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MODELLING THE SIMULTANEOUS CHIRAL SEPARATION OF A GROUP OF DRUGS BY ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MIXTURES OF CYCLODEXTRINS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nowak P, Garnysz M, Mitoraj MP, Sagan F, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Analytical aspects of achiral and cyclodextrin-mediated capillary electrophoresis of warfarin and its two main derivatives assisted by theoretical modeling. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1377:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nowak P, Garnysz M, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Fast separation of warfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin enantiomers by cyclodextrin-assisted capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2625-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Magdalena Garnysz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University in Kraków; Kraków Poland
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Boonleang J, Stobaugh JF. New single isomer negatively charged β-cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1232-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutima Boonleang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Prince of Songkla University; Songkhla; Thailand
| | - John F. Stobaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; The University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; USA
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Mottram AR, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Dose-dependent response to cyclodextrin infusion in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. West J Emerg Med 2012; 13:63-7. [PMID: 22461924 PMCID: PMC3298207 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2011.3.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) is a pharmaceutical excipient known to bind verapamil. Following intravenous administration, clearance of SBE-CD approximates glomerular filtration rate. We hypothesized that infusion of SBE-CD would increase time to asystole in a rat model of verapamil toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The objective was to demonstrate the effect of a range of SBE-CD concentrations in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Methods Twenty-five Wistar rats were allocated to control or 1 of 4 intervention groups. All received ketamine and diazepam anesthesia followed by verapamil infusion 32 mg/kg/h. The verapamil infusion for the intervention groups was premixed with SBE-CD in a 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, or 1:8 molar ratio (verapamil to SBE-CD). The control group infusion did not contain SBE-CD. Additional saline or water was added to the infusion so that the total volume infused was the same across groups, and the osmolality was maintained as close to physiologic as possible. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature were monitored. The primary endpoint was time to asystole. Results Verapamil coinfused with SBE-CD in a molar ratio of 1:4 resulted in prolonged time to asystole compared to control (21.2 minutes vs 17.6 minutes, P < 0.05). There were no differences in time to asystole between control and any other intervention group. There was no significant difference in time to apnea between control and any intervention group. We assessed the effect of a range of SBE-CD concentrations and identified 1 concentration that prolonged time to asystole. Mechanisms that may explain this effect include optimal volume expansion with a hyperosmolar cyclodextrin containing solution, complexation of verapamil within the hydrophobic cyclodextrin pore, and/or complexation within micelle-like aggregates of cyclodextrin. However, mechanistic explanations for the observed findings are speculative at this point. Conclusion The 1:4 verapamil to SBE-CD concentration was modestly effective with SBE-CD concentrations above and below this range demonstrating nonstatistically significant improvements in time to asystole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Mottram
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
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Abstract
Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) is a pharmaceutical excipient known to bind verapamil. After intravenous administration, clearance of SBE-CD approximates glomerular filtration rate. We hypothesized that SBE-CD would complex with verapamil in vivo, enhance renal elimination, and increase time to death in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Ten Wistar rats were allocated to control or intervention groups. All received isoflurane anesthesia followed by verapamil infusion (32 mg/kg) over 1 hour. The control group received saline bolus 7.5 mL/kg at 5 minutes. The intervention group received SBE-CD infusion 7.5 mL/kg (2.25 g/kg) at 5 minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature were monitored. The primary endpoint was time to death measured separately as time to asystole and time to apnea. There was no benefit derived from cyclodextrin infusion. Average time to death was significantly longer in the control group as measured by time to apnea (P < 0.05). Control group survival was significantly better as measured by time to asystole and time to apnea (Breslow P < 0.05). SBE-CD infusion resulted in a shorter time to death measured by time to apnea and asystole. Preliminary work demonstrated no effect in isoflurane anesthetized rats receiving only SBE-CD bolus. Verapamil poisoned rats treated with 2.25 g/kg of SBE-CD showed increased toxicity. We propose that this effect was related to the large hyperosmolar CD infusion combined with verapamil-induced cardiogenic shock. Additional studies are warranted to clarify the mechanism of increased toxicity in our study and to assess for potential beneficial effects at lower SBE-CD concentrations.
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7
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Coupling of acetonitrile deproteinization and salting-out extraction with acetonitrile stacking in chiral capillary electrophoresis for the determination of warfarin enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Determination of esmolol and metabolite enantiomers within human plasma using chiral column chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2449-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Capella‐Peiró M, Font‐Rubert M, Àlvarez‐Rodríguez L, Esteve‐Romero J, Durgbanshi A, Bose D. Optimization using a Factorial Design for the Separation of Trandolapril and Verapamil by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701629465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manolo Font‐Rubert
- a Àrea de Química Analítica, Q.F.A. , Universitat Jaume I , Castelló, Spain
| | | | | | - Abhilasha Durgbanshi
- b Department of Criminology and Forensic Sciences , Dr. H.S. Gour University , Sagar, India
| | - Devasish Bose
- b Department of Criminology and Forensic Sciences , Dr. H.S. Gour University , Sagar, India
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Abstract
Molecular recognition of different enantiomers of a drug has become of increasing importance in the last decade due to the racemic switch strategy adapted by the pharmaceutical industry. Different analytical techniques to carry out enantioselective analysis of chiral compounds have been suggested in the literature. In the following, a brief overview of different techniques used for enantioselective analysis is given. Challenging aspects of these techniques, such as the quality of analytical information received from each technique, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Alternatives (enantioselective membranes, amperometric biosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)), capable of meeting the requirements of industrial processes, in terms of productivity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental issues are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad L Izake
- Forensic Chemistry Section, Pathology and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Queensland Government, Australia.
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11
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Bonato PS, Jabor VAP, Paias FO, Lanchote VL. CHIRAL CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF SELECTED DRUGS AND METABOLITES USING SULFATED β-CYCLODEXTRIN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Bonato
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - V. A. P. Jabor
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - F. O. Paias
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - V. L. Lanchote
- a Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
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Zheng Y, Zuo Z, Chow AHL. Lack of effect of β-cyclodextrin and its water-soluble derivatives on in vitro drug transport across rat intestinal epithelium. Int J Pharm 2006; 309:123-8. [PMID: 16359834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether beta-cyclodetxrin (beta-CD) and its water-soluble derivatives, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta-CD), exert any effects on the permeation of two drug transport markers (propranolol and lucifer yellow) across rat intestinal epithelium. Rat ileum was stripped of its serosa and mounted inside an Ussing Chamber. Apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) of the markers from the mucosal to serosal side of the tissue were determined at 37 degrees C in the presence and absence of the beta-cyclodextrins on the mucosal side. Potential difference (PD) was constantly monitored during each experiment to ensure maintenance of the viability and integrity of the tissue. Pre-incubation with 1% beta-CD, 1% HP-beta-CD or 1.48% SBE-beta-CD on the mucosal side for 30 min did not significantly alter the PD and the propranolol permeability (p>0.05). Co-incubation with 1% beta-CD or 1% HP-beta-CD exerted no significant effect on the P(app) of both propranolol and lucifer yellow (p>0.05), but co-incubation with 1.48% SBE-beta-CD lowered the P(app) of propranolol from (1.71+/-0.44)x10(-5) to (0.19+/-0.04)x10(-5)cm/s, which may be ascribed to the molecular complexation of propranolol with SBE-beta-CD. All three beta-cyclodextrins exert no apparent impact on both (passive) transcellar and paracellular drug transports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Tang YH, He Y, Yao TW, Zeng S. Stereoselective RP-HPLC determination of esmolol enantiomers in human plasma after pre-column derivatization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:159-66. [PMID: 15163527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective reversed-phase HPLC assay to determine S-(-) and R-(+) enantiomers of esmolol in human plasma was developed. The method involved liquid-liquid extraction of esmolol from human plasma, using S-(-)-propranolol as the internal standard, and employed 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate as a pre-column chiral derivatization reagent. The derivatized products were separated on a 5-microm reversed-phase C18 column with a mixture of acetonitrile/0.02 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) (55:45, v/v) as mobile phase. The detection of esmolol derivatives was made at lambda=224 nm with UV detector. The assay was linear from 0.035 to 12 microg/ml for each enantiomer. The analytical method afforded average recoveries of 94.8% and 95.5% for S-(-)- and R-(+)-esmolol, respectively. For each enantiomer, the limit of detection was 0.003 microg/ml and the limit of quantification for the method was 0.035 microg/ml (RSD<14%). The reproducibility of the assay was satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, People's Republic of China
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Lee D, Shamsi SA. Chiral separation of anionic and neutral compounds using a hepta-substituted cationic beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:1314-9. [PMID: 12007132 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200205)23:9<1314::aid-elps1314>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric separations of six anionic and two neutral racemates were achieved using a fully substituted heptakis(6-hydroxyethylamino-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD-EA) as a chiral selector. As beta-CD-EA provides a dynamic coating on the capillary wall, reverse-polarity capillary electrophoresis (CE) configuration is applied for separations of anionic and neutral chiral compounds. Chiral separations of various classes of anionic and neutral enantiomers were found to be highly dependent on pH because the degree of protonation of beta-CD-EA can alter the shape of the CD cavity by charge repulsion, altering complexation, aiding selectivity, and leading to better enantiomeric separation. In general, the chiral resolution of anionic enantiomers was enhanced at higher pH. This suggests that carboxylate or phosphate groups on the analyte may interact with the protonated amine groups of cationic CD. The successful enantioseparation was achieved in a pH range of 6.6-7.8 for all six anionic analytes, in the presence of 10 mM beta-CD-EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doowon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center of BioTechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis method with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection for the chiral separation of warfarin enantiomers using highly sulfated beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was developed and optimized. Enantiomeric separation of warfarin was characterized by high resolution and efficiency. The optimized electrophoretic conditions were subsequently applied to the analysis of warfarin extracted from spiked human serum albumin samples. This assay showed acceptable precision, with linearity in the warfarin enantiomer concentration range of 0.1-25 mg/l. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) evaluated as warfarin enantiomer concentrations in the serum samples were 0.05 and 0.15 mg/l, respectively, for each warfarin enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ping Yau
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, Singapore
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Gómez-Gomar A, Ortega E, Calvet C, Mercé R, Frigola J. Simultaneous separation of the enantiomers of cizolirtine and its degradation products by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 950:257-70. [PMID: 11991000 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous enantioselective separation of (+/-)-cizolirtine and its impurities: (+/-)-N-desmethylcizolirtine, (+/-)-cizolirtine-N-oxide and (+/- )-5-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)-1-methylpyrazole was investigated by capillary electrophoresis. Electrokinetic chromatography with carboxymethyl-beta-CD (CM-beta-CD) and sulfobutyl-ether-beta-CD was tried, showing good enantioseparation but poor chemical selectivity. The four racemic pairs were baseline separated, in a single run, by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The migration buffer composition was: (60 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-150 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate-50 mM disodium tetraborate, pH 9.2, in water)-butanol 95:5, v/v). Work was done to determine the effect of buffer components and their optimal concentration on selectivity. The method was validated with respect to enantioselectivity of cizolirtine as well as its degradation products and separation selectivity between the different components. Linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and precision were also determined. This method is suitable for the enantiomeric purity determination and stability control of cizolirtine (racemic mixture or enantiomers) and its degradation products. Examples of electropherograms of (R)-cizolirtine degraded under stressed conditions are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-Gomar
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Laboratorios Dr. Esteve S.A., Barcelona, Spain.
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Proksa B, Čižmáriková RE. Separation of β-adrenolytics derived from 4-hydroxyacetophenone by capillary electrophoresis in the presence of cyclodextrins. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chankvetadz B, Blaschke G. Enantioseparations in capillary electromigration techniques: recent developments and future trends. J Chromatogr A 2001; 906:309-63. [PMID: 11215895 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of enantioseparations using capillary electromigration techniques and gives the authors insights on the selected fundamental aspects and future trends in this field. The most recent developments in the field of chiral separations using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are summarized. The status of chiral electromigration techniques is evaluated tacking into account the most recent developments in related techniques such as chiral HPLC, GC and SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadz
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Germany.
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19
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Enantioseparation of warfarin by capillary electrophoresis with UV and LIF detection using single and dual cyclodextrin type chiral selectors. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Grard S, Elfakir C, Dreux M. Characterization of sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrins mixtures by anion-exchange chromatography using evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 897:185-93. [PMID: 11128202 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on anion-exchange chromatography (AEC) using volatile eluent ion and evaporative light scattering detection was developed for the analysis of mixtures of sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrins (SBE-beta-CDs). A systematic investigation of the retention mechanism of pure SBE-beta-CD standards has been studied on a silica quaternary ammonium exchanger (Vydac 302 IC column). The influence of the nature and concentration of volatile anions (acetate, formate, trifluoroacetate), the addition of the organic modifier in the mobile phase as well the nature of the stationary phase have been evaluated under isocratic elution conditions. Satisfactory analysis of two commercial and two home-made SBE-beta-CD samples was achieved on the Vydac 302 IC column by using ammonium acetate as ion eluent in water-acetonitrile (70:30) under a salt concentration gradient mode. This method provides for SBE-beta-CD samples, an efficient and characteristic liquid chromatography fingerprint which depicts the mixture complexity and determines an average degree of substitution (DS) for each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grard
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, ICOA, CNRS-UPRES-A 6005, Université d'Orleans, France
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de Boer T, de Zeeuw RA, de Jong GJ, Ensing K. Recent innovations in the use of charged cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis for chiral separations in pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:3220-39. [PMID: 11001221 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000901)21:15<3220::aid-elps3220>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented on the use of charged cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of analytes in pharmaceutical analysis. An overview is given of theoretical models that have been developed for a better prediction of the enantiomeric resolution and for a better understanding of the separation mechanism. Several types of charged CDs have been used in chiral capillary electrophoretic separation (anionic, cationic, and amphoteric CDs). Especially the anionic CDs seem to be valuable due to the fact that many pharmaceutically interesting compounds can easily be protonated (e.g., amine groups). For that reason several anionic CDs are now commercially available. Cationic and amphoteric CDs are less common in chiral analysis and only a few are commercially available. Attention is paid to the most common synthesis routes and the characterization of the CDs used in chiral capillary electrophoretic separations. The degree of substitution in the synthesized CDs may vary from one manufacturer to another or even from batch to batch, which may have a detrimental effect on the reproducibility and ruggedness of the separation system. In Sections 4, 5, and 6 the applications of anionic, cationic, and amphoteric CDs for the chiral separation in CE are described. Many interesting examples are shown and the influence of important parameters on the enantioselectivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T de Boer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Li X, Yao TW, Zeng S. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of atenolol enantiomers in rat hepatic microsome after chiral derivatizaton with 2,3,4,6,-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glycopyranosyl isothiocyanate. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:433-9. [PMID: 10901149 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the enantiomers of atenolol in rat hepatic microsome has been developed. Racemic atenolol was extracted from alkalinized rat hepatic microsome by ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated using a gentle stream of air. Atenolol racemic compound was derivatized with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glycopyranosyl isothiocyanate at 35 degrees C for 30 min to form diastereomers. After removal of excess solvent, the diastereomers were dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH 4.6)-acetonitrile (50:30). The diastereomers were separated on a Shimadzu CLC-C18 column (10 microm particle size, 10 cm x 0.46 cm I.D.) with a mobile phase of phosphate buffer-methanol-acetonitrile (50:20:30, v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. A UV-VIS detector was operated at 254 nm. For each enantiomer, the limit of detection was 0.055 microg/ml (signal-to-noise ratio 3) and the limit of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio 10) was 0.145 microg/ml (RSD <10%). In the range 0.145-20 microg/ml, intra-day coefficients of variation were 1.0-7.0% and inter-day coefficients of variation were 0.4-16.5% for each enantiomer. The assay was applied to determine the concentrations of atenolol enantiomers in rat hepatic microsome as a function of time after incubation of racemic atenolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Bergholdt AB, Jørgensen KW, Wendel L, Lehmann SV. Fast chiral separations using sulfated beta-cyclodextrin and short-end injection in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 875:403-10. [PMID: 10839160 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The general applicability of sulfated beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector and short-end injection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a powerful screening tool for fast and efficient chiral separation of Ormeloxifene enantiomers and racemic Ormeloxifene analogues is demonstrated. Using the short-end injection procedure, all of the 16 racemic compounds studied were successfully separated with high efficiencies and with analysis times of less than 1.2 min. Furthermore, long-end injections of eight analogues named C1-C8 afforded separations with extremely high efficiencies. A statistical evaluation of the resolution values obtained in short-end and long-end injections of compounds C1-C8 showed that the sensitivity of the CE method towards structural changes in the studied molecules is intact when the chiral analysis is performed with short-end injection compared to conventional long-end injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Bergholdt
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceuticals Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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Chankvetadze B, Burjanadze N, Pintore G, Strickmann D, Bergenthal D, Blaschke G. Chiral recognition of verapamil by cyclodextrins studied with capillary electrophoresis, NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chirality 1999; 11:635-44. [PMID: 10467315 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:8<635::aid-chir5>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) allows the observation of the opposite affinities of the enantiomers of (+/-)-verapamil [2-isopropyl-2,8-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-6-azaoctannitrile+ ++, VP] toward beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and heptakis(2,3, 6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-CD (TM-beta-CD). In addition, in the presence of beta-CD in the background electrolyte, longer migration times and lower separation factors were observed compared to TM-beta-CD. The binding constants of (+)- and (-)-VP with beta-CD and TM-beta-CD determined using (13)C NMR spectroscopy explain the results observed in CE. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used as an alternative technique for the characterization of VP-CD complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Le Potier I, Tamisier-Karolak S, Morin P, Megel F, Taverna M. Comparison of native, alkylated and charged cyclodextrins for the chiral separation of labetalol stereoisomers by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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