1
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Forsyth KS, Addison MM, Eisenlohr LC. Recombinant Poxviruses: Versatile Tools for Immunological Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:217-248. [PMID: 31147943 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of antigen processing and presentation is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms that govern immune surveillance. A typical requirement of assays designed to examine antigen processing and presentation is the de novo biosynthesis of a model antigen. Historically, Vaccinia virus, a poxvirus closely related to Cowpox virus, has enjoyed widespread use for this purpose. Recombinant poxvirus-based expression has a number of advantages over other systems. Poxviruses accommodate the insertion of large pieces of recombinant DNA into their genome, and recombination and selection are relatively efficient. Poxviruses readily infect a variety of cell types, and they drive rapid and high levels of antigen expression. Additionally, they can be utilized in a variety of assays to study both MHC class I restricted and MHC class II restricted antigen processing and presentation. Ultimately, the numerous advantages of poxvirus recombinants have made the Vaccinia expression system a mainstay in the study of processing and presentation over the past two decades. In an attempt to address one shortcoming of Vaccinia virus while simultaneously retaining the benefits inherent to poxviruses, our laboratory has begun to engineer recombinant Ectromelia viruses. Ectromelia virus, or mousepox, is a natural pathogen of murine cells and performing experiments in the context of a natural host-pathogen relationship may elucidate unknown factors that influence epitope generation and host response. This chapter will describe several recombinant poxvirus system protocols used to study both MHC class I and class II antigen processing and presentation, as well as provide insight and troubleshooting techniques to improve the reproducibility and fidelity of these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary M Addison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Abstract
T cells are crucial contributors to mounting an effective immune response and increasingly the focus of therapeutic interventions in cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. Translation of current T cell immunotherapies has been hindered by off-target toxicities, limited efficacy, biological variability, and high costs. As T cell therapeutics continue to develop, the application of engineering concepts to control their delivery and presentation will be critical for their success. Here, we outline the engineer's toolbox and contextualize it with the biology of T cells. We focus on the design principles of T cell modulation platforms regarding size, shape, material, and ligand choice. Furthermore, we review how application of these design principles has already impacted T cell immunotherapies and our understanding of T cell biology. Recent, salient examples from protein engineering, synthetic particles, cellular and genetic engineering, and scaffolds and surfaces are provided to reinforce the importance of design considerations. Our aim is to provide a guide for immunologists, engineers, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical sector for the design of T cell-targeting platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Smith MR, Tolbert SV, Wen F. Protein-Scaffold Directed Nanoscale Assembly of T Cell Ligands: Artificial Antigen Presentation with Defined Valency, Density, and Ratio. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1629-1639. [PMID: 29733631 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuning antigen presentation to T cells is a critical step in investigating key aspects of T cell activation. However, existing technologies have a limited ability to control the spatial and stoichiometric organization of T cell ligands on 3D surfaces. Here, we developed an artificial antigen presentation platform based on protein scaffold-directed assembly that allows fine control over the spatial and stoichiometric organization of T cell ligands on a 3D yeast cell surface. Using this system, we observed that the T cell activation threshold on a 3D surface is independent of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) valency but instead is determined by the overall pMHC surface density. When intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was coassembled with pMHC, it enhanced antigen recognition sensitivity by 6-fold. Further, T cells responded with different magnitudes to varying ratios of pMHC and ICAM-1 and exhibited a maximum response at a ratio of 15% pMHC and 85% ICAM-1, introducing an additional parameter for tuning T cell activation. This protein scaffold-directed assembly technology is readily transferrable to acellular surfaces for translational research as well as large-scale T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephanie V. Tolbert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Perica K, Kosmides AK, Schneck JP. Linking form to function: Biophysical aspects of artificial antigen presenting cell design. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853:781-90. [PMID: 25200637 PMCID: PMC4344884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are engineered platforms for T cell activation and expansion, synthesized by coupling T cell activating proteins to the surface of cell lines or biocompatible particles. They can serve both as model systems to study the basic aspects of T cell signaling and translationally as novel approaches for either active or adoptive immunotherapy. Historically, these reductionist systems have not been designed to mimic the temporally and spatially complex interactions observed during endogenous T cell-APC contact, which include receptor organization at both micro- and nanoscales and dynamic changes in cell and membrane morphologies. Here, we review how particle size and shape, as well as heterogenous distribution of T cell activating proteins on the particle surface, are critical aspects of aAPC design. In doing so, we demonstrate how insights derived from endogenous T cell activation can be applied to optimize aAPC, and in turn how aAPC platforms can be used to better understand endogenous T cell stimulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa K Kosmides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Perica K, Tu A, Richter A, Bieler JG, Edidin M, Schneck JP. Magnetic field-induced T cell receptor clustering by nanoparticles enhances T cell activation and stimulates antitumor activity. ACS Nano 2014; 8:2252-60. [PMID: 24564881 PMCID: PMC4004316 DOI: 10.1021/nn405520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron-dextran nanoparticles functionalized with T cell activating proteins have been used to study T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. However, nanoparticle triggering of membrane receptors is poorly understood and may be sensitive to physiologically regulated changes in TCR clustering that occur after T cell activation. Nano-aAPC bound 2-fold more TCR on activated T cells, which have clustered TCR, than on naive T cells, resulting in a lower threshold for activation. To enhance T cell activation, a magnetic field was used to drive aggregation of paramagnetic nano-aAPC, resulting in a doubling of TCR cluster size and increased T cell expansion in vitro and after adoptive transfer in vivo. T cells activated by nano-aAPC in a magnetic field inhibited growth of B16 melanoma, showing that this novel approach, using magnetic field-enhanced nano-aAPC stimulation, can generate large numbers of activated antigen-specific T cells and has clinically relevant applications for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ang Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Joan Glick Bieler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Edidin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, Department of Pathology, and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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6
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Perica K, De León Medero A, Durai M, Chiu YL, Bieler JG, Sibener L, Niemöller M, Assenmacher M, Richter A, Edidin M, Oelke M, Schneck J. Nanoscale artificial antigen presenting cells for T cell immunotherapy. Nanomedicine 2014; 10:119-29. [PMID: 23891987 PMCID: PMC4114774 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC), which deliver stimulatory signals to cytotoxic lymphocytes, are a powerful tool for both adoptive and active immunotherapy. Thus far, aAPC have been synthesized by coupling T cell activating proteins such as CD3 or MHC-peptide to micron-sized beads. Nanoscale platforms have different trafficking and biophysical interaction properties and may allow development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. We therefore manufactured aAPC based on two types of nanoscale particle platforms: biocompatible iron-dextran paramagnetic particles (50-100 nm in diameter) and avidin-coated quantum dot nanocrystals (~30 nm). Nanoscale aAPC induced antigen-specific T cell proliferation from mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood T cells. When injected in vivo, both iron-dextran particles and quantum dot nanocrystals enhanced tumor rejection in a subcutaneous mouse melanoma model. This is the first description of nanoscale aAPC that induce antigen-specific T cell proliferation in vitro and lead to effective T cell stimulation and inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Artifical antigen presenting cells could revolutionize the field of cancer-directed immunotherapy. This team of investigators have manufactured two types of nanoscale particle platform-based aAPCs and demonstrates that both iron-dextran particles and quantum dot nanocrystals enhance tumor rejection in a melanoma model, providing the first description of nanoscale aAPCs that lead to effective T cell stimulation and inhibition of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrés De León Medero
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malarvizhi Durai
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yen Ling Chiu
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan Glick Bieler
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leah Sibener
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael Edidin
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathias Oelke
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Schneck
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Medicine. Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Siciliano NA, Huang L, Eisenlohr LC. Recombinant poxviruses: versatile tools for immunological assays. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 960:219-245. [PMID: 23329491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of antigen processing and presentation is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms that govern immune surveillance. A typical requirement of assays designed to examine antigen processing and presentation is the de novo biosynthesis of a model antigen. Historically, Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus closely related to Cowpox, has enjoyed widespread use for this purpose. Recombinant poxvirus-based expression has a number of advantages over other systems. Poxviruses accommodate the insertion of large pieces of recombinant DNA into their genome, and recombination and selection are relatively efficient. Poxviruses readily infect a variety of cell types, and they drive rapid and high levels of antigen expression. Additionally, they can be utilized in a variety of assays to study both MHC class I-restricted and MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and presentation. Ultimately, the numerous advantages of poxvirus recombinants have made the Vaccinia expression system a mainstay in the study of processing and presentation over the past two decades. In an attempt to address one shortcoming of VACV while simultaneously retaining the benefits inherent to poxviruses, our laboratory has begun to engineer recombinant Ectromelia viruses. Ectromelia virus, or mousepox, is a natural pathogen of murine cells and performing experiments in the context of a natural host-pathogen relationship may elucidate unknown factors that influence epitope generation and host response. This chapter describes several recombinant poxvirus system protocols used to study both MHC class I and class II antigen processing and presentation, as well as provides insight and troubleshooting techniques to improve the reproducibility and fidelity of these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Siciliano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The magnitude of CTL-mediated immunity response is highly dependent on the density of antigenic peptide-MHC I complexes at the cell surface. In this study, we adopt a novel strategy to promote the surface level of specific peptide-MHC I complexes. The strategy combines the inhibition of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) with the delivery of specific peptide into endoplasmic reticulum directly without the help of TAP. First, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to inhibit TAP expression for blocking endogenous epitope-assembled MHC class I on cell surface. Second, a peptide epitope of interest was covalently linked onto human beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m). Both TAP-specific siRNA and the peptide-linked beta2m were delivered into antigen-presentation cells sequentially or simultaneously using a retrovirus delivery system. The combined strategy produces a significant amount of MHC I loaded with specific epitopes on the surface while reducing endogenously peptide-assembled MHC class I both in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of induction of specific immune response with the strategy against tumor cells is demonstrated in both tumor cell lines and a syngenic graft tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Salek-Ardakani S, Arens R, Flynn R, Sette A, Schoenberger SP, Croft M. Preferential use of B7.2 and not B7.1 in priming of vaccinia virus-specific CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2009; 182:2909-18. [PMID: 19234186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that CD28 provides critical costimulatory signals required for optimal CD8 T cell expansion and effector function in response to several viruses, including influenza, HSV, and vaccinia virus (VACV). CD28 has two ligands expressed largely on professional APC, named B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). Although some results suggest that these ligands are equivalent and both promote CD28 signaling, it is not clear whether they are equally important for priming of antiviral T cells. Herein we show that B7.2 is critical for early CD8 T cell responses to both dominant and subdominant VACV epitopes, correlating with its strong induction on CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells. In contrast, B7.1 plays no significant role. Signals from an exogenously applied adjuvant can recruit B7.1 activity and lead to further enhanced priming of VACV-reactive CD8 T cells. However, during a natural infection, B7.1 is not functional, likely related to inefficient up-regulation or active suppression by VACV. These studies provide evidence that B7.2 is the major ligand for the CD28 receptor on VACV-specific CD8 T cells, that B7.2 can promote efficient CD8 T cell priming without B7.1, and that B7.1 and B7.2 can be differentially utilized during antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Chevaliez S, Balanant J, Maillard P, Lone YC, Lemonnier FA, Delpeyroux F. Role of class I human leukocyte antigen molecules in early steps of echovirus infection of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Virology 2008; 381:203-14. [PMID: 18823925 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several echoviruses use decay accelerating factor (DAF) as a cell surface receptor. However, most of them require additional cell surface coreceptors. We investigated the respective roles of DAF and class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in the early steps of the echovirus 11 (EV11) lifecycle in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. EV11 infection was inhibited at an early stage by anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies and by a soluble monochain HLA class I molecule. Expression of class I HLA molecules restored the early steps of the EV11 lifecycle, but its expression was not sufficient for EV11 replication and particle production. Expression of HLA class I molecules was associated with leukocyte cell line permissiveness to EV11 infection. In conclusion, HLA class I molecules are involved in the early steps of EV11 infection of RD cells and appear to participate in a complex interplay of surface molecules acting as coreceptors, including DAF.
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11
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12
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Obermann S, Petrykowska S, Manns MP, Korangy F, Greten TF. Peptide-beta2-microglobulin-major histocompatibility complex expressing cells are potent antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells. Immunology 2007; 122:90-7. [PMID: 17472719 PMCID: PMC2265982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. Successful adoptive immunotherapy depends on the ex vivo priming and expansion of antigen-specific T cells. However, the in vitro generation of adequate numbers of functional antigen-specific T cell remains a major obstacle. It is important to develop efficient and reproducible methods to generate high numbers of antigen-specific T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer. We have developed a new artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC) by transfection of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I negative Daudi cells with a peptide-beta2-microglobulin-MHC fusion construct (single-chain aAPC) ensuring presentation of the peptide-MHC complex of interest. Using this artificial antigen-presenting cell, we could generate up to 9.2 x 10(8) antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells from 10 ml blood. In vitro generated T cells lysed endogenously presented antigens. Direct comparison of the single-chain aAPC with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells demonstrated that these cells were equally efficient in stimulation of T cells. Finally, we were able to generate antigen-specific T cell lines from perpheral blood mononuclear cells of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. The use of single-chain aAPC represent a promising option for the generation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, which could be used for adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Obermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Vitalis TZ, Zhang QJ, Alimonti J, Chen SS, Basha G, Moise A, Tiong J, Tian MM, Choi KB, Waterfield D, Jeffries A, Jefferies WA. Using the TAP component of the antigen-processing machinery as a molecular adjuvant. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e36. [PMID: 16389301 PMCID: PMC1323471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that over-expression of transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP1 and TAP2), components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen-processing pathway, enhances antigen-specific cytotoxic activity in response to viral infection. An expression system using recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) was used to over-express human TAP1 and TAP2 (VV-hTAP1,2) in normal mice. Mice coinfected with either vesicular stomatitis virus plus VV-hTAP1,2 or Sendai virus plus VV-hTAP1,2 increased cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity by at least 4-fold when compared to coinfections with a control vector, VV encoding the plasmid PJS-5. Coinfections with VV-hTAP1,2 increased virus-specific CTL precursors compared to control infections without VV-hTAP1,2. In an animal model of lethal viral challenge after vaccination, VV-hTAP1,2 provided protection against a lethal challenge of VV at doses 100-fold lower than control vector alone. Mechanistically, the total MHC class I antigen surface expression and the cross-presentation mechanism in spleen-derived dendritic cells was augmented by over-expression of TAP. Furthermore, VV-hTAP1,2 increases splenic TAP transport activity and endogenous antigen processing, thus rendering infected targets more susceptible to CTL recognition and subsequent killing. This is the first demonstration that over-expression of a component of the antigen-processing machinery increases endogenous antigen presentation and dendritic cell cross-presentation of exogenous antigens and may provide a novel and general approach for increasing immune responses against pathogens at low doses of vaccine inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Z Vitalis
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qian-Jin Zhang
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judie Alimonti
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susan S Chen
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Genc Basha
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alex Moise
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Tiong
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mei Mei Tian
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyung Bok Choi
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas Waterfield
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andy Jeffries
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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14
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Walter S, Herrgen L, Schoor O, Jung G, Wernet D, Bühring HJ, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S. Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres. J Immunol 2004; 171:4974-8. [PMID: 14607891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells are key effectors in the immunotherapy of malignant and viral diseases. However, the lack of efficient methods for their in vitro priming and expansion has become a bottleneck to the development of vaccines and adoptive transfer strategies. Synthetic artificial APCs (aAPCs) are now emerging as an attractive tool for eliciting and expanding CTL responses. We show that, by controlling the MHC density on aAPCs, high- or low-avidity tumor-directed human CTL lines can be raised effectively in vitro if costimulation via CD28 and IL-12 is provided. Compared with low-avidity CTL lines, high-avidity CTLs need 100- to 1000-fold less peptide for activation, bind more MHC tetramers, and, as expected, are superior in recognizing tumor cell lines expressing Ag. We believe that the possibility to raise Ag-specific T cells with predetermined avidity will be crucial for the future use of aAPCs in immunotherapeutical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Walter
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Abstract
For many years, the detection of antigen-specific T cells has relied on indirect in vitro assays such as cytokine secretion, proliferation or chromium release assays. Things have dramatically changed during the past few years, thanks to the imagination of several investigators who have developed very elegant strategies to produce multivalent peptide/MHC complexes. One of these strategies has been to produce peptide-loaded monomeric biotinylated MHC molecules, which could be obtained as tetramers upon incubation with tetravalent streptavidin. Although this latter approach has been by far the most popular, this review focuses on other strategies which have also been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hugues
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire UMR6097, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France
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16
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Savage P, Cowburn P, Clayton A, Man S, McMichael A, Lemoine N, Epenetos A, Ogg G. Induction of viral and tumour specific CTL responses using antibody targeted HLA class I peptide complexes. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1336-42. [PMID: 11953895 PMCID: PMC2375334 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2001] [Revised: 01/23/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of cytotoxic T cells with specificity for cancer cells is a rapidly evolving branch of cancer therapeutics. A variety of approaches aim to amplify anti-tumour cytotoxic T cell responses using purified peptides, tumour cell lysates or recombinant HLA/peptide complexes in differing antigen presenting systems. Using a two-step biotin-streptavidin antibody targeting system, recombinant HLA-class I/peptide complexes were attached to the surface of B cells via the anti-CD20 B9E9-scFvSA antibody-streptavidin fusion protein. Flow cytometry with a conformation dependant monoclonal antibody to HLA class I indicated that targeted HLA-class I/peptide complexes remain on the surface of B cells in culture for periods in excess of 72 h. PBMCs were stimulated in vitro for 8-14 days using the autologous B cells as antigen presenting cells. Following a single cycle of stimulation specific cytotoxic T cell responses to targeted HLA-A2 complexes containing the M1, BMLF1 and Melan A peptides could be demonstrated by tetramer staining and Cr release assays. With the HLA-A2/BMLF1 complex up to 2.99% of CD8+ve cells were tetramer positive producing 20% lysis (E : T 10 : 1) of CIR-A2 target cells in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay compared to baseline levels of 0.09% tetramer +ve and 2% lysis in the unstimulated population. PBMCs from a healthy donor treated with two cycles of stimulations with targeted HLA-A2/Melan A complexes, demonstrated expansion of the melanA tetramer +ve population from 0.03% to 1.4% producing 15% lysis of Melan A pulsed target cells. With further consideration to the key variables of HLA/peptide complex density, the ratio of stimulator to effector cells and optimum cytokine support, this system should offer an easy and effective method for the in vitro amplification of specific cytotoxic T cell responses and warrants development for the in vivo induction of cytotoxic T cell responses in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Savage
- Alexis Biotechnology, 81 Harley Street, London W1N 1DE, UK.
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Mittrücker HW, Kursar M, Köhler A, Hurwitz R, Kaufmann SH. Role of CD28 for the generation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. J Immunol 2001; 167:5620-7. [PMID: 11698433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes results in a strong CD8(+) T cell response that is critical for efficient control of infection. We used CD28-deficient mice to characterize the function of CD28 during Listeria infection, with a main emphasis on Listeria-specific CD8(+) T cells. Frequencies and effector functions of these T cells were determined using MHC class I tetramers, single cell IFN-gamma production and Listeria-specific cytotoxicity. During primary Listeria infection of CD28(-/-) mice we observed significantly reduced numbers of Listeria-specific CD8(+) T cells and only marginal levels of specific IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity. Although frequencies were also reduced in CD28(-/-) mice during secondary response, we detected a considerable population of Listeria-specific CD8(+) T cells in these mice. In parallel, IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity were observed, revealing that Listeria-specific CD8(+) T cells in CD28(-/-) mice expressed normal effector functions. Consistent with their impaired CD8(+) T cell activation, CD28(-/-) mice suffered from exacerbated listeriosis both after primary and secondary infection. These results demonstrate participation of CD28 signaling in the generation and expansion of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in listeriosis. However, Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells generated in the absence of CD28 differentiated into normal effector and memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Cooperation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oncogenic Viruses/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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19
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Wang B, Maile R, Greenwood R, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Naive CD8+ T cells do not require costimulation for proliferation and differentiation into cytotoxic effector cells. J Immunol 2000; 164:1216-22. [PMID: 10640733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most current models of T cell activation postulate a requirement for two distinct signals. One signal is delivered through the TCR by engagement with peptide/MHC complexes, and the second is delivered by interaction between costimulatory molecules such as CD28 and its ligands CD80 and CD86. Soluble peptide/MHC tetramers provide an opportunity to test whether naive CD8+ T cells can be activated via the signal generated through the TCR-alphabeta in the absence of any potential costimulatory molecules. Using T cells from two different TCR transgenic mice in vitro, we find that TCR engagement by peptide/MHC tetramers is sufficient for the activation of naive CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, these T cells proliferate, produce cytokines, and differentiate into cytolytic effectors. Under the conditions where anti-CD28 is able to enhance proliferation of normal B6 CD4+, CD8+, and TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells with anti-CD3, we see no effect of anti-CD28 on proliferation induced by tetramers. The results of this experiment argue that given a strong signal delivered through the TCR by an authentic ligand, no costimulation is required.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Interphase/genetics
- Interphase/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Verdegaal EM, Huinink DB, Hoogstraten C, Marijnissen AK, Gorsira MB, Claas FH, Osanto S. Isolation of broadly reactive, tumor-specific, HLA Class-I restricted CTL from blood lymphocytes of a breast cancer patient. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:1195-206. [PMID: 10626733 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood lymphocytes of a HLA-A2 positive breast cancer patient were stimulated with either MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231, i.e., HLA-A2-matched allogeneic breast carcinoma cell lines. Several CD8+ CTL clones with reactivity against the stimulator cells but not against K562 were generated. Reactivity could be blocked with monoclonal antibody (mAb) W6/32, MA2.1, and/or BB7.2, indicating that the clones are HLA-class I and HLA-A2 restricted. The CTL clones generated following stimulation with MCF-7, recognized various other allogeneic HLA-A2+ tumor cell lines, including breast carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma cell lines, but not HLA-A2 tumor cell lines. The CTL clones did not recognize normal HLA-A2+ cells including breast epithelial cells, renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC), or EBV-transformed B cells including the autologous EBV cell line. In contrast to the CTL clones induced with MCF-7, the reactivity of the clones stimulated with MDA-MB-231, was limited to the stimulator cell MDA-MB-231. Cytotoxicity assays utilizing T2 cells loaded with peptides as target cells indicated that none of the examined CTL-epitopes derived from HER-2/neu, Muc-1, Ep-CAM-1, and p53 were recognized by the CTL clones generated. Our findings underscore that breast cancer is an immunogenic tumor and that HLA-class I-matched allogeneic tumor cells can be used as stimulator cells to generate tumor-specific CTL from peripheral blood of a breast cancer patient with specificity for an antigenic determinant that is broadly expressed on tumor cells from various origins or with specificity limited to the breast cancer stimulator cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Verdegaal
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
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21
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Wherry EJ, Puorro KA, Porgador A, Eisenlohr LC. The Induction of Virus-Specific CTL as a Function of Increasing Epitope Expression: Responses Rise Steadily Until Excessively High Levels of Epitope Are Attained. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of epitope expression levels in CD8+ T cell priming has been controversial. Yet this parameter is of great importance in the design of rational approaches to optimize CTL responses to a variety of pathogens. In this paper we examine the influence of epitope production on CD8+ T cell priming by exploiting a system that allows a 200-fold range of cell surface epitope expression in vitro with a fixed dose of vaccinia virus. Our results demonstrate that, with the exception of a notable decline at the highest level of epitope, the magnitude of the responding CTL population generated in vivo following equivalent viral infections is essentially proportional to epitope density.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. John Wherry
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Kristin A. Puorro
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Angel Porgador
- †Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Ben-Gurion, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laurence C. Eisenlohr
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
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Hauser C, Zipprich F, Leblond I, Wirth S, Hügin AW. Protective Immunity from Naive CD8+ T Cells Activated In Vitro with MHC Class I Binding Immunogenic Peptides and IL-2 in the Absence of Specialized APCs. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ag-specific CTL can protect against tumors and some viral infections and may be useful for adoptive immunotherapy. Here, we show that purified CD8+ T cells from naive C57BL/6 mice can be primed in vitro with different immunogenic peptides, which bind to MHC class I gene products, and IL-2 to exhibit specific and MHC-restricted effector function in vitro and in vivo protection against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and B16.F10 melanoma lung metastases. Limiting dilution assays in the absence of feeder cells with highly purified CD8+ T cells from two transgenic mice strains, each expressing a different MHC class I-restricted TCR, indicated that only peptide and IL-2, but not TCR− cells, were required for the growth of naive CD8+ T cells. These alternative minimal requirements for the activation and expansion of specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, without the need for professional APC, may be exploited for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Hauser
- *Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and
- †Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Susanne Wirth
- *Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and
| | - Ambros W. Hügin
- †Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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