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Jin BK, Odongo S, Radwanska M, Magez S. NANOBODIES®: A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5994. [PMID: 36983063 PMCID: PMC10057852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NANOBODY® (a registered trademark of Ablynx N.V) molecules (Nbs), also referred to as single domain-based VHHs, are antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain only IgG antibodies found in the Camelidae family. Due to their small size, simple structure, high antigen binding affinity, and remarkable stability in extreme conditions, nanobodies possess the potential to overcome several of the limitations of conventional monoclonal antibodies. For many years, nanobodies have been of great interest in a wide variety of research fields, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This culminated in the approval of the world's first nanobody based drug (Caplacizumab) in 2018 with others following soon thereafter. This review will provide an overview, with examples, of (i) the structure and advantages of nanobodies compared to conventional monoclonal antibodies, (ii) methods used to generate and produce antigen-specific nanobodies, (iii) applications for diagnostics, and (iv) ongoing clinical trials for nanobody therapeutics as well as promising candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-kyung Jin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Odongo
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
- Center for Biosecurity and Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Mulero F, Oteo M, Garaulet G, Magro N, Rebollo L, Medrano G, Santiveri C, Romero E, Sellek RE, Margolles Y, Campos-Olivas R, Arroyo AG, Fernández LA, Morcillo MA, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL. Development of anti-membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase nanobodies as immunoPET probes for triple negative breast cancer imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1058455. [PMID: 36507540 PMCID: PMC9729729 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1058455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by aggressiveness and high rates of metastasis. The identification of relevant biomarkers is crucial to improve outcomes for TNBC patients. Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) could be a good candidate because its expression has been reported to correlate with tumor malignancy, progression and metastasis. Moreover, single-domain variable regions (VHHs or Nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies have demonstrated improvements in tissue penetration and blood clearance, important characteristics for cancer imaging. Here, we have developed a nanobody-based PET imaging strategy for TNBC detection that targets MT1-MMP. A llama-derived library was screened against the catalytic domain of MT1-MMP and a panel of specific nanobodies were identified. After a deep characterization, two nanobodies were selected to be labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga). ImmunoPET imaging with both ([68Ga]Ga-NOTA-3TPA14 and [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-3CMP75) in a TNBC mouse model showed precise tumor-targeting capacity in vivo with high signal-to-background ratios. (68Ga)Ga-NOTA-3CMP75 exhibited higher tumor uptake compared to (68Ga)Ga-NOTA-3TPA14. Furthermore, imaging data correlated perfectly with the immunohistochemistry staining results. In conclusion, we found a promising candidate for nanobody-based PET imaging to be further investigated as a diagnostic tool in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Garaulet
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Magro
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluvia Rebollo
- Protein Production Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Medrano
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Santiveri
- Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricela E. Sellek
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yago Margolles
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Angel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Morcillo
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Miguel Angel Morcillo,
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A new nanobody-enzyme fusion protein-linked immunoassay for detecting antibodies against influenza A virus in different species. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102709. [PMID: 36402446 PMCID: PMC9763686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulation of influenza A virus (IAV), especially within poultry and pigs, continues to threaten public health. A simple and universal detecting method is important for monitoring IAV infection in different species. Recently, nanobodies, which show advantages of easy gene editing and low cost of production, are a promising novel diagnostic tool for the monitoring and control of global IAVs. In the present study, five nanobodies against the nucleoprotein of H9N2 IAV were screened from the immunized Bactrian camel by phage display and modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tags. Out of which, we determined that H9N2-NP-Nb5-HRP can crossreact with different subtypes of IAVs, and this reaction is also blocked by positive sera for antibodies against different IAV subtypes. Epitope mapping showed that the nanobody-HRP fusion recognized a conserved conformational epitope in all subtypes of IAVs. Subsequently, we developed a nanobody-based competitive ELISA (cELISA) for detecting anti-IAV antibodies in different species. The optimized amount of coating antigen and dilutions of the fusion and testing sera were 100 ng/well, 1:4000, and 1:10, respectively. The time for operating the cELISA was approximately 35 min. The cELISA showed high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability. In addition, we found that the cELISA and hemagglutination inhibition test showed a consistency of 100% and 87.91% for clinical and challenged chicken sera, respectively. Furthermore, the agreement rates were 90.4% and 85.7% between the cELISA and commercial IEDXX ELISA kit. Collectively, our developed nanobody-HRP fusion-based cELISA is an ideal method for monitoring IAV infection in different species.
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Tsukahara N, Murakami A, Motohashi M, Nakayama H, Kondo Y, Ito Y, Azuma T, Kishimoto H. An alpaca single-domain antibody (VHH) phage display library constructed by CDR shuffling provided high-affinity VHHs against desired protein antigens. Int Immunol 2022; 34:421-434. [PMID: 35689594 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-combining sites of the camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domain (VHH) are constructed by three complementarity-determining regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3). We prepared cDNA using mRNA extracted from peripheral lymphocytes of alpacas that had been non-immunized or immunized with human serum albumin (HSA). The VHH gene fragments encoding the amino-terminal half-containing CDR1 as well as CDR2 and the carboxy-terminal half-containing CDR3 were amplified independently by PCR, and then full-length VHH gene fragments were generated by overlap extension PCR and cloned into the phagemid vector. This protocol, referred to as CDR shuffling, allowed us to construct an alpaca VHH phage display library possessing repertoires different from those naturally occurring in animals. We asked, first, whether this library was able to provide the functional VHH fragments against HSA, an immunized antigen, and obtained 29 anti-HSA VHH clones, 41% possessed KD values of lower than 10-8 M, 5 of which had KD values of 10-10 M. We also obtained VHH clones against non-immunized protein antigens such as cardiac troponin T and I, Ebola virus glycoprotein 1 and human immunoglobulin G by biopanning. We compared the amino acid sequences and affinities and found that 43% of VHHs had KD values of less than 10-8 M, although those having KD values of 10-10 M were unavailable. These results suggested that the CDR-shuffled VHH phage display library could potentially provide VHHs against non-immunized protein antigens with similar levels of affinities to those against immunized antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narutoshi Tsukahara
- Department of Immunology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, Japan.,RePHAGEN Co., Ltd., Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- RePHAGEN Co., Ltd., Suzaki, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maiko Motohashi
- Department of Immunology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takachika Azuma
- Antibody Engineering Research Center Co., Ltd., Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kishimoto
- Department of Immunology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, Japan
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Akbari B, Mansouri K, Safari F, Soleymani B, Yari K. Design and construction a novel humanized biparatopic nanobody-based immunotoxin against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chung H, Jung H, Noh JY. Emerging Approaches for Solid Tumor Treatment Using CAR-T Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212126. [PMID: 34830003 PMCID: PMC8621681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is becoming more important in the clinical setting, especially for cancers resistant to conventional chemotherapy, including targeted therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, which uses patient’s autologous T cells, combined with engineered T cell receptors, has shown remarkable results, with five US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals to date. CAR-T cells have been very effective in hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and multiple myeloma (MM); however, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors has not been evaluated clearly. Therefore, many studies and clinical investigations are emerging to improve the CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors. The novel therapeutic approaches include modifying CARs in multiple ways or developing a combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapies. In this review, we focus on the challenges and recent advancements in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Chung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (J.-Y.N.)
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (J.-Y.N.)
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Brilhante-da-Silva N, de Oliveira Sousa RM, Arruda A, Dos Santos EL, Marinho ACM, Stabeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:439-456. [PMID: 34146333 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distinct biophysical and pharmaceutical properties of camelid single-domain antibodies, referred to as VHHs or nanobodies, are associated with their nanometric dimensions, elevated stability, and antigen recognition capacity. These biomolecules can circumvent a number of diagnostic system limitations, especially those related to the size and stability of conventional immunoglobulins currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and point-of-care, electrochemical, and imaging assays. In these formats, VHHs are directionally conjugated to different molecules, such as metallic nanoparticles, small peptides, and radioisotopes, which demonstrates their comprehensive versatility. Thus, the application of VHHs in diagnostic systems range from the identification of cancer cells to the detection of degenerative disease biomarkers, viral antigens, bacterial toxins, and insecticides. The improvements of sensitivity and specificity are among the central benefits resulting from the use of VHHs, which are indispensable parameters for high-quality diagnostics. Therefore, this review highlights the main biotechnological advances related to camelid single-domain antibodies and their use in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic approaches for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Andrelisse Arruda
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Eliza Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Machado Marinho
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil.
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Ferrara B, Belbekhouche S, Habert D, Houppe C, Vallée B, Bourgoin-Voillard S, Cohen JL, Cascone I, Courty J. Cell surface nucleolin as active bait for nanomedicine in cancer therapy: a promising option. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:322001. [PMID: 33892482 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfb30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy used against cancer is mostly limited due to their non-targeted nature, affecting normal tissue and causing undesirable toxic effects to the affected tissue. With the aim of improving these treatments both therapeutically and in terms of their safety, numerous studies are currently being carried out using nanoparticles (NPs) as a vector combining tumor targeting and carrying therapeutic tools. In this context, it appears that nucleolin, a molecule over-expressed on the surface of tumor cells, is an interesting therapeutic target. Several ligands, antagonists of nucleolin of various origins, such as AS1411, the F3 peptide and the multivalent pseudopeptide N6L have been developed and studied as therapeutic tools against cancer. Over the last ten years or so, numerous studies have been published demonstrating that these antagonists can be used as tumor targeting agents with NPs from various origins. Focusing on nucleolin ligands, the aim of this article is to review the literature recently published or under experimentation in our research team to evaluate the efficacy and future development of these tools as anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ferrara
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sabrina Belbekhouche
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, CNRS, Institut Chimie et Matériaux Paris Est, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Damien Habert
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Claire Houppe
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Benoit Vallée
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics/Prométhée Proteomic Platform, UGA-INSERM U1055-CHUGA, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - José Courty
- Université Paris-Est Creteil, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Créteil, France
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Birchenough HL, Nivia HDR, Jowitt TA. Interaction standards for biophysics: anti-lysozyme nanobodies. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:333-343. [PMID: 33839878 PMCID: PMC8189969 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant demand in the molecular biophysics community for robust standard samples. They are required by researchers, instrument developers and pharmaceutical companies for instrumental quality control, methodological development and in the design and validation of devices, diagnostics and instrumentation. To-date there has been no clear consensus on the need and type of standards that should be available and different research groups and instrument manufacturers use different standard systems which significantly hinders comparative analysis. One of the major objectives of the Association of Resources for Biophysical Research in Europe (ARBRE) is to establish a common set of standard samples that can be used throughout the biophysics community and instrument developers. A survey was circulated among ARBRE members to ascertain the requirements of laboratories when using standard systems and the results are documented in this article. In summary, the major requirements are protein samples which are cheap, relatively small, stable and have different binding strengths. We have developed a panel of sdAb’s or ‘nanobodies’ against hen-egg white lysozyme with different binding strengths and suitable stability characteristics. Here we show the results of the survey, the selection procedure, validation and final selection of a panel of nanobody interaction standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Birchenough
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
| | - Hilda D Ruiz Nivia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, England.
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10
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Wilson IA, Stanfield RL. 50 Years of structural immunology. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100745. [PMID: 33957119 PMCID: PMC8163984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the first landmark structures of antibodies heralded the dawn of structural immunology. Momentum then started to build toward understanding how antibodies could recognize the vast universe of potential antigens and how antibody-combining sites could be tailored to engage antigens with high specificity and affinity through recombination of germline genes (V, D, J) and somatic mutation. Equivalent groundbreaking structures in the cellular immune system appeared some 15 to 20 years later and illustrated how processed protein antigens in the form of peptides are presented by MHC molecules to T cell receptors. Structures of antigen receptors in the innate immune system then explained their inherent specificity for particular microbial antigens including lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, small molecules, and specific proteins. These two sides of the immune system act immediately (innate) to particular microbial antigens or evolve (adaptive) to attain high specificity and affinity to a much wider range of antigens. We also include examples of other key receptors in the immune system (cytokine receptors) that regulate immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, these antigen receptors use a limited set of protein folds to accomplish their various immunological roles. The other main players are the antigens themselves. We focus on surface glycoproteins in enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2 that enable entry and egress into host cells and are targets for the antibody response. This review covers what we have learned over the past half century about the structural basis of the immune response to microbial pathogens and how that information can be utilized to design vaccines and therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Allergy and Immunology/history
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Crystallography/history
- Crystallography/methods
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Protein Folding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- V(D)J Recombination
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Li H, Wang D, Tang X, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li P. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunochromatography Assay (TRFICA) for Aflatoxin: Aiming at Increasing Strip Method Sensitivity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:676. [PMID: 32435234 PMCID: PMC7219281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is the most harmful mycotoxin that is ubiquitous in foods and agro-products. Because of its high toxicity, maximum admissible levels of aflatoxins (AF) is regulated worldwide, and monitoring of their occurrence in several commodities is mandatory for assuring food safety and consumers' health. Considering that the strip method is very simple and convenient for users, in order to enhance strip assay's sensitivity, a lot of time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography assays (TRFICAs) were developed recently with increasing several times of assay sensitivity compared with traditional gold nanoparticle-based strip assay (GNP-SA). This review briefly describes the newly developed TRFICA for aflatoxin determination, including TRFICA for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection, TRFICA for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) detection, TRFICA for total aflatoxins (AFB1 + B2 + G1 + G2) detection and the latest identification-nanobody-based TRFICA for aflatoxin detection. The application of TRFICA for aflatoxin detection in different agro-products is also concluded in this review. Reasonably, TRFICA has been becoming one of the most important tool for monitoring aflatoxin in foods and agro-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Du Wang
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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12
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Fenobody and RANbody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Newcastle disease virus. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:44. [PMID: 32169061 PMCID: PMC7071587 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as reagents presents several drawbacks, including limited amounts, difficulty in permanent storage, and required use of a secondary antibody. Nanobodies can be easily expressed with different systems and fused with several tags in their tertiary structure by recombinant technology, thus offering an effective detection method for diagnostic purposes. Recently, the fenobody (ferritin-fused nanobody) and RANbody (nanobody-fused reporter) have been designed and derived from the nanobody for developing the diagnostic immunoassays. However, there was no report about developing the sandwich ELISA using the fenobody and RANbody as pairing reagents. RESULTS A platform for developing a sandwich ELISA utilizing fenobody as the capture antibody and RANbody as the detection antibody was firstly designed in the study. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was selected as the antigen, from which 13 NDV-specific nanobodies were screened from an immunized Bactrian camel. Then, 5 nanobodies were selected to produce fenobodies and RANbodies. The best pairing of fenobodies (NDV-fenobody-4, 800 ng/well) and RANbodies (NDV-RANbody-49, 1:10) was determined to develop the sandwich ELISA for detecting NDV. The detection limits of the assay were determined to be 22 of hemagglutination (HA) titers and 10 ng of purified NDV particles. Compared with two commercial assays, the developed assay shows higher sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, it exhibits 98.7% agreement with the HA test and can detect the reference NDV strains belonging to Class II but not Class I. CONCLUSIONS In the presented study, the 13 anti-NDV nanobodies binding the NDV particles were first produced. Then, for the first time, the sandwich ELISA to detect the NDV in the different samples has been developed using the fenobody and RANbody as reagents derived from the nanobodies. Considering the rapidly increasing generation of nanobodies, the platform can reduce the cost of production for the sandwich ELISA and be universally used to develop assays for detecting other antigens.
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13
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De Munter S, Van Parys A, Bral L, Ingels J, Goetgeluk G, Bonte S, Pille M, Billiet L, Weening K, Verhee A, Van der Heyden J, Taghon T, Leclercq G, Kerre T, Tavernier J, Vandekerckhove B. Rapid and Effective Generation of Nanobody Based CARs using PCR and Gibson Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030883. [PMID: 32019116 PMCID: PMC7037261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)/Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) and the remarkable results of CAR T clinical trials illustrate the curative potential of this therapy. While CARs against a multitude of different antigens are being developed and tested (pre)clinically, there is still a need for optimization. The use of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) as targeting moieties hampers the quick generation of functional CARs and could potentially limit the efficacy. Instead, nanobodies may largely circumvent these difficulties. We used an available nanobody library generated after immunization of llamas against Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 20 through DNA vaccination or against the ectodomain of CD33 using soluble protein. The nanobody specific sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned by Gibson Assembly into a retroviral vector containing two different second-generation CAR constructs. After transduction in T cells, we observed high cell membrane nanoCAR expression in all cases. Following stimulation of nanoCAR-expressing T cells with antigen-positive cell lines, robust T cell activation, cytokine production and tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in vivo was observed. The use of nanobody technology in combination with PCR and Gibson Assembly allows for the rapid and effective generation of compact CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Parys
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Layla Bral
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joline Ingels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Billiet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick Verhee
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jose Van der Heyden
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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14
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Huen J, Yan Z, Iwashkiw J, Dubey S, Gimenez MC, Ortiz ME, Patel SV, Jones MD, Riazi A, Terebiznik M, Babaei S, Shahinas D. A Novel Single Domain Antibody Targeting FliC Flagellin of Salmonella enterica for Effective Inhibition of Host Cell Invasion. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2665. [PMID: 31849856 PMCID: PMC6901939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen, Salmonella enterica is a major cause of human gastroenteritis globally and with increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, alternative solutions are urgently needed. Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), the smallest antibody fragments that retain antigen binding specificity and affinity, are derived from variable heavy-chain only fragments (VHH) of camelid heavy-chain-only immunoglobulins. SdAbs typically contain a single disulfide bond simplifying recombinant protein production in microbial systems. These factors make sdAbs ideally suited for the development of effective anti-bacterial therapeutics. To this end, we generated an anti-Salmonella VHH library from which we screened for high affinity sdAbs. We present a novel sdAb (Abi-Se07) that targets the Salmonella virulence factor, FliC, required for bacterial motility and invasion of host cells. We demonstrate that Abi-Se07 bound FliC with a KD of 16.2 ± 0.1 nM. In addition, Abi-Se07 exhibited cross-serovar binding to whole cells of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Hadar. Abi-Se07 significantly inhibited bacterial motility and significantly reduced S. enterica colonization in a more native environment of chicken jejunum epithelium. Taken together, we have identified a novel anti-Salmonella sdAb and discuss future efforts toward therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Huen
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhun Yan
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Maria C Gimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria E Ortiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Ali Riazi
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Saeid Babaei
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Dea Shahinas
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
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15
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Ciccarese S, Burger PA, Ciani E, Castelli V, Linguiti G, Plasil M, Massari S, Horin P, Antonacci R. The Camel Adaptive Immune Receptors Repertoire as a Singular Example of Structural and Functional Genomics. Front Genet 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31681428 PMCID: PMC6812646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune receptors repertoire is highly plastic, with its ability to produce antigen-binding molecules and select those with high affinity for their antigen. Species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective repertoires required for their survival in the different environments. Camelids, until now, considered as a case of evolutionary innovation because of their only heavy-chain antibodies, represent a new mammalian model particularly useful for understanding the role of diversity in the immune system function. Here, we review the structural and functional characteristics and the current status of the genomic organization of camel immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, α/ß and γ/δ T cell receptors (TR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In camelid humoral response, in addition to the conventional antibodies, there are IG with “only-heavy-chain” (no light chain, and two identical heavy gamma chains lacking CH1 and with a VH domain designated as VHH). The unique features of these VHH offer advantages in biotechnology and for clinical applications. The TRG and TRD rearranged variable domains of Camelus dromedarius (Arabian camel) display somatic hypermutation (SHM), increasing the intrinsic structural stability in the γ/δ heterodimer and influencing the affinity maturation to a given antigen similar to immunoglobulin genes. The SHM increases the dromedary γ/δ repertoire diversity. In Camelus genus, the general structural organization of the TRB locus is similar to that of the other artiodactyl species, with a pool of TRBV genes positioned at the 5’ end of three in tandem D-J-C clusters, followed by a single TRBV gene with an inverted transcriptional orientation located at the 3’ end. At the difference of TRG and TRD, the diversity of the TRB variable domains is not shaped by SHM and depends from the classical combinatorial and junctional diversity. The MHC locus is located on chromosome 20 in Camelus dromedarius. Cytogenetic and comparative whole genome analyses revealed the order of the three major regions “Centromere-ClassII-ClassIII-ClassI”. Unexpectedly low extent of polymorphisms and haplotypes was observed in all Old World camels despite different geographic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Castelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
| | - Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
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16
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Romano S, Fonseca N, Simões S, Gonçalves J, Moreira JN. Nucleolin-based targeting strategies for cancer therapy: from targeted drug delivery to cytotoxic ligands. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1985-2001. [PMID: 31271738 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death worldwide and current therapeutic approaches remain ineffective in several cases. Therefore, there is a need to develop more efficacious therapeutic agents, especially for subtypes of cancer lacking targeted therapies. Limited drug penetration into tumors impairs the efficacy of therapies targeting cancer cells. One of the strategies to overcome this problem is targeting the more accessible tumor vasculature via molecules such as nucleolin, which is expressed at the surface of cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells, thus enabling a dual cellular targeting strategy. In this review, we present and discuss nucleolin-based targeting strategies that have been developed for cancer therapy, with a special focus on recent antibody-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Romano
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Fonseca
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; TREAT U, SA, Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, 3045-508 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, 3000-548 Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- iMed. ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, 3000-548 Portugal.
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17
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Parodi A, Miao J, Soond SM, Rudzińska M, Zamyatnin AA. Albumin Nanovectors in Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E218. [PMID: 31195727 PMCID: PMC6627831 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin nanovectors represent one of the most promising carriers recently generated because of the cost-effectiveness of their fabrication, biocompatibility, safety, and versatility in delivering hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutics and diagnostic agents. In this review, we describe and discuss the recent advances in how this technology has been harnessed for drug delivery in cancer, evaluating the commonly used synthesis protocols and considering the key factors that determine the biological transport and the effectiveness of such technology. With this in mind, we highlight how clinical and experimental albumin-based delivery nanoplatforms may be designed for tackling tumor progression or improving the currently established diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parodi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jiaxing Miao
- Ohio State University, 410 W 10th Ave. Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA.
| | - Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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18
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Martínez-Jothar L, Beztsinna N, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Oliveira S. Selective Cytotoxicity to HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Cells by Saporin-Loaded Nanobody-Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles in Combination with Photochemical Internalization. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1633-1647. [PMID: 30817164 PMCID: PMC6448105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as a vehicle for the delivery of cytotoxic proteins that have intracellular targets but that lack well-defined mechanisms for cellular internalization, such as saporin. In this work, we have prepared PEGylated poly(lactic acid- co-glycolic acid- co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) (PLGHMGA) NPs for the selective delivery of saporin in the cytosol of HER2 positive cancer cells. This selective uptake was achieved by decorating the surface of the NPs with the 11A4 nanobody that is specific for the HER2 receptor. Confocal microscopy observations showed rapid and extensive uptake of the targeted NPs (11A4-NPs) by HER2 positive cells (SkBr3) but not by HER2 negative cells (MDA-MB-231). This selective uptake was blocked upon preincubation of the cells with an excess of nanobody. Nontargeted NPs (Cys-NPs) were not taken up by either type of cells. Importantly, a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was only observed on SkBr3 cells when these were treated with saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs in combination with photochemical internalization (PCI), a technique that uses a photosensitizer and local light exposure to facilitate endosomal escape of entrapped nanocarriers and biomolecules. The combined use of saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs and PCI strongly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased cell viability through induction of apoptosis. Also the cytotoxic effect could be reduced by an excess of nanobody, reinforcing the selectivity of this system. These results suggest that the combination of the targeting nanobody on the NPs with PCI are effective means to achieve selective uptake and cytotoxicity of saporin-loaded NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez-Jothar
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division
of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Ali A, Baby B, Vijayan R. From Desert to Medicine: A Review of Camel Genomics and Therapeutic Products. Front Genet 2019; 10:17. [PMID: 30838017 PMCID: PMC6389616 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels have an important role in the lives of human beings, especially in arid regions, due to their multipurpose role and unique ability to adapt to harsh conditions. In spite of its enormous economic, cultural, and biological importance, the camel genome has not been widely studied. The size of camel genome is roughly 2.38 GB, containing over 20,000 genes. The unusual genetic makeup of the camel is the main reason behind its ability to survive under extreme environmental conditions. The camel genome harbors several unique variations which are being investigated for the treatment of several disorders. Various natural products from camels have also been tested and prescribed as adjunct therapy to control the progression of ailments. Interestingly, the camel employs unique immunological and molecular mechanisms against pathogenic agents and pathological conditions. Here, we broadly review camel classification, distribution and breed as well as recent progress in the determination of the camel genome, its size, genetic distribution, response to various physiological conditions, immunogenetics and the medicinal potential of camel gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Leow CH, Fischer K, Leow CY, Braet K, Cheng Q, McCarthy J. Isolation and characterization of malaria PfHRP2 specific V NAR antibody fragments from immunized shark phage display library. Malar J 2018; 17:383. [PMID: 30355309 PMCID: PMC6201582 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent an important antibody based immunoassay platform. Unfortunately, conventional monoclonal antibodies are subject to degradation shortening shelf lives of RDTs. The variable region of the receptor (VNAR) from shark has a potential as alternative to monoclonal antibodies in RDTs due to high thermal stability. METHODS In this study, new binders derived from shark VNAR domains library were investigated. Following immunization of a wobbegong shark (Orectolobus ornatus) with three recombinant malaria biomarker proteins (PfHRP2, PfpLDH and Pvaldolase), a single domain antibody (sdAb) library was constructed from splenocytes. Target-specific VNAR phage were isolated by panning. One specific clone was selected for expression in Escherichia coli expression system, and study of binding reactivity undertaken. RESULTS The primary VNAR domain library possessed a titre of 1.16 × 106 pfu/mL. DNA sequence analysis showed 82.5% of isolated fragments appearing to contain an in-frame sequence. After multiple rounds of biopanning, a highly dominant clone specific to PfHRP2 was identified and selected for protein production in an E. coli expression system. Biological characterization showed the recombinant protein expressed in periplasmic has better detection sensitivity than that of cytoplasmic proteins. Assays of binding activity indicated that its reactivity was inferior to the positive control mAb C1-13. CONCLUSIONS Target-specific bacteriophage VNARs were successfully isolated after a series of immunization, demonstrating that phage display technology is a useful tool for selection of antigen binders. Generation of new binding reagents such as VNAR antibodies that specifically recognize the malaria biomarkers represents an appealing approach to improve the performance of RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Katleen Braet
- Department of Research, BioMARIC, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Qin Cheng
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Romano S, Moura V, Simões S, Moreira JN, Gonçalves J. Anticancer activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of novel anti-nucleolin antibodies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7450. [PMID: 29748553 PMCID: PMC5945777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleolin arises as a relevant target for cancer therapy, as it is overexpressed at the surface of cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells thus enabling a dual cellular targeting strategy. Immunotherapeutic strategies, albeit of proven therapeutic relevance, have been scarcely explored against this target. Therefore, this work aimed at engineering an anti-nucleolin VHH-based antibody capable of triggering anticancer immune responses. Herein, anti-nucleolin VHHs have been generated upon grafting F3 peptide-derived nucleolin-binding sequences onto a VHH CDR1 or CDR3. One of these nucleolin-binding CDR3-grafted VHH was subsequently fused to a human IgG1 Fc region, enabling a significant antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The generated anti-nucleolin VHH revealed increased binding and antiproliferative effects against cancer cells, relative to the parental VHH, while the VHH-Fc counterpart presented increased cytotoxicity relative to the corresponding VHH. This VHH-Fc also triggered an ADCC effect, in the nanomolar range, against a nucleolin-overexpressing cancer cell line. This effect was evidenced by a 2 or 1.7-fold increase of cell death, in the presence of PBMCs, relative to the parental VHH-Fc or the VHH counterpart, respectively. Overall, these formats represent the first anti-nucleolin VHHs and the first anti-nucleolin antibody with ADCC activity that have been successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Romano
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vera Moura
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- TREAT U, SA, Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, 3045-508, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Gonçalves
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Fan K, Jiang B, Guan Z, He J, Yang D, Xie N, Nie G, Xie C, Yan X. Fenobody: A Ferritin-Displayed Nanobody with High Apparent Affinity and Half-Life Extension. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5671-5677. [PMID: 29634235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies consist of a single domain variable fragment of a camelid heavy-chain antibody. Nanobodies have potential applications in biomedical fields because of their simple production procedures and low cost. Occasionally, nanobody clones of interest exhibit low affinities for their target antigens, which, together with their short half-life limit bioanalytical or therapeutic applications. Here, we developed a novel platform we named fenobody, in which a nanobody developed against H5N1 virus is displayed on the surface of ferritin in the form of a 24mer. We constructed a fenobody by substituting the fifth helix of ferritin with the nanobody. TEM analysis showed that nanobodies were displayed on the surface of ferritin in the form of 6 × 4 bundles, and that these clustered nanobodies are flexible for antigen binding in spatial structure. Comparing fenobodies with conventional nanobodies currently used revealed that the antigen binding apparent affinity of anti-H5N1 fenobody was dramatically increased (∼360-fold). Crucially, their half-life extension in a murine model was 10-fold longer than anti-H5N1 nanobody. In addition, we found that our fenobodies are highly expressed in Escherichia coli, and are both soluble and thermo-stable nanocages that self-assemble as 24-polymers. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that fenobodies have unique advantages over currently available systems for apparent affinity enhancement and half-life extension of nanobodies. Our fenobody system presents a suitable platform for various large-scale biotechnological processes and should greatly facilitate the application of nanobody technology in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhe Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jiuyang He
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dongling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Ni Xie
- Institute of Translation Medicine , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518035 , China
| | - Guohui Nie
- Institute of Translation Medicine , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518035 , China
| | - Can Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, School of Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology , Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
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23
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De Munter S, Ingels J, Goetgeluk G, Bonte S, Pille M, Weening K, Kerre T, Abken H, Vandekerckhove B. Nanobody Based Dual Specific CARs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020403. [PMID: 29385713 PMCID: PMC5855625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown that adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a very potent and possibly curative option in the treatment of B cell leukemias and lymphomas. However, targeting a single antigen may not be sufficient, and relapse due to the emergence of antigen negative leukemic cells may occur. A potential strategy to counter the outgrowth of antigen escape variants is to broaden the specificity of the CAR by incorporation of multiple antigen recognition domains in tandem. As a proof of concept, we here describe a bispecific CAR in which the single chain variable fragment (scFv) is replaced by a tandem of two single-antibody domains or nanobodies (nanoCAR). High membrane nanoCAR expression levels are observed in retrovirally transduced T cells. NanoCARs specific for CD20 and HER2 induce T cell activation, cytokine production and tumor lysis upon incubation with transgenic Jurkat cells expressing either antigen or both antigens simultaneously. The use of nanobody technology allows for the production of compact CARs with dual specificity and predefined affinity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn De Munter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Joline Ingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Departement of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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24
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Institute collection and analysis of Nanobodies (iCAN): a comprehensive database and analysis platform for nanobodies. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:797. [PMID: 29041922 PMCID: PMC5646159 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanobodies are single-domain antibodies that contain the unique structural and functional properties of naturally-occurring heavy chain in camelidae. As a novel class of antibody, they show many advantages compared with traditional antibodies such as smaller size, higher stability, improved specificity, more easily expressed in microorganisms. These unusual hallmarks make them as promising tools in basic research and clinical practice. Although thousands of nanobodies are known to be published, no single database provides searchable, unified annotation and integrative analysis tools for these various nanobodies. RESULTS Here, we present the database of Institute Collection and Analysis of Nanobodies (iCAN). It is built for the aim that addressing the above gap to expand and accelerate the nanobody research. iCAN, as the first database of nanobody, contains the most comprehensive information to date on nanobodies and related antigens. So far, iCAN incorporates 2391 entries which include 2131 from patents and 260 from publications and provides a simple user interface for researchers to retrieve and view the detailed information of nanobodies. In addition to the data collection, iCAN also provides online bioinformatic tools for sequence analysis and characteristic feature extraction. CONCLUSIONS In summary, iCAN enables researchers to analyze nanobody features and explore the applications of nanobodies more efficiently. iCAN is freely available at http://ican.ils.seu.edu.cn .
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25
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Tang X, Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Jiang J. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Assay Developed Using Two Idiotypic Nanobodies for Rapid, Quantitative, and Simultaneous Detection of Aflatoxin and Zearalenone in Maize and Its Products. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11520-11528. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil
Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil
Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil
Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Oil
Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
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26
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Drabek D, Janssens R, de Boer E, Rademaker R, Kloess J, Skehel J, Grosveld F. Expression Cloning and Production of Human Heavy-Chain-Only Antibodies from Murine Transgenic Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:619. [PMID: 28066429 PMCID: PMC5165034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several technologies have been developed to isolate human antibodies against different target antigens as a source of potential therapeutics, including hybridoma technology, phage and yeast display systems. For conventional antibodies, this involves either random pairing of VH and variable light (VL) domains in combinatorial display libraries or isolation of cognate pairs of VH and VL domains from human B cells or from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin loci followed by single-cell sorting, single-cell RT-PCR, and bulk cloning of isolated natural VH–VL pairs. Heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) that naturally occur in camelids require only heavy immunoglobulin chain cloning. Here, we present an automatable novel, high-throughput technology for rapid direct cloning and production of fully human HCAbs from sorted population of transgenic mouse plasma cells carrying a human HCAb locus. Utility of the technique is demonstrated by isolation of diverse sets of sequence unique, soluble, high-affinity influenza A strain X-31 hemagglutinin-specific HCAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Rick Janssens
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Ernie de Boer
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Skehel
- WHO Influenza Centre, Frances Crick Institute , London , UK
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Harbour Antibodies BV, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Zarschler K, Rocks L, Licciardello N, Boselli L, Polo E, Garcia KP, De Cola L, Stephan H, Dawson KA. Ultrasmall inorganic nanoparticles: State-of-the-art and perspectives for biomedical applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1663-701. [PMID: 27013135 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall nanoparticulate materials with core sizes in the 1-3nm range bridge the gap between single molecules and classical, larger-sized nanomaterials, not only in terms of spatial dimension, but also as regards physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Due to these unique properties, ultrasmall nanoparticles appear to be promising materials for nanomedicinal applications. This review overviews the different synthetic methods of inorganic ultrasmall nanoparticles as well as their properties, characterization, surface modification and toxicity. We moreover summarize the current state of knowledge regarding pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and targeting of nanoscale materials. Aside from addressing the issue of biomolecular corona formation and elaborating on the interactions of ultrasmall nanoparticles with individual cells, we discuss the potential diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications of ultrasmall nanoparticles in the emerging field of nanomedicine in the final part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Zarschler
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Louise Rocks
- Centre For BioNano Interactions (CBNI), School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nadia Licciardello
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, Germany; Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, France; Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Luca Boselli
- Centre For BioNano Interactions (CBNI), School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ester Polo
- Centre For BioNano Interactions (CBNI), School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karina Pombo Garcia
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Laboratoire de Chimie et des Biomatériaux Supramoléculaires, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, France; Institut für Nanotechnologie (INT), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- Centre For BioNano Interactions (CBNI), School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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28
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Ahdi Khosroshahi S, Farajnia S, Ghiamirad M, Tanomand A, Veisi K, Rahbarnia L, Akbari B. Development and evaluation of a single domain antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:59-64. [PMID: 26690373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in cell growth, multiplication and differentiation. Over expression of EGFR is associated with carcinogenesis and seen in variety of cancers. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies can block EGFR downstream signaling pathway resulting in inhibition of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Antibody fragments have a variety of advantages. In comparison to full length antibodies they have smaller size and therefor exhibit better tumor penetration ability. The aim of this study was to prepare a single domain antibody to target extracellular domain of EGFR. mRNA was extracted from C225 hybridoma cells producing anti-EGFR antibody and subjected to reverse transcription reaction (RT-PCR) to obtain cDNA molecules encoding VH domain of mAb C225. The cDNA encoded VH domain was in frame introduced into the pET-22b(+) vector and expressed in BL21 (DE3) bacterial cells. The resultant antibody was purified via Ni- NTA column and its reactivity was assessed by ELISA and western blot techniques using A431 cell lysate. Analysis by ELISA revealed that this single domain antibody was able to bind EGFR on A431cells. This result was further confirmed by western blotting. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that single domain antibody can identify and bind to EGFR of A431 carcinoma cells. This recombinant fragment antibody would potentially be used for targeting of cancer cells with high EGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Ghiamirad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, Ahar, Iran
| | | | - Kamal Veisi
- Immunology Research, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Rahbarnia
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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29
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Tillib SV, Vyatchanin AS, Muyldermans S. Molecular analysis of heavy chain-only antibodies of Camelus bactrianus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1382-90. [PMID: 25716733 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791412013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, IgG content and structures of antigen-binding domains and hinge regions of different IgG subtypes of Camelus bactrianus were analyzed in detail for the first time. Our data demonstrate that C. bactrianus contains a very large amount of heavy chain-only antibodies that can be used as a source of VHH domain-containing molecules. Despite some minor sequence differences identified in this study, C. bactrianus VHH domains possess principally the same unique features as those of C. dromedarius and the llama. These features are important for developing an efficient phage display-based antibody selection technology. We conclude that C. bactrianus is a very suitable animal to raise an immune response that serves as a source to identify antigen-specific VHHs selected after phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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30
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Rajan M, Mortusewicz O, Rothbauer U, Hastert FD, Schmidthals K, Rapp A, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC. Generation of an alpaca-derived nanobody recognizing γ-H2AX. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:779-88. [PMID: 26500838 PMCID: PMC4588710 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are difficult to visualize in living cells and are conveniently analyzed using antibodies. Single-chain antibody fragments derived from alpacas and called nanobodies can be expressed and bind to the target antigenic sites in living cells. As a proof of concept, we generated and characterized nanobodies against the commonly used biomarker for DNA double strand breaks γ-H2AX. In vitro and in vivo characterization showed the specificity of the γ-H2AX nanobody. Mammalian cells were transfected with fluorescent fusions called chromobodies and DNA breaks induced by laser microirradiation. We found that alternative epitope recognition and masking of the epitope in living cells compromised the chromobody function. These pitfalls should be considered in the future development and screening of intracellular antibody biomarkers.
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Key Words
- Alpaca heavy chain antibodies
- CKM, casein kinase 2 mutant
- Chromobodies
- DNA repair
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H2AX, histone H2AX
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cells
- KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- Laser microirradiation
- Live cell microscopy
- MDC1, mediator of DNA damage checkpoint-1
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- Post-translational modifications
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- VHH, variable domain of heavy-chain antibody
- XRCC1, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Rajan
- Department of Biology, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Biozentrum, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians Universitaet Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Biozentrum, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians Universitaet Munich, Germany
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31
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Li M, Fan X, Liu J, Hu Y, Huang H. Selection by phage display of nanobodies directed against hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:738-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Fan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin People's Republic of China
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32
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High-sensitivity quantitation of a Nanobody® in plasma by single-cartridge multidimensional SPE and ultra-performance LC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:53-64. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A major challenge in protein quantitation based on enzymatic digestion of complex biological samples and subsequent LC–MS/MS analysis of a signature peptide is dealing with the high complexity of the matrix after digestion, which can reduce sensitivity considerably. Results: Using single cartridge multidimensional SPE, sufficient selectivity was introduced to allow quantitation in 50 µl of plasma down to 10.0 ng/ml (˜0.3 nM). An inhouse prepared 18O-labeled signature peptide was used as the internal standard. The procedure was validated for human and rabbit plasma. Conclusion: The developed SPE procedure allowed the sensitive and selective LC–MS/MS quantitation of the Nanobody® without the use of antibodies. When appropriate precautions are taken, the 18O-labeled peptide is a practical and economical alternative to custom synthesis.
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Characterization of camel nanobodies specific for superfolder GFP fusion proteins. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6887-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shahi B, Mousavi Gargari S, Rasooli I, Rajabi Bazl M, Hoseinpoor R. Random mutagenesis of BoNT/E Hc nanobody to construct a secondary phage-display library. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:528-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Shahi
- Department of Biology; Basic Science Faculty; Shahed University; Tehran Iran
| | | | - I. Rasooli
- Department of Biology; Basic Science Faculty; Shahed University; Tehran Iran
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center; Shahed University; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Rajabi Bazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Faculaty of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - R. Hoseinpoor
- Department of Biology; Basic Science Faculty; Shahed University; Tehran Iran
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Srivastava A, O’Connor IB, Pandit A, Gerard Wall J. Polymer-antibody fragment conjugates for biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis and brain delivery of therapeutic biologics. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:703545. [PMID: 23840214 PMCID: PMC3693099 DOI: 10.1155/2013/703545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of macromolecules across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) requires both specific and nonspecific interactions between macromolecules and proteins/receptors expressed on the luminal and/or the abluminal surfaces of the brain capillary endothelial cells. Endocytosis and transcytosis play important roles in the distribution of macromolecules. Due to the tight junction of BBB, brain delivery of traditional therapeutic proteins with large molecular weight is generally not possible. There are multiple pathways through which macromolecules can be taken up into cells through both specific and nonspecific interactions with proteins/receptors on the cell surface. This review is focused on the current knowledge of receptor-mediated endocytosis/transcytosis and brain delivery using the Angiopep-2-conjugated system and the molecular Trojan horses. In addition, the role of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in regulating the efflux of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from brain to blood, and approaches to improve the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic biologics by generating Fc fusion proteins, and increasing the pH dependent binding affinity between Fc and FcRn, are discussed.
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Abstract
MβL (metallo-β-lactamase) enzymes are usually produced by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains and have spread worldwide. An approach on the basis of phage display was used to select single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs, also called nanobodies) that would inhibit the clinically relevant VIM (Verona integron-encoded MβL)-4 MβL. Out of more than 50 selected nanobodies, only the NbVIM_38 nanobody inhibited VIM-4. The paratope, inhibition mechanism and epitope of the NbVIM_38 nanobody were then characterized. An alanine scan of the NbVIM_38 paratope showed that its binding was driven by hydrophobic amino acids. The inhibitory concentration was in the micromolar range for all β-lactams tested. In addition, the inhibition was found to follow a mixed hyperbolic profile with a predominantly uncompetitive component. Moreover, substrate inhibition was recorded only after nanobody binding. These kinetic data are indicative of a binding site that is distant from the active site. This finding was confirmed by epitope mapping analysis that was performed using peptides, and which identified two stretches of amino acids in the L6 loop and at the end of the α2 helix. Because this binding site is distant from the active site and alters both the substrate binding and catalytic properties of VIM-4, this nanobody can be considered as an allosteric inhibitor.
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Liu J, Tan Y, Zhang R. Construction and characterization of a camelized, human, VH-based peptide vaccine against CD20 antigen. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:135-41. [PMID: 23413905 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to construct and characterize a camelized, human, heavy-chain variable (VH) fragment-based peptide vaccine against CD20 antigen. MATERIALS & METHODS Camelized, human VH with improved solubility and stability was used as a vaccine scaffold. A CD20 B-cell epitope was introduced into the complementarity determining region 3 of the engineered VH and a measles virus-derived T-helper epitope was grafted into the complementarity determining region 3. The chimeric VH fragment was synthesized in bacteria and purified for immunization of mice. The titers and antigen-binding specificity of the antibody elicited by the chimeric peptide vaccine were assessed in vitro. RESULTS Notably, the CD20 epitope within the chimeric VH peptide elicited high-titered anti-CD20 antibody. Besides binding to GST-CD20 fusion protein, the antibody was cross-reactive with the native CD20 antigen on Raji cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the chimeric VH peptide vaccine consisting of the CD20 epitope can induce the production of the CD20-specific antibody, likely having potential implications in preventing CD20 overexpression cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Liu
- Air Force General Hospital, People's Liberation Army, 30 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, People's Republic of China.
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Paraschiv G, Vincke C, Czaplewska P, Manea M, Muyldermans S, Przybylski M. Epitope structure and binding affinity of single chain llama anti-β-amyloid antibodies revealed by proteolytic excision affinity-mass spectrometry. J Mol Recognit 2012; 26:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Paraschiv
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis; University of Konstanz; 78457; Konstanz; Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Przybylski
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis; University of Konstanz; 78457; Konstanz; Germany
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40
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Nanobody-albumin nanoparticles (NANAPs) for the delivery of a multikinase inhibitor 17864 to EGFR overexpressing tumor cells. J Control Release 2012; 165:110-8. [PMID: 23159529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, EGFR-targeted nanomedicine has been developed in the current study. Glutaraldehyde crosslinked albumin nanoparticles with a size of approximately 100nm were loaded with the multikinase inhibitor 17864-L(x)-a platinum-bound sunitinib analogue-which couples the drug to methionine residues of albumin and is released in a reductive environment. Albumin nanoparticles were surface-coated with bifunctional polyethylene glycol 3500 (PEG) and a nanobody-the single variable domain of an antibody-(Ega1) against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGa1-PEG functionalized nanoparticles showed a 40-fold higher binding to EGFR-positive 14C squamous head and neck cancer cells in comparison to PEGylated nanoparticles. 17864-L(x) loaded EGa1-PEG nanoparticles were internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and ultimately digested in lysosomes. The intracellular routing of EGa1 targeted nanoparticles leads to a successful release of the kinase inhibitor in the cell and inhibition of proliferation whereas the non-targeted formulations had no antiproliferative effects on 14C cells. The drug loaded targeted nanoparticles were as effective as the free drug in vitro. These results demonstrate that multikinase inhibitor loaded nanoparticles are interesting nanomedicines for the treatment of EGFR-positive cancers.
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Finlay WJJ, Almagro JC. Natural and man-made V-gene repertoires for antibody discovery. Front Immunol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 23162556 PMCID: PMC3498902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market. The success of antibody-based drugs resides in their exquisite specificity, high potency, stability, solubility, safety, and relatively inexpensive manufacturing process in comparison with other biologics. We outline here the structural studies and fundamental principles that define how antibodies interact with diverse targets. We also describe the antibody repertoires and affinity maturation mechanisms of humans, mice, and chickens, plus the use of novel single-domain antibodies in camelids and sharks. These species all utilize diverse evolutionary solutions to generate specific and high affinity antibodies and illustrate the plasticity of natural antibody repertoires. In addition, we discuss the multiple variations of man-made antibody repertoires designed and validated in the last two decades, which have served as tools to explore how the size, diversity, and composition of a repertoire impact the antibody discovery process.
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Qian J, El Khoury G, Issa H, Al-Qaoud K, Shihab P, Lowe CR. A synthetic Protein G adsorbent based on the multi-component Ugi reaction for the purification of mammalian immunoglobulins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 898:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Altintas I, Kok RJ, Schiffelers RM. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in tumors: from conventional monoclonal antibodies via heavy chain-only antibodies to nanobodies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:399-407. [PMID: 22064454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of naturally occurring heavy chain only antibodies and their further development into small recombinant 'nanobodies' offers attractive applications in drug targeting. Here, we describe the properties of nanobodies that have been developed to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and contrast these to the characteristics of heavy chain only antibodies and conventional antibodies. EGFR is overexpressed in many tumors and is an attractive target for tumor-directed drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Altintas
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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A broad set of different llama antibodies specific for a 16 kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26754. [PMID: 22046343 PMCID: PMC3202562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant antibodies are powerful tools in engineering of novel diagnostics. Due to the small size and stable nature of llama antibody domains selected antibodies can serve as a detection reagent in multiplexed and sensitive assays for M. tuberculosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Antibodies for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) recognition were raised in Alpaca, and, by phage display, recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain antibodies (VHH) binding to M. tuberculosis antigens were isolated. Two phage display selection strategies were followed: one direct selection using semi-purified protein antigen, and a depletion strategy with lysates, aiming to avoid cross-reaction to other mycobacteria. Both panning methods selected a set of binders with widely differing complementarity determining regions. Selected recombinant VHHs were produced in E. coli and shown to bind immobilized lysate in direct Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests and soluble antigen by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. All tested VHHs were specific for tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis) and exclusively recognized an immunodominant 16 kDa heat shock protein (hsp). The highest affinity VHH had a dissociation constant (KD) of 4×10−10 M. Conclusions/Significance A broad set of different llama antibodies specific for 16 kDa heat shock protein of M. tuberculosis is available. This protein is highly stable and abundant in M. tuberculosis. The VHH that detect this protein are applied in a robust SPR sensor for identification of tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria.
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Ponsel D, Neugebauer J, Ladetzki-Baehs K, Tissot K. High affinity, developability and functional size: the holy grail of combinatorial antibody library generation. Molecules 2011; 16:3675-700. [PMID: 21540796 PMCID: PMC6263270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial description of phage display technology for the generation of human antibodies, a variety of selection methods has been developed. The most critical parameter for all in vitro-based approaches is the quality of the antibody library. Concurrent evolution of the libraries has allowed display and selection technologies to reveal their full potential. They come in different flavors, from naïve to fully synthetic and differ in terms of size, quality, method of preparation, framework and CDR composition. Early on, the focus has mainly been on affinities and thus on library size and diversity. Subsequently, the increased awareness of developability and cost of goods as important success factors has spurred efforts to generate libraries with improved biophysical properties and favorable production characteristics. More recently a major focus on reduction of unwanted side effects through reduced immunogenicity and improved overall biophysical behavior has led to a re-evaluation of library design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Neugebauer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +49-89-89927-179; Fax: +49-89-89927-5179
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46
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Thys B, Saerens D, Schotte L, De Bleeser G, Muyldermans S, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Rombaut B. A simple quantitative affinity capturing assay of poliovirus antigens and subviral particles by single-domain antibodies using magnetic beads. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:300-5. [PMID: 21371506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Thys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Sircar A, Sanni KA, Shi J, Gray JJ. Analysis and modeling of the variable region of camelid single-domain antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6357-67. [PMID: 21525384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Camelids have a special type of Ab, known as heavy chain Abs, which are devoid of classical Ab light chains. Relative to classical Abs, camelid heavy chain Abs (cAbs) have comparable immunogenicity, Ag recognition diversity and binding affinities, higher stability and solubility, and better manufacturability, making them promising candidates for alternate therapeutic scaffolds. Rational engineering of cAbs to improve therapeutic function requires knowledge of the differences of sequence and structural features between cAbs and classical Abs. In this study, amino acid sequences of 27 cAb variable regions (V(H)H) were aligned with the respective regions of 54 classical Abs to detect amino acid differences, enabling automatic identification of cAb V(H)H CDRs. CDR analysis revealed that the H1 often (and sometimes the H2) adopts diverse conformations not classifiable by established canonical rules. Also, although the cAb H3 is much longer than classical H3 loops, it often contains common structural motifs and sometimes a disulfide bond to the H1. Leveraging these observations, we created a Monte Carlo-based cAb V(H)H structural modeling tool, where the CDR H1 and H2 loops exhibited a median root-mean-square deviation to natives of 3.1 and 1.5 Å, respectively. The protocol generated 8-12, 14-16, and 16-24 residue H3 loops with a median root-mean-square deviation to natives of 5.7, 4.5, and 6.8 Å, respectively. The large deviation of the predicted loops underscores the challenge in modeling such long loops. cAb V(H)H homology models can provide structural insights into interaction mechanisms to enable development of novel Abs for therapeutic and biotechnological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroop Sircar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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48
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Targeting the hepatitis B virus precore antigen with a novel IgNAR single variable domain intrabody. Virology 2011; 411:132-41. [PMID: 21239030 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Hepatitis B virus precore protein is processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into secreted hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), which acts as an immune tolerogen to establish chronic infection. Downregulation of secreted HBeAg should improve clinical outcome, as patients who effectively respond to current treatments (IFN-α) have significantly lower serum HBeAg levels. Here, we describe a novel reagent, a single variable domain (V(NAR)) of the shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. V(NAR)s possess advantages in stability, size (~14 kDa) and cryptic epitope recognition compared to conventional antibodies. The V(NAR) domain displayed biologically useful affinity for recombinant and native HBeAg, and recognised a unique conformational epitope. To assess therapeutic potential in targeting intracellular precore protein to reduce secreted HBeAg, the V(NAR) was engineered for ER-targeted in vitro delivery to function as an intracellular antibody (intrabody). In vitro data from HBV/precore hepatocyte cell lines demonstrated effective intrabody regulation of precore/HBeAg.
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49
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Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Sharifzadeh Z. Nanobody; an old concept and new vehicle for immunotargeting. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:299-338. [PMID: 21244216 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.542228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibodies in cancer therapy has come a long way since the day Paul Ehrlich described the concept and Kohler and Milstein devised the hybridoma technology to bring this theory to reality. The synthesis of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was the first success in this field, leading to the invention of chimerization, the production of variable fragments (Fv) with the progression to domain antibodies (dAb) and later humanization technologies to maximize the clinical utility of murine mAbs. It was just by chance that dAbs were found to exist in ?heavy chain? immunoglobulins from Camelidae family and cartilaginous fish. These unique antibody fragments interact with antigen by virtue of only one single variable domain, referred to as VHH or nanobody. Several characteristics make nanobody use superior to the abovementioned antibodies. They are non-immunogenic and show high thermal and chemical stability. There are several reports of raising specific nanobodies against enzymes, haptens, pathogens, toxins and tumor markers, which are outlined in this paper. All these characteristics make them strong candidates as targeting agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Mortezai N, Harder S, Schnabel C, Moors E, Gauly M, Schlüter H, Wagener C, Buck F. Tandem Affinity Depletion: A Combination of Affinity Fractionation and Immunoaffinity Depletion Allows the Detection of Low-Abundance Components in the Complex Proteomes of Body Fluids. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6126-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100224y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Mortezai
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schnabel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Moors
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Buck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany, and Department of Animal Science, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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