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Majka G, Więcek G, Śróttek M, Śpiewak K, Brindell M, Koziel J, Marcinkiewicz J, Strus M. The impact of lactoferrin with different levels of metal saturation on the intestinal epithelial barrier function and mucosal inflammation. Biometals 2016; 29:1019-1033. [PMID: 27757565 PMCID: PMC5116316 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of bacteria, primarily Gram-negative pathogenic flora, from the intestinal lumen into the circulatory system leads to sepsis. In newborns, and especially very low birth weight infants, sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The results of recently conducted clinical trials suggest that lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein that is abundant in mammalian colostrum and milk, may be an effective agent in preventing sepsis in newborns. However, despite numerous basic studies on lactoferrin, very little is known about how metal saturation of this protein affects a host’s health. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to elucidate how iron-depleted, iron-saturated, and manganese-saturated forms of lactoferrin regulate intestinal barrier function via interactions with epithelial cells and macrophages. For these studies, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, was used. In this model, none of the tested lactoferrin forms induced higher levels of apoptosis or necrosis. There was also no change in the production of tight junction proteins regardless of lactoferrin metal saturation status. None of the tested forms induced a pro-inflammatory response in Caco-2 cells or in macrophages either. However, the various lactoferrin forms did effectively inhibit the pro-inflammatory response in macrophages that were activated with lipopolysaccharide with the most potent effect observed for apolactoferrin. Lactoferrin that was not bound to its cognate receptor was able to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide. Lactoferrin was also able to neutralize microbial-derived antigens, thereby potentially reducing their pro-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we hypothesize that lactoferrin supplementation is a relevant strategy for preventing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Majka
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grażyna Więcek
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Śróttek
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Śpiewak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Chair of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
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Latorre D, Puddu P, Valenti P, Gessani S. Reciprocal interactions between lactoferrin and bacterial endotoxins and their role in the regulation of the immune response. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:54-68. [PMID: 22069546 PMCID: PMC3206615 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein expressed in most biological fluids, represents a major component of the mammalian innate immune system. Lf’s multiple activities rely not only on its capacity to bind iron, but also to interact with molecular and cellular components of both host and pathogens. Lf can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus preventing pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis and tissue damage. However, Lf-bound LPS may retain the capacity to induce cell activation via Toll-like receptor 4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This review discusses the complex interplay between Lf and LPS and its relevance in the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Latorre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Puddu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +39-064-990-3169; Fax: +39-064-990-3641
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The study of the inhibition of the recombinant TACE prodomain to endotoxemia in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:5442-5454. [PMID: 20054479 PMCID: PMC2802003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10125442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To demonstrate the inhibitory function of the prodomain of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) converting enzyme (TACE) on TACE activity and to develop an approach to interfere with inflammation processes. Methods: The cDNA encoding the full-length ectodomain (T1300) and prodomain (T591) of TACE were amplified by RT-PCR. The expression plasmids (pET-28a (+)-T1300 and pET-28a (+)-T591) were constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21. After Ni2+-NTA resin affinity chromatography, the recombinant T591 protein was obtained and assayed. In order to detect its inhibiton of TACE activity, the mice in the LPS-induced endotoxemia model group were treated with the recombinant TACE prodomain protein prior to the injection of LPS. Murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated from mice abdominal cavity for FCM and the liver, kidney and lung were removed for traditionally histopathology sectioning. Results: The FCM results showed that the recombinant prodomain protein decreased the release of the sTNF-α, which mediated the accumulation of TNF-α on the surface of macrophage cells. HE staining proved that the recombinant protein can decrease the inflammatory response in internal organs of endotoxaemia mice. Conclusions: The recombinant prodomain of TACE has the ability to inhibit sTNF-α release, which indicates that prodomain is an effective antagonist of TACE and might be useful in the molecular design of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Hofseth LJ. Nitric oxide as a target of complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:10-30. [PMID: 18440130 PMCID: PMC2680023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and associated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in many physiological functions. There has been an ongoing debate to whether RNS can inhibit or perpetuate chronic inflammation and associated carcinogenesis. Although the final outcome depends on the genetic make-up of its target, the surrounding microenvironment, the activity and localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and overall levels of NO/RNS, evidence is accumulating that in general, RNS drive inflammation and cancers associated with inflammation. To this end, many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) that work in chemoprevention associated with chronic inflammation, are inhibitors of excessive NO observed in inflammatory conditions. Here, we review recent literature outlining a role of NO/RNS in chronic inflammation and cancer, and point toward NO as one of several targets for the success of CAMs in treating chronic inflammation and cancer associated with this inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 770 Sumter Street, Coker Life Sciences, Room 513C, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Hwang SA, Wilk KM, Bangale YA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Lactoferrin modulation of IL-12 and IL-10 response from activated murine leukocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007; 196:171-80. [PMID: 17377816 PMCID: PMC2551752 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-007-0041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin possesses a wide range of immunomodulatory activities, including promotion of the delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTH) towards BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) antigens. Addition of Lactoferrin as an adjuvant to the BCG vaccine was previously demonstrated to augment protection against subsequent mycobacterial challenge, with concomitant development of a strong T cell helper type 1 (TH1) immunity. Because generation of TH1 immunity is in large part dependent on the balance of monocytic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the effect of Lactoferrin on leukocytes was investigated. Lactoferrin enhanced proinflammatory responses in a dose-dependant manner from splenocyte and adherent (F4/80+) splenocyte populations, bone marrow derived monocytes (BMM), and J774A.1 cultured cells. In all scenarios tested, Lactoferrin induced a strong increase in the ratio of IL-12:IL-10 production from LPS stimulated cells. Examination of Lactoferrin effects on BCG infected J774A.1 cells and on BMM revealed similar immunomodulatory effects, with particularly strong increase in IL-12 production. Furthermore, immunization of mice with BCG admixed with Lactoferrin led to increased generation of CD4+ cells expressing IFN-gamma upon restimulation with BCG antigens. These results provide molecular evidence to support the role of Lactoferrin as an adjuvant candidate to augment development of DTH response to vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Program in Molecular Pathology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kruzel ML, Harari Y, Mailman D, Actor JK, Zimecki M. Differential effects of prophylactic, concurrent and therapeutic lactoferrin treatment on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:25-31. [PMID: 12296849 PMCID: PMC1906493 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice injected with endotoxin develop endotoxaemia and endotoxin-induced death, accompanied by the oxidative burst and overproduction of inflammatory mediators. Lactoferrin, an iron binding protein, provides a natural feedback mechanism to control the development of such metabolic imbalance and protects against deleterious effects of endotoxin. We investigated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of human lactoferrin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and nitric oxide (NO) in vivo. Lactoferrin was administered as a prophylactic, concurrent or therapeutic event relative to endotoxic shock by intravenous injection of LPS. Inflammatory mediators were measured in serum at 2, 6 and 18 h post-shock induction. Administration of lactoferrin 1 h before LPS resulted in a rather uniform inhibition of all mediators; TNF by 82%, IL-6 by 43%, IL-10 by 47% at 2 h following LPS injection,and reduction in NO (80%) at 6 h post-shock. Prophylactic administration of lactoferrin at 18 h prior to LPS injection resulted in similar decreases in TNF-alpha (95%) and in NO (62%), but no statistical reduction in IL-6 or IL-10. Similarly, when lactoferrin was administered as a therapeutic post-induction of endotoxic shock, significant reductions were apparent in TNF-alpha and NO in serum, but no significant effect was seen on IL-6 and IL-10. These results suggest that the mechanism of action for lactoferrin contains a component for differential regulation of cellular immune responses during in vivo models of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kruzel
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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