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Vaisfeld A, Neri G. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2024:e32088. [PMID: 38766979 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS; OMIM 312870) is an overgrowth/multiple congenital anomalies/dysplasia condition, inherited as an X-linked semi-dominant trait, with variable expressivity in males and reduced penetrance and expressivity in females. The clinical spectrum is broad, ranging from mild manifestations in both males and females to multiple malformations and neonatal death in the more severely affected cases. An increased risk of neoplasia is reported, requiring periodical surveillance. Intellectual development is normal in most cases. SGBS is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the GPC3 gene, either deletions or point mutations, distributed all over the gene. Notably, GPC3 deletion/point mutations are not found in a significant proportion of clinically diagnosed SGBS cases. The protein product GPC3 is a glypican functioning as a receptor for Hh at the cell surface, involved in the Hh-Ptc-Smo signaling pathway, a regulator of cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vaisfeld
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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2
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Lazea C, Vulturar R, Chiș A, Encica S, Horvat M, Belizna C, Damian LO. Macrocephaly and Finger Changes: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5567. [PMID: 38791606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocephaly, characterized by an abnormally large head circumference, often co-occurs with distinctive finger changes, presenting a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. This review aims to provide a current synthetic overview of the main acquired and genetic etiologies associated with macrocephaly and finger changes. The genetic cause encompasses several categories of diseases, including bone marrow expansion disorders, skeletal dysplasias, ciliopathies, inherited metabolic diseases, RASopathies, and overgrowth syndromes. Furthermore, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases are also explored for their potential involvement in macrocephaly and finger changes. The intricate genetic mechanisms involved in the formation of cranial bones and extremities are multifaceted. An excess in growth may stem from disruptions in the intricate interplays among the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors that regulate human growth. Understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms is important for elucidating the developmental pathways and biological processes that contribute to the observed clinical phenotypes. The review provides a practical approach to delineate causes of macrocephaly and finger changes, facilitate differential diagnosis and guide for the appropriate etiological framework. Early recognition contributes to timely intervention and improved outcomes for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lazea
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 1st Pediatrics Clinic, Emergency Pediatric Clinical Hospital, 400370 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romana Vulturar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Association for Innovation in Rare Inflammatory, Metabolic, Genetic Diseases INNOROG, 30E, Făgetului St., 400497 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adina Chiș
- Department of Molecular Sciences, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Association for Innovation in Rare Inflammatory, Metabolic, Genetic Diseases INNOROG, 30E, Făgetului St., 400497 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Svetlana Encica
- Department of Pathology, "Niculae Stancioiu" Heart Institute Cluj-Napoca, 19-21 Calea Moților St., 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Melinda Horvat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Belizna
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, University of Angers, 49100 Angers, France
- Internal Medicine Department Clinique de l'Anjou, Vascular and Coagulation Department, University Hospital Angers, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Laura-Otilia Damian
- Association for Innovation in Rare Inflammatory, Metabolic, Genetic Diseases INNOROG, 30E, Făgetului St., 400497 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rare Musculoskeletal Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- CMI Reumatologie Dr. Damian, 400002 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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3
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Perotti D, Williams RD, Wegert J, Brzezinski J, Maschietto M, Ciceri S, Gisselsson D, Gadd S, Walz AL, Furtwaengler R, Drost J, Al-Saadi R, Evageliou N, Gooskens SL, Hong AL, Murphy AJ, Ortiz MV, O'Sullivan MJ, Mullen EA, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Fernandez CV, Graf N, Grundy PE, Geller JI, Dome JS, Perlman EJ, Gessler M, Huff V, Pritchard-Jones K. Hallmark discoveries in the biology of Wilms tumour. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:158-180. [PMID: 37848532 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The modern study of Wilms tumour was prompted nearly 50 years ago, when Alfred Knudson proposed the 'two-hit' model of tumour development. Since then, the efforts of researchers worldwide have substantially expanded our knowledge of Wilms tumour biology, including major advances in genetics - from cloning the first Wilms tumour gene to high-throughput studies that have revealed the genetic landscape of this tumour. These discoveries improve understanding of the embryonal origin of Wilms tumour, familial occurrences and associated syndromic conditions. Many efforts have been made to find and clinically apply prognostic biomarkers to Wilms tumour, for which outcomes are generally favourable, but treatment of some affected individuals remains challenging. Challenges are also posed by the intratumoural heterogeneity of biomarkers. Furthermore, preclinical models of Wilms tumour, from cell lines to organoid cultures, have evolved. Despite these many achievements, much still remains to be discovered: further molecular understanding of relapse in Wilms tumour and of the multiple origins of bilateral Wilms tumour are two examples of areas under active investigation. International collaboration, especially when large tumour series are required to obtain robust data, will help to answer some of the remaining unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perotti
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard D Williams
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Wegert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jack Brzezinski
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Research Center, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - David Gisselsson
- Cancer Cell Evolution Unit, Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office of Medical Services, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Samantha Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy L Walz
- Division of Hematology,Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhoikos Furtwaengler
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Evageliou
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, CHOP Specialty Care Center, Vorhees, NJ, USA
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael V Ortiz
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- Histology Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Division of Paediatric Hematology Oncology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Paul E Grundy
- Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital and the Department of Paediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Perlman
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Nussbaumer G, Benesch M. Hepatoblastoma in molecularly defined, congenital diseases. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2527-2535. [PMID: 35478319 PMCID: PMC9545988 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and trisomy 18 are the most common congenital conditions associated with an increased incidence of hepatoblastoma (HB). In patients with these genetic disorders, screening protocols for HB are proposed that include periodic abdominal ultrasound and measurement of alpha-fetoprotein levels. Surveillance in these children may contribute to the early detection of HB and possibly improve their chances of overall survival. Therefore, physicians must be aware of the high HB incidence in children with certain predisposing genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Nussbaumer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martin Benesch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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5
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Mackay DJG, Temple IK. Ongoing Challenges in the Diagnosis of 11p15.5-Associated Imprinting Disorders. Mol Diagn Ther 2022; 26:263-72. [PMID: 35522427 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The overgrowth disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and the growth restriction disorder Silver-Russell syndrome have been described as 'mirror' syndromes, in both their clinical features and molecular causes. Clinically, their nonspecific features, focused around continuous variables of atypical growth, make it hard to set diagnostic thresholds that are pragmatic without potentially excluding some cases. Molecularly, both are imprinting disorders, classically associated with 'opposite' genetic and epigenetic changes to genes on chromosome 11p15, but both are associated with somatic mosaicism as well as an increasing range of alternative (epi)genetic changes to other genes, which make molecular diagnosis an increasingly complex process. In this Current Opinion, we explore how the understanding of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome has evolved in recent years, stretching the canonical 'mirror' designations in different ways for the two disorders and how this is changing clinical and molecular diagnosis. We suggest some possible directions of travel toward more timely and stratified diagnosis, so that patients can access the early interventions that are so critical for good outcome.
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6
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Bendixen C, Brosens E, Chung WK. Genetic Diagnostic Strategies and Counseling for Families Affected by Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2021; 31:472-481. [PMID: 34911129 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common and severe birth defect with variable clinical outcome and associated malformations in up to 60% of patients. Mortality and morbidity remain high despite advances in pre-, intra-, and postnatal management. We review the current literature and give an overview about the genetics of CDH to provide guidelines for clinicians with respect to genetic diagnostics and counseling for families. Until recently, the common practice was (molecular) karyotyping or chromosome microarray if the CDH diagnosis is made prenatally with a 10% diagnostic yield. Undiagnosed patients can be reflexed to trio exome/genome sequencing with an additional diagnostic yield of 10 to 20%. Even with a genetic diagnosis, there can be a range of clinical outcomes. All families with a child with CDH with or without additional malformations should be offered genetic counseling and testing in a family-based trio approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bendixen
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Unit of Pediatric Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy Kay Chung
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
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7
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Hol JA, Jewell R, Chowdhury T, Duncan C, Nakata K, Oue T, Gauthier-Villars M, Littooij AS, Kaneko Y, Graf N, Bourdeaut F, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Pritchard-Jones K, Maher ER, Kratz CP, Jongmans MCJ. Wilms tumour surveillance in at-risk children: Literature review and recommendations from the SIOP-Europe Host Genome Working Group and SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2021; 153:51-63. [PMID: 34134020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since previous consensus-based Wilms tumour (WT) surveillance guidelines were published, novel genes and syndromes associated with WT risk have been identified, and diagnostic molecular tests for previously known syndromes have improved. In view of this, the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP)-Europe Host Genome Working Group and SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group hereby present updated WT surveillance guidelines after an extensive literature review and international consensus meetings. These guidelines are for use by clinical geneticists, pediatricians, pediatric oncologists and radiologists involved in the care of children at risk of WT. Additionally, we emphasise the need to register all patients with a cancer predisposition syndrome in national or international databases, to enable the development of better tumour risk estimates and tumour surveillance programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna A Hol
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalyn Jewell
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kayo Nakata
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Oue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hyōgo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan
| | | | - Annemieke S Littooij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yasuhiko Kaneko
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Pediatric Oncology & Hematology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- SIREDO Pediatric Oncology Center, Institut Curie Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology & Rare Disease Program, Hannover Medical School, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjolijn C J Jongmans
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht / Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Goudie C, Cullinan N, Villani A, Mathews N, van Engelen K, Malkin D, Irwin MS, Foulkes WD. Retrospective evaluation of a decision-support algorithm (MIPOGG) for genetic referrals for children with neuroblastic tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27390. [PMID: 30117275 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor. Germline pathogenic variants in ALK and PHOX2B, as well as other cancer predisposition genes, are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of neuroblastic tumors. A challenge for clinicians is the identification of children with neuroblastoma who require genetics evaluation for underlying cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS). PROCEDURE We developed a decisional algorithm (MIPOGG) to identify which patients with neuroblastic tumors have an increased likelihood of an underlying CPS. This algorithm, comprising 11 Yes/No questions, evaluates features in the tumor, personal and family history that are suggestive of an underlying CPS. We assessed the algorithm's performance in a retrospective cohort. RESULTS Two hundred and nine of 278 consecutive patients with neuroblastic tumors at The Hospital for Sick Children (2007-2016) had sufficient clinical data for retrospective application of the decisional algorithm. Fifty-one of 209 patients had been referred to genetics for CPS evaluation; 6/51 had a genetic or clinical confirmation of a CPS. The algorithm correctly identified all six children (Beckwith-Wiedemann (n = 2), Fanconi anemia, RB1, PHOX2B, chromosome duplication involving ALK) as requiring a genetic evaluation by using clinical features present at diagnosis. The level of agreement between the algorithm and physicians was 83.9%, with 15 more patients identified by the algorithm than by physicians as requiring a genetics referral. CONCLUSIONS This decisional algorithm appropriately detected all patients who, following genetic evaluation, were confirmed to have a CPS and may improve the detection of CPS in patients with neuroblastic tumors compared with current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Goudie
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noelle Cullinan
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anita Villani
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kalene van Engelen
- Department of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Meredith S Irwin
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Russo FM, Cordier AG, De Catte L, Saada J, Benachi A, Deprest J. Proposal for standardized prenatal ultrasound assessment of the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by the European reference network on rare inherited and congenital anomalies (ERNICA). Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:629-637. [PMID: 29924391 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a rare disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Antenatal ultrasound screening identifies more than 70% of cases, providing the opportunity for in utero referral to a tertiary care center for expert assessment and perinatal management. Additional genetic and morphologic assessment may be used to rule out associated anomalies. In isolated cases, the outcome may be predicted prenatally by medical imaging. The combination of lung size and liver herniation is a widely accepted method to stratify fetuses into groups with an increasing degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and corresponding mortality rates. Ultrasound measurement of the observed to expected lung-to-head ratio (o/e LHR) is most widely used. The o/e LHR is an independent predictor of survival and short-term morbidity. Finally, evaluation of stomach position has recently been introduced as an indirect method to estimate severity of the disease in left-sided defects, as it has been shown to correlate with the proportion of intrathoracic liver. Herein, we propose a protocol for the standardized ultrasound assessment of fetuses with isolated CDH and individualized prediction of neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Russo
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Academic Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Gael Cordier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France
| | - Luc De Catte
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Academic Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Saada
- Centre Référence Maladie Rare: Hernie de Coupole Diaphragmatique, Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France.,Centre Référence Maladie Rare: Hernie de Coupole Diaphragmatique, Clamart, France
| | - Jan Deprest
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Academic Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Wang S, Chen N, Chen Y, Sun L, Li L, Liu H. Elevated GPC3 level promotes cell proliferation in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:970-976. [PMID: 29963171 PMCID: PMC6019913 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological role of glypican 3 (GPC3), and to identify its mechanism and clinical significance in the carcinogenesis of liver cancer. A total of 114 patients with liver cancer were involved. Their clinical data, hematoxylin and eosin-stained and Antigen Ki-67 protein (Ki-67) and GPC3 immunohistochemically-stained liver cancer tissue sections were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between the liver cancer proliferation, differentiation and GPC3 expression. Fluorescence microscopy, western blotting, MTT and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were performed in HepG2 and HLE cell lines to investigate the potential mechanisms of action. Among the 114 patients with liver cancer enrolled in the present study, 12 exhibited well-differentiated liver cancer, of which 6 (50%) were positive for GPC3. A total of 30 cases exhibited poorly differentiated liver cancer; 26 (87%) of these expressed GPC3 and 11 cases (37%) demonstrated strong positive expression levels. The other 72 liver cancer cases were moderately differentiated; 75% (54/72) of these expressed GPC3 and 12.5% (9/72) exhibited strong positive expression levels. There was a significant association between the levels of GPC3 expression and liver cancer differentiation (χ2=16.306, P=0.008). Ki-67 staining as the criteria of the liver cancer cell proliferation index also indicated a cross correlation between liver cancer proliferation and GPC3 levels. Among the 39 liver cancer samples with a cell proliferation index <5%, only 2.6% (1/39) exhibited strong positive GPC3 staining, but of the 16 cases with a high cell proliferation index >50%, 6 exhibited strong GPC3 staining (37.5%). The difference of cell proliferation indexes between cancer cells were well, moderate and poorly differentiated, and was markedly significant (χ2=26.334, P=0.002), and suggested that liver cancer cell proliferation was positively correlated with GPC3 expression (r=0.316, P=0.001). Consistently, in vitro analysis indicated that GPC3 promoted HepG2 and HLE cell growth, which was more apparent in HepG2 cells. The RT-qPCR results indicated that GPC3 promoted proliferation through the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in HepG2 cells, but not in HLE cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that patients with liver cancer with higher GPC3 levels exhibited poorer differentiation and higher proliferation levels. In vitro GPC3 may promote liver cancer cell lines proliferation through the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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11
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Minatogawa M, Iwasaki F, Yokoi T, Nagai J, Sakazume S, Goto H, Kurosawa K. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a male with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1680-1682. [PMID: 29737011 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Minatogawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Iwasaki
- Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yokoi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junichi Nagai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Sakazume
- Division of Pediatrics, Haramach Redcross Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Kalish JM, Doros L, Helman LJ, Hennekam RC, Kuiper RP, Maas SM, Maher ER, Nichols KE, Plon SE, Porter CC, Rednam S, Schultz KAP, States LJ, Tomlinson GE, Zelley K, Druley TE. Surveillance Recommendations for Children with Overgrowth Syndromes and Predisposition to Wilms Tumors and Hepatoblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:e115-e122. [PMID: 28674120 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of genetic syndromes have been linked to increased risk for Wilms tumor (WT), hepatoblastoma (HB), and other embryonal tumors. Here, we outline these rare syndromes with at least a 1% risk to develop these tumors and recommend uniform tumor screening recommendations for North America. Specifically, for syndromes with increased risk for WT, we recommend renal ultrasounds every 3 months from birth (or the time of diagnosis) through the seventh birthday. For HB, we recommend screening with full abdominal ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein serum measurements every 3 months from birth (or the time of diagnosis) through the fourth birthday. We recommend that when possible, these patients be evaluated and monitored by cancer predisposition specialists. At this time, these recommendations are not based on the differential risk between different genetic or epigenetic causes for each syndrome, which some European centers have implemented. This differentiated approach largely represents distinct practice environments between the United States and Europe, and these guidelines are designed to be a broad framework within which physicians and families can work together to implement specific screening. Further study is expected to lead to modifications of these recommendations. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e115-e22. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Leslie Doros
- Cancer Genetics Clinic, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lee J Helman
- Center for Cancer Research and Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Surya Rednam
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kris Ann P Schultz
- Division of Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lisa J States
- Division of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gail E Tomlinson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kristin Zelley
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Todd E Druley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Vuillaume ML, Moizard MP, Rossignol S, Cottereau E, Vonwill S, Alessandri JL, Busa T, Colin E, Gérard M, Giuliano F, Lambert L, Lefevre M, Kotecha U, Nampoothiri S, Netchine I, Raynaud M, Brioude F, Toutain A. Mutation update for the GPC3 gene involved in Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and review of the literature. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:790-805. [PMID: 29637653 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an X-linked multiple congenital anomalies and overgrowth syndrome caused by a defect in the glypican-3 gene (GPC3). Until now, GPC3 mutations have been reported in isolated cases or small series and the global genotypic spectrum of these mutations has never been delineated. In this study, we review the 57 previously described GPC3 mutations and significantly expand this mutational spectrum with the description of 29 novel mutations. Compiling our data and those of the literature, we provide an overview of 86 distinct GPC3 mutations identified in 120 unrelated families, ranging from single nucleotide variations to complex genomic rearrangements and dispersed throughout the entire coding region of GPC3. The vast majority of them are deletions or truncating mutations (frameshift, nonsense mutations) predicted to result in a loss-of-function. Missense mutations are rare and the two which were functionally characterized, impaired GPC3 function by preventing GPC3 cleavage and cell surface addressing respectively. This report by describing for the first time the wide mutational spectrum of GPC3 could help clinicians and geneticists in interpreting GPC3 variants identified incidentally by high-throughput sequencing technologies and also reinforces the need for functional validation of non-truncating mutations (missense, in frame mutations, duplications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moizard
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France.,Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Edouard Cottereau
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Vonwill
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Tiffany Busa
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- Département de biochimie et génétique, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Service de génétique, CHU de Caen, Hôpital Clémenceau, Avenue Georges Clémenceau, Caen, France
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - Laetitia Lambert
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mathilde Lefevre
- Centre de génétique, Hôpital d'enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Udhaya Kotecha
- Center of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, AIMS Poneakara P O, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Irène Netchine
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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14
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Brioude F, Kalish JM, Mussa A, Foster AC, Bliek J, Ferrero GB, Boonen SE, Cole T, Baker R, Bertoletti M, Cocchi G, Coze C, De Pellegrin M, Hussain K, Ibrahim A, Kilby MD, Krajewska-Walasek M, Kratz CP, Ladusans EJ, Lapunzina P, Le Bouc Y, Maas SM, Macdonald F, Õunap K, Peruzzi L, Rossignol S, Russo S, Shipster C, Skórka A, Tatton-Brown K, Tenorio J, Tortora C, Grønskov K, Netchine I, Hennekam RC, Prawitt D, Tümer Z, Eggermann T, Mackay DJG, Riccio A, Maher ER. Expert consensus document: Clinical and molecular diagnosis, screening and management of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: an international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:229-249. [PMID: 29377879 PMCID: PMC6022848 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a human genomic imprinting disorder, is characterized by phenotypic variability that might include overgrowth, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, neonatal hypoglycaemia, lateralized overgrowth and predisposition to embryonal tumours. Delineation of the molecular defects within the imprinted 11p15.5 region can predict familial recurrence risks and the risk (and type) of embryonal tumour. Despite recent advances in knowledge, there is marked heterogeneity in clinical diagnostic criteria and care. As detailed in this Consensus Statement, an international consensus group agreed upon 72 recommendations for the clinical and molecular diagnosis and management of BWS, including comprehensive protocols for the molecular investigation, care and treatment of patients from the prenatal period to adulthood. The consensus recommendations apply to patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum (BWSp), covering classical BWS without a molecular diagnosis and BWS-related phenotypes with an 11p15.5 molecular anomaly. Although the consensus group recommends a tumour surveillance programme targeted by molecular subgroups, surveillance might differ according to the local health-care system (for example, in the United States), and the results of targeted and universal surveillance should be evaluated prospectively. International collaboration, including a prospective audit of the results of implementing these consensus recommendations, is required to expand the evidence base for the design of optimum care pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Brioude
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris VI University (UPMC) Université Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S938 Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), APHP Hôpital Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sant'Anna Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Corso Spezia 60, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Alison C Foster
- Birmingham Health Partners, West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jet Bliek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Battista Ferrero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Susanne E Boonen
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trevor Cole
- Birmingham Health Partners, West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Robert Baker
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Support Group UK, The Drum and Monkey, Wonston, Hazelbury Bryan, Sturminster Newton, Dorset DT10 2EE, UK
| | - Monica Bertoletti
- Italian Association of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (AIBWS) Piazza Turati, 3, 21029, Vergiate (VA), Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Paediatric Department, Neonatology Unit, Via Massarenti 11, 40138 Bologna BO, Italy
| | - Carole Coze
- Aix-Marseille Univ et Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Service d'Hématologie-Oncologie Pédiatrique, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Maurizio De Pellegrin
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Via Olgettina Milano, 60, 20132 Milano MI, Italy
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Al Gharrafa Street, Ar-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdulla Ibrahim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North Bristol National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Mark D Kilby
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | | | - Christian P Kratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Edmund J Ladusans
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 8WL UK
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris VI University (UPMC) Université Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S938 Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), APHP Hôpital Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 7057 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Macdonald
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TG UK
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 2, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Licia Peruzzi
- European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN), Inherited Kidney Disorders Working Group
- AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1112 Avenue Molière 67098 STRASBOURG Cedex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Silvia Russo
- Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, 20095 Cusano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroleen Shipster
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Agata Skórka
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katrina Tatton-Brown
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service and St George's University of London and Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jair Tenorio
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Regional Center for CLP, Smile House, San Paolo University Hospital, Via Antonio di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Université, Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris VI University (UPMC) Université Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S938 Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), APHP Hôpital Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam-Zuidoost, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University of Aachen, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Via Pietro Castellino, 111,80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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15
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Kamien B, Ronan A, Poke G, Sinnerbrink I, Baynam G, Ward M, Gibson WT, Dudding-Byth T, Scott RJ. A Clinical Review of Generalized Overgrowth Syndromes in the Era of Massively Parallel Sequencing. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:70-82. [PMID: 29593474 DOI: 10.1159/000484532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The overgrowth syndromes are important to diagnose, not just for accurate genetic counseling, but also for knowledge surrounding cancer surveillance and prognosis. There has been a recent expansion in the number of genes associated with a mendelian overgrowth phenotype, so this review updates previous classifications of overgrowth syndromes. We also describe a clinical and molecular approach to the investigation of individuals presenting with overgrowth. This review aims to assist the clinical diagnosis of generalized overgrowth syndromes by outlining the salient features of well-known overgrowth syndromes alongside the many syndromes that have been discovered and classified more recently. We provide key clinical "handles" to aid clinical diagnosis and a list of genes to aid with panel design when using next generation sequencing, which we believe is frequently needed due to the overlapping phenotypic features seen between overgrowth syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kamien
- Hunter Genetics, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne Ronan
- Hunter Genetics, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gemma Poke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ingrid Sinnerbrink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Nepean Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Perth, WA, Australia.,Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Spatial Sciences, Department of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michelle Ward
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tracy Dudding-Byth
- Hunter Genetics, Perth, WA, Australia.,GrowUpWell Priority Research Center, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Perth, WA, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Pathology, Hunter Area Pathology Service, Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Chong K, Saleh M, Injeyan M, Miron I, Fong K, Shannon P. Nonisolated diaphragmatic hernia in Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:117-122. [PMID: 29240237 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), but few cases diagnosed prenatally have been reported. The aim of this series is to highlight the association of nonisolated CDH with SGBS type I on prenatal ultrasound and emphasize the importance of genetic testing, fetal autopsy, and family history in confirming this diagnosis. METHOD Retrospective review of 3 cases of SGBS type I in a single tertiary care centre. Family history, fetal ultrasound, autopsy findings, and genetic testing for GPC3 was performed for each case. RESULTS Fetal ultrasound findings in the second trimester were CDH, omphalocele, increased nuchal fold, renal anomaly, and cleft lip and palate. Fetal autopsy confirmed the prenatal ultrasound findings and also showed dysmorphic facial features and premalignant lesions on renal and gonadal histology. Microarray and DNA analysis of the GPC3 gene confirmed the diagnosis of SGBS type I in each case. CONCLUSION Nonisolated CDH in a male fetus suggests a diagnosis of SGBS type I. Fetal autopsy, pedigree analysis, and genetic testing for GPC3 are all essential to confirming the diagnosis. The histological findings of ovotestes and nephroblastomatosis indicate that cancer predisposition is established early in fetal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chong
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maha Saleh
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Injeyan
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioana Miron
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Fong
- Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Shannon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Kardon G, Ackerman KG, McCulley DJ, Shen Y, Wynn J, Shang L, Bogenschutz E, Sun X, Chung WK. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: from genes to mechanisms to therapies. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:955-970. [PMID: 28768736 PMCID: PMC5560060 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) and structural anomalies of the diaphragm are a common class of congenital birth defects that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. In ∼30% of CDH patients, genomic analyses have identified a range of genetic defects, including chromosomal anomalies, copy number variants and sequence variants. The affected genes identified in CDH patients include transcription factors, such as GATA4, ZFPM2, NR2F2 and WT1, and signaling pathway components, including members of the retinoic acid pathway. Mutations in these genes affect diaphragm development and can have pleiotropic effects on pulmonary and cardiac development. New therapies, including fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion and prenatal transplacental fetal treatments, aim to normalize lung development and pulmonary vascular tone to prevent and treat lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension, respectively. Studies of the association between particular genetic mutations and clinical outcomes should allow us to better understand the origin of this birth defect and to improve our ability to predict and identify patients most likely to benefit from specialized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate G Ackerman
- Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care) and Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linshan Shang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric Bogenschutz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Scollon S, Anglin AK, Thomas M, Turner JT, Wolfe Schneider K. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Tumors and Associated Cancer Predisposition Syndromes. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:387-434. [PMID: 28357779 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the role of inherited cancer predisposition syndromes in pediatric tumor diagnoses continues to develop as more information is learned through the application of genomic technology. Identifying patients and their relatives at an increased risk for developing cancer is an important step in the care of this patient population. The purpose of this review is to highlight various tumor types that arise in the pediatric population and the cancer predisposition syndromes associated with those tumors. The review serves as a guide for recognizing genes and conditions to consider when a pediatric cancer referral presents to the genetics clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scollon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St, FC 1200, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | - Joyce T Turner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kami Wolfe Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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DiMaio MS, Yang H, Mahoney MJ, McGrath J, Li P. Familial GPC3 and GPC4-TFDP3 deletions at Xq26 associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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20
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Ha K, Anand P, Lee JA, Jones JR, Kim CA, Bertola DR, Labonne JD, Layman LC, Wenzel W, Kim HG. Steric Clash in the SET Domain of Histone Methyltransferase NSD1 as a Cause of Sotos Syndrome and Its Genetic Heterogeneity in a Brazilian Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E96. [PMID: 27834868 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most histone methyltransferases (HMTase) harbor a predicted Su(var)3–9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax (SET) domain, which transfers a methyl group to a lysine residue in their substrates. Mutations of the SET domains were reported to cause intellectual disability syndromes such as Sotos, Weaver, or Kabuki syndromes. Sotos syndrome is an overgrowth syndrome with intellectual disability caused by haploinsufficiency of the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) gene, an HMTase at 5q35.2–35.3. Here, we analyzed NSD1 in 34 Brazilian Sotos patients and identified three novel and eight known mutations. Using protein modeling and bioinformatic approaches, we evaluated the effects of one novel (I2007F) and 21 previously reported missense mutations in the SET domain. For the I2007F mutation, we observed conformational change and loss of structural stability in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations which may lead to loss-of-function of the SET domain. For six mutations near the ligand-binding site we observed in simulations steric clashes with neighboring side chains near the substrate S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding site, which may disrupt the enzymatic activity of NSD1. These results point to a structural mechanism underlying the pathology of the NSD1 missense mutations in the SET domain in Sotos syndrome. NSD1 mutations were identified in only 32% of the Brazilian Sotos patients in our study cohort suggesting other genes (including unknown disease genes) underlie the molecular etiology for the majority of these patients. Our studies also found NSD1 expression to be profound in human fetal brain and cerebellum, accounting for prenatal onset and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis seen in Sotos syndrome.
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Das Bhowmik A, Dalal A. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel frameshift mutation in GPC3 gene in a patient with overgrowth syndrome. Gene 2015; 572:303-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Carvalho E, Honjo R, Magalhães M, Yamamoto G, Rocha K, Naslavsky M, Zatz M, Passos-Bueno MR, Kim C, Bertola D. Schinzel-Giedion syndrome in two Brazilian patients: Report of a novel mutation in SETBP1 and literature review of the clinical features. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1039-46. [PMID: 25663181 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Schinzel-Giedion syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder comprising postnatal growth failure, profound developmental delay, seizures, facial dysmorphisms, genitourinary, skeletal, neurological, and cardiac defects. It was recently revealed that Schinzel-Giedion syndrome is caused by de novo mutations in SETBP1, but there are few reports of this syndrome with molecular confirmation. We describe two unrelated Brazilian patients with Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, one of them carrying a novel mutation. We also present a review of clinical manifestations of the syndrome, comparing our cases to patients reported in literature emphasizing the importance of the facial gestalt associated with neurological involvement for diagnostic suspicion of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellaine Carvalho
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a moderately prevalent birth defect that, despite advances in neonatal care, is still a significant cause of infant death, and surviving patients have significant morbidity. The goal of ongoing research to elucidate the genetic causes of CDH is to develop better treatment and ultimately prevention. CDH is a complex developmental defect that is etiologically heterogeneous. This review summarizes the recurrent genetic causes of CDH including aneuploidies, chromosome copy number variants, and single gene mutations. It also discusses strategies for genetic evaluation and genetic counseling in an era of rapidly evolving technologies in clinical genetic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wendy K. Chung
- Corresponding author. Address: Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, Room 620, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212-851-5313; fax: +1 212-851-5306. (W.K. Chung)
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Tretiakova M, Zynger DL, Luan C, Andeen NK, Finn LS, Kocherginsky M, Teh BT, Yang XJ. Glypican 3 overexpression in primary and metastatic Wilms tumors. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:67-76. [PMID: 25366870 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glypican 3 (GPC3), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, plays a role in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations of the GPC3 gene are responsible for Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, which is characterized by anomalies of postnatal overgrowth and an increased risk of developing pediatric malignancies, mostly Wilms tumor and liver cancer. In order to understand the possible role of GPC3 in renal development and Wilms tumor formation, we analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of GPC3 in sporadic Wilms tumors and compared it to normal kidneys and other common renal epithelial tumors. By using Affymetrix HGU133 oligonucleotide gene expression microarray data from 191 renal tumors and 12 normal kidneys, we found significant overexpression of GPC3 in Wilms tumors (p < 0.01), with 3.5-fold higher expression in comparison to normal kidneys and 6.5-fold higher than any type of renal tumors. The GPC3 gene product in Wilms tumor was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified by an automated image analysis. Cytoplasmic and membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity was present in 77 % of primary Wilms tumors (23/30), 93 % of metastatic Wilms tumors (13/14), 50 % of metanephric adenomas (4/8), 33 % of congenital mesoblastic nephromas (2/6), 100 % of nephrogenic rests (11/11), and 100 % of fetal kidneys (5/5). GPC3 staining was predominantly identified in blastemal and epithelial components of Wilms tumors, similar to that of fetal non-neoplastic kidney. All adult renal tumors (n = 60) and normal kidneys (n = 15) were GPC3 negative. These findings suggest the utility of GPC3 in differential diagnosis and follow-up of Wilms tumors. Our data also indicate that GPC3 is an oncofetal protein with a potential therapeutic value.
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Knopp C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Zerres K, Gencik M, Spengler S, Eggermann T. Twenty-one years to the right diagnosis - clinical overlap of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:151-5. [PMID: 25339544 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical overlap makes the diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes challenging. Clinical overlap exists between Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) which share pre- and postnatal overgrowth, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, organomegaly, ear lobe creases, and occurrence of embryonal tumors as characteristic features. Based on the clinical history of a patient, who was diagnosed with BWS shortly after birth and reassessed and rediagnosed with SGBS at age 21 years, particular attention should be paid to developing facial dysmorphia. In addition, we delineate further clinical findings that may allow differentiation between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Knopp
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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26
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Bayram M, Yildirim M, Seymen F. Clinical and oral findings of a patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2015; 16:63-6. [PMID: 25245233 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-014-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an overgrowth condition characterised by macrosomia, mental deficiency, large head, prominent skull sutures, midface deficiency, hypertelorism, broad nose, wide mouth, macroglossia, malocclusion, highly arched palate, and musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities. The aim of this case report is to present clinical and oral findings of an 8-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with SGBS. CASE REPORT This patient had supernumerary nipples on the right side, cubitus valgus webbed fingers, scoliosis, umbilical hernia, a coarse face, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, a short broad nose, a wide mouth, a straight facial profile and hearing loss. The patient also had macroglossia, diastemas, over-retained primary tooth, absent mandibular permanent central incisors, and highly arched palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed a large anterior cranial base, a large maxilla and mandible, a large inferior face height, and skeletal Class III jaw relationship. FOLLOW-UP After extraction of the over-retained primary central tooth, a partial prosthesis was fabricated in order to maintain function. The patient has been recalled regularly at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Over the following years the prosthesis was replaced due to facial growth. CONCLUSION Long term follow-up is essential for the patient with SGBS. Preventive dental care, including oral hygiene instructions, diet counselling and the use of fluoride has been implemented.
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Agatep R, Shuman C, Steele L, Parkinson N, Weksberg R, Stockley TL. Paternal germline mosaicism for a GPC3 deletion in X-linked Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2682-4. [PMID: 25073799 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Agatep
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with a high mortality and morbidity. Although numerous chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations have been associated with CDH, the etiology of the diaphragmatic defect is identified in less than 50% of patients. This review discusses the some of the more frequent, recurrent karyotypic abnormalities in which CDH is a feature, including 15q26, 8p23.1 and 4p16.3 deletions and tetrasomy 12p (Pallister-Killian syndrome), together with some of the syndromes in which CDH is a relatively common feature, including Fryns syndrome, Matthew-Wood syndrome, overgrowth syndromes and Donnai-Barrow syndrome. In the era of genomic technologies, our knowledge of the genes and chromosome regions involved in pathogenesis of CDH is likely to advance significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, MSC 2711, Rock Hall Room RH384D, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94143-2711, USA.
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29
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Kosaki R, Takenouchi T, Takeda N, Kagami M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Kosaki K. Somatic CTNNB1 mutation in hepatoblastoma from a patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and germline GPC3 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:993-7. [PMID: 24459012 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome is a rare overgrowth syndrome caused by the GPC3 mutation at Xq26 and is clinically characterized by multiple congenital abnormalities, intellectual disability, pre/postnatal overgrowth, distinctive craniofacial features, macrocephaly, and organomegaly. Although this syndrome is known to be associated with a risk for embryonal tumors, similar to other overgrowth syndromes, the pathogenetic basis of this mode of tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we report a boy with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome who had a germline loss-of function mutation in GPC3. At 9 months of age, he developed hepatoblastoma. A comparison of exome analysis results for the germline genome and for the tumor genome revealed a somatic mutation, p.Ile35Ser, within the degradation targeting box of β-catenin. The same somatic mutation in CTNNB1 has been repeatedly reported in hepatoblastoma and other cancers. This finding suggested that the CTNNB1 mutation in the tumor tissue represents a driver mutation and that both the GPC3 and the CTNNB1 mutations contributed to tumorigenesis in a clearly defined sequential manner in the propositus. The current observation of a somatic CTNNB1 mutation in a hepatoblastoma from a patient with a germline GPC3 mutation supports the notion that the mutation in GPC3 may influence one of the initial steps in tumorigenesis and the progression to hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Kosaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Glypicans (GPCs) are a family of proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Six glypicans have been found in the mammalian genome (GPC1 to GPC6). GPCs regulate several signaling pathways, including the pathway triggered by Hedgehogs (Hhs). This regulation, which could be stimulatory or inhibitory, occurs at the signal reception level. In addition, GPCs have been shown to be involved in the formation of Hh gradients in the imaginal wing disks in Drosophila. In this review we will discuss the role of various glypicans in specific developmental events in the embryo that are regulated by Hh signaling. In addition, we will discuss the mechanism by which loss-of-function GPC3 mutations alter Hh signaling in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome, and the molecular basis of the GPC5-induced stimulation of Hh signaling and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filmus
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mariana Capurro
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jedraszak G, Girard M, Mellos A, Djeddi DD, Chardot C, Vanrenterghem A, Moizard MP, Gondry J, Sevestre H, Mathieu-Dramard M, Lacaille F, Demeer B. A patient with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, biliary cirrhosis and successful liver transplantation. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:774-7. [PMID: 24357529 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 (SGBS1) -OMIM 312870- is a rare X-linked inherited overgrowth syndrome caused by a loss of function mutation in the GPC3 gene. Affected patients present a variable phenotype with pre- and post-natal macrosomia, distinctive facial dysmorphism, organomegaly, and multiple congenital anomalies. Intellectual disability is not constant. About 10% of patients have an increased risk of developing embryonic tumors in early childhood. Only one case of biliary disease has been described so far. GPC3 is localized on Xq26. It encodes for glypican 3, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which among its different known roles, negatively regulates liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation. This report concerns a male with a SGBS1, carrier of a GPC3 pathogenic mutation, and neonatal liver disease, who developed an early biliary cirrhosis. Together with the associated risk of cancer and developmental delay, liver transplantation was discussed and then successfully performed at the age of 19 months. A hypothesis on the role of GPC3 in the patient's liver disease is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jedraszak
- Medical Genetics Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France
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Cottereau E, Moizard MP, David A, Raynaud M, Marmin N, Toutain A. Duplication of exon 2 of the GPC3 gene in a case of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:282-4. [PMID: 24214682 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Cottereau
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire - Service de Génétique, Tours, France
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Chan ES, Pawel BR, Corao DA, Venneti S, Russo P, Santi M, Sullivan LM. Immunohistochemical expression of glypican-3 in pediatric tumors: an analysis of 414 cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2013; 16:272-7. [PMID: 23530909 DOI: 10.2350/12-06-1216-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a proteoglycan thought to play an important role during development. Germline GPC3 mutations are seen in the rare Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), which predisposes patients to Wilms tumor, hepatoblastoma, and neuroblastoma. While numerous adult tumors have been evaluated by immunohistochemistry for GPC3, no comprehensive assessment has been done in pediatric tumors. We therefore investigated GPC3 expression in 143 pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and 271 non-CNS tumors. Among non-CNS tumors, GPC3 expression was seen in 9/9 (100%) hepatoblastomas, 4/6 (67%) malignant rhabdoid tumors, 5/13 (38%) Wilms tumors, 11/37 (30%) alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, and 8/45 (18%) embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. All 136 neuroblastomas, 14 Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and 11 synovial sarcomas were immunonegative for GPC3. Among CNS tumors, GPC3 had restricted expression, with positivity in 6/6 (100%) atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors and 1/4 (25%) craniopharyngiomas. The remaining 136 CNS tumors-23 medulloblastomas, 21 pilocytic astrocytomas, 13 gangliogliomas, 12 ependymomas, 12 glioblastomas, 11 choroid plexus neoplasms, 10 diffuse astrocytomas (grade II/III), 10 meningiomas, 8 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, 8 oligodendrogliomas, 3 craniopharyngiomas, 3 germinomas, and 2 neurocytomas-were entirely negative for GPC3. These results showed GPC3 positivity in a number of non-CNS tumors, with no consistent discrimination between tumors that were or were not associated with SGBS. Within the CNS, GPC3 positivity was limited to a small subset of CNS neoplasms and may thus serve as a useful positive diagnostic biomarker (P < 0.0001) in addition to negative INI1/BAF47/SMARCB1 staining to differentiate atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors from other high-grade pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cottereau E, Mortemousque I, Moizard MP, Bürglen L, Lacombe D, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Sigaudy S, Boute O, David A, Faivre L, Amiel J, Robertson R, Viana Ramos F, Bieth E, Odent S, Demeer B, Mathieu M, Gaillard D, Van Maldergem L, Baujat G, Maystadt I, Héron D, Verloes A, Philip N, Cormier-Daire V, Frouté MF, Pinson L, Blanchet P, Sarda P, Willems M, Jacquinet A, Ratbi I, Van Den Ende J, Lackmy-Port Lis M, Goldenberg A, Bonneau D, Rossignol S, Toutain A. Phenotypic spectrum of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome in a series of 42 cases with a mutation in GPC3 and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2013; 163C:92-105. [PMID: 23606591 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is a rare X-linked multiple congenital abnormality/intellectual disability syndrome characterized by pre- and post-natal overgrowth, distinctive craniofacial features, macrocephaly, variable congenital malformations, organomegaly, increased risk of tumor and mild/moderate intellectual deficiency. In 1996, Glypican 3 (GPC3) was identified as the major gene causing SGBS but the mutation detection rate was only 28-70%, suggesting either genetic heterogeneity or that some patients could have alternative diagnoses. This was particularly suggested by some reports of atypical cases with more severe prognoses. In the family reported by Golabi and Rosen, a duplication of GPC4 was recently identified, suggesting that GPC4 could be the second gene for SGBS but no point mutations within GPC4 have yet been reported. In the genetics laboratory in Tours Hospital, GPC3 molecular testing over more than a decade has detected pathogenic mutations in only 8.7% of individuals with SGBS. In addition, GPC4 mutations have not been identified thus raising the question of frequent misdiagnosis. In order to better delineate the phenotypic spectrum of SGBS caused by GPC3 mutations, and to try to define specific clinical criteria for GPC3 molecular testing, we reviewed the clinical features of all male cases with a GPC3 mutation identified in the two molecular laboratories providing this test in France (Tours and Paris). We present here the results of the analysis of 42 patients belonging to 31 families and including five fetuses and three deceased neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Cottereau
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire, and UMR INSERM U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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Mateos ME, Beyer K, López-Laso E, Siles JL, Pérez-Navero JL, Peña MJ, Guzmán J, Matas J. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 and hepatoblastoma in a patient with a novel exon 2-4 duplication of the GPC3 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1091-5. [PMID: 23463737 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding glypican (GPC) 3 appear to be responsible for most cases of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1. Duplication of the GPC4 gene has also been associated to this syndrome; however, no duplications involving GPC3 have been related. We describe a family that harbors a novel exon 2-4 duplication event leading to a truncating germline mutation of the GPC3 gene that, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. GPC3 transcripts that carry this duplication bear non-functional proteins making its pathogenic role highly probable. The absence of a functional GPC3 may alter the normal differentiation of embryonal mesodermal tissues predisposing to the development of embryonal tumors, as the index case studied who developed a hepatoblastoma at age 9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Mateos
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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36
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Dwivedi PP, Lam N, Powell BC. Boning up on glypicans-opportunities for new insights into bone biology. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:91-114. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Lam
- Craniofacial Research Group; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute; North Adelaide; South Australia; Australia
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37
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Chung B, Hinek A, Keating S, Weksberg R, Shah V, Blaser S, Hawkins C, Chitayat D. Overgrowth with increased proliferation of fibroblast and matrix metalloproteinase activity related to reduced TIMP1: A newly recognized syndrome? Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2373-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
This is the tenth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results up to the end of October 2003 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome-wide scans and animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. Transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity are also incorporated (N = 55). As of October 2003, 41 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 183. There are 208 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome-wide scans and candidate regions in targeted studies. A total of 35 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 272 studies reporting positive associations with 90 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, more than 430 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Snyder
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808-4124, USA
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Migdalska AM, van der Weyden L, Ismail O, Rust AG, Rashid M, White JK, Sánchez-Andrade G, Lupski JR, Logan DW, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Generation of the Sotos syndrome deletion in mice. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:749-57. [PMID: 22926222 PMCID: PMC3510424 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the human 5q35 region spanning the NSD1 gene results in a rare genomic disorder known as Sotos syndrome (Sotos), with patients displaying a variety of clinical features, including pre- and postnatal overgrowth, intellectual disability, and urinary/renal abnormalities. We used chromosome engineering to generate a segmental monosomy, i.e., mice carrying a heterozygous 1.5-Mb deletion of 36 genes on mouse chromosome 13 (4732471D19Rik-B4galt7), syntenic with 5q35.2–q35.3 in humans (Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice). Surprisingly Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice were significantly smaller for their gestational age and also showed decreased postnatal growth, in contrast to Sotos patients. Df(13)Ms2Dja+/− mice did, however, display deficits in long-term memory retention and dilation of the pelvicalyceal system, which in part may model the learning difficulties and renal abnormalities observed in Sotos patients. Thus, haploinsufficiency of genes within the mouse 4732471D19Rik–B4galt7 deletion interval play important roles in growth, memory retention, and the development of the renal pelvicalyceal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Migdalska
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
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Garavelli L, Gargano G, Simonte G, Rosato S, Wischmeijer A, Melli N, Braibanti S, Gelmini C, Forzano F, Pietrobono R, Pomponi MG, Andreucci E, Toutain A, Superti-Furga A, Neri G. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 in a 27-week macrosomic preterm newborn: the diagnostic value of rib malformations and index nail and finger hypoplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2245-9. [PMID: 22807161 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 (SGBS1, OMIM #312870) is an X-linked overgrowth condition comprising abnormal facial appearance, supernumerary nipples, congenital heart defects, polydactyly, fingernail hypoplasia, increased risk of neonatal death and of neoplasia. It is caused by mutation/deletion of the GPC3 gene. We describe a macrosomic 27-week preterm newborn with SGBS1 who presents a novel GPC3 mutation and emphasize the phenotypic aspects which allow a correct diagnosis neonatally in particular the rib malformations, hypoplasia of index finger and of the same fingernail, and 2nd-3rd finger syndactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit-Obstetric and Pediatric Department, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Chen CP. Prenatal findings and the genetic diagnosis of fetal overgrowth disorders: Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Sotos syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 51:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Thompson SM, Connell MG, van Kuppevelt TH, Xu R, Turnbull JE, Losty PD, Fernig DG, Jesudason EC. Structure and epitope distribution of heparan sulfate is disrupted in experimental lung hypoplasia: a glycobiological epigenetic cause for malformation? BMC Dev Biol 2011; 11:38. [PMID: 21672206 PMCID: PMC3127989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate (HS) is present on the surface of virtually all mammalian cells and is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), where it plays a pivotal role in cell-cell and cell-matrix cross-talk through its large interactome. Disruption of HS biosynthesis in mice results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs, indicating that HS is crucial for airway morphogenesis. Neonatal mortality (~50%) in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is principally associated with lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Given the importance of HS for lung morphogenesis, we investigated developmental changes in HS structure in normal and hypoplastic lungs using the nitrofen rat model of CDH and semi-synthetic bacteriophage ('phage) display antibodies, which identify distinct HS structures. RESULTS The pulmonary pattern of elaborated HS structures is developmentally regulated. For example, the HS4E4V epitope is highly expressed in sub-epithelial mesenchyme of E15.5 - E17.5 lungs and at a lower level in more distal mesenchyme. However, by E19.5, this epitope is expressed similarly throughout the lung mesenchyme.We also reveal abnormalities in HS fine structure and spatiotemporal distribution of HS epitopes in hypoplastic CDH lungs. These changes involve structures recognised by key growth factors, FGF2 and FGF9. For example, the EV3C3V epitope, which was abnormally distributed in the mesenchyme of hypoplastic lungs, is recognised by FGF2. CONCLUSIONS The observed spatiotemporal changes in HS structure during normal lung development will likely reflect altered activities of many HS-binding proteins regulating lung morphogenesis. Abnormalities in HS structure and distribution in hypoplastic lungs can be expected to perturb HS:protein interactions, ECM microenvironments and crucial epithelial-mesenchyme communication, which may contribute to lung dysmorphogenesis. Indeed, a number of epitopes correlate with structures recognised by FGFs, suggesting a functional consequence of the observed changes in HS in these lungs. These results identify a novel, significant molecular defect in hypoplastic lungs and reveals HS as a potential contributor to hypoplastic lung development in CDH. Finally, these results afford the prospect that HS-mimetic therapeutics could repair defective signalling in hypoplastic lungs, improve lung growth, and reduce CDH mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Thompson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Weichert J, Schröer A, Amari F, Siebert R, Caliebe A, Nagel I, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Mohrmann I, Hellenbroich Y. A 1Mb-sized microdeletion Xq26.2 encompassing the GPC3 gene in a fetus with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:343-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Waterson J, Stockley TL, Segal S, Golabi M. Novel duplication in glypican-4 as an apparent cause of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:3179-81. [PMID: 21082656 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Waterson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland, Oakland, California 94609, USA.
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45
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Yano S, Baskin B, Bagheri A, Watanabe Y, Moseley K, Nishimura A, Matsumoto N, Ray PN. Familial Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: studies of X-chromosome inactivation and clinical phenotypes in two female individuals with GPC3 mutations. Clin Genet 2010; 80:466-71. [PMID: 20950395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an overgrowth/multiple congenital anomalies syndrome with an X-linked inheritance. Most cases of SGBS are attributed to mutations in the glypican 3-gene (GPC3), which is highly expressed in the mesodermal embryonic tissues and involves in a local growth regulation. Typical clinical features include pre/postnatal overgrowth, developmental delay, macrocephaly, characteristic facies with prominent eyes and macroglossia, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defects, kidney anomalies, and skeletal anomalies. Obligate carrier females with GPC3 mutations are usually asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. It is thought that skewed X-inactivation is the underlining mechanism for the female patients to present with findings of SGBS. We identified three siblings with typical SGBS (two male and one female cases) and their mother with very mild symptoms in a family carrying c.256C>T (p.Arg86X) mutation in GPC3. X-inactivation studies on the androgen-receptor gene (AR) and the Fragile XE (FRAXE) gene were performed with blood, buccal swabs, and fibroblasts in the carrier females. The studies with blood showed moderately skewed X-inactivation with paternal X-chromosome being preferentially inactivated (71-80% inactivated) in the female patient with SGBS and no skewing was shown in the mother with very mild symptoms. The X-inactivation studies in the mother showed inactivation of the X-chromosome with the mutation by 57%. This suggests that loss of the functional GPC3 protein by 43% is closed to the threshold to develop the SGBS phenotype. Studies with buccal swabs and fibroblasts failed to show different X-inactivation patterns between the two female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yano
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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46
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van der Zwaag PA, Dijkhuizen T, Gerssen-Schoorl KB, Colijn AW, Broens PM, Flapper BC, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CM. An interstitial duplication of chromosome 13q31.3q32.1 further delineates the critical region for postaxial polydactyly type A2. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Large (>90%) for gestational age (LGA) fetuses are usually identified incidentally. Detection of the LGA fetus should first prompt the provider to rule out incorrect dates and maternal diabetes. Once this is done, consideration should be given to certain overgrowth syndromes, especially if anomalies are present. The overgrowth syndromes have significant clinical and molecular overlap, and are associated with developmental delay, tumors, and other anomalies. Although genetic causes of overgrowth are considered postnatally, they are infrequently diagnosed prenatally. Here, we review prenatal sonographic findings in fetal overgrowth syndromes, including Pallister-Killian, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Sotos, Perlman, and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel. We also discuss prenatal diagnosis options and recurrence risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Vora
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics, Floating Hospital for Children and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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LopezJimenez N, Gerber S, Popovici V, Mirza S, Copren K, Ta L, Shaw GM, Trueb B, Slavotinek AM. Examination of FGFRL1 as a candidate gene for diaphragmatic defects at chromosome 4p16.3 shows that Fgfrl1 null mice have reduced expression of Tpm3, sarcomere genes and Lrtm1 in the diaphragm. Hum Genet 2010; 127:325-36. [PMID: 20024584 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fgfrl1 (also known as Fgfr5; OMIM 605830) homozygous null mice have thin, amuscular diaphragms and die at birth because of diaphragm hypoplasia. FGFRL1 is located at 4p16.3, and this chromosome region can be deleted in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We examined FGFRL1 as a candidate gene for the diaphragmatic defects associated with 4p16.3 deletions and re-sequenced this gene in 54 patients with CDH. We confirmed six known coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): c.209G > A (p.Pro20Pro), c.977G > A (p.Pro276Pro), c.1040T > C (p.Asp297Asp), c.1234C > A (p.Pro362Gln), c.1420G > T (p.Arg424Leu), and c.1540C > T (p.Pro464Leu), but we did not identify any gene mutations. We genotyped additional CDH patients for four of these six SNPs, including the three non-synonymous SNPs, to make a total of 200 chromosomes, and found that the allele frequency for the four SNPs, did not differ significantly between patients and normal controls (p > or = 0.05). We then used Affymetrix Genechip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays and found eight genes with significantly reduced expression levels in the diaphragms of Fgfrl1 homozygous null mice when compared with wildtype mice-Tpm3, Fgfrl1 (p = 0.004), Myl2, Lrtm1, Myh4, Myl3, Myh7 and Hephl1. Lrtm1 is closely related to Slit3, a protein associated with herniation of the central tendon of the diaphragm in mice. The Slit proteins are known to regulate axon branching and cell migration, and inhibition of Slit3 reduces cell motility and decreases the expression of Rac and Cdc42, two genes that are essential for myoblast fusion. Further studies to determine if Lrtm1 has a similar function to Slit3 and if reduced Fgfrl1 expression can cause diaphragm hypoplasia through a mechanism involving decreased myoblast motility and/or myoblast fusion, seem indicated.
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Beurskens LWJE, Tibboel D, Steegers-Theunissen RÃPM. Role of nutrition, lifestyle factors, and genes in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: human and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:719-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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50
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Shi W, Filmus J. A patient with the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome displays a loss-of-function point mutation inGPC3that inhibits the attachment of this proteoglycan to the cell surface. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:552-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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