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Kandimalla SR, Sabitha G. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Oxacyclic Spirooxindole Derivatives through Ring-Closing Enyne Metathesis and Intramolecular Pauson-Khand (2+2+1) Cyclization of Oxindole Enynes. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Reddy Kandimalla
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
| | - Gowravaram Sabitha
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
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Ramachary DB, Jain S. Sequential one-pot combination of multi-component and multi-catalysis cascade reactions: an emerging technology in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 9:1277-300. [PMID: 21120241 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Creating sequential one-pot combinations of multi-component reactions (MCRs) and multi-catalysis cascade (MCC) reactions is a challenging task that has already emerged as a new technology in synthetic organic chemistry. Through one-pot sequential combination of MCRs/MCC reactions, the chemical products (fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals) that add value to our lives can be produced with less waste and greater economic benefits. Within this Emerging Area, we describe our recent developments and designs for sequential one-pot MCRs/MCC reactions to facilitate their realization as biomimetics in organic chemistry.
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Mateos SS, Sánchez CL, Paredes SD, Barriga C, Rodríguez AB. Circadian Levels of Serotonin in Plasma and Brain after Oral Administration of Tryptophan in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ramachary DB, Narayana VV, Prasad MS, Ramakumar K. High-yielding synthesis of Nefopam analogues (functionalized benzoxazocines) by sequential one-pot cascade operations. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3372-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b910397j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sánchez S, Sánchez C, Paredes SD, Cubero J, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C. Circadian variations of serotonin in plasma and different brain regions of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317:105-11. [PMID: 18563534 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the physiological processes that take place in the organism follow a circadian rhythm. Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters in our nervous system, and has been strongly implicated in the regulation on the mammalian circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The present study analysed the levels of serotonin over a period of 24 h in the plasma and in different brain regions. The model used was of male Wistar rats, 14 +/- 2 weeks of age (n = 120), maintained under conditions of 12 h light and 12 h dark, and food and water ad libitum. The serotonin levels were measured by ELISA every hour at night (20:00-08:00 h) and every 4 h during the daytime (08:00-20:00 h). Ours results show that the maximum levels of serotonin in plasma were obtained at 09:00 and 22:00 and a minor peak at 01:00 h. In hypothalamus there was a significant peak at 22:00 and two minor peaks at 17:00 and 02:00 h; the same occurred in hippocampus with a significant peak at 21:00, and two secondary peaks at 24:00 and 05:00 h; in cerebellum there were two peaks at 21:00 and 02:00 h, while in striatum and pineal there were peaks at 21:00 h and 23:00, respectively. In conclusion, the higher levels of serotonin were during the phase of darkness, which varies depending on the region in which it is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Sánchez
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N, Badajoz, 06071, Spain.
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Zaboli G, Jönsson EG, Gizatullin R, De Franciscis A, Asberg M, Leopardi R. Haplotype analysis confirms association of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene with schizophrenia but not with major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147:301-7. [PMID: 17886257 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a major regulator of 5-HT function. 5-HTT gene polymorphic variants have been associated with both MDD and SCZ. A case-control design was used for candidate gene-disease association in 194 MDD patients, 155 schizophrenic psychosis patients, and 246 healthy controls, all North European Caucasians. Four polymorphisms were analyzed in terms of genotype, allele, and haplotype-based associations. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was also carried out. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple testing. Haplotype-based analyses showed significant associations between 5-HTT and SCZ but not MDD. No single locus associations were observed. In agreement with published meta-analysis our results indicate that 5-HTT associates with SCZ but not with MDD. It appears that risk for SCZ maps within a specific 5-HTT haplotype block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Zaboli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sasaki N, Okamura K, Yamada H. Effects of mosapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist, on electrical activity of the small intestine and cecum in horses. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1321-3. [PMID: 16173472 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of various doses of mosapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist, on motility of the small intestine and cecum in horses by use of electrical activity and to determine the dose that provides the optimal response. ANIMAL 6 healthy adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE Electrical activity of the small intestine and cecum was recorded before and after mosapride administration by use of an electrogastrograph. Mosapride (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg) was dissolved in 200 mL of water and administered orally to horses through a nasogastric tube. Three hours after drug administration, mean amplitude of electrical activity calculated for a period of 30 minutes was expressed as the percentage of the mean amplitude of electrical activity for a period of 30 minutes before drug administration. RESULTS Mosapride administered orally increased the percentage of the mean amplitude of electrical activity in the small intestine and cecum in a dose-dependent manner. Mean +/- SD values differed significantly for 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg (127.0 +/- 12.5%, 137.7 +/- 22.2%, and 151.1 +/- 24.0%, respectively) in the small intestine and for 1.5 and 2 mg/kg (130.1 +/- 34.5% and 151.6 +/- 45.2%, respectively) in the cecum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of results of this study clearly documents that mosapride promotes motility in the small intestine and cecum of horses and that the optimal orally administered dosage is 1.5 to 2 mg/kg. Therefore, mosapride may be useful for treatment of horses with gastrointestinal tract dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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Hirokawa Y, Fujiwara I, Suzuki K, Harada H, Yoshikawa T, Yoshida N, Kato S. Synthesis and structure-affinity relationships of novel N-(1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin-6-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamides with potent serotonin 5-HT3 and dopamine D2 receptor antagonistic activity. J Med Chem 2003; 46:702-15. [PMID: 12593651 DOI: 10.1021/jm020270n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A structurally original series of N-(1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin-6-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamides derived from the corresponding benzamide 5 were prepared and evaluated for their binding affinity for the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors using rat striatum and rat cortical membrane, respectively. Many of the synthesized pyridine-3-carboxamides exhibited nanomolar binding affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor along with moderate to high binding affinity for the dopamine D(2) receptor. Introduction of the more lipophilic bromine atom and methylamino group at the 5- and 6-positions of the pyridine ring, respectively, enhanced the affinity for the dopamine D(2) receptor while keeping a potent serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor binding affinity. As a result of structure-affinity relationships, the 5-bromo-2-methoxy-6-methylaminopyridine-3-carboxamide 53 was selected as the most promising product showing a high binding affinity for both receptors. Compound 53 affinity for the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors was much more potent than that of metoclopramide (dopamine D(2) receptor; 23.3 nM vs 444 nM, serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor; 0.97 nM vs 228 nM). Optical resolution of the racemate 53 brought about a dramatic change in the pharmacological profile with (R)-53 exhibiting a strong affinity for both the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors, while the corresponding (S)-53 had a potent serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor binding affinity and a moderate dopamine D(2) receptor binding affinity. X-ray crystallographic study of (R)-53 revealed the existence of two energically stable conformers just like two mirror images. This may account for (R)-53 high affinity for both the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors. Pharmacologically, (R)-53 [AS-8112] showed a potent antagonistic activity for both the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors in vivo tests and dose-dependently inhibited both the incidence and frequency of emetic episodes induced by cisplatin (ferrets) and morphine (dogs) with ID(50) values of 27.1 microg/kg, po and 136 microg/kg, po, respectively. On the basis of this pharmacological profile, (R)-53 is now under further investigation as a potential broad antiemetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Hirokawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Enoki 33-94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan.
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Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the nature of the 5-HT4 receptors affecting the peristaltic reflex in the isolated rat distal colon. A single peristaltic reflex was evoked by infusing Tyrode solution into the lumen of the isolated segment using our modified Trendelenburg's method under an isovolumic condition. A 5-HT4 receptor agonist, mosapride (10 nM), did not affect the threshold pressure and the propagation distance of the reflex contraction, but significantly increased the developed pressure (maximum pressure - threshold pressure) from 19.1 +/- 11.8 cm H2O in the control to 26.8 +/- 13.0 cm H2O (n = 8, P<0.05) without affecting the resting muscle tone in the distal colon. The present result suggests that stimulation of 5-HT4 receptor enhances the propulsive power to move the luminal contents in the rat distal colon.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Colon/innervation
- Colon/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enteric Nervous System/cytology
- Enteric Nervous System/drug effects
- Enteric Nervous System/metabolism
- Male
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Tonus/drug effects
- Muscle Tonus/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Peristalsis/drug effects
- Peristalsis/physiology
- Pressure
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4
- Reflex, Stretch/drug effects
- Reflex, Stretch/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kadowaki
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
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Hirokawa Y, Yamazaki H, Kato S. Synthesis of optically active af-(1-Ethyl-3-methylhexahydro-1,3-diazin-5-yl)- and N-(1-Ethyl-5-methyloctahydro-1,5-diazocin-3-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamides. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hirokawa Y, Harada H, Yoshikawa T, Yoshida N, Kato S. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-amino-5-chloro-N-(1,4-dialkylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin-6-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide derivatives, novel and potent serotonin 5-HT3 and dopamine D2 receptors dual antagonist. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:941-59. [PMID: 12130853 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search of a dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors dual antagonist as a potential broad antiemetic agent, a number of benzamides were prepared from 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid derivatives and 6-amino-1,4-dialkylhexahydro-1,4-diazepines and evaluated for their binding affinity for the dopamine D2 and the serotonin 5-HT3 receptors using rat brain synaptic and rat cortical membranes, respectively. From the results of both in vitro receptor binding and in vivo biological assays for the dopamine D2 receptor, 1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepine ring was selected as an optimum amine moiety. Introduction of one methyl group on the nitrogen atom at the 4-position and/or modification of the substituent at the 5-position of the 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl moiety caused a marked increase in the dopamine D2 receptor binding affinity along with a potent 5-HT3 receptor binding affinity. Among the compounds, 5-chloro-N-(1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepin-6-yl)-2-methoxy-4-methylaminobenzamide (82), 5-bromo (110), and 5-iodo (112) analogues exhibited a much higher affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor than that of metoclopramide (IC50=17.5-61.0 nM vs. 483 nM). In particular, 82 showed a potent antagonistic activity for both receptors in vivo tests. Optical resolution of the racemate 82 brought about a dramatic change in the pharmacological profile with the (R)-enantiomer exhibiting a strong affinity for both the dopamine D2 and the 5-HT3 receptors, while the corresponding (S)-enantiomer had a potent and selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Hirokawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Harada H, Yamazaki H, Toyotomi Y, Tateishi H, Mine Y, Yoshida N, Kato S. Novel N-[1-(1-substituted 4-piperidinylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzamides as potent colonic prokinetic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:967-70. [PMID: 11959005 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel N-[1-(1-substituted 4-piperidinylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzamides was prepared and its compounds were evaluated for their binding to 5-HT(4) receptors and effects on gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs. 4-Amino-N-[1-[1-(4-aminobutyl)-4-piperidinylmethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide (15) was found to have a potent binding affinity for 5-HT(4) receptors (IC(50): 6.47nM) and showed excellent colonic prokinetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Harada
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33-94, Osaka 564-0053, Suita, Japan
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Hirokawa Y, Horikawa T, Noguchi H, Yamamoto K, Kato S. Process Development of the Synthetic Route to (R)-6-Amino-1-ethyl-4-methylhexahydro-1,4-diazepine. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op010068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Hirokawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33−94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Tamaki Horikawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33−94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Hideto Noguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33−94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yamamoto
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33−94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Shiro Kato
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33−94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
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Horikawa T, Hirokawa Y, Kato S. A practical preparation of methyl 2-methoxy-6-methylaminopyridine-3-carboxylate from 2,6-dichloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1621-7. [PMID: 11767084 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An effective and practical synthetic route to methyl 2-methoxy-6-methylaminopyridine-3-carboxylate (7), the key intermediate of 5-bromo-2-methoxy-6-methylaminopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (1), from 2,6-dichloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine (12) was undertaken. Process improvements were highlighted by regioselectivity of 12 with a nitrogen nucleophile and conversion of the 3-trifluoromethyl group into the methoxycarbonyl group. The reaction of 12 with N-benzylmethylamine provided the 6-(N-benzyl-N-methyl)aminopyridine 26a and the regioisomer 26b in >98:<2 ratio in a quantitative yield. Treatment of 2-methoxy-6-methylamino-3-trifluoropyridine (14a) with a large excess of sodium methoxide followed by acid hydrolysis gave the pyridine-3-carboxylic ester 7 in an excellent yield. The potential application of this reaction is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horikawa
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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García-Zaragozá E, Moreno L, Esplugues JV. [Pharmacologic and clinical interest of serotonergic receptors of the gastrointestinal tract]. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 24:70-6. [PMID: 11247293 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(01)78989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E García-Zaragozá
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia
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