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Borowiec J, Banio-Krajnik A, Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Kantanista A. Eating disorder risk in adolescent and adult female athletes: the role of body satisfaction, sport type, BMI, level of competition, and training background. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:91. [PMID: 37491299 PMCID: PMC10369723 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders negatively influence athletes' health and performance. To achieve a high level of performance and conform to cultural expectations regarding an athletic body type, female athletes often restrict their diets, which can lead to eating disorders. In addition to factors related to the sports environment, adolescent athletes are subject to changes caused by the maturation process. Therefore, the same factors may have different effects on eating disorder risk among adolescent and adult athletes. This study examined the relationship between eating disorder risk, specific aspects of the sports environment (sport type, level of competition [national and international], and training background), and individual aspects (body satisfaction and body mass index) in two groups of athletes: adolescents and adults. METHODS The sample included 241 highly trained female athletes aged 12-30 years (M = 20.68, SD = 4.45) recruited from different sports clubs in Poland. The subgroup of adolescents consisted of 82 athletes, while the number of adult athletes was 159. The Eating Attitudes Test questionnaire was used to assess the eating disorder risk among the athletes. Body satisfaction was measured using the Feelings and Attitudes Toward Body Scale incorporated into the Body Investment Scale. RESULTS Eating disorder risk was prevalent among 14.6% of the adolescent and 6.9% of the adult athletes. Significant associations between eating disorder risk and the studied variables were noted only among adolescent athletes. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of eating disorder risk was associated with participation in lean non-aesthetic sports (OR = 11.50, 95% CI: 3.58-37.09). Moreover, eating disorder risk was associated with athletes' lower body satisfaction (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.92). Body mass index was not included in the final regression model. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that eating disorder risk in adolescent female athletes was related to sport type and body satisfaction. The findings showed that, in adolescent athletes, eating disorder risk was the most associated with practicing lean non-aesthetic sports. Coaches and athletes should be aware that eating disorder risk increases among individuals with a lower body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Borowiec
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, 61-871, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Banio-Krajnik
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 70-453, Szczecin, Al. Papieża Jana Pawła II 22a, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko
- Department of Sport Tourism, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, 61-871, Poland
| | - Adam Kantanista
- Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, 61-871, Poland
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Jederström M, Agnafors S, Ekegren C, Fagher K, Gauffin H, Korhonen L, Park J, Spreco A, Timpka T. Determinants of Sports Injury in Young Female Swedish Competitive Figure Skaters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:686019. [PMID: 34222861 PMCID: PMC8253259 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.686019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although figure skating attracts several hundred thousand participants worldwide, there is little knowledge about physical health and sports injuries among young skaters. The present study aimed to describe the health status of a geographically defined Swedish population of licensed competitive figure skaters and to examine injury determinants. Methods: All licensed competitive skaters in the southeastern region of Sweden were in April 2019 invited to participate in a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire. Multiple binary logistic regression was used for the examination of injury determinants. The primary outcome measure was the 1-year prevalence of a severe sports injury episode (time loss >21 days). The secondary outcome measure was the point prevalence of an ongoing injury. The determinants analyzed were age, skating level, relative energy deficiency indicators, and training habits. Results: In total, 142 (36%) skaters participated, 137 (96%) girls [mean (SD) age: 12.9 (SD 3.0) years]. Participating boys (n = 5) were excluded from further analysis. The 1-year prevalence of a severe sports injury episode was 31%. The most common injury locations for these injuries were the knee (25%), ankle (20%), and hip/groin (15%). In the multiple model, having sustained a severe injury episode was associated with older age (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4; p = 0.002) and an increased number of skipped meals per week (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3; p = 0.014). The point prevalence of an ongoing injury episode was 19%. The most common locations were the knee (24%), ankle (24%), and foot (24%). Having an ongoing injury episode was associated with older age (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7; p < 0.001) and an increased number of skipped meals per week (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3; p = 0.049). Conclusion: One-third of young female Swedish competitive figure skaters had sustained a severe injury episode during the past year, and a fifth reported an ongoing episode. Older age and an increased number of skipped meals per week were associated with a sports injury episode. Long-term monotonous physical loads with increasing intensity and insufficient energy intake appear to predispose for injury in young female figure skaters. Further examination of injury determinants among competitive figure skaters is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Jederström
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Agnafors
- Division of Children's and Women's Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christina Ekegren
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Departments of Orthopedics and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Park
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Armin Spreco
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Health Services Development, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Center for Health Services Development, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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Karrer Y, Halioua R, Mötteli S, Iff S, Seifritz E, Jäger M, Claussen MC. Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000801. [PMID: 33178441 PMCID: PMC7642204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences. Objective Scoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes. Methods In May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes. Results We identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews. Discussion There was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes. Conclusion Existing literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Karrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Halioua
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Mötteli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Jäger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatrie Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Use and rationale for taking nutritional supplements among collegiate athletes at risk for nutrient deficiencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dwyer J, Eisenberg A, Prelack K, Song WO, Sonneville K, Ziegler P. Eating attitudes and food intakes of elite adolescent female figure skaters: a cross sectional study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:53. [PMID: 23237333 PMCID: PMC3529676 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Elite adolescent female figure skaters compete in an aesthetic-based sport that values thin builds and lithe figures. To conform to the sport's physical requirements, skaters may alter their eating patterns in unhealthful directions. This study assesses the eating attitudes and dietary intakes of elite adolescent female figure skaters to assess the potential nutritional risks among them. METHODS Thirty-six elite competitive adolescent female figure skaters (mean age 16 ± 2.5 SD years) completed self-administered three-day records of dietary intake and simultaneous physical activity records during training season. Two months later, they attended a national training camp during which they completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), provided fasting blood samples, and had heights and weights measured. RESULTS Participants' mean body mass index (BMI) was 19.8 ± 2.1 SD. Their BMIs were within the normal range, and the majority (70%) did not report a history of recent weight loss. The mean EAT-40 score was normal (19.5 ± 13.5 SD) and below the cut-off score of 30 that indicates clinically significant eating pathology. However, one-quarter of the skaters had EAT-40 scores above 30. The skaters reported a mean energy intake of 1491 ± 471 SD kcal/day (31 ± 10 SD kcal/kg), with 61.6% of calories from carbohydrate, 14.6% from protein, and 23.7% from fat. Their reported dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates but low in total energy, fat, and bone-building nutrients. CONCLUSIONS Although these highly active young women compete in a sport that prizes leanness, they had appropriate weights. The athletes reported dietary intakes that were far below estimated energy needs and were at moderate risk of disordered eating. Anticipatory guidance is warranted to improve their dietary intakes, particularly of bone-building nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Dwyer
- Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box #783, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alanna Eisenberg
- Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box #783, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kathy Prelack
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Won O Song
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Room 135, TFSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kendrin Sonneville
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula Ziegler
- College of Saint Elizabeth, 2 Convent Road, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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Krentz EM, Warschburger P. A longitudinal investigation of sports-related risk factors for disordered eating in aesthetic sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:303-10. [PMID: 22093018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated a higher risk of disordered eating in certain types of elite sports such as aesthetic sports (e.g., rhythmical gymnastics, figure skating). But even though some studies on risk factors for disordered eating in sports exist, most research on this topic is based on cross-sectional data with limitations on causal inferences. We examined sports-related risk factors for disordered eating in a 1-year longitudinal study with two assessment points. The participants were 65 adolescent athletes from aesthetic sports (mean age 14.0 ±.2.2 years) who completed measures of disordered eating, social pressure from the sports environment, sports-related body dissatisfaction, desire to be leaner to improve sports performance, and emotional distress resulting from missed exercise sessions. All variables were relatively stable in the mean. Individual changes in the desire to be leaner to improve sports performance were associated with individual changes in disordered eating. Furthermore, a cross-lagged partial correlation analysis showed that the desire to be leaner to improve sports performance was predictive of disordered eating and not vice versa. The results of our study indicate that athletes are more at risk for disordered eating if they believe it is possible to enhance their sports performance through weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Krentz
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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de Bruin APK, Oudejans RRD, Bakker FC, Woertman L. Contextual body image and athletes' disordered eating: The contribution of athletic body image to disordered eating in high performance women athletes. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2011; 19:201-15. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schneider N, Bayios V, Pfeiffer E, Lehmkuhl U, Salbach-Andrae H. Essstörungen und Leistungssport. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010.16.4.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Aufgrund der starken Schlankheitsorientierung in ästhetischen Sportarten und kontroverser Befunde zur Rolle von Leistungssport für die Genese von Essstörungen gingen wir in vorliegender Untersuchung der Frage nach essstörungsspezifischer Psychopathologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Körperbildes bei Sportlerinnen verschiedener ästhetischer Sportarten nach. 65 Leistungssportlerinnen aus der Rhythmischen Sportgymnastik (RSG) und dem Eiskunstlauf (EKL) wurden im Vergleich zu Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) und einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen keine Unterschiede zwischen den RSG und der KG, hingegen deutliche Unterschiede zu den AN-Patientinnen. RSG und EKL unterschieden sich lediglich in der Einschätzung des Oberschenkelumfangs, wobei letztere sich stärker überschätzten. Für die EKL fanden wir Ähnlichkeiten zu den AN-Patientinnen in der Überschätzung des Umfangs ihres eigenen Oberschenkels, Perfektionismus und Misstrauen gegenüber anderen. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf leichte Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Sportarten hin und betonen somit die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierten Betrachtung unterschiedlicher ästhetischer Sportarten in Bezug auf die Diskussion um körperbetonte Sportarten und Essstörungen/essstörungsrelevante Psychopathologie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schneider
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Verena Bayios
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Ernst Pfeiffer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Ulrike Lehmkuhl
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Harriet Salbach-Andrae
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Torres-McGehee TM, Green JM, Leeper JD, Leaver-Dunn D, Richardson M, Bishop PA. Body image, anthropometric measures, and eating-disorder prevalence in auxiliary unit members. J Athl Train 2009; 44:418-26. [PMID: 19593425 PMCID: PMC2707071 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medical professionals have recognized eating disorders and related problems in competitive athletes. Auxiliary members (color guard, dance, majorettes) experience the same appearance-related pressures observed in sports commonly associated with eating disorders. OBJECTIVE To estimate eating-disorder prevalence based on associated eating-disorder characteristics and behaviors in female auxiliary members and to compare perceived and ideal body images and anthropometric measurements between at-risk and not-at-risk participants for eating-disorder characteristics and behaviors. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING Three universities in the southeastern United States. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Participants (n = 101, mean age = 19.2 +/- 1.2 years) represented 3 auxiliary units, including color guard (n = 35), dance line (n = 47), and majorettes (n = 19). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants self-reported menstrual history, height, and weight. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, body fat percentage, and waist and hip circumferences. We screened for eating-disorder risk behavior with the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26 and for body dissatisfaction with the Figural Stimuli Survey. RESULTS Based on the EAT-26, we estimated eating-disorder prevalence among members to measure 29.7% (95% confidence interval = 20.8%, 38.6%). The EAT-26 results revealed that 21% of participants used purgatives and 14% vomited to control weight or shape. The at-risk group had higher scores on the EAT-26 total (P CONCLUSIONS Collegiate auxiliary unit members may have an unacceptable prevalence of eating disorders. Our results validate concerns that auxiliary members may exhibit an unacceptable eating-disorder risk, highlighting the need to examine and address unhealthy weight-management behaviors independent of eating-disorder status.
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Monsma EV. Puberty and physical self-perceptions of competitive female figure skaters II: maturational timing, skating context, and ability status. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2008; 79:411-416. [PMID: 18816954 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Monsma
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Abstract
Figure skating is a distinct youth sport often overlooked in the sport psychology literature. This paper reviews the literature to substantiate how figure skating presents challenges for adaptation and development not shared by other sports. The possible implications of figure skating on identity and self-worth are considered, as is the role of coaches in the figure skating environment and how they can potentially foster or hinder their athletes’ positive psychological development. In this regard, the possible application of parenting style theories is discussed in the context of figure skating coaches. Finally, Smith, Smoll, and Curtis’s (1979) Coach Effectiveness Training program is considered as a potential intervention program to promote healthy psychological development for young figure skaters.
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Monsma EV, Malina RM, Feltz DL. Puberty and physical self-perceptions of competitive female figure skaters: an interdisciplinary approach. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2006; 77:158-66. [PMID: 16898272 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2006.10599350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study considered the interrelationships among biological maturation and its physical correlates, social physique anxiety, and appearance-related physical self-perceptions in 113 adolescent female figure skaters participating in solo (n = 73) or partner contexts (n = 40). Participants were interviewed about their menarcheal status, underwent a battery of anthropometric measurements, and completed the Physical Self Description Questionnaire and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. Menarcheal status was a stronger correlate of physical self-perceptions than age. A combination of biological and psychological characteristics accounted for 25% of the variance in appearance-related physical self-perceptions. Younger, premenarcheal, ectomorphic skaters reporting lower social physique anxiety were more satisfied with their body fat and sport competence but reported lower self-esteem, global physical self-concept, and appearance scores. Skating context did not predict physical self-perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Monsma
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
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Papathomas A, Lavallee D. A Life History Analysis of a Male Athlete with an Eating Disorder. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020500409192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Robinson K, Ferraro FR. The Relationship Between Types of Female Athletic Participation and Female Body Type. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 138:115-28. [PMID: 15218784 DOI: 10.3200/jrlp.138.2.115-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the authors examined 53 female athletes drawn from 4 different sports and 55 female nonathletes. The athletes were divided into 2 groups: speed focused and technique focused. The nonathlete control group consisted of college women who had not participated in any varsity sports at the university level. Participants were measured on scales of body dissatisfaction, preoccupation with weight, and self-perceptions of body type and weight. Analyses revealed that (a) speed-focused athletes and technique-focused athletes did not differ significantly in their concerns about weight and body image, and (b) nonathletes expressed more dissatisfaction with their bodies than both of the athlete groups. Results are discussed with regard to associations between female sports participation and body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8380, USA
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Dubravcic-Simunjak S, Pecina M, Kuipers H, Moran J, Haspl M. The incidence of injuries in elite junior figure skaters. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31:511-7. [PMID: 12860537 DOI: 10.1177/03635465030310040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been rapid growth in the technical and physiologic demands made on skaters who perform more and more difficult jumps, spins, lifts, throws, and free skating movements. PURPOSE To investigate the frequency of injuries and overuse syndromes in elite junior skaters. STUDY DESIGN Questionnaire. METHODS During four consecutive Junior World Figure Skating Championships and the Croatia Cup, we interviewed 236 female and 233 male skaters by questionnaire to determine the frequency of injuries and overuse syndromes. RESULTS Fifty-nine of the female skaters (25%) and 65 of the male skaters (27.9%) reported sustaining acute injuries; 101 female (42.8%) and 106 male (45.5%) skaters reported overuse syndromes. Low back pain was reported by 19 female and 23 male skaters. The most frequent acute injury was ankle sprain. In singles female skaters, the most frequent overuse injury was stress fracture (19.8%), followed by jumper's knee (14.9%). In singles male skaters, jumper's knee (16.1%) was the most frequent injury, followed by Osgood-Schlatter disease (14.2%). More than 50% of injuries in young singles figure skaters involved overuse syndromes. Pairs skaters and ice dance skaters had a higher risk of acute injury than overuse syndrome because of falls from lifts and throw jumps. CONCLUSIONS Programs to improve postural alignment, flexibility, and strength, especially during the asynchronous period of bone and soft tissue development, should be instituted to prevent and reduce overuse syndromes.
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Ziegler PJ, Jonnalagadda SS, Nelson JA, Lawrence C, Baciak B. Contribution of meals and snacks to nutrient intake of male and female elite figure skaters during peak competitive season. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21:114-9. [PMID: 11999538 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to the macronutrient and micronutrient intake of elite male and female figure skaters during their competitive season. SUBJECTS Male (n = 46) and female (n = 48) figure skaters who participated in the 1999 U.S. National Figure Skating Championships completed the study. METHODS Each athlete completed three-day food records, during the athlete's competitive season. Food records were analyzed using Nutritionist V software. Macronutrient and micronutrient contributions from meals were assessed. RESULTS Lunch and dinner meals were the main contributors to the total calorie intake of these skaters (27% and 32%, respectively). Likewise, lunch and dinner were the main contributors to the total protein (27% and 41%), carbohydrate (26% and 29%), fat (30% and 32%), saturated fat (29% and 32%) and polyunsaturated fat (31% and 32%) intakes. Dinner was the main source of the monounsaturated fat (34%), cholesterol (40%) and dietary fiber (34%). Breakfast was the main source of dietary folate (36%), whereas iron and calcium intakes were mainly contributed by breakfast and dinner (29% and 32%, 27% and 29%, respectively). CONCLUSION These elite figure skaters appear to be starting their day with low energy reserves and therefore need to be educated about the benefits of consuming breakfast. These athletes also need to be educated about consuming adequate calories throughout the day in order to meet the energy needs of their activity. It is thus important to monitor eating patterns throughout the day to ensure adequate energy intake to sustain the physical and mental aspects of the athletes' training and performance.
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Ziegler P, Sharp R, Hughes V, Evans W, Khoo CS. Nutritional status of teenage female competitive figure skaters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2002; 102:374-9. [PMID: 11902370 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the nutritional status of female competitive figure skaters during preseason, competitive season, and off-season. SUBJECTS Eighteen female competitive figure skaters, age range 14 to 16 years, from the New England region. STATISTICS Data was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, Duncan Multiple Range Tests, one-sample t tests, and confidence intervals. DESIGN Nutrient intakes were determined from 3-day diet records. Body composition was assessed through heights, weights, and underwater weighing. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of selected indexes of nutritional status. RESULTS Height and weight did not differ significantly among the seasons. Body fat was 1.1 kg higher off-season compared with preseason. Energy intake over the 3 seasons did not vary significantly (mean preseason: 1,678 kcal/day; competitive season, 1,630 kcal/day; off-season: 1,673 kcal/day) (P>.05). During the competitive season 78%, 50%, and 44% of the skaters had intakes less than 67% of RDA for folate, iron, and calcium, respectively. Most of the biochemical indexes of nutritional status were within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that teenage female skaters have relatively low energy intake and inadequate intakes of certain nutrients, which may account for some of the observed seasonal variations in blood markers of nutritional status. These findings point to the need for nutrition education for these athletes, especially during their competitive season when nutritional status may be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ziegler
- Nutrition and Regulatory, Gerber Baby Products Co, Summit, NJ 07901-1312, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of competitive female teenage figure skaters with a history of fracture with the BMD of skaters without fracture and to compare each group to age-matched, nonathletic controls. DESIGN Retrospective age-matched cohort. SETTING Tertiary care medical center and 3 local skating clubs. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-six adolescent female competitive skaters (10 with fracture, 26 without fracture) to 22 age-matched controls. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES BMD was estimated by quantitative ultrasound. RESULTS Skaters who had suffered stress fractures had BMD values comparable with those of healthy nonathletic controls. However, skaters who had not suffered stress fractures had calcaneal BMD values 15% to 24% greater than either the controls or skaters with fractures. Among the skaters without fracture, there was a 14% to 19% higher calcaneal BMD in skaters who executed triple jumps relative to skaters who performed only double jumps. Furthermore, there was 7% to 11% greater BMD in the landing foot of the skaters relative to the takeoff foot. CONCLUSIONS Stress fractures in adolescent skaters are not caused by low bone mass but may result from excessive forces placed on a normal skeleton. Our findings also support the hypothesis that higher peak forces are applied to the landing foot relative to the takeoff foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Oleson
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake and physiological status of members of the US National Figure Skating Dance Team. Study participants included seven female and seven male figure skating dance pairs. Three-day food records were collected from each dancer and analyzed using a computerized nutrient database. Height, body weight and skinfold measurements were completed on each dancer. Body fat was estimated using the Jackson et al prediction equations. Fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Total energy intake of female dancers (1416 kcal/d, 339 kjoules/day) was considerably lower than the dietary recommendations, while the male dancers appeared to have adequate energy intake (2837 kcal/d, 679 kjoules/day). Carbohydrate intake of both male and female dancers was below the recommendations, 44% and 51%, respectively, whereas total fat and protein intake of both male and female dancers were higher than the dietary recommendations. All dancers met at least 2/3(rd) of the dietary recommendations for all micro-nutrients, except folate and zinc intake of the female dancers, which were 68% and 62% of the recommended values. Although, blood lipid concentrations and other physiological parameters of the overall group were within normal ranges, two of the dancers (14% of the dancers) had elevated blood cholesterol concentrations and low iron status. The results of the present study suggest that these elite figure skating dancers, especially females, may not be consuming adequate amounts of energy-yielding nutrients and those that influence bone health. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of nutritional status on performance of these figure skating dancers and to develop strategies to improve the nutritional status of these elite dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J. Ziegler
- Research and Development Division, Gerber Product Company, 445 State Street, 49413-0001, Fremont, MI, USA
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Ziegler P, Nelson JA, Barratt-Fornell A, Fiveash L, Drewnowski A. Energy and macronutrient intakes of elite figure skaters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2001; 101:319-25. [PMID: 11269611 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary guidelines for athletes emphasize complex carbohydrates. This study examined dietary intakes of elite figure skaters relative to current recommendations in sports nutrition. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were male (n=80) and female (n=81) figure skaters taking part in a series of training camps held in Colorado between 1988 and 1995. Mean age was 18 years for men and 16 years for women. DESIGN Measures of height, weight, and skinfold thickness were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of nutritional status. Energy and nutrient intakes were based on 3-day food records. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Multivariate regression model and correlation analyses used the SPSS for Windows program. RESULTS Values of body mass index and percent body fat were similar to those obtained for elite athletes in other studies. Plasma chemistries were in the normal range. Energy intakes (2,329 kcal/day for men and 1,545 kcal/day for women) were below recommended values for sex and age. The skaters derived approximately 50% of their daily energy from sugars and fat. Sugars alone accounted for 25% of daily energy intakes--the skaters consumed between 100 g (women) and 142 g of sugars per day. Sugar and fat intakes, when expressed as percent of daily energy, were inversely linked, providing evidence of a fat-sugar seesaw. Higher-energy diets were higher in fat but lower in carbohydrate and protein. APPLICATIONS High consumption of sugars and fat by elite athletes was not associated with overweight or excess body fat. Although recommended diets are usually built around complex carbohydrates, dietetics professionals can address the increased energy needs of elite athletes by recommending energy-dense foods. Sugars and fats are efficient sources of energy per unit volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ziegler
- Nutrition and Regulatory Division, Gerber Products Co, Summit, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Figure skating is one of the best lifetime sports. Participants may skate alone or with a group, recreationally or competitively, at all ages and at all skill levels. As a sport that improves physical fitness, skating builds strength, flexibility, and cardiopulmonary endurance. As a weight-bearing or high-impact activity, it is one of the best sports for increasing bone mineral density and perhaps for preventing osteoporosis. At least half of all competitive figure skating injuries appear preventable. Boots should be as flexible as the skater can control and should be carefully fitted. Normal flexibility of lower extremity muscles, especially in the growing athlete, markedly decreases the incidence of overuse symptoms of the knee. Core body strength is critical for controlling high-impact jump landings and decreasing injuries to the spine, pelvis, and hip girdle. Adequate shoulder strength is required for pair skaters and ice dancers. A well-designed off-ice training program decreases injury incidence and enhances performance. Assisting these dedicated athletes is truly rewarding as they train and compete at their highest potential, with passion for their sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Smith
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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White JH. The prevention of eating disorders: a review of the research on risk factors with implications for practice. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2000; 13:76-8. [PMID: 11146919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2000.tb00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TOPIC Eating disorders are a significant health problem among children and adolescents. A synthesis of recent research findings on the risk factors for eating disorders describes prevention strategies for practice. PURPOSE To present research findings on risk factors for eating disorders that specifically relate to prevention for advanced practice. Current investigations are reviewed and critiqued for biologic, psychological, family, and sociocultural risk factors. A critique of the research and findings from important studies describes strategies for prevention of eating disorders for advanced practice. SOURCES Published literature and clinical and research expertise of the author. CONCLUSIONS Identifiable risk factors for eating disorders are found in children as well as adolescents. Findings from risk factor research provide the advanced practice nurse strategies for prevention of eating disorders. Few prevention programs exist; even fewer have been tested. An important clinical and research focus for advanced practice nurses is the prevention of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H White
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
Figure skaters are often young athletes involved in an extremely stressful, structured environment that is focused solely on skating. These athletes are at risk for a multitude of psychologic concerns, including poor communication skills, performance anxiety, stress, and family issues. Helping athletes develop self-awareness, techniques to control stress and anxiety, motivational strategies, ability to maintain concentration, and emotional balance is best done with the guidance of a sports-trained counseling professional. Communication among the athlete, parents, and coaches is extremely important. Often, coaches tell the athlete how and what to feel, and the athlete falls into a routine of trying to please coaches and parents instead of developing her own persona. The communication between pairs skaters and ice dancers is integral to their success. Excellent interpersonal skills among members of pair teams are advantageous in creating a lasting relationship. Honesty, respect, clarity, consistency, and sincerity are essential components of outstanding teammates and should be cultivated. On the other hand, sarcasm, disrespect, castigation, and ridicule should be addressed immediately and should be discouraged strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lipetz
- Sports Care Physicians, Toledo Hospital, Ohio, USA
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Dorian BJ, Garfinkel PE. The Contributions of Epidemiologic Studies to the Etiology and Treatment of the Eating Disorders. Psychiatr Ann 1999. [DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-19990401-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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