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Uzieliene I, Popov A, Vaiciuleviciute R, Kirdaite G, Bernotiene E, Ramanaviciene A. Polypyrrole-based structures for activation of cellular functions under electrical stimulation. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108585. [PMID: 37847982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (Ppy) is an electroconductive polymer used in various applications, including in vitro experiments with cell cultures under electrical stimulation (ES). Ppy can be applied in various forms and most importantly, it is biocompatible with cells. Ppy specifically directs ES to cells, which makes Ppy a potential polymer for the development of novel technologies for targeted tissue regeneration. The high potential of ES in combination with different Ppy-based systems, such as hydrogels, scaffolds, or Ppy-layers is advantageous to stimulate cellular differentiation towards neurogenic, cardiac, muscle, and osteogenic lineages. Different in-house devices and the principles of ES application used to stimulate cellular functions are reviewed and summarized. The focus of this review is to observe the most relevant studies and their in-house techniques regarding the application of Ppy-based materials for the use of bone, neural, cardiac, and muscle tissue regeneration under ES. Different types of Ppy materials, such as Ppy particles, layers/films, membranes, and 3D-shaped synthetic and natural scaffolds, as well as combining Ppy with different active molecules are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anton Popov
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas - Center on Nanotechnology and Materials Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko g. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raminta Vaiciuleviciute
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gailute Kirdaite
- Department of Experimental, Preventive and Clinical Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, VilniusTech, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas - Center on Nanotechnology and Materials Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko g. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Vijayavenkataraman S, Kannan S, Cao T, Fuh JYH, Sriram G, Lu WF. 3D-Printed PCL/PPy Conductive Scaffolds as Three-Dimensional Porous Nerve Guide Conduits (NGCs) for Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:266. [PMID: 31750293 PMCID: PMC6843025 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductivity is a desirable property of an ideal nerve guide conduit (NGC) that is being considered for peripheral nerve regeneration. Most of the conductive polymers reported in use for fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are non-biodegradable and possess weak mechanical properties to be fabricated into 3D structures. In this study, a biodegradable and conductive block copolymer of PPy and Polycaprolactone (PPy-b-PCL) was used to fabricate 3D porous NGCs using a novel electrohydrodynamic jet 3D printing process which offers superior control over fiber diameter, pore size, porosity, and fiber alignment. PCL/PPy scaffolds with three different concentrations of PPy-b-PCL (0.5, 1, and 2% v/v) were fabricated as a mesh (pore size 125 ± 15 μm) and the effect of incorporation of PPy-b-PCL on mechanical properties, biodegradability, and conductivity of the NGCs were studied. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds decreased with the addition of PPy-b-PCL which aided the ability to fabricate softer scaffolds that are closer to the properties of the native human peripheral nerve. With increasing concentrations of PPy-b-PCL, the scaffolds displayed a marked increase in conductivity (ranging from 0.28 to 1.15 mS/cm depending on concentration of PPy). Human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells (hESC-NCSCs) were used to investigate the impact of PPy-b-PCL based conductive scaffolds on the growth and differentiation to peripheral neuronal cells. The hESC-NCSCs were able to attach and differentiate to peripheral neurons on PCL and PCL/PPy scaffolds, in particular the PCL/PPy (1% v/v) scaffolds supported higher growth of neural cells and a stronger maturation of hESC-NCSCs to peripheral neuronal cells. Overall, these results suggest that PPy-based conductive scaffolds have potential clinical value as cell-free or cell-laden NGCs for peripheral neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sathya Kannan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Y. H. Fuh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Feng Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nekouian S, Sojoodi M, Nadri S. Fabrication of conductive fibrous scaffold for photoreceptor differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15800-15808. [PMID: 30714142 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Conductive nanofibrous scaffolds with that can conduct electrical current have a great potential in neural tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to survey effects of electrical stimulation and polycaprolactone/polypyrrole/multiwall carbon nanotube (PCL/PPY/MWCNTs) fibrous scaffold on photoreceptor differentiation of trabecular meshwork mesenchymal stem cells (TM-MSCs). PCL/PPY/MWCNTs scaffold was made by electrospinning method. TM-MSCs were seeded on PCL/PPY/MWCNTs scaffold and stimulated with a potential of 115 V/m. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and FT-IR were used to evaluate the fabricated scaffold. Immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to examine differentiated cells. Scanning electron microscopy, transmitting electron microscopy, and FT-IR confirmed the creation of the composite structure of fibers. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of rhodopsin and peripherin genes in electrically stimulated cells were significantly higher (5.7- and 6.23-fold, respectively; p ≤ 0.05) than those with no electrical stimulation. Collectively, it seems that the combination of PCL/PPY/MWCNTs scaffold, as a suitable conductive scaffold, and electrical stimulation could be an effective approach in the differentiation of stem cells in retinal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Nekouian
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sojoodi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Nadri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Wilson S, Laing R. Fabrics and Garments as Sensors: A Research Update. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163570. [PMID: 31443332 PMCID: PMC6719058 DOI: 10.3390/s19163570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Properties critical to the structure of apparel and apparel fabrics (thermal and moisture transfer, elasticity, and flexural rigidity), those related to performance (durability to abrasion, cleaning, and storage), and environmental effects have not been consistently addressed in the research on fabric sensors designed to interact with the human body. These fabric properties need to be acceptable for functionalized fabrics to be effectively used in apparel. Measures of performance such as electrical conductivity, impedance, and/or capacitance have been quantified. That the apparel/human body system involves continuous transient conditions needs to be taken into account when considering performance. This review highlights gaps concerning fabric-related aspects for functionalized apparel and includes information on increasing the inclusion of such aspects. A multidisciplinary approach including experts in chemistry, electronics, textiles, and standard test methods, and the intended end use is key to widespread development and adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wilson
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Raechel Laing
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Rahmani A, Nadri S, Kazemi HS, Mortazavi Y, Sojoodi M. Conductive electrospun scaffolds with electrical stimulation for neural differentiation of conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells. Artif Organs 2019; 43:780-790. [PMID: 30674064 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrical stimulus is a new approach to neural differentiation of stem cells. In this work, the neural differentiation of conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells (CJMSCs) on a new 3D conductive fibrous scaffold of silk fibroin (SF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGo) were examined. rGo (3.5% w/w) was dispersed in SF-acid formic solution (10% w/v) and conductive nanofibrous scaffold was fabricated using the electrospinning method. SEM and TEM microscopies were used for fibrous scaffold characterization. CJMSCs were cultured on the scaffold and 2 electrical impulse models (Current 1:115 V/m, 100-Hz frequency and current 2:115 v/m voltages, 0.1-Hz frequency) were applied for 7 days. Also, the effect of the fibrous scaffold and electrical impulses on cell viability and neural gene expression were examined using MTT assay and qPCR analysis. Fibrous scaffold with the 220 ± 20 nm diameter and good dispersion of graphene nanosheets at the surface of nanofibers were fabricated. The MTT result showed the viability of cells on the scaffold, with current 2 lower than current 1. qPCR analysis confirmed that the expression of β-tubulin (2.4-fold P ≤ 0.026), MAP-2 (1.48-fold; P ≤ 0.03), and nestin (1.5-fold; P ≤ 0.03) genes were higher in CJMSCs on conductive scaffold with 100-Hz frequency compared to 0.1-Hz frequency. Collectively, we proposed that SF-rGo fibrous scaffolds, as a new conductive fibrous scaffold with electrical stimulation are good strategies for neural differentiation of stem cells and the type of electrical pulses has an influence on neural differentiation and proliferation of CJMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahmani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samad Nadri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Habib Sayed Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sojoodi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Hao L, Lv G, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Dong M, Liu Y, Yu D. High Performance Anti-Corrosion Coatings of Poly (Vinyl Butyral) Composites with Poly N-(vinyl)pyrrole and Carbon Black Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112307. [PMID: 30453610 PMCID: PMC6267097 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is widely used in battery negative electrodes and steel coatings for automotive industries. The anti-corrosion property of zinc is the most important factor determining the performance and lifetime of the products. In this paper, both size-controlled poly N-(vinyl)pyrrole (PNVPY) nanoparticles and carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were compounded with poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) binder developing a series of composite coatings covered on the zinc substrates using a spin-coating technique. The morphologies of the surface and cross section of the PNVPY/CB/PVB coatings indicate that the PNVPY and CB nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings was tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization in a 3.5% NaCl solution. It is found that the coating with 1.9 wt.% PNVPY and 2.3 wt.% CB nanoparticles shows a remarkably high resistance value (Rc) and corrosion protection efficiency (99.99%). Meanwhile, the immersion results also reveal its superior corrosion resistance. It is considered that the nanoscale dispersion of PNVPY and carbon in PVB matrix and the strong interface action between the nanoparticles and PVB result in the uniform microstructure of the composites which endues the superior corrosion properties of the coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipments, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Guowei Lv
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yaqian Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kaiming Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Mochen Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Demei Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipments, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Yilmaz Sengel T, Guler E, Arslan M, Gumus ZP, Sanli S, Aldemir E, Akbulut H, Odaci Demirkol D, Coskunol H, Timur S, Yagci Y. “Biomimetic-electrochemical-sensory-platform” for biomolecule free cocaine testing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hesam Mahmoudinezhad M, Karkhaneh A, Jadidi K. Effect of PEDOT:PSS in tissue engineering composite scaffold on improvement and maintenance of endothelial cell function. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Im SH, Jung Y, Kim SH. Current status and future direction of biodegradable metallic and polymeric vascular scaffolds for next-generation stents. Acta Biomater 2017; 60:3-22. [PMID: 28716610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing incidence of coronary artery disease, the importance of cardiovascular stents has continuously increased as a treatment of this disease. Biodegradable scaffolds fabricated from polymers and metals have emerged as promising materials for vascular stents because of their biodegradability. Although such stent framework materials have shown good clinical efficacy, it is difficult to decide whether polymers or metals are better vascular scaffolds because their properties are different. Therefore, there are still obstacles in the development of biodegradable vascular scaffolds in terms of improving clinical efficacy. This review analyzes the pros and cons of current stent materials with respect to five key factors for next-generation stent and discusses methods of improvement. Furthermore, we discuss biodegradable electronic stents with electrical conductivity, which has been considered unimportant until now, and highlight electrical conductivity as a key factor in the development of next-generation stents.
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Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration are both incurable eye diseases that lead to blindness due to photoreceptor degeneration. Electrically stimulating the remaining intact nerve cells may generate some useful vision for patients afflicted with these diseases. Various types of retinal prostheses, sub- and epi-retinal electrode arrays, as well as subretinal microphotodiode arrays are considered from a materials and biocompatibility point of view. Other, more innovative approaches to restoring vision, such as microfluidic pumps and activated nanosystems that deliver neurotransmitters in a controlled way and photodynamic therapy are being developed. This article discusses materials aspects of retinal prostheses that are currently in use or under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville 301 Sparkman Drive, MSB 333, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA,
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Yilmaz T, Guler E, Gumus ZP, Akbulut H, Aldemir E, Coskunol H, Goen Colak D, Cianga I, Yamada S, Timur S, Endo T, Yagci Y. Synthesis and application of a novel poly-l-phenylalanine electroactive macromonomer as matrix for the biosensing of ‘Abused Drug’ model. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biosensing application of a novel poly-l-phenylalanine-bearing electroactive macromonomer has been carried out.
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12
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Yslas EI, Cavallo P, Acevedo DF, Barbero CA, Rivarola VA. Cysteine modified polyaniline films improve biocompatibility for two cell lines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 51:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Balint R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH. Conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2341-53. [PMID: 24556448 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials with easy-to-tailor properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering community. A novel type of electroactive biomaterial, the conductive polymer, promises to become one such material. Conductive polymers are already used in fuel cells, computer displays and microsurgical tools, and are now finding applications in the field of biomaterials. These versatile polymers can be synthesised alone, as hydrogels, combined into composites or electrospun into microfibres. They can be created to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Their physical properties can easily be optimized for a specific application through binding biologically important molecules into the polymer using one of the many available methods for their functionalization. Their conductive nature allows cells or tissue cultured upon them to be stimulated, the polymers' own physical properties to be influenced post-synthesis and the drugs bound in them released, through the application of an electrical signal. It is thus little wonder that these polymers are becoming very important materials for biosensors, neural implants, drug delivery devices and tissue engineering scaffolds. Focusing mainly on polypyrrole, polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), we review conductive polymers from the perspective of tissue engineering. The basic properties of conductive polymers, their chemical and electrochemical synthesis, the phenomena underlying their conductivity and the ways to tailor their properties (functionalization, composites, etc.) are discussed.
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15
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Mindroiu M, Ion R, Pirvu C, Cimpean A. Surfactant-dependent macrophage response to polypyrrole-based coatings electrodeposited on Ti6Al7Nb alloy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Vaitkuviene A, Kaseta V, Voronovic J, Ramanauskaite G, Biziuleviciene G, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of polypyrrole nanoparticles synthesized by oxidative polymerization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 250-251:167-174. [PMID: 23454454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (Ppy) is known as biocompatible material, which is used in some diverse biomedical applications and seeming to be a very promising for advanced biotechnological applications. In order to increase our understanding about biocompatibility of Ppy, in this study pure Ppy nanoparticles (Ppy-NPs) of fixed size and morphology were prepared by one-step oxidative polymerization and their cyto-compatibility was evaluated. The impact of different concentration of Ppy nanoparticles on primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), mouse hepatoma cell line (MH-22A), and human T lymphocyte Jurkat cell line was investigated. Cell morphology, viability/proliferation after the treatment by Ppy nanoparticles was evaluated. Obtained results showed that Ppy nanoparticles at low concentrations are biocompatible, while at high concentrations they became cytotoxic for Jurkat, MEF and MH-22A cells, and it was found that cytotoxic effect is dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vaitkuviene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Hwang JY, Shin US, Jang WC, Hyun JK, Wall IB, Kim HW. Biofunctionalized carbon nanotubes in neural regeneration: a mini-review. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:487-97. [PMID: 23223857 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31581e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become an intriguing and promising biomaterial platform for the regeneration and functional recovery of damaged nerve tissues. The unique electrical, structural and mechanical properties, diversity of available surface chemistry and cell-penetrating ability of CNTs have made them useful implantable matrices or carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Although there are still challenges being faced in the clinical applications of CNTs mainly due to their toxicity, many studies to overcome this issue have been published. Modification of CNTs with chemical groups to ensure their dissolution in aqueous media is one possible solution. Functionalization of CNTs with biologically relevant and effective molecules (biofunctionalization) is also a promising strategy to provide better biocompatibility and selectivity for neural regeneration. Here, we review recent advances in the use of CNTs to promote neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Hwang
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Pelto J, Björninen M, Pälli A, Talvitie E, Hyttinen J, Mannerström B, Suuronen Seppanen R, Kellomäki M, Miettinen S, Haimi S. Novel polypyrrole-coated polylactide scaffolds enhance adipose stem cell proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:882-92. [PMID: 23126228 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrically conductive polypyrrole (PPy) doped with a bioactive agent is an emerging functional biomaterial for tissue engineering. We therefore used chondroitin sulfate (CS)-doped PPy coating to modify initially electrically insulating polylactide resulting in novel osteogenic scaffolds. In situ chemical oxidative polymerization was used to obtain electrically conductive PPy coating on poly-96L/4D-lactide (PLA) nonwoven scaffolds. The coated scaffolds were characterized and their electrical conductivity was evaluated in hydrolysis. The ability of the coated and conductive scaffolds to enhance proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) under electrical stimulation (ES) in three-dimensional (3D) geometry was compared to the noncoated PLA scaffolds. Electrical conductivity of PPy-coated PLA scaffolds (PLA-PPy) was evident at the beginning of hydrolysis, but decreased during the first week of incubation due to de-doping. PLA-PPy scaffolds enhanced hASC proliferation significantly compared to the plain PLA scaffolds at 7 and 14 days. Furthermore, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the hASCs was generally higher in PLA-PPy seeded scaffolds, but due to patient variation, no statistical significance could be determined. ES did not have a significant effect on hASCs. This study highlights the potential of novel PPy-coated PLA scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Pelto
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
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Spear RL, Brooks RA, Markaki AE. Short-term in vitro responses of human peripheral blood monocytes to ferritic stainless steel fiber networks. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1456-63. [PMID: 23115020 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects on bone-implant bonding may accrue from ferromagnetic fiber networks on implants which can deform in vivo inducing controlled levels of mechanical strain directly in growing bone. This approach requires ferromagnetic fibers that can be implanted in vivo without stimulating undue inflammatory cell responses or cytotoxicity. This study examines the short-term in vitro responses, including attachment, viability, and inflammatory stimulation, of human peripheral blood monocytes to 444 ferritic stainless steel fiber networks. Two types of 444 networks, differing in fiber cross section and thus surface area, were considered alongside austenitic stainless steel fiber networks, made of 316L, a widely established implant material. Similar high percent seeding efficiencies were measured by CyQuant® on all fiber networks after 48 h of cell culture. Extensive cell attachment was confirmed by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, which showed round monocytes attached at various depths into the fiber networks. Medium concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined as indicators of viability and inflammatory responses, respectively. Percent LDH concentrations were similar for both 444 fiber networks at all time points, whereas significantly lower than those of 316L control networks at 24 h. All networks elicited low-level secretions of TNF-α, which were significantly lower than that of the positive control wells containing zymosan. Collectively, the results indicate that 444 networks produce comparable responses to medical implant grade 316L networks and are able to support human peripheral blood monocytes in short-term in vitro cultures without inducing significant inflammatory or cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose L Spear
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Ferraz N, Strømme M, Fellström B, Pradhan S, Nyholm L, Mihranyan A. In vitro and in vivo toxicity of rinsed and aged nanocellulose-polypyrrole composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2128-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Bayer CL, Trenchard IJ, Peppas NA. Analyzing Polyaniline-poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) Biocompatibility with 3T3 Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 21:623-34. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x434647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Bayer
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center on Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition, 1 University Station, C-0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA
| | - Isis J. Trenchard
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center on Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition, 1 University Station, C-0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics, Center on Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, Bionanotechnology and Molecular Recognition, 1 University Station, C-0400, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA;,
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Jin L, Wang T, Feng ZQ, Zhu M, Leach MK, Naim YI, Jiang Q. Fabrication and characterization of a novel fluffy polypyrrole fibrous scaffold designed for 3D cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Prabhakaran MP, Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Jin G, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun conducting polymer nanofibers and electrical stimulation of nerve stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:501-7. [PMID: 21813321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of nerve grafts requires synergistic combination of scaffolds and techniques to promote and direct neurite outgrowth across the lesion for effective nerve regeneration. In this study, we fabricated a composite polymeric scaffold which is conductive in nature by electrospinning and further performed electrical stimulation of nerve stem cells seeded on the electrospun nanofibers. Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) was blended with polyaniline (PANi) at a ratio of 85:15 and electrospun to obtain PLLA/PANi nanofibers with fiber diameters of 195 ± 30 nm. The morphology, chemical and mechanical properties of the electrospun PLLA and PLLA/PANi scaffolds were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) and tensile instrument. The electrospun PLLA/PANi fibers showed a conductance of 3 × 10⁻⁹ S by two-point probe measurement. In vitro electrical stimulation of the nerve stem cells cultured on PLLA/PANi scaffolds applied with an electric field of 100 mV/mm for a period of 60 min resulted in extended neurite outgrowth compared to the cells grown on non-stimulated scaffolds. Our studies further strengthen the implication of electrical stimulation of nerve stem cells on conducting polymeric scaffolds towards neurite elongation that could be effective for nerve tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molamma P Prabhakaran
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Health Care and Energy Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.
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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Cianga I. Review paper: Progress in the Field of Conducting Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications. J Biomater Appl 2011; 26:3-84. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328211402704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on one of the most exciting applications area of conjugated conducting polymers, which is tissue engineering. Strategies used for the biocompatibility improvement of this class of polymers (including biomolecules’ entrapment or covalent grafting) and also the integrated novel technologies for smart scaffolds generation such as micropatterning, electrospinning, self-assembling are emphasized. These processing alternatives afford the electroconducting polymers nanostructures, the most appropriate forms of the materials that closely mimic the critical features of the natural extracellular matrix. Due to their capability to electronically control a range of physical and chemical properties, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene and/or their derivatives and composites provide compatible substrates which promote cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation at the polymer—tissue interface through electrical stimulation. The activities of different types of cells on these materials are also presented in detail. Specific cell responses depend on polymers surface characteristics like roughness, surface free energy, topography, chemistry, charge, and other properties as electrical conductivity or mechanical actuation, which depend on the employed synthesis conditions. The biological functions of cells can be dramatically enhanced by biomaterials with controlled organizations at the nanometer scale and in the case of conducting polymers, by the electrical stimulation. The advantages of using biocompatible nanostructures of conducting polymers (nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoparticles, and nanofilaments) in tissue engineering are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania,
| | - Luminita Cianga
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioan Cianga
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
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25
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Modulation of the interfacial electrochemistry of surfactant-functionalised polypyrrole chemical sensor systems. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kadam SB, Datta K, Ghosh P, Shirsat MD. Poly(Pyrrole)-Poly(N-Methylpyrrole) Composite Matrix for Amperometric Biosensor Design. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.504173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McCullen SD, Ramaswamy S, Clarke LI, Gorga RE. Nanofibrous composites for tissue engineering applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 1:369-90. [PMID: 20049804 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Development of artificial matrices for tissue engineering is a crucial area of research in the field of regenerative medicine. Successful tissue scaffolds, in analogy with the natural mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM), are multi-component, fibrous, and on the nanoscale. In addition, to this key morphology, artificial scaffolds must have mechanical, chemical, surface, and electrical properties that match the ECM or basement membrane of the specific tissue desired. In particular, these material properties may vary significantly for the four primary tissues in the body: nerve, muscle, epithelial, and connective. In order to address this complex array of attributes with a polymeric material, a nanocomposite approach, employing a blend of materials, addition of a particle to enhance particular properties, or a surface treatment, is likely to be required. In this review, we examine nanocomposite approaches to address these diverse needs as a function of tissue type. The review is intended as a bridge between material scientists and biomedical researchers to give basic background information on tissue biology to the former, and on material processing approaches to the latter, in a general manner, and specifically review fibrous nanocomposite materials that have previously been used for cell studies, either in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D McCullen
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Lee JY, Bashur CA, Goldstein AS, Schmidt CE. Polypyrrole-coated electrospun PLGA nanofibers for neural tissue applications. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4325-35. [PMID: 19501901 PMCID: PMC2713816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a promising approach to create nanofiber structures that are capable of supporting adhesion and guiding extension of neurons for nerve regeneration. Concurrently, electrical stimulation of neurons in the absence of topographical features also has been shown to guide axonal extension. Therefore, the goal of this study was to form electrically conductive nanofiber structures and to examine the combined effect of nanofiber structures and electrical stimulation. Conductive meshes were produced by growing polypyrrole (PPy) on random and aligned electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers, as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs and X-ray photon spectroscopy. PPy-PLGA electrospun meshes supported the growth and differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells and hippocampal neurons comparable to non-coated PLGA control meshes, suggesting that PPy-PLGA may be suitable as conductive nanofibers for neuronal tissue scaffolds. Electrical stimulation studies showed that PC12 cells, stimulated with a potential of 10 mV/cm on PPy-PLGA scaffolds, exhibited 40-50% longer neurites and 40-90% more neurite formation compared to unstimulated cells on the same scaffolds. In addition, stimulation of the cells on aligned PPy-PLGA fibers resulted in longer neurites and more neurite-bearing cells than stimulation on random PPy-PLGA fibers, suggesting a combined effect of electrical stimulation and topographical guidance and the potential use of these scaffolds for neural tissue applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Chris A. Bashur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Aaron S. Goldstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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29
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Inamuddin, Shin KM, Kim SI, So I, Kim SJ. A conducting polymer/ferritin anode for biofuel cell applications. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Lee W, Parpura V. Wiring neurons with carbon nanotubes. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2009; 2:8. [PMID: 19680428 PMCID: PMC2714947 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.16.008.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama Birmingham, USA
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31
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Mao C, Zhu A, Wu Q, Chen X, Kim J, Shen J. New biocompatible polypyrrole-based films with good blood compatibility and high electrical conductivity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 67:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Ramanavicius A, Kausaite A, Ramanaviciene A. Self-encapsulation of oxidases as a basic approach to tune the upper detection limit of amperometric biosensors. Analyst 2008; 133:1083-9. [PMID: 18645651 DOI: 10.1039/b801501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a new, basic procedure for the tuning of some analytical parameters of enzymatic biosensors that are based on hydrogen peroxide-producing oxido-reductases. An amperometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase (GOx) (EC 1.1.3.4) from Penicillum vitale, immobilized on a carbon rod electrode by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, was exploited as a model system for demonstration of the approach described here. Such an important analytical parameter as the upper detection limit was dramatically changed by the formation of a polypyrrole conducting polymer layer by the GOx-induced polymerization of polypyrrole (Ppy). An increase in the upper detection limits for differently modified electrodes was estimated by calculation of the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant [K(M(app))]. A significant increase in the long-term stability of the GOx-based electrode modified by Ppy (GOx/Ppy) was detected compared with that of an unmodified one. Further application of this approach, based on the self-encapsulation of glucose oxidase and other oxidases, is predicted for such biosensors where extension of the detection rate as well as K(M(app)) are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Ramanavicius
- Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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33
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Shirsat M, Too C, Wallace G. Amperometric Glucose Biosensor on Layer by Layer Assembled Carbon Nanotube and Polypyrrole Multilayer Film. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Copolymers of pyrrole and N-(hydroxypropyl)pyrrole: properties and interaction with DNA. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-007-9162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Cellular adhesion and proliferation on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Benefits in the electroactivity of the conducting polymer. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Ateh DD, Navsaria HA, Vadgama P. Polypyrrole-based conducting polymers and interactions with biological tissues. J R Soc Interface 2007; 3:741-52. [PMID: 17015302 PMCID: PMC1885362 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conjugated polymer that displays particular electronic properties including conductivity. In biomedical applications, it is usually electrochemically generated with the incorporation of any anionic species including also negatively charged biological macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides to give composite materials. In biomedical research, it has mainly been assessed for its role as a reporting interface in biosensors. However, there is an increasing literature on the application of PPy as a potentially electrically addressable tissue/cell support substrate. Here, we review studies that have considered such PPy based conducting polymers in direct contact with biological tissues and conclude that due to its versatile functional properties, it could contribute to a new generation of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ateh
- IRC in Biomedical Materials, Queen Mary University of London, London E14NS, UK.
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38
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Whitehead MA, Fan D, Akkaraju GR, Canham LT, Coffer JL. Accelerated calcification in electrically conductive polymer composites comprised of poly(ɛ-caprolactone), polyaniline, and bioactive mesoporous silicon. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:225-34. [PMID: 17647228 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study the fabrication and characterization of an electrically conductive composite material comprised of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), polyaniline (PANi), and bioactive mesoporous silicon (BioSilicon) is discussed. The influence of PANi and silicon on calcium phosphate induction was assessed via ex vitro calcification analyses (by acellular simulated body fluid (SBF) exposure) both with and without electrical bias. Acceleration of calcium phosphate formation is one possible desirable feature of "smart" synthetic scaffolds for selected orthopedic-relevant applications. In addition, electrical stability assays were performed in growth medium (DMEM) to determine the stability of such structures to bias in an authentic electrolyte during a typical cell experiment. The cytocompatibility of the composites was evaluated in vitro using human kidney fibroblasts (HEK 293) cell proliferation assays, along with more orthopedically relevant mesenchymal stem cells from mouse stroma. Importantly, these composites demonstrate accelerated calcification in SBF when electrical bias is applied cathodically to the scaffold. Furthermore, these scaffolds exhibit noncytotoxic behavior in the presence of fibroblasts over an 8-day culture period, and attachment of stromal cells to the semiconducting scaffold was directly imaged via scanning electron microscopy. Overall, these results suggest that materials of this type of composition have potential merit as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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Thompson BC, Moulton SE, Ding J, Richardson R, Cameron A, O'Leary S, Wallace GG, Clark GM. Optimising the incorporation and release of a neurotrophic factor using conducting polypyrrole. J Control Release 2006; 116:285-94. [PMID: 17112619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a neurotrophin delivery system based on an inherently conducting polymer (ICP) has been developed. Direct incorporation of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was investigated and controlled release was tested under various electrochemical conditions. The loading capacity and amount of NT-3 released from the polymer was determined using (125)I-labelled NT-3. Electrochemical stimulation of polypyrrole by pulsed voltage, pulsed current or cyclic voltammetry promoted the release of NT-3 at a greater rate than natural diffusion of NT-3. NT-3 was released from polypyrrole as an initial burst in the first 24 h followed by prolonged release over a subsequent 6 days of sampling. The amount of NT-3 incorporated into the polymer could be controlled by varying the polymerisation time, with longer growth periods incorporating more NT-3. The NT-3 release results indicated that the polymers grown for longer released a lower percentage of the incorporated NT-3 compared to the polymers grown for shorter times. Polymer-based neurotrophin delivery systems have the potential to be incorporated into future treatments for nerve injuries to prevent nerve degradation and promote nerve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Thompson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Ramanaviciene A, Schuhmann W, Ramanavicius A. AFM study of conducting polymer polypyrrole nanoparticles formed by redox enzyme - glucose oxidase - initiated polymerisation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 48:159-66. [PMID: 16551500 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Redox enzyme - glucose oxidase E.C. 1.1.3.4 from Penecillum vitale (GOx) - initiated polypyrrole (Ppy) synthesis was applied for the formation of polypyrrole based nanoparticles. The increase in optical absorbance at lambda=460 nm was exploited for the monitoring of polypyrrole polymerisation process. The shape and size of the formed Ppy nanoparticles was also monitored by means of contact mode AFM. The highest increase in the diameter of the formed Ppy nanoparticles was detected during 15-day period. AFM imaging was performed in contact mode to investigate the shape and flexibility of particles deposited on the SiO2 and Pt surfaces. Contact mode AFM investigations allowed us to conclude that after drying at 50 degrees C the formed Ppy particles are more flexibly deposited on the Pt electrode if compared to those deposited on the SiO2 substrate. The application of well-shaped Ppy nanoparticles in biomedicine, chromatography and bioanalysis may be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Ramanaviciene
- Laboratory of Immunoanalysis and Nanotechnology, Institute of Immunology of Vilnius University, Moletu pl. 29, 08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
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41
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Wang Z, Roberge C, Wan Y, Dao LH, Guidoin R, Zhang Z. A biodegradable electrical bioconductor made of polypyrrole nanoparticle/poly(D,L-lactide) composite: A preliminary in vitro biostability study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 66:738-46. [PMID: 12926024 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The electrical stability of a novel polypyrrole (PPy)/poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) composite was studied in vitro and compared with that of PPy-coated polyester fabrics. Specimens were incubated in Ringer's solution at 37 degrees C for up to 8 weeks with or without the circulation of DC current under a constant 100 mV voltage. In situ current variation with incubation time was recorded. The AC volume electrical conductivity of the specimens before and after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline was recorded using a frequency analyzer. Water absorption and weight loss were monitored metrologically. Changes in the oxidation state of incubated PPy were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphological changes were observed with scanning electron microscopy, and the glass transition temperature of the PDLLA was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The PPy/PDLLA composite in Ringer's solution sustained a relatively stable conductivity up to 8 weeks after an initial period of "conditioning." The PPy-coated fabrics experienced a rapid loss of conductivity when subjected to electrical circulation and regained part of it when disconnected. The volume conductivity of the nonincubated PPy/PDLLA membrane behaved as a typical conductor in the low-frequency range. The mechanisms involved in the various electrical behaviours of the PPy/PDLLA composite and PPy-coated fabrics are discussed. In conclusion, the PPy/PDLLA composite was able to deliver a biologically significant electrical current in a simulated biological solution for up to 8 weeks and therefore may be considered as a first-generation synthetic biodegradable bioconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxu Wang
- Département de Chirurgie, Université Laval, Institut biomatériaux de Québec, Pavillon Saint-François d'Assise, Québec, Canada.
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43
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Jiang X, Tessier D, Dao LH, Zhang Z. Biostability of electrically conductive polyester fabrics: an in vitro study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 62:507-13. [PMID: 12221698 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The biostability of a series of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated polyester fabrics was investigated in an in vitro model. PPy-coated sample fabrics were incubated in saline at 37 degrees C for 1 and 2 weeks. After each period of incubation, the surface electrical resistivity of the sample fabrics was measured to monitor the changes caused by the incubation. Redoping was then performed by immersing the sample fabrics in a 1N HCl solution at room temperature for 30 min, which was followed by another measurement of the surface resistivity. The surface morphology of the sample fabrics was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The surface chemical composition of the fabrics and the oxidation of nitrogen in PPy were measured with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface electrical resistivity of the PPy-coated fabrics was found to increase with the progress of incubation, which was mainly caused by dedoping and uptake of oxygen. This increase was nonlinear and accelerated with time. The surface resistivity of most of the samples was retained in the range of 10(3)-10(4) Omega/square after 1 week of incubation, which was considered suitable for short-term electrical stimulation applications. Physical deterioration represented by the cracking and delamination of the PPy coating was occasionally observed on the sample fabrics showing the most significant increase of resistivity. Further improvement of the stability of conductivity is highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jiang
- Institut des biomatériaux du Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Jiang X, Marois Y, Traoré A, Tessier D, Dao LH, Guidoin R, Zhang Z. Tissue reaction to polypyrrole-coated polyester fabrics: an in vivo study in rats. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:635-47. [PMID: 12202003 DOI: 10.1089/107632702760240553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrically conductive polypyrrole is very attractive for tissue engineering because of its potential to modulate cellular activities through electrical stimulation. However, its in vivo behaviors have not been fully studied. This paper investigates the in vivo biocompatibility and biostability of PPy-coated polyester fabrics. Three PPy-coated fabrics were prepared using phosphonylation (PPy-Phos), plasma activation (PPy-Plas), and plasma activation plus heparin treatment (PPy-Plas-HE). Virgin and fluoropassivated fabrics (F-PET) were controls. The specimens were implanted subcutaneously in the back of rats for 3-90 days, then harvested and processed for enzymatic, histological, and morphological analyses. A noninvasive MRI method was used to continuously monitor the inflammation. The level of acid and alkaline phosphatase showed a similar or a less intensive cellular reaction by the PPy-coated fabrics, when compared to the controls. Histology supported the enzymatic results and showed a fast collagen infiltration at 28 days for the PPy-Phos fabric. MRI reported an overall decrease of inflammation over time, with the PPy-coated fabrics showing a similar or mild inflammation in contrast to the non-coated fabrics. PPy clusters and excessive PPy laminary coating on the PPy-Plas and PPy-Plas-HE were lost with the implantation. This experiment suggests a similar in vivo biocompatibility of the PPy-coated and noncoated polyester fabrics and the importance of achieving a thin, uniform PPy coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jiang
- Institut des Biomatériaux du Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, CHUQ, Québec, Canada
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Bélanger MC, Marois Y. Hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, inflammatory and in vivo studies of primary reference materials low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 58:467-77. [PMID: 11505420 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 1984, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polymethylsiloxane (PDMS), two primary reference materials (PRM), were made available by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) as discriminatory tools for the validation of standardized and novel in vitro and in vivo tests in the evaluation of biomaterials. This article reviews the results and conclusions obtained by several studies investigating the hemocompatibility, in vitro biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and in vivo tissue reactions of these two reference materials. Variable results obtained with LDPE and PDMS in ex vivo hemocompatibility studies were attributed to the type of animal model used, the flow velocity of the circulating blood, the time of exposure, and the methodology used to measure blood cell adhesion or activation at the surface of the materials. In contrast, both the LDPE and PDMS appeared to be suitable reference materials when used in in vitro biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and in vivo studies. However, caution must be taken when interpreting the results, because gamma sterilization of these two materials as well as their origin (for example PDMS) are two critically important factors. In conclusion, we see a definite need for standardized hemocompatible parameters and better high-quality hemocompatibility studies on PRM. This review also suggests other materials as potential PRM candidates, namely, Biomer and Intramedic polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bélanger
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Zhang Z, Roy R, Dugré FJ, Tessier D, Dao LH. In vitro biocompatibility study of electrically conductive polypyrrole-coated polyester fabrics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2001; 57:63-71. [PMID: 11416850 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4636(200110)57:1<63::aid-jbm1142>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the basic biocompatibility aspects of two types of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated polyester fabrics for possible use as vascular prostheses. These PPy-coated fabrics, PPy-Phos and PPy-Plas, were sterilized with ethylene oxide (EO) and the following characterizations were performed: surface morphology by scanning electron microscope, EO residuals analysis by the headspace method, acute systemic toxicity in the mouse model, hemolysis, blood coagulation time, viability and proliferation of endothelial cells measured with the WST-1 method, and activation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells indicated by the specific expression of interleukin 8 mRNA measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Virgin polyester fabrics, expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE), and medical-grade Bionate 80A poly(carbonate urethane) were used as references in the cell culture experiments. The PPy-coated fabrics revealed different surface morphologies by showing more PPy lamina and clusters on the PPy-Plas. Neither of the PPy-coated fabrics had an adverse effect on hemolysis and coagulation time, and they did not cause any acute systemic toxicity. The EO residual level was as low as 5 ppm or less, which is considered quite acceptable. Although exhibiting a relatively low initial cell adhesion at 24 h, the two PPy-coated samples showed no cytotoxicity at 72 and 168 h. Bionate 80A and ePTFE recorded cytotoxicity at 72 and 168 h, respectively. The virgin fabrics also demonstrated a decrease of viable cells at 72 h that was not significant. The activation of PMN cells induced by both PPy-coated fabrics, the ePTFE, and the negative control was significantly lower than that induced by their respective tumor necrosis factor-alpha controls. These results therefore highlighted the potential of PPy-coated fabrics for use as cardiovascular prostheses. It was suggested that cell adhesion moieties should be incorporated into the PPy/fabric composite to increase cell adhesion and subsequent cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Département de Chirurgie, Université Laval et Institut des Biomatériaux du Québec, E0-165, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, CHUQ, 10 Rue de l'Espinay, Québec, Québec G1L 3L5, Canada.
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Tessier D, Dao LH, Zhang Z, King MW, Guidoin R. Polymerization and surface analysis of electrically-conductive polypyrrole on surface-activated polyester fabrics for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2000; 11:87-99. [PMID: 10680610 DOI: 10.1163/156856200743517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic route is reported for the synthesis and covalent bonding of electrically conductive polypyrrole to a poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric. It involves a three-step process including surface phosphorylation and graft polymerization from the gaseous phase. In the first step, the fibre surfaces are activated using phosphorus trichloride. Then, 1-(3-hydroxypropyl) pyrrole is introduced and grafted to the phosphorus chloride to create an ester bond between the fibres and the pyrrole. Finally, the pyrrole-grafted fibres are dipped in an aqueous FeCl3 catalyst and exposed to pyrrole monomer vapor for the final polymerization. This last step creates an electrically conductive polypyrrole layer covalently linked to the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres. ESCA analysis indicates a high degree of phosphorylation and grafting of the anchor molecules. Scanning electron microscopy reveals an overall smooth and uniform surface coating of polypyrrole on the polyester fibres. The use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is not able to distinguish between polypyrrole-coated and non-coated fabrics because of the extremely thin polypyrrole layer. Measurements of dynamic surface wetting indicated that the polypyrrole-coated fabric is more hydrophilic than the untreated control. With values for surface resistivity in the range 10(4)-10(5) ohmz/square, such polypyrrole-coated fabrics are considered attractive candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tessier
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, INRS-Energie et Matériaux, University of Québec, Varennes, Canada
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