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Zhang XY, Shao YP, Guo BK, Zhang K, Zhang FM, Zhang XM, Tu YQ. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of chiral spirocyclic 1,3-diketones via organo-cation catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11233-11235. [PMID: 34633005 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An SPA-triazolium bromide-catalyzed transannular C-acylation of enol lactones is presented. This methodology provides convenient access to a range of enantioenriched spirocyclic 1,3-diketones in moderate to high yields and enantioselectivities and features a broad substrate scope in terms of enol lactones. The catalytic capability of this triazolium salt catalyst is also demonstrated in this enantioselective transformation, which could inspire its further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Ping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Bao-Kuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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2
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Dembitsky VM, Gloriozova TA, Poroikov VV. Antitumor Profile of Carbon-Bridged Steroids (CBS) and Triterpenoids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:324. [PMID: 34205074 PMCID: PMC8228860 DOI: 10.3390/md19060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the rare group of carbon-bridged steroids (CBS) and triterpenoids found in various natural sources such as green, yellow-green, and red algae, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. In addition, this group of rare lipids is found in amoebas, fungi, fungal endophytes, and plants. For convenience, the presented CBS and triterpenoids are divided into four groups, which include: (a) CBS and triterpenoids containing a cyclopropane group; (b) CBS and triterpenoids with cyclopropane ring in the side chain; (c) CBS and triterpenoids containing a cyclobutane group; (d) CBS and triterpenoids containing cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane moieties. For the comparative characterization of the antitumor profile, we have added several semi- and synthetic CBS and triterpenoids, with various additional rings, to identify possible promising sources for pharmacologists and the pharmaceutical industry. About 300 CBS and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities, but the most pronounced antitumor profile. The review summarizes biological activities both determined experimentally and estimated using the well-known PASS software. According to the data obtained, two-thirds of CBS and triterpenoids show moderate activity levels with a confidence level of 70 to 90%; however, one third of these lipids demonstrate strong antitumor activity with a confidence level exceeding 90%. Several CBS and triterpenoids, from different lipid groups, demonstrate selective action on different types of tumor cells such as renal cancer, sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, liver cancer, and genitourinary cancer with varying degrees of confidence. In addition, the review presents graphical images of the antitumor profile of both individual CBS and triterpenoids groups and individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
| | - Tatyana A. Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Bldg. 8, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.G.); (V.V.P.)
| | - Vladimir V. Poroikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Bldg. 8, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.G.); (V.V.P.)
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3
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Wu T, Zhou Q, Tang W. Enantioselective α-Carbonylative Arylation for Facile Construction of Chiral Spirocyclic β,β'-Diketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9978-9983. [PMID: 33599064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the first enantioselective α-carbonylative arylation, providing a diverse set of chiral spiro β,β'-diketones bearing various ring sizes and functionalities in high yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities. Calculations suggest the transformation proceeds through reductive elimination instead of nucleophilic addition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinghai Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 106 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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4
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Wu T, Zhou Q, Tang W. Enantioselective α‐Carbonylative Arylation for Facile Construction of Chiral Spirocyclic β,β′‐Diketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Rd Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qinghai Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Shanghai Normal University 106 Guilin Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Rd Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan Hangzhou 310024 China
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5
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Caprioglio D, Salamone S, Pollastro F, Minassi A. Biomimetic Approaches to the Synthesis of Natural Disesquiterpenoids: An Update. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040677. [PMID: 33916090 PMCID: PMC8065479 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural disesquiterpenoids represent a small group of secondary metabolites characterized by complex molecular scaffolds and interesting pharmacological profiles. In the last decade, more than 400 new disesquiterpenoids have been discovered and fully characterized, pointing out once more the "magic touch" of nature in the design of new compounds. The perfect blend of complex and unique architectures and biological activity has made sesquiterpene dimers an attractive and challenging synthetic target, inspiring organic chemists to find new and biomimetic approaches to replicate the efficiency and the selectivity of natural processes under laboratory conditions. In this work, we present a review covering the literature from 2010 to 2020 reporting all the efforts made in the total synthesis of complex natural disesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.S.); (F.P.)
- PlantaChem srls, via Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, L.go Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.C.); (S.S.); (F.P.)
- PlantaChem srls, via Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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6
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Natural sesquiterpenoid oligomers: A chemical perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Abstract
This review highlights the progress on the isolation, bioactivity, biogenesis and total synthesis of dimeric sesquiterpenoids since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie-Feng Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Shan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
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8
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Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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9
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A unified, RCM anchored approach to spiro[4.5]decane-based sesquiterpenoids: Collective synthesis of (±)-α & β-vetispirenes, (±)-β-vetivone, (±)-agarospirol and (±)-hinesol. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Zhuo S, Zhu T, Zhou L, Mou C, Chai H, Lu Y, Pan L, Jin Z, Chi YR. Access to All‐Carbon Spirocycles through a Carbene and Thiourea Cocatalytic Desymmetrization Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shitian Zhuo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Chengli Mou
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Huifang Chai
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yunpeng Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Lutai Pan
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
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11
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Zhuo S, Zhu T, Zhou L, Mou C, Chai H, Lu Y, Pan L, Jin Z, Chi YR. Access to All‐Carbon Spirocycles through a Carbene and Thiourea Cocatalytic Desymmetrization Cascade Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1784-1788. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shitian Zhuo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Chengli Mou
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Huifang Chai
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yunpeng Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Lutai Pan
- School of PharmacyGuiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
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12
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Büschleb M, Dorich S, Hanessian S, Tao D, Schenthal KB, Overman LE. Synthetic Strategies toward Natural Products Containing Contiguous Stereogenic Quaternary Carbon Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4156-86. [PMID: 26836448 PMCID: PMC4865016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the total synthesis of complex natural products that contain two or more contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbon atoms in their intricate structures are reviewed with 12 representative examples. Emphasis has been put on methods to create quaternary carbon stereocenters, including syntheses of the same natural product by different groups, thereby showcasing the diversity of thought and individual creativity. A compendium of selected natural products containing two or more contiguous stereogenic quaternary carbon atoms and key reactions in their total or partial syntheses is provided in the Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dorich
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C. P. 6128, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Daniel Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Kyle B Schenthal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
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13
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Büschleb M, Dorich S, Hanessian S, Tao D, Schenthal KB, Overman LE. Strategien für die Synthese von Naturstoffen mit benachbarten stereogenen quartären Kohlenstoffatomen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Stéphane Dorich
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville; C. P. 6128 Montréal Qc H3C 3J7 Kanada
| | - Daniel Tao
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
| | - Kyle B. Schenthal
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
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14
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Yang BM, Cai PJ, Tu YQ, Yu ZX, Chen ZM, Wang SH, Wang SH, Zhang FM. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Tandem Nazarov Cyclization/Semipinacol Rearrangement: Rapid Construction of Chiral Spiro[4.4]nonane-1,6-diones. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8344-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Miao Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Jun Cai
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Hu Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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15
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Urabe D, Asaba T, Inoue M. Convergent Strategies in Total Syntheses of Complex Terpenoids. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9207-31. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500716f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Urabe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Asaba
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Smith LK, Baxendale IR. Total syntheses of natural products containing spirocarbocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9907-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spiro motif is becoming an increasingly prevalent structure in medicinal and organic chemistry. The total syntheses of natural products containing all-carbon spirocycles is reviewed.
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17
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Bagno A, Saielli G. Addressing the stereochemistry of complex organic molecules by density functional theory-NMR. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology; Unit of Padova; Padova Italy
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18
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A guide to small-molecule structure assignment through computation of (¹H and ¹³C) NMR chemical shifts. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:643-60. [PMID: 24556787 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol is intended to provide chemists who discover or make new organic compounds with a valuable tool for validating the structural assignments of those new chemical entities. Experimental ¹H and/or ¹³C NMR spectral data and its proper interpretation for the compound of interest is required as a starting point. The approach involves the following steps: (i) using molecular mechanics calculations (with, e.g., MacroModel) to generate a library of conformers; (ii) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations (with, e.g., Gaussian 09) to determine optimal geometry, free energies and chemical shifts for each conformer; (iii) determining Boltzmann-weighted proton and carbon chemical shifts; and (iv) comparing the computed chemical shifts for two or more candidate structures with experimental data to determine the best fit. For a typical structure assignment of a small organic molecule (e.g., fewer than ∼10 non-H atoms or up to ∼180 a.m.u. and ∼20 conformers), this protocol can be completed in ∼2 h of active effort over a 2-d period; for more complex molecules (e.g., fewer than ∼30 non-H atoms or up to ∼500 a.m.u. and ∼50 conformers), the protocol requires ∼3-6 h of active effort over a 2-week period. To demonstrate the method, we have chosen the analysis of the cis- versus the trans-diastereoisomers of 3-methylcyclohexanol (1-cis versus 1-trans). The protocol is written in a manner that makes the computation of chemical shifts tractable for chemists who may otherwise have only rudimentary computational experience.
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Tantillo DJ. Walking in the woods with quantum chemistry--applications of quantum chemical calculations in natural products research. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1079-86. [PMID: 23793561 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This Highlight describes applications of quantum chemical calculations to problems in natural products chemistry, including the elucidation of natural product structures (distinguishing between constitutional isomers, distinguishing between diastereomers, and assigning absolute configuration) and determination of reasonable mechanisms for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Suyama TL, Gerwick WH, McPhail KL. Survey of marine natural product structure revisions: a synergy of spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6675-701. [PMID: 21715178 PMCID: PMC3205310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural assignment of new natural product molecules supports research in a multitude of disciplines that may lead to new therapeutic agents and or new understanding of disease biology. However, reports of numerous structural revisions, even of recently elucidated natural products, inspired the present survey of techniques used in structural misassignments and subsequent revisions in the context of constitutional or configurational errors. Given the comparatively recent development of marine natural products chemistry, coincident with modern spectroscopy, it is of interest to consider the relative roles of spectroscopy and chemical synthesis in the structure elucidation and revision of those marine natural products that were initially misassigned. Thus, a tabulated review of all marine natural product structural revisions from 2005 to 2010 is organized according to structural motif revised. Misassignments of constitution are more frequent than perhaps anticipated by reliance on HMBC and other advanced NMR experiments, especially when considering the full complement of all natural products. However, these techniques also feature prominently in structural revisions, specifically of marine natural products. Nevertheless, as is the case for revision of relative and absolute configuration, total synthesis is a proven partner for marine, as well as terrestrial, natural products structure elucidation. It also becomes apparent that considerable 'detective work' remains in structure elucidation, in spite of the spectacular advances in spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L. Suyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 203 Pharmacy Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0212, U.S.A
| | - Kerry L. McPhail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 203 Pharmacy Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A
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Saielli G, Nicolaou KC, Ortiz A, Zhang H, Bagno A. Addressing the stereochemistry of complex organic molecules by density functional theory-NMR: vannusal B in retrospective. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6072-7. [PMID: 21438587 DOI: 10.1021/ja201108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have employed density functional theory (DFT) protocols to calculate the NMR properties of the vannusals, a class of natural products whose structures have been the subject of recent investigations. The originally assigned structure of vannusal B was revised after a long synthetic journey which generated a series of closely related diastereomers. In this work we show how DFT calculations based on density functionals and basis sets designed for the prediction of NMR spectra (M06/pcS-2 level of theory) can be used to reproduce the observed parameters, thereby offering to the synthetic chemist a useful tool to discard or accept putative structures of unknown organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- Istituto per la Tecnologia delle Membrane del CNR, Unità di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Nicolaou KC, Ortiz A, Zhang H, Guella G. Total synthesis and structural revision of vannusals A and B: synthesis of the true structures of vannusals A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7153-76. [PMID: 20443558 DOI: 10.1021/ja100742b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Having determined through total synthesis that the originally assigned structure of vannusals A and B were incorrect, we set out to uncover the identity of the true structures of these novel marine natural products. Our search was based on intelligence gathered by NMR spectroscopy and chemical synthesis and took us through the total synthesis of eight diastereomeric vannusal B structures [2, d-2, 3, d-3, 4, d-4, 5, and d-5, Figure 2]. The true structures of vannusals A and B were finally determined to be d-5 and d-1, respectively. Their total synthesis was based on a highly convergent and efficient strategy that involved fragments vinyl iodide (-)-6 and aldehyde (+/-)-94, and featured a stereoselective lithium-mediated coupling reaction and a samarium-induced cyclization process that forged the final ring of the carbon framework. The synthetic strategies and technologies developed in these investigations expand the scope of chemical synthesis and render these compounds readily available for biological evaluation, while the NMR spectroscopic insights gained should prove useful in future structural determination endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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27
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Structures, biological activities and phylogenetic relationships of terpenoids from marine ciliates of the genus Euplotes. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2080-116. [PMID: 20714425 PMCID: PMC2920544 DOI: 10.3390/md8072080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, large scale axenic cell cultures of the marine species comprising the family Euplotidae have resulted in the isolation of several new classes of terpenoids with unprecedented carbon skeletons including the (i) euplotins, highly strained acetylated sesquiterpene hemiacetals; (ii) raikovenals, built on the bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane ring system; (iii) rarisetenolides and focardins containing an octahydroazulene moiety; and (iv) vannusals, with a unique C30 backbone. Their complex structures have been elucidated through a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations. Despite the limited number of biosynthetic experiments having been performed, the large diversity of ciliate terpenoids has facilitated the proposal of biosynthetic pathways whereby they are produced from classical linear precursors. Herein, the similarities and differences emerging from the comparison of the classical chemotaxonomy approach based on secondary metabolites, with species phylogenesis based on genetic descriptors (SSU-rDNA), will be discussed. Results on the interesting ecological and biological properties of ciliate terpenoids are also reported.
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Nicolaou KC, Ortiz A, Zhang H, Dagneau P, Lanver A, Jennings MP, Arseniyadis S, Faraoni R, Lizos DE. Total synthesis and structural revision of vannusals A and B: synthesis of the originally assigned structure of vannusal B. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7138-52. [PMID: 20443561 PMCID: PMC2881636 DOI: 10.1021/ja100740t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the originally assigned structure of vannusal B (2) and its diastereomer (d-2) are described. Initial forays into these structures with model systems revealed the viability of a metathesis-based approach and a SmI(2)-mediated strategy for the key cyclization to forge the central region of the molecule, ring C. The former approach was abandoned in favor of the latter when more functionalized substrates failed to enter the cyclization process. The successful, devised convergent strategy based on the SmI(2)-mediated ring closure utilized vinyl iodide (-)-26 and aldehyde fragment (+/-)-86 as key building blocks, whose lithium-mediated coupling led to isomeric coupling products (+)-87 and (-)-88 (as shown in Scheme 17 in the article). Intermediate (-)-88 was converted, via (-)-89 and (-)-90/(+)-91, to vannusal B structure 2 (as shown in Scheme 18 in the article), whose spectroscopic data did not match those reported for the natural product. Similarly, intermediate (+)-25, obtained through coupling of vinyl iodide (-)-26 and aldehyde (+/-)-27 (as shown in Scheme 13 in the article) was transformed via intermediates (-)-97 and (+)-98 (as shown in Scheme 19 in the article) to diastereomeric vannusal B structure (+)-d-2 (as shown in Scheme 19 in the article) which was also proven spectroscopically to be non-identical to the naturally occurring substance. These investigations led to the discovery and development of a number of new synthetic technologies that set the stage for the solution of the vannusal structural conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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29
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:165-237. [DOI: 10.1039/b906091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nicolaou KC, Zhang H, Ortiz A. The true structures of the vannusals, part 1: Initial forays into suspected structures and intelligence gathering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5642-7. [PMID: 19562816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Ortiz A, Zhang H. The true structures of the vannusals, part 2: Total synthesis and revised structure of vannusal B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5648-52. [PMID: 19562817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou K, Ortiz A, Zhang H. The True Structures of the Vannusals, Part 2: Total Synthesis and Revised Structure of Vannusal B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Nicolaou K, Zhang H, Ortiz A. The True Structures of the Vannusals, Part 1: Initial Forays into Suspected Structures and Intelligence Gathering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Touré BB, Hall DG. Natural Product Synthesis Using Multicomponent Reaction Strategies. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4439-86. [PMID: 19480390 DOI: 10.1021/cr800296p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1292] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry B. Touré
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dennis G. Hall
- Department of Oncology Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Nicolaou KC, Zhang H, Ortiz A, Dagneau P. Total synthesis of the originally assigned structure of vannusal B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 47:8605-10. [PMID: 18850598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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37
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Nicolaou K, Zhang H, Ortiz A, Dagneau P. Total Synthesis of the Originally Assigned Structure of Vannusal B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation, structural determination, synthesis and chemical and microbiological transformations of natural sesquiterpenoids. 423 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Chen Y, Luo Y, Ju J, Wendt-Pienkowski E, Rajski SR, Shen B. Identification of fredericamycin E from Streptomyces griseus: Insights into fredericamycin A biosynthesis highlighting carbaspirocycle formation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:431-437. [PMID: 18232659 DOI: 10.1021/np070664n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fredericamycin (FDM) A ( 1), a pentadecaketide featuring two sets of peri-hydroxy tricyclic aromatic moieties connected through a unique asymmetric carbaspiro center, exhibits potent cytotoxicity and represents a novel anticancer drug lead. We have localized previously the fdm gene cluster to a 33 kb DNA segment of Streptomyces griseus ATCC49344, the involvement of which in the biosynthesis of 1 was confirmed by gene inactivation, complementation, and heterologous expression experiments. We now report the isolation and characterization of FDM E ( 5), a heretofore undetected intermediate for 1 biosynthesis from S. griseus, shedding new insight into the mechanism of carbaspirocycle formation. The structure of 5 was elucidated through the combination of spectroscopic methods and isotope-labeling experiments. The core spiro[4.5]decane scaffold of 5 is characterized by a unique cyclohexa-1,2,4-triketone moiety. Transformation of the spiro[4.5]decane 5 into the spiro[4.4]nonane 1 can be rationalized by a biosynthetic benzilic acid-like rearrangement. This unusual rearrangement can be mimicked in vitro by proceeding under aerobic conditions in the absence of enzyme. FDM E displays cytotoxic activity on par with 1 against a selected set of cancer cells, a finding that further supports the unique molecular topology, resulting from the unprecedented carbaspirocycle as exemplified by 1 and 5, as a novel pharmacophore for this family of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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40
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Textor A, Papastavrou I, Siewert J, Magull J, Kulik A, Fiedler HP, von Zezschwitz P, Grond S. Spirodionic Acid, a Novel Metabolite fromStreptomyces sp., Part 1: Structure Elucidation and Diels–Alder-Type Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2007; 13:7416-23. [PMID: 17583901 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Spirodionic acid (1), a novel microbial metabolite with a spiro[4.5]decene skeleton, the 6-ethyl-2H-pyrone 5, dihydrosarkomycin (6), and other metabolites were isolated from the strain Streptomyces sp. Tü 6077. Structural elucidation was accomplished by NMR spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric studies, and the biosyntheses of compounds 1, 5, and 6 were investigated by feeding experiments with (13)C-labeled precursors. All results indicate a biogenetic sequence with metabolite 5 and sarkomycin (7) as precursors in the formation of spirocyclus 1 through an intermolecular Diels-Alder-type reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Textor
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Cervia D, Garcia-Gil M, Simonetti E, Di Giuseppe G, Guella G, Bagnoli P, Dini F. Molecular mechanisms of euplotin C-induced apoptosis: involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and proteases. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1349-63. [PMID: 17440817 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolite euplotin C (EC), isolated from the marine ciliate Euplotes crassus, is a powerful cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic agent in tumour cell lines. For instance, EC induces the rapid depletion of ryanodine Ca(2+) stores, the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, and the activation of caspase-3, leading to apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to gain further insight into the mechanisms of EC-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. We found that EC increases Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and that Bax is responsible of the EC-induced dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)). In addition, EC induces the generation of reactive oxygene species (ROS) without involvement of p53. The inhibition of ROS generation prevents, at least in part, the pro-apoptotic effects of EC as well as the effects of EC on Bax, Deltapsi(m) and intracellular free Ca(2+), indicating a cross-talk between different pathways. However, definition of the effector cascade turns out to be more complex than expected and caspase-independent mechanisms, acting in parallel with caspases, should also be considered. Among them, EC increases the expression/activity of calpains downstream of ROS generation, although calpains seem to exert protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cervia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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42
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Nicolaou KC, Tang W, Dagneau P, Faraoni R. A Catalytic Asymmetric Three-Component 1,4-Addition/Aldol Reaction: Enantioselective Synthesis of the Spirocyclic System of Vannusal A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Nicolaou KC, Tang W, Dagneau P, Faraoni R. A Catalytic Asymmetric Three-Component 1,4-Addition/Aldol Reaction: Enantioselective Synthesis of the Spirocyclic System of Vannusal A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:3874-9. [PMID: 15900527 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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44
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Savoia D, Avanzini C, Allice T, Callone E, Guella G, Dini F. Antimicrobial activity of euplotin C, the sesquiterpene taxonomic marker from the marine ciliate Euplotes crassus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3828-33. [PMID: 15388442 PMCID: PMC521918 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3828-3833.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of the marine ciliate protist Euplotes crassus produce exclusive terpenoids called euplotins that play an ecological role. Among these derivatives, euplotin C is the main of four secondary metabolites isolated from cultures of this protozoon and represents the sesquiterpene taxonomic marker from E. crassus. Because different terpenoid metabolites of plant origin showed a certain antimicrobial activity, we assessed the compound euplotin C, purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and solubilized in two solubility enhancers, against the protozoa Leishmania major and Leishmani infantum, the fungus Candida albicans, and nine strains of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. An activity of euplotin C against Leishmania promastigotes was demonstrated (50% lethal doses were 4.6 or 8.1 microg/ml depending on the agent used to solubilize the compound), while the effect was less evident on Candida and nearly absent on bacteria. A nonsignificant cytotoxicity (50% lethal dose, >200 microg/ml) against the J774 cell line was observed. A leishmanicidal activity was also shown by the living, euplotin-producing cells of E. crassus cultured together with promastigotes; this activity increased with time from 10 min to 6 h of incubation. This study provides an initial rationale for the evaluation of euplotin C and other similar natural products as alternative or possibly synergistic compounds for current antiprotozoon chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianella Savoia
- University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano (TO) 10043, Italy.
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