkin's lymphoma: the pathologist's viewpoint. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:162-76. [PMID: 11896065 PMCID: PMC1769601 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite its well known histological and clinical features, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has recently been the object of intense research activity, leading to a better understanding of its phenotype, molecular characteristics, histogenesis, and possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. There is complete consensus on the B cell derivation of the tumour in most cases, and on the relevance of Epstein-Barr virus infection and defective cytokinesis in at least a proportion of patients. The REAL/WHO classification recognises a basic distinction between lymphocyte predominance HL (LP-HL) and classic HL (CHL), reflecting the differences in clinical presentation and behaviour, morphology, phenotype, and molecular features. CHL has been classified into four subtypes: lymphocyte rich, nodular sclerosing, with mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted. The borders between CHL and anaplastic large cell lymphoma have become sharper, whereas those between LP-HL and T cell rich B cell lymphoma remain ill defined. Treatments adjusted to the pathobiological characteristics of the tumour in at risk patients have been proposed and are on the way to being applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Pileri
- Pathologic Anatomy and Haematopathology, Bologna University, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herling M, Rassidakis GZ, Viviani S, Bonfante V, Giardini R, Gianni M, Morris SW, Cabanillas F, Medeiros LJ, Sarris AH. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is not expressed in Hodgkin's disease: results with ALK-11 antibody in 327 untreated patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42:969-79. [PMID: 11697652 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109097716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The t(2;5)(p23;q35) or other rare chromosomal abnormalities involving 2p23 upregulate the ALK gene, which is not expressed in normal lymphocytes. Thus, detection of ALK protein is presumptive evidence of these 2p23 abnormalities. The t(2;5) and ALK immunoreactivity are common in anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T/null-cell lineage. However, a small subset of cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) have been reported to either carry the t(2;5) or express ALK. In this study, we have immunohistochemically evaluated 327 cases of HD with the ALK-11 antibody. ALK-11 is a well characterized polyclonal antibody raised against an intracellular portion of the ALK protein. We detected ALK-11 immunoreactivity in 8 (2.4%) cases of HD. We further studied these positive cases with ALK-1 monoclonal antibody, which reacts with an intracellular portion of ALK, similar to ALK-11. All 8 ALK-11 positive cases were negative for ALK-1. These results indicate that rare cases of HD may react with ALK-11 antibody, similar to previous reports by others using different polyclonal anti-ALK antibodies. However, the absence of ALK-1 expression in these HD cases suggests that ALK protein is not truly present and that polyclonal anti-ALK antibodies may rarely yield non-specific cross reactivity. These results further support the use of anti-ALK antibodies in the differential diagnosis of HD from ALCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Herling
- Department of Lymphoma-Myeloma, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morris SW, Xue L, Ma Z, Kinney MC. Alk+ CD30+ lymphomas: a distinct molecular genetic subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:275-95. [PMID: 11380391 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Animals
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Hodgkin Disease/enzymology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Ki-1 Antigen/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphomatoid Papulosis/enzymology
- Mice
- Mitogens
- Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue/enzymology
- Nervous System/enzymology
- Neuroblastoma/enzymology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nucleophosmin
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Survival Rate
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Morris
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Drexler HG, Gignac SM, von Wasielewski R, Werner M, Dirks WG. Pathobiology of NPM-ALK and variant fusion genes in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and other lymphomas. Leukemia 2000; 14:1533-59. [PMID: 10994999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its clinical and histological heterogeneity, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is now a well-recognized clinicopathological entity accounting for 2% of all adult non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and about 13% of pediatric NHL. Immunophenotypically, ALCL are of T cell (predominantly) or Null cell type; by definition, cases expressing B cell antigens are officially not included in this entity. The translocation (2;5)(p23;q35) is a recurring abnormality in ALCL; 46% of the ALCL patients bear this signature translocation. This translocation creates a fusion gene composed of nucleophosmin (NPM) and a novel receptor tyrosine kinase gene, named anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). The NPM-ALK chimeric gene encodes a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be a potent oncogene. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to lymphomagenesis remain elusive; however, the synopsis of evidence obtained to date provides an outline of likely scenarios. Several t(2;5) variants have been described; in some instances, the breakpoints have been cloned and the genes forming a new fusion gene with ALK have been identified: ATIC-ALK, TFG-ALK and TPM3-ALK. Cloning the translocation breakpoint and identifying the ALK and NPM genes provided tools for screening material from patients with ALCL using various approaches at the chromosome, DNA, RNA, or protein level: positive signals in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the immunostaining with anti-ALK monoclonal antibodies (McAb) serve as the most convenient tests for detection of the t(2;5) NPM-ALK since the fusion gene and ALK protein expression do not occur in normal or reactive lymphoid tissue. The wide range of NPM-ALK positivity reported in different series appears to be dependent on the inclusion and selection criteria of the ALCL cases studied. Overall, however, 43% of ALCL cases were NPM-ALK+ (83% of pediatric ALCL vs 31% of adult ALCL). Occasional non-ALCL B cell lymphomas (4%) with diffuse large cell and immunoblastic histology and Hodgkin's disease cases (3%) were NPM-ALK-, but these data are questionable. The aggregate results indicate that, in contrast to primary nodal (systemic) ALCL, the t(2;5) may be present in only 10-20% of primary cutaneous ALCL and rarely, if at all, in lymphomatoid papulosis, a potential precursor lesion; however, these 10-20% positive cases were not confirmed by anti-ALK McAb immunostaining and may represent an overestimate. Positivity for NPM-ALK is associated to various degrees with the following parameters: 44% and 45% of ALCL cases with T cell and Null cell immunophenotype, respectively, are positive, whereas only 8% of cases with a B cell immunoprofile are positive; the mean age of positive patients is significantly younger than that of negative patients; positive cases carry a better overall prognosis (but not in all studies). Recently, the homogenous category of ALK lymphoma ('ALKoma') has emerged as a distinct pathological entity within the heterogenous group of ALCL. The fact that patients with ALK lymphomas experience significantly better overall survival than ALK- ALCL demonstrates further that analysis of ALK expression has important prognostic implications. The term ALK lymphoma signifies a switch in the use of the diagnostic criteria: cases are selected on the basis of a genetic abnormality (the ALK rearrangement), instead of the review of morphological or immunophenotypical features which are clearly more prone to disagreement and controversy. Since its initial description in 1985 ALCL has become one of the best characterized lymphoma entities.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Nucleophosmin
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Drexler
- DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Detection of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Nucleolar Protein Nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK Proteins in Normal and Neoplastic Cells With the Monoclonal Antibody ALK1. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.4.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The t(2; 5)(p23;q35) translocation, associated with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), results in the production of the nucleolar protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) protein. This report describes an immunocytochemical study of the distribution of ALK and NPM-ALK proteins using a new monoclonal antibody, ALK1, that recognizes a formalin resistant epitope in both the 80-kD NPM-ALK chimeric and the 200-kD normal human ALK proteins. Cytoplasmic and nuclear labeling was seen in the t(2; 5)+ SU-DHL-1 and Karpas 299 cell lines. Normal ALK protein expression was restricted to the central nervous system (in scattered neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells). Two hundred and thirty-nine cases of lymphoma and 80 nonhematopoietic tumors were immunostained. Antibody ALK1 labeled 53.4% (39 of 73 cases) of CD30+ ALCL. A case of ALCL with a t(1; 2) translocation was ALK1+. Three cases of CD30− ALCL with prominent nucleoli showed a unique pattern of coarse granular cytoplasmic labeling. All other tumors, including Hodgkin's disease and lymphomatoid papulosis, were ALK1−. These results indicate that reliable immunostaining of routine biopsy material for NPM-ALK and ALK proteins is feasible. Such analysis is of diagnostic importance, especially because t(2; 5)+ ALCL cases have a good prognosis with appropriate treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hutchison R, Banki K, Shuster J, Barrett D, Dieck C, Berard C, Murphy S, Link M, Pick T, Laver J, Schwenn M, Mathew P, Morris S. Use of an anti-ALK antibody in the characterization of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of childhood. Ann Oncol 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/8.suppl_1.s37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
9
|
|