1
|
Ioakeim-Ioannidou M, Yeap BY, Flood T, Marinelli J, Giantsoudi D, Philip N, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI, Grosshans DR, McAleer MF, McGovern SL, MacDonald SM. Multi-Institutional Phase I Feasibility Trial of Vertebral Body Sparing CSI for Pediatric Brain Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e519-e520. [PMID: 37785619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is an essential part of curative treatment for several pediatric brain tumors. Proton CSI allows for sparing of the organs anterior to the vertebral bodies (VBs), but this technique still includes the entire VB in the target for growing children. providing no advantage in marrow sparing or adverse effects on growth. Advances in proton therapy including Proton Beam Scanning (PBS) allow for delivery of proton CSI with substantial vertebral body sparing (VBS). We sought to determine the feasibility of VBS CSI using PBS based on the effects on tumor control and growth, and the occurrence of grade III/IV hematologic toxicity. MATERIALS/METHODS Clinical and treatment characteristics were recorded for 20 pediatric patients with medulloblastoma (n = 14) or germ cell tumor (GCT) (n = 6) who received proton VBS CSI without concurrent chemotherapy or with concurrent single-agent vincristine in a multi-institutional clinical trial. The following standard variables were extracted for each patient: age, histology, radiation dose, chemotherapy regimen, and growth hormone replacement status. Complete blood counts (CBC) with differential and data on height/weight were recorded at baseline pre-RT, weekly during RT, and after completion of cancer treatment. Hematologic toxicity was graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4 (CTCAE v4). RESULTS Median age of 13 male and 7 female patients receiving proton VBS CSI was 10 years (range: 5.1 - 15.1). All GCT patients (n = 6, 30%) received pre-RT chemo. Median CSI dose was 23.4 Gy (range: 21.0 - 37.8), and total dose to tumor bed was 54 Gy in 18 patients (90%) while 2 patients with pure germinoma received a total dose of 36 and 37.5 Gy, respectively. 11 patients (55%) did not receive concurrent vincristine. At a median follow up of 26.4 months (range: 12.5 - 56.3) from the start of RT, no patients relapsed. 17 patients (85%) developed grade ≥3 hematologic toxicity including grade 3 lymphopenia (n = 16), leukopenia (n = 9), neutropenia (n = 8), anemia (n = 1), and grade 4 neutropenia (n = 1). The patient who developed grade 4 neutropenia had low white blood counts prior to RT. 14 patients (70%) received post-RT chemo. No patients required platelet transfusion during RT. Those findings are similar to historical controls. 4 patients started growth hormone replacement therapy after RT. No patients developed spine deformities after the completion of treatment. CONCLUSION Proton VBS CSI is a feasible and well tolerated treatment for children with brain tumors. Longer follow up is needed to assess for late effects on tumor control. It is too early to assess for height in this cohort but for the patients that had longer follow up, normal height was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ioakeim-Ioannidou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - B Y Yeap
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T Flood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Boston, MA
| | - J Marinelli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Boston, MA
| | - D Giantsoudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - N Philip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - T I Yock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - D R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - M F McAleer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - S L McGovern
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - S M MacDonald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garg AK, Hernandez M, Schlembach PJ, McAleer MF, Brown PD, Gopal RS, Wiederhold L, Swanson TA, Shah SJ, Li J, Ferguson S, Philip N, De Gracia B, Bloom E, Chun SG. Frameless Fractionated Linear Accelerator-Based Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases: Results of a Single-Arm Phase II Multi-Institutional Clinical Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e94-e95. [PMID: 37786219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) yields high rates of local control for brain metastases while minimizing neurocognitive side effects. While advanced SRT platforms are widely available in urban centers, rural/suburban patients face geographic and socioeconomic barriers to access SRS. For this reason, we conducted a multi-institutional Phase 2 clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of 3-5 fraction frameless fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FFSRT) for brain metastases in an integrated academic satellite network MATERIALS/METHODS: This IRB-approved Phase 2 trial was conducted for patients ≥18-years-old with 1-4 brain metastases. Brain metastases involving the optic pathway or brainstem were excluded. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated with a volumetric brain MRI and planning target volume (PTV) was GTV + 2 mm margin. Radiation dose was based on GTV size: < 3.0 cm, 27 Gy in 3 fractions, and 3.0-3.9 cm, 30 Gy in 5 fractions. Toxicity was evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. RESULTS Of 76 evaluable patients, the median age was 67 years, 56.6% were female, 82.9% were white/Caucasian and 89.6% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 2. Most brain metastases were from lung cancer (51.3%) and breast cancer (15.7%). With median follow-up of 10 months, local control was 93%, median survival was 1.8 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-2.4 years), 1-year OS was 73.8% (95% CI: 0.59-0.84), and 2-year OS was 31% (95% CI: 0.12-0.52). There were no CTCAE Grade ≥ 3 protocol-related adverse events. CONCLUSION Outcomes of this trial compare favorably with contemporary SRT trials for brain metastases. FFSRT may provide opportunities to expand SRS access for underserved populations across the MDACC enterprise and in future clinical trials for brain metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Garg
- Presbyterian Healthcare Services, Albuquerque, NM
| | - M Hernandez
- MD Anderson, Houston, TX; Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - P J Schlembach
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - M F McAleer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - P D Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - R S Gopal
- Radiation Care at Meridian Park, Tualitin, OR
| | | | - T A Swanson
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - S J Shah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Sugar Land, TX
| | - J Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - S Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - N Philip
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, HOUSTON, TX
| | - B De Gracia
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - E Bloom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - S G Chun
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soilly AL, Robert-Viard C, Besse C, Bruel AL, Gerard B, Boland A, Piton A, Duffourd Y, Muller J, Poë C, Jouan T, El Doueiri S, Faivre L, Bacq-Daian D, Isidor B, Genevieve D, Odent S, Philip N, Doco-Fenzy M, Lacombe D, Asensio ML, Deleuze JF, Binquet C, Thauvin-Robinet C, Lejeune C. Cost of exome analysis in patients with intellectual disability: a micro-costing study in a French setting. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:386. [PMID: 37085862 PMCID: PMC10120135 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of next generation sequencing technologies in France, exome sequencing (ES) has recently emerged as an opportunity to improve the diagnosis rate of patients presenting an intellectual disability (ID). To help French policy makers determine an adequate tariff for ES, we aimed to assess the unit cost per ES diagnostic test for ID from the preparation of the pre-analytical step until the report writing step and to identify its main cost drivers. METHODS A micro-costing bottom-up approach was conducted for the year 2018 in a French setting as part of the DISSEQ study, a cost-effectiveness study funded by the Ministry of Health and performed in collaboration with the GAD (Génétique des Anomalies du Développement), a genetic team from the Dijon University Hospital, and a public sequencing platform, the Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH). The analysis was conducted from the point of view of these two ES stakeholders. All of the resources (labor, equipment, disposables and reagents, reusable material) required to analyze blood samples were identified, collected and valued. Several sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS The unit nominal cost per ES diagnostic test for ID was estimated to be €2,019.39. Labor represented 50.7% of the total cost. The analytical step (from the preparation of libraries to the analysis of sequences) represented 88% of the total cost. Sensitivity analyses suggested that a simultaneous price decrease of 20% for the capture kit and 50% for the sequencing support kit led to an estimation of €1,769 per ES diagnostic test for ID. CONCLUSION This is the first estimation of ES cost to be done in the French setting of ID diagnosis. The estimation is especially influenced by the price of equipment kits, but more generally by the organization of the centers involved in the different steps of the analysis and the time period in which the study was conducted. This information can now be used to define an adequate tariff and assess the efficiency of ES. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03287206 on September 19, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Soilly
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, USMR, F-21000, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Unité Innovation, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - C Robert-Viard
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Unité Innovation, F-21000, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - C Besse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - A L Bruel
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
| | - B Gerard
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - A Piton
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Y Duffourd
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
| | - J Muller
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Bioinformatique Médicale appliquée au diagnostic (UF7363), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Inserm UMRS_1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, France et CHRU, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Poë
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
| | - T Jouan
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
| | - S El Doueiri
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Service financier, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centres de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndromes malformatif de l'Est » et « Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares », Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Dijon, France
| | - D Bacq-Daian
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - B Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Genevieve
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares, Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs Sud-Languedoc Roussillon, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - S Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, F-35203, Rennes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6290, Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, F-35203, Rennes, France
| | - N Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - M Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Reims, EA3801, Reims, France
- CRMR Anddi-Rares constitutif, CLAD-EST, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - D Lacombe
- CHU de Bordeaux, Génétique Médicale, INSERM U1211, Laboratoire MRGM, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - M L Asensio
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - J F Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - C Binquet
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - C Thauvin-Robinet
- Inserm, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR1231, équipe GAD, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centres de Référence Maladies Rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndromes malformatif de l'Est » et « Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares », Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Dijon, France
| | - C Lejeune
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne, CIC 1432, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, F21000, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abaji M, Gorokhova S, Da Silva N, Busa T, Grelet M, Missirian C, Sigaudy S, Philip N, Leturcq F, Lévy N, Krahn M, Bartoli M. Novel Exon-Skipping Therapeutic Approach for the DMD Gene Based on Asymptomatic Deletions of Exon 49. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071277. [PMID: 35886062 PMCID: PMC9323532 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exon skipping is a promising therapeutic approach. One important condition for this approach is that the exon-skipped form of the gene can at least partially perform the required function and lead to improvement of the phenotype. It is therefore critical to identify the exons that can be skipped without a significant deleterious effect on the protein function. Pathogenic variants in the DMD gene are responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We report for the first time a deletion of the in-frame exon 49 associated with a strikingly normal muscular phenotype. Based on this observation, and on previously known therapeutic approaches using exon skipping in DMD for other single exons, we aimed to extend the clinical use of exon skipping for patients carrying truncating mutations in exon 49. We first determined the precise genomic position of the exon 49 deletion in our patients. We then demonstrated the feasibility of skipping exon 49 using an in vitro AON (antisense oligonucleotide) approach in human myotubes carrying a truncating pathogenic variant as well as in healthy ones. This work is a proof of concept aiming to expand exon-skipping approaches for DMD exon 49.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Abaji
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Svetlana Gorokhova
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | | | - Tiffany Busa
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Maude Grelet
- Centre Hospitalier Inter-Communal Toulon-La Seyne, Medical Genetics Unit, Sainte Musse Hospital, 83100 Toulon, France;
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Nicole Philip
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - France Leturcq
- Department of Medical Genetics, APHP Centre Université Paris Cité Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Martin Krahn
- Medical Genetics Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Children’s Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.A.); (S.G.); (T.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.); (N.P.); (N.L.); (M.K.)
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Marc Bartoli
- MMG, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-491-32-49-06
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fiksinski AM, Bearden CE, Bassett AS, Kahn RS, Zinkstok JR, Hooper SR, Tempelaar W, McDonald-McGinn D, Swillen A, Emanuel B, Morrow B, Gur R, Chow E, van den Bree M, Vermeesch J, Warren S, Owen M, van Amelsvoort T, Eliez S, Gothelf D, Arango C, Kates W, Simon T, Murphy K, Repetto G, Suner DH, Vicari S, Cubells J, Armando M, Philip N, Campbell L, Garcia-Minaur S, Schneider M, Shashi V, Vorstman J, Breetvelt EJ. A normative chart for cognitive development in a genetically selected population. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1379-1386. [PMID: 33782512 PMCID: PMC9117666 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Certain pathogenic genetic variants impact neurodevelopment and cause deviations from typical cognitive trajectories. Understanding variant-specific cognitive trajectories is clinically important for informed monitoring and identifying patients at risk for comorbid conditions. Here, we demonstrate a variant-specific normative chart for cognitive development for individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). We used IQ data from 1365 individuals with 22q11DS to construct variant-specific normative charts for cognitive development (Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQ). This allowed us to calculate Z-scores for each IQ datapoint. Then, we calculated the change between first and last available IQ assessments (delta Z-IQ-scores) for each individual with longitudinal IQ data (n = 708). We subsequently investigated whether using the variant-specific IQ-Z-scores would decrease required sample size to detect an effect with schizophrenia risk, as compared to standard IQ-scores. The mean Z-IQ-scores for FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ were close to 0, indicating that participants had IQ-scores as predicted by the normative chart. The mean delta-Z-IQ-scores were equally close to 0, demonstrating a good fit of the normative chart and indicating that, as a group, individuals with 22q11DS show a decline in IQ-scores as they grow into adulthood. Using variant-specific IQ-Z-scores resulted in 30% decrease of required sample size, as compared to the standard IQ-based approach, to detect the association between IQ-decline and schizophrenia (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that using variant-specific normative IQ data significantly reduces required sample size in a research context, and may facilitate a more clinically informative interpretation of IQ data. This approach allows identification of individuals that deviate from their expected, variant-specific, trajectory. This group may be at increased risk for comorbid conditions, such as schizophrenia in the case of 22q11DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania M Fiksinski
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital & University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Mental Health, MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janneke R Zinkstok
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wanda Tempelaar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eva Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Mental Health, MHeNS, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wendy Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Tony Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kieran Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriela Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Damian Heine Suner
- Genomics of Health Group and Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics Unit (UDMGC), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cleynen I, Engchuan W, Hestand MS, Heung T, Holleman AM, Johnston HR, Monfeuga T, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE, Morrow BE, Swillen A, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Warren ST, Owen MJ, Chopra P, Cutler DJ, Duncan R, Kotlar AV, Mulle JG, Voss AJ, Zwick ME, Diacou A, Golden A, Guo T, Lin JR, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Marshall C, Merico D, Jin A, Lilley B, Salmons HI, Tran O, Holmans P, Pardinas A, Walters JTR, Demaerel W, Boot E, Butcher NJ, Costain GA, Lowther C, Evers R, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, van Duin E, Vingerhoets C, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vergaelen E, Vogels A, Crowley TB, McGinn DE, Moss EM, Sharkus RJ, Unolt M, Zackai EH, Calkins ME, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Tang SX, Fritsch R, Ornstein C, Repetto GM, Breetvelt E, Duijff SN, Fiksinski A, Moss H, Niarchou M, Murphy KC, Prasad SE, Daly EM, Gudbrandsen M, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Buzzanca A, Fabio FD, Digilio MC, Pontillo M, Marino B, Vicari S, Coleman K, Cubells JF, Ousley OY, Carmel M, Gothelf D, Mekori-Domachevsky E, Michaelovsky E, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Kushan L, Jalbrzikowski M, Armando M, Eliez S, Sandini C, Schneider M, Béna FS, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR, Belzeaux R, Busa T, Philip N, Campbell LE, McCabe KL, Hooper SR, Schoch K, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Arango C, Fraguas D, García-Miñaúr S, Morey-Canyelles J, Rosell J, Suñer DH, Raventos-Simic J, Epstein MP, Williams NM, Bassett AS. Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4496-4510. [PMID: 32015465 PMCID: PMC7396297 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the ~20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (padj = 6.73 × 10-6). Novel reciprocal case-control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Hestand
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Duncan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex V Kotlar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna J Voss
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Golden
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Marshall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Deep Genomics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Jin
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brenna Lilley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold I Salmons
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oanh Tran
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Antonio Pardinas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Erik Boot
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory A Costain
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rens Evers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esther van Duin
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annick Vogels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward M Moss
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Sharkus
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marta Unolt
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You Center, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunny X Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elemi Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley Moss
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria Niarchou
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Eileen M Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Buzzanca
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pontillo
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Opal Y Ousley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miri Carmel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ehud Mekori-Domachevsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Leila Kushan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- Pôle de psychiatrie, Hopital Sainte Marguerite, Batiment Solaris, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, GMGF, APHM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Kathryn L McCabe
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Damià H Suñer
- Laboratorio Unidad de Diagnóstico Molecular y Genética Clínica, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rive Le Gouard N, Jacquinet A, Ruaud L, Deleersnyder H, Ageorges F, Gallard J, Lacombe D, Odent S, Mikaty M, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Ghoumid J, Geneviève D, Lehman N, Philip N, Edery P, Héron D, Rastel C, Chancenotte S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L, Perrin L, Verloes A. Smith-Magenis syndrome: Clinical and behavioral characteristics in a large retrospective cohort. Clin Genet 2021; 99:519-528. [PMID: 33368193 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), characterized by dysmorphic features, neurodevelopmental disorder, and sleep disturbance, is due to an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 (90%) or to point mutations in the RAI1 gene. In this retrospective cohort, we studied the clinical, cognitive, and behavioral profile of 47 European patients with SMS caused by a 17p11.2 deletion. We update the clinical and neurobehavioral profile of SMS. Intrauterine growth was normal in most patients. Prenatal anomalies were reported in 15%. 60% of our patients older than 10 years were overweight. Prevalence of heart defects (6.5% tetralogy of Fallot, 6.5% pulmonary stenosis), ophthalmological problems (89%), scoliosis (43%), or deafness (32%) were consistent with previous reports. Epilepsy was uncommon (2%). We identified a high prevalence of obstipation (45%). All patients had learning difficulties and developmental delay, but ID range was wide and 10% of patients had IQ in the normal range. Behavioral problems included temper tantrums and other difficult behaviors (84%) and night-time awakenings (86%). Optimal care of SMS children is multidisciplinary and requires important parental involvement. In our series, half of patients were able to follow adapted schooling, but 70% of parents had to adapt their working time, illustrating the medical, social, educative, and familial impact of having a child with SMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rive Le Gouard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Jacquinet
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Sart Tilman University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Deleersnyder
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Faustine Ageorges
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Gallard
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Department of Genetics, Bordeaux, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Myriam Mikaty
- Department of Genetics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jamal Ghoumid
- Department of Genetics, Lille Jeanne de Flandre, University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Natacha Lehman
- Department of Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Genetics, la Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Department of Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Rastel
- Department of Genetics, APHP Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Department of Genetics, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP Nord-Université de Paris Robert Debré University Hospital and INSERM U1141 NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Davies RW, Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Williams NM, Hooper SR, Monfeuga T, Bassett AS, Owen MJ, Gur RE, Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Swillen A, Chow EWC, van den Bree M, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, van Amelsvoort T, Arango C, Armando M, Campbell LE, Cubells JF, Eliez S, Garcia-Minaur S, Gothelf D, Kates WR, Murphy KC, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, Philip N, Repetto GM, Shashi V, Simon TJ, Suñer DH, Vicari S, Scherer SW, Bearden CE, Vorstman JAS. Using common genetic variation to examine phenotypic expression and risk prediction in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nat Med 2020; 26:1912-1918. [PMID: 33169016 PMCID: PMC7975627 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a 20-25% risk of schizophrenia. In a cohort of 962 individuals with 22q11DS, we examined the shared genetic basis between schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related early trajectory phenotypes: sub-threshold symptoms of psychosis, low baseline intellectual functioning and cognitive decline. We studied the association of these phenotypes with two polygenic scores, derived for schizophrenia and intelligence, and evaluated their use for individual risk prediction in 22q11DS. Polygenic scores were not only associated with schizophrenia and baseline intelligence quotient (IQ), respectively, but schizophrenia polygenic score was also significantly associated with cognitive (verbal IQ) decline and nominally associated with sub-threshold psychosis. Furthermore, in comparing the tail-end deciles of the schizophrenia and IQ polygenic score distributions, 33% versus 9% of individuals with 22q11DS had schizophrenia, and 63% versus 24% of individuals had intellectual disability. Collectively, these data show a shared genetic basis for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related phenotypes and also highlight the future potential of polygenic scores for risk stratification among individuals with highly, but incompletely, penetrant genetic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Monfeuga
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine-CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Section of Genetic Counseling, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Linda E Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Damiàn Heine Suñer
- Genomics of Health Group and Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics Unit (UDMGC), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neela V, Philip N, Sekawi Z. Leptospirosis: Malaysia Leptospirosis Research network experience. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
10
|
Roux-Levy PH, Bournez M, Masurel A, Jean N, Chancenotte S, Bordes M, Debomy F, Minot D, Schmitt E, Vinault S, Gautier E, Lacombe D, Odent S, Mikaty M, Manouvrier S, Ghoumid J, Geneviève D, Lehman N, Philip N, Edery P, Cornaton J, Gallard J, Héron D, Rastel C, Huet F, Thauvin-Robinet C, Verloes A, Binquet C, Tauber M, Lejeune C, Faivre L. Associations between cognitive performance and the rehabilitation, medical care and social support provided to French children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Cerino M, Di Meglio C, Albertini F, Audic F, Riccardi F, Boulay C, Philip N, Bartoli M, Lévy N, Krahn M, Chabrol B. Extension of the phenotypic spectrum of GLE1-related disorders to a mild congenital form resembling congenital myopathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1277. [PMID: 32537934 PMCID: PMC7434744 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GLE1 (GLE1, RNA Export Mediator, OMIM#603371) variants are associated with severe autosomal recessive motor neuron diseases, that are lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1 (LCCS1, OMIM#253310) and congenital arthrogryposis with anterior horn cell disease (CAAHD, OMIM#611890). The clinical spectrum of GLE1‐related disorders has been expanding these past years, including with adult‐onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) GLE1‐related forms, especially through the new molecular diagnosis strategies associated with the emergence of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. However, despite this phenotypic variability, reported congenital or ALS adult‐onset forms remain severe, leading to premature death. Methods Through multidisciplinary interactions between our Neuropediatric and Medical Genetics departments, we were able to diagnose two siblings presenting with congenital disorder, using an NGS approach accordingly to the novel French national recommendations. Results Two siblings with very similar clinical features, meaning neuromuscular disorder of neonatal onset with progressive improvement, were examined in our Neuropediatrics department. The clinical presentation evoked initially congenital myopathy with autosomal recessive inheritance. However, additional symptoms such as mild dysmorphic features including high anterior hairline, downslanted palpebral fissures, anteverted nares, smooth philtrum with thin upper‐lip, narrow mouth and microretrognathia or delayed expressive language and postnatal growth retardation were suggestive of a more complex clinical presentation and molecular diagnosis. Our NGS approach revealed an unexpected molecular diagnosis for these two siblings, meaning the presence of the homozygous c.1808G>T GLE1 variant. Conclusions We here report the mildest phenotype ever described, in two siblings carrying the homozygous c.1808G>T GLE1 variant, further widening the clinical spectrum of GLE1‐related diseases. Moreover, by reflecting current medical practice, this case report confirms the importance of establishing regular multidisciplinary meetings, essential for discussing such difficult clinical presentations to finally enable molecular diagnosis, especially when NGS technologies are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cerino
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Di Meglio
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Albertini
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Audic
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Boulay
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France
| | - Martin Krahn
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, U1251-MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France.,GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Chabrol
- GIPTIS (Genetics Institute for Patients, Therapies Innovation and Science), Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rumbold JMM, O'Kane M, Philip N, Pierscionek BK. Big Data and diabetes: the applications of Big Data for diabetes care now and in the future. Diabet Med 2020; 37:187-193. [PMID: 31148227 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We review current applications of Big Data in diabetes care and consider the future potential by carrying out a scoping study of the academic literature on Big Data and diabetes care. Healthcare data are being produced at ever-increasing rates, and this information has the potential to transform the provision of diabetes care. Big Data is beginning to have an impact on diabetes care through data research. The use of Big Data for routine clinical care is still a future application. Vast amounts of healthcare data are already being produced, and the key is harnessing these to produce actionable insights. Considerable development work is required to achieve these goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M M Rumbold
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham
| | - M O'Kane
- Western Health & Social Care Trust, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry
| | - N Philip
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - B K Pierscionek
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao Y, Diacou A, Johnston HR, Musfee FI, McDonald-McGinn DM, McGinn D, Crowley TB, Repetto GM, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Vermeesch JR, Kates WR, Digilio MC, Unolt M, Marino B, Pontillo M, Armando M, Di Fabio F, Vicari S, van den Bree M, Moss H, Owen MJ, Murphy KC, Murphy CM, Murphy D, Schoch K, Shashi V, Tassone F, Simon TJ, Shprintzen RJ, Campbell L, Philip N, Heine-Suñer D, García-Miñaúr S, Fernández L, Bearden CE, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Eliez S, Schneider M, Vorstman JAS, Gothelf D, Zackai E, Agopian AJ, Gur RE, Bassett AS, Emanuel BS, Goldmuntz E, Mitchell LE, Wang T, Morrow BE. Complete Sequence of the 22q11.2 Allele in 1,053 Subjects with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Reveals Modifiers of Conotruncal Heart Defects. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:26-40. [PMID: 31870554 PMCID: PMC7077921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) results from non-allelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats termed LCR22. About 60%-70% of individuals with the typical 3 megabase (Mb) deletion from LCR22A-D have congenital heart disease, mostly of the conotruncal type (CTD), whereas others have normal cardiac anatomy. In this study, we tested whether variants in the hemizygous LCR22A-D region are associated with risk for CTDs on the basis of the sequence of the 22q11.2 region from 1,053 22q11.2DS individuals. We found a significant association (FDR p < 0.05) of the CTD subset with 62 common variants in a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in a 350 kb interval harboring CRKL. A total of 45 of the 62 variants were associated with increased risk for CTDs (odds ratio [OR) ranges: 1.64-4.75). Associations of four variants were replicated in a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies of CTDs in affected individuals without 22q11.2DS. One of the replicated variants, rs178252, is located in an open chromatin region and resides in the double-elite enhancer, GH22J020947, that is predicted to regulate CRKL (CRK-like proto-oncogene, cytoplasmic adaptor) expression. Approximately 23% of patients with nested LCR22C-D deletions have CTDs, and inactivation of Crkl in mice causes CTDs, thus implicating this gene as a modifier. Rs178252 and rs6004160 are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of CRKL. Furthermore, set-based tests identified an enhancer that is predicted to target CRKL and is significantly associated with CTD risk (GH22J020946, sequence kernal association test (SKAT) p = 7.21 × 10-5) in the 22q11.2DS cohort. These findings suggest that variance in CTD penetrance in the 22q11.2DS population can be explained in part by variants affecting CRKL expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - H Richard Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadi I Musfee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Daniel McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA; Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - M Cristina Digilio
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Marta Unolt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Marianne van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Hayley Moss
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Wales CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 505095, Ireland
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK; Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation National Health Service Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London SE5 8AF, UK; Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry Clinical Academic Group, Behavioural Genetics Clinic, National Adult Autism and ADHD Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation National Health Service Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Linda Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2258, Australia
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Damian Heine-Suñer
- Genomics of Health and Unit of Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Genetics, Son Espases University Hospital, Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, 3584 CG, the Netherlands
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Sapfra Children's Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, 52621, Israel
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - A J Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Clinical Genetics Research Program, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario Canada; Toronto General Hospital, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5T 1L8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruault V, Corsini C, Duflos C, Akouete S, Georgescu V, Abaji M, Alembick Y, Alix E, Amiel J, Amouroux C, Barat-Houari M, Baumann C, Bonnard A, Boursier G, Boute O, Burglen L, Busa T, Cordier MP, Cormier-Daire V, Delrue MA, Doray B, Faivre L, Fradin M, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Giuliano F, Goldenberg A, Gorokhova S, Héron D, Isidor B, Jacquemont ML, Jacquette A, Jeandel C, Lacombe D, Le Merrer M, Sang KHLQ, Lyonnet S, Manouvrier S, Michot C, Moncla A, Moutton S, Odent S, Pelet A, Philip N, Pinson L, Reversat J, Roume J, Sanchez E, Sanlaville D, Sarda P, Schaefer E, Till M, Touitou I, Toutain A, Willems M, Gatinois V, Geneviève D. Growth charts in Kabuki syndrome 1. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:446-453. [PMID: 31876365 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS, KS1: OMIM 147920 and KS2: OMIM 300867) is caused by pathogenic variations in KMT2D or KDM6A. KS is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and neurodevelopmental disorders. Growth restriction is frequently reported. Here we aimed to create specific growth charts for individuals with KS1, identify parameters used for size prognosis and investigate the impact of growth hormone therapy on adult height. Growth parameters and parental size were obtained for 95 KS1 individuals (41 females). Growth charts for height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and occipitofrontal circumference were generated in standard deviation values for the first time in KS1. Statural growth of KS1 individuals was compared to parental target size. According to the charts, height, weight, BMI, and occipitofrontal circumference were lower for KS1 individuals than the normative French population. For males and females, the mean growth of KS1 individuals was -2 and -1.8 SD of their parental target size, respectively. Growth hormone therapy did not increase size beyond the predicted size. This study, from the largest cohort available, proposes growth charts for widespread use in the management of KS1, especially for size prognosis and screening of other diseases responsible for growth impairment beyond a calculated specific target size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ruault
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Corsini
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Duflos
- Clinical Research and Epidemiolgy Unit, Département de l'Information Médicale, CHU, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Akouete
- Clinical Research and Epidemiolgy Unit, Département de l'Information Médicale, CHU, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véra Georgescu
- Clinical Research and Epidemiolgy Unit, Département de l'Information Médicale, CHU, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Abaji
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CLAD Sud-PACA, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Alembick
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU Strasbourg, CLAD Est, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eudeline Alix
- Département de Cytogénétique, Hospices civil de Lyon, Centre des neurosciences, Tiger, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Amouroux
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Mouna Barat-Houari
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Clarisse Baumann
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Bonnard
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Guilaine Boursier
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CLAD Nord, Lille, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Service de Génétique, CHU Trousseau, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CLAD Sud-PACA, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Cordier
- Département de Cytogénétique, Hospices civil de Lyon, Centre des neurosciences, Tiger, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Pellegrin, CLAD Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bérénice Doray
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU Strasbourg, CLAD Est, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, Hôpital d'enfant, CLAD Est, Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana Gorokhova
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CLAD Sud-PACA, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Département de Génétique, CHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique, CHU Nantes, CLAD Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Line Jacquemont
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Saint Pierre, GH Sud Réunion, Ile de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, France
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- Département de Génétique, CHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Claire Jeandel
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Pellegrin, CLAD Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martine Le Merrer
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Kim Hanh Le Quan Sang
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CLAD Nord, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Anne Moncla
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CLAD Sud-PACA, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Pellegrin, CLAD Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Sud, CLAD Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Anna Pelet
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CLAD Sud-PACA, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Pinson
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Reversat
- Département de Cytogénétique, Hospices civil de Lyon, Centre des neurosciences, Tiger, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Poissy-saint Germain, Poissy, France
| | - Elodie Sanchez
- Département de Génétique, Unité Inserm U781, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker enfants Malades, CLAD Ile de France, Paris, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Département de Cytogénétique, Hospices civil de Lyon, Centre des neurosciences, Tiger, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU Strasbourg, CLAD Est, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marianne Till
- Département de Cytogénétique, Hospices civil de Lyon, Centre des neurosciences, Tiger, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Touitou
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CLAD Ouest, Tours, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Univer Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, CLAD ASOOR Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grelet M, Blanck V, Sigaudy S, Philip N, Giuliano F, Khachnaoui K, Morel G, Grotto S, Sophie J, Poirsier C, Lespinasse J, Alric L, Calvas P, Chalhoub G, Layet V, Molin A, Colson C, Marsili L, Edery P, Lévy N, De Sandre-Giovannoli A. Outcomes of 4 years of molecular genetic diagnosis on a panel of genes involved in premature aging syndromes, including laminopathies and related disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:288. [PMID: 31829210 PMCID: PMC6907233 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Segmental progeroid syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare and often severe genetic disorders that have been studied since the twentieth century. These progeroid syndromes are defined as segmental because only some of the features observed during natural aging are accelerated. METHODS Since 2015, the Molecular Genetics Laboratory in Marseille La Timone Hospital proposes molecular diagnosis of premature aging syndromes including laminopathies and related disorders upon NGS sequencing of a panel of 82 genes involved in these syndromes. We analyzed the results obtained in 4 years on 66 patients issued from France and abroad. RESULTS Globally, pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (ACMG class 5 or 4) were identified in about 1/4 of the cases; among these, 9 pathogenic variants were novel. On the other hand, the diagnostic yield of our panel was over 60% when the patients were addressed upon a nosologically specific clinical suspicion, excepted for connective tissue disorders, for which clinical diagnosis may be more challenging. Prenatal testing was proposed to 3 families. We additionally detected 16 variants of uncertain significance and reclassified 3 of them as benign upon segregation analysis in first degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS High throughput sequencing using the Laminopathies/ Premature Aging disorders panel allowed molecular diagnosis of rare disorders associated with premature aging features and genetic counseling for families, representing an interesting first-level analysis before whole genome sequencing may be proposed, as a future second step, by the National high throughput sequencing platforms ("Medicine France Genomics 2025" Plan), in families without molecular diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Grelet
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Blanck
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Godelieve Morel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Genetic Department and National HHT Reference Center, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Grotto
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Julia Sophie
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Poirsier
- Department of Genetics, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - James Lespinasse
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry- Hôtel-dieu, Chambery, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse 3 University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Valérie Layet
- Department of Genetics, Le Havre Hospital, F76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Department of Genetics, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la Cote de Nacre, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Cindy Colson
- Department of Genetics, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la Cote de Nacre, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Luisa Marsili
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lille University Hospital, CHU, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Genetic Department and National HHT Reference Center, Femme-Mère-Enfants Hospital, F-69677, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France.,CRB-TAC (Biological Ressource Center-Tissues, DNA, Cells), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Annachiara De Sandre-Giovannoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France. .,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France. .,CRB-TAC (Biological Ressource Center-Tissues, DNA, Cells), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mouthon L, Busa T, Bretelle F, Karmous-Benailly H, Missirian C, Philip N, Sigaudy S. Prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia in 41 fetuses: Retrospective analysis of outcome and genetic etiologies. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2365-2373. [PMID: 31509347 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal micrognathia can be detected early in pregnancy. Prognosis of micrognathia depends on the risk of respiratory distress at birth and on the long-term risk of intellectual disability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognosis of fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia by estimating the prevalence and the severity of confirmed genetic diagnosis in our cohort. Our retrospective study included 41 fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia referred to the multidisciplinary centers for prenatal diagnosis in Nice and Marseille, France, between 2006 and 2016. Fetal micrognathia was associated with cleft palate in 27 cases. A genetic cause was confirmed in 21 cases (67%). A chromosomal abnormality was present in 12 cases, including three copy-number variations diagnosed by array CGH. Monogenic disorders were identified in nine cases, most often after birth. Fetuses with family history of micrognathia or Pierre Robin sequence had a favorable outcome. Prognosis was good for the fetuses without associated findings and normal chromosomal analysis, with the exception of one case with a postnatal diagnosis of mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly. Prognostic was poor for the fetuses with additional ultrasound anomalies, as only 5 out of 28 children had a good outcome. Prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia is an indicator of a possible fetal pathology justifying multidisciplinary management. Our study confirms the necessity of performing prenatal array CGH. Use of high-throughput gene sequencing in prenatal period could improve diagnostic performance, prenatal counseling, and adequate postnatal care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mouthon
- GH La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Medical Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Hôpital de la Timone, Medical Genetics, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Florence Bretelle
- Hôpital de la Timone, Prenatal diagnosis, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | | | - Chantal Missirian
- Hôpital de la Timone, Cytogenetics, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Hôpital de la Timone, Medical Genetics, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.,Hôpital de la Timone, Prenatal diagnosis, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Hôpital de la Timone, Medical Genetics, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.,Hôpital de la Timone, Prenatal diagnosis, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Philip N, Pugh T, Ye R, Hwang H, Wang X, Shah S, Choi S, Mahmood U, Nguyen Q, Chun S, Mayo L, Lee A, Tang C, Anscher M, Hoffman K, Kuban D, Davis J, Troncoso P, Choi H, Frank S. A Phase II trial of Hypofractionated Proton Therapy in Prostate Cancer: 3-year Physician and Patient Reported Outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Margot H, Boursier G, Duflos C, Sanchez E, Amiel J, Andrau JC, Arpin S, Brischoux-Boucher E, Boute O, Burglen L, Caille C, Capri Y, Collignon P, Conrad S, Cormier-Daire V, Delplancq G, Dieterich K, Dollfus H, Fradin M, Faivre L, Fernandes H, Francannet C, Gatinois V, Gerard M, Goldenberg A, Ghoumid J, Grotto S, Guerrot AM, Guichet A, Isidor B, Jacquemont ML, Julia S, Khau Van Kien P, Legendre M, Le Quan Sang KH, Leheup B, Lyonnet S, Magry V, Manouvrier S, Martin D, Morel G, Munnich A, Naudion S, Odent S, Perrin L, Petit F, Philip N, Rio M, Robbe J, Rossi M, Sarrazin E, Toutain A, Van Gils J, Vera G, Verloes A, Weber S, Whalen S, Sanlaville D, Lacombe D, Aladjidi N, Geneviève D. Immunopathological manifestations in Kabuki syndrome: a registry study of 177 individuals. Genet Med 2019; 22:181-188. [PMID: 31363182 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Kabuki syndrome (KS) (OMIM 147920 and 300867) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by specific facial features, intellectual disability, and various malformations. Immunopathological manifestations seem prevalent and increase the morbimortality. To assess the frequency and severity of the manifestations, we measured the prevalence of immunopathological manifestations as well as genotype-phenotype correlations in KS individuals from a registry. METHODS Data were for 177 KS individuals with KDM6A or KMT2D pathogenic variants. Questionnaires to clinicians were used to assess the presence of immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases both on a clinical and biological basis. RESULTS Overall, 44.1% (78/177) and 58.2% (46/79) of KS individuals exhibited infection susceptibility and hypogammaglobulinemia, respectively; 13.6% (24/177) had autoimmune disease (AID; 25.6% [11/43] in adults), 5.6% (10/177) with ≥2 AID manifestations. The most frequent AID manifestations were immune thrombocytopenic purpura (7.3% [13/177]) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (4.0% [7/177]). Among nonhematological manifestations, vitiligo was frequent. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura was frequent with missense versus other types of variants (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION The high prevalence of immunopathological manifestations in KS demonstrates the importance of systematic screening and efficient preventive management of these treatable and sometimes life-threatening conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Margot
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guilaine Boursier
- Département de génétique médicale, Maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Duflos
- Département d'Information Médicale, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Sanchez
- Département de génétique médicale, Maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Fédération de Génétique et Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et INSERM UMR1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Andrau
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Service de génétique, CHU de Tours, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | | | - Odile Boute
- Centre de référence maladies rares pour les anomalies du développement Nord-Ouest, Clinique de Génétique médicale, CHU de Lille et EA7364, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, département de génétique et embryologie médicale, APHP, GHUEP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | | | - Yline Capri
- Service de génétique médicale, AP-HP Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Solène Conrad
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Fédération de Génétique et Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et INSERM UMR1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Delplancq
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Klaus Dieterich
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de génétique clinique, CHU de Rennes, Univ. Rennes, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR) UMR6290 CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Service de génétique médicale et centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Helder Fernandes
- Service d'onco hématologie pédiatrique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de référence des cytopénies auto-immunes de l'enfant, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM CICP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Vincent Gatinois
- Département de génétique médicale, Maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Gerard
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jamal Ghoumid
- Centre de référence maladies rares pour les anomalies du développement Nord-Ouest, Clinique de Génétique médicale, CHU de Lille et EA7364, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Grotto
- Service de génétique médicale, AP-HP Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Guerrot
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Line Jacquemont
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de la Reunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Sophie Julia
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marine Legendre
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - K H Le Quan Sang
- Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Fédération de Génétique et Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et INSERM UMR1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Magry
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Clemont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Centre de référence maladies rares pour les anomalies du développement Nord-Ouest, Clinique de Génétique médicale, CHU de Lille et EA7364, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Arnold Munnich
- Fédération de Génétique et Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et INSERM UMR1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Naudion
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de génétique clinique, CHU de Rennes, Univ. Rennes, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes (IGDR) UMR6290 CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Service de génétique médicale, AP-HP Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Centre de référence maladies rares pour les anomalies du développement Nord-Ouest, Clinique de Génétique médicale, CHU de Lille et EA7364, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Fédération de Génétique et Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP et INSERM UMR1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Julie Robbe
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Sarrazin
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de génétique, CHU de Tours, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Julien Van Gils
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabriella Vera
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Disorders, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Service de génétique médicale, AP-HP Robert-Debré, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Weber
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Service de génétique médicale, AP-HP Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs du Sud-Ouest Occitanie Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Aladjidi
- Service d'onco hématologie pédiatrique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre de référence des cytopénies auto-immunes de l'enfant, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM CICP, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de génétique médicale, Maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,INSERM U1183, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Philip N, Leishman SJ, Bandara HMHN, Healey DL, Walsh LJ. Randomized Controlled Study to Evaluate Microbial Ecological Effects of CPP-ACP and Cranberry on Dental Plaque. JDR Clin Trans Res 2019; 5:118-126. [PMID: 31283892 DOI: 10.1177/2380084419859871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ecological approaches to dental caries prevention play a key role in attaining long-term control over the disease and maintaining a symbiotic oral microbiome. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the microbial ecological effects of 2 interventional dentifrices: a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) dentifrice and the same dentifrice supplemented with a polyphenol-rich cranberry extract. METHODS The interventional toothpastes were compared with each other and with an active control fluoride dentifrice in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was used to determine changes in the bacterial loads of 14 key bacterial species (8 caries associated and 6 health associated) in the dental plaque of trial participants after they used the dentifrices for 5 to 6 wk. RESULTS From the baseline to the recall visit, significant differences were observed between the treatment groups in the bacterial loads of 2 caries-associated bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans [P < 0.001] and Veillonella parvula [P < 0.001]) and 3 health-associated bacterial species (Corynebacterium durum [P = 0.008], Neisseria flavescens [P = 0.005], and Streptococcus sanguinis [P < 0.001]). Compared to the fluoride control dentifrice, the CPP-ACP dentifrice demonstrated significant differences for S. mutans (P = 0.032), C. durum (P = 0.007), and S. sanguinis (P < 0.001), while combination CPP-ACP-cranberry dentifrice showed significant differences for S. mutans (P < 0.001), V. parvula (P < 0.001), N. flavescens (P = 0.003), and S. sanguinis (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in the bacterial load comparisons between the CPP-ACP and combination dentifrices for any of the targeted bacterial species (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicate that dentifrices containing CPP-ACP and polyphenol-rich cranberry extracts can influence a species-level shift in the ecology of the oral microbiome, resulting in a microbial community less associated with dental caries (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ANZCTR 12618000095268). KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The results of this randomized controlled trial indicate that dentifrices containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and polyphenol-rich cranberry extracts were able to beneficially modulate the microbial ecology of dental plaque in a group of high caries-risk patients. This could contribute toward lowering the risk of developing new caries lesions, an important goal sought by patients, clinicians, and policy makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Philip
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S J Leishman
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - D L Healey
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
| | - L J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bessis D, Miquel J, Bourrat E, Chiaverini C, Morice‐Picard F, Abadie C, Manna F, Baumann C, Best M, Blanchet P, Bursztejn A, Capri Y, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Guillaumont S, Hadj‐Rabia S, Jacquemont M, Jeandel C, Lacombe D, Mallet S, Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Molinari N, Pallure V, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Vial Y, Willems M, Genevievé D, Verloes A, Cavé H. 努南综合征的皮肤病表现. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Bessis D, Miquel J, Bourrat E, Chiaverini C, Morice‐Picard F, Abadie C, Manna F, Baumann C, Best M, Blanchet P, Bursztejn A, Capri Y, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Guillaumont S, Hadj‐Rabia S, Jacquemont M, Jeandel C, Lacombe D, Mallet S, Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Molinari N, Pallure V, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Vial Y, Willems M, Genevievé D, Verloes A, Cavé H. Dermatological manifestations in Noonan syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Schluth-Bolard C, Diguet F, Chatron N, Rollat-Farnier PA, Bardel C, Afenjar A, Amblard F, Amiel J, Blesson S, Callier P, Capri Y, Collignon P, Cordier MP, Coubes C, Demeer B, Chaussenot A, Demurger F, Devillard F, Doco-Fenzy M, Dupont C, Dupont JM, Dupuis-Girod S, Faivre L, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Guerrot AM, Houlier M, Isidor B, Jaillard S, Joly-Hélas G, Kremer V, Lacombe D, Le Caignec C, Lebbar A, Lebrun M, Lesca G, Lespinasse J, Levy J, Malan V, Mathieu-Dramard M, Masson J, Masurel-Paulet A, Mignot C, Missirian C, Morice-Picard F, Moutton S, Nadeau G, Pebrel-Richard C, Odent S, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Pasquier L, Philip N, Plutino M, Pons L, Portnoï MF, Prieur F, Puechberty J, Putoux A, Rio M, Rooryck-Thambo C, Rossi M, Sarret C, Satre V, Siffroi JP, Till M, Touraine R, Toutain A, Toutain J, Valence S, Verloes A, Whalen S, Edery P, Tabet AC, Sanlaville D. Whole genome paired-end sequencing elucidates functional and phenotypic consequences of balanced chromosomal rearrangement in patients with developmental disorders. J Med Genet 2019; 56:526-535. [PMID: 30923172 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanced chromosomal rearrangements associated with abnormal phenotype are rare events, but may be challenging for genetic counselling, since molecular characterisation of breakpoints is not performed routinely. We used next-generation sequencing to characterise breakpoints of balanced chromosomal rearrangements at the molecular level in patients with intellectual disability and/or congenital anomalies. METHODS Breakpoints were characterised by a paired-end low depth whole genome sequencing (WGS) strategy and validated by Sanger sequencing. Expression study of disrupted and neighbouring genes was performed by RT-qPCR from blood or lymphoblastoid cell line RNA. RESULTS Among the 55 patients included (41 reciprocal translocations, 4 inversions, 2 insertions and 8 complex chromosomal rearrangements), we were able to detect 89% of chromosomal rearrangements (49/55). Molecular signatures at the breakpoints suggested that DNA breaks arose randomly and that there was no major influence of repeated elements. Non-homologous end-joining appeared as the main mechanism of repair (55% of rearrangements). A diagnosis could be established in 22/49 patients (44.8%), 15 by gene disruption (KANSL1, FOXP1, SPRED1, TLK2, MBD5, DMD, AUTS2, MEIS2, MEF2C, NRXN1, NFIX, SYNGAP1, GHR, ZMIZ1) and 7 by position effect (DLX5, MEF2C, BCL11B, SATB2, ZMIZ1). In addition, 16 new candidate genes were identified. Systematic gene expression studies further supported these results. We also showed the contribution of topologically associated domain maps to WGS data interpretation. CONCLUSION Paired-end WGS is a valid strategy and may be used for structural variation characterisation in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schluth-Bolard
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Flavie Diguet
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | - Claire Bardel
- Cellule bioinformatique de la plateforme NGS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Centre de référence des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France.,GRC n°19, pathologies Congénitales du Cervelet-LeucoDystrophies, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Amblard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yline Capri
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Christine Coubes
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Benedicte Demeer
- Centre d'activité de génétique clinique, CLAD nord de France, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Devillard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Céline Dupont
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dupont
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Constitutionnelle, APHP-HUPC site Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de référence anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD et équipe GAD INSERM UMR1231, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Marine Houlier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et de Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | | | - Valérie Kremer
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Aziza Lebbar
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Constitutionnelle, APHP-HUPC site Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marine Lebrun
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire, CHU Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - James Lespinasse
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Général, Chambéry, France
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Service de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Julie Masson
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Centre de référence anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD et équipe GAD INSERM UMR1231, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique; Centre de Référence Déficience Intellectuelle de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenaël Nadeau
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Général, Chambéry, France.,Service de Cytogénétique, CH Valence, Valence, France
| | - Céline Pebrel-Richard
- Service de Cytogénétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Linda Pons
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Marie-France Portnoï
- Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Centre de référence des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire, CHU Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Audrey Putoux
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck-Thambo
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Equipe Génétique, Epigénétique et Thérapies de l'Infertilité, IAB, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Centre de référence des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Till
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire, CHU Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Jérome Toutain
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Pellegrin, Université de Bordeaux, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- GRC n°19, pathologies Congénitales du Cervelet-LeucoDystrophies, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, GHUEP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, Centre de référence des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UCBL1, GENDEV Team, Neurosciences Research Center of Lyon, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bessis D, Miquel J, Bourrat E, Chiaverini C, Morice-Picard F, Abadie C, Manna F, Baumann C, Best M, Blanchet P, Bursztejn AC, Capri Y, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Guillaumont S, Hadj-Rabia S, Jacquemont ML, Jeandel C, Lacombe D, Mallet S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Molinari N, Pallure V, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Vial Y, Willems M, Geneviève D, Verloes A, Cavé H. Dermatological manifestations in Noonan syndrome: a prospective multicentric study of 129 patients positive for mutation. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1438-1448. [PMID: 30417923 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on dermatological manifestations of Noonan syndrome (NS) remain heterogeneous and are based on limited dermatological expertise. OBJECTIVES To describe the dermatological manifestations of NS, compare them with the literature findings, and test for dermatological phenotype-genotype correlations with or without the presence of PTPN11 mutations. METHODS We performed a large 4-year, prospective, multicentric, collaborative dermatological and genetic study. RESULTS Overall, 129 patients with NS were enrolled, including 65 patients with PTPN11-NS, 34 patients with PTPN11-NS with multiple lentigines (NSML), and 30 patients with NS who had a mutation other than PTPN11. Easy bruising was the most frequent dermatological finding in PTPN11-NS, present in 53·8% of patients. Multiple lentigines and café-au-lait macules (n ≥ 3) were present in 94% and 80% of cases of NSML linked to specific mutations of PTPN11, respectively. Atypical forms of NSML could be associated with NS with RAF1 or NRAS mutations. In univariate analysis, patients without a PTPN11 mutation showed (i) a significantly higher frequency of keratinization disorders (P = 0·001), including keratosis pilaris (P = 0·005), ulerythema ophryogenes (P = 0·0001) and palmar and/or plantar hyperkeratosis (P = 0·06, trend association), and (ii) a significantly higher frequency of scarce scalp hair (P = 0·035) and scarce or absent eyelashes (P = 0·06, trend association) than those with PTPN11 mutations. CONCLUSIONS The cutaneous phenotype of NS with a PTPN11 mutation is generally mild and nonspecific, whereas the absence of a PTPN11 mutation is associated with a high frequency of keratinization disorders and hair abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bessis
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058, Montpellier, France
| | - J Miquel
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Réunion, Saint-Pierre Réunion, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Chiaverini
- Department of Dermatology, L'Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France.,University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - F Morice-Picard
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Abadie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sud Hospital, Rennes, France.,University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - F Manna
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Information, Epidemiological and Clinical Research Unit, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - C Baumann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - M Best
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P Blanchet
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - A-C Bursztejn
- Department of Dermatology, Brabois Hospital, Nancy, France.,University of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Y Capri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C Coubes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - F Giuliano
- University of Nice, Nice, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, L'Archet 2 Hospital, Nice, France
| | - S Guillaumont
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Reference Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M-L Jacquemont
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Réunion, Saint-Pierre Réunion, France
| | - C Jeandel
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - S Mallet
- Department of Dermatology, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,University of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Larrey Hospital, Reference Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - N Molinari
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Information, Epidemiological and Clinical Research Unit, La Colombière Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - V Pallure
- Department of Dermatology, CH, Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - C Pernet
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Competence Centre for Rare Skin Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - N Philip
- University of Marseille, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - L Pinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - P Sarda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - S Sigaudy
- University of Marseille, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Y Vial
- University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Willems
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - D Geneviève
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - A Verloes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - H Cavé
- University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bessis D, Morice‐Picard F, Bourrat E, Abadie C, Aouinti S, Baumann C, Best M, Bursztejn A, Capri Y, Chiaverini C, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Hadj‐Rabia S, Jacquemont M, Lacombe D, Lyonnet S, Mallet S, Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Miquel J, Molinari N, Parfait B, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Pouvreau N, Vial Y, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Verloes A, Cavé H, Geneviéve D. 心脸皮肤综合症中的皮肤表现. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Bessis D, Morice‐Picard F, Bourrat E, Abadie C, Aouinti S, Baumann C, Best M, Bursztejn A, Capri Y, Chiaverini C, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Hadj‐Rabia S, Jacquemont M, Lacombe D, Lyonnet S, Mallet S, Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Miquel J, Molinari N, Parfait B, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Pouvreau N, Vial Y, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Verloes A, Cavé H, Geneviéve D. Dermatological manifestations in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Philip N, Walsh L. The potential ecological effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate in dental caries prevention. Aust Dent J 2018; 64:66-71. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Philip
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - L Walsh
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bagley A, Grosshans D, Philip N, McAleer M, McGovern S, Foster J, Mahajan A, Paulino A. Efficacy of Proton Therapy on Locoregional Control in Neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
28
|
Zhao Y, Guo T, Fiksinski A, Breetvelt E, McDonald-McGinn DM, Crowley TB, Diacou A, Schneider M, Eliez S, Swillen A, Breckpot J, Vermeesch J, Chow EWC, Gothelf D, Duijff S, Evers R, van Amelsvoort TA, van den Bree M, Owen M, Niarchou M, Bearden CE, Ornstein C, Pontillo M, Buzzanca A, Vicari S, Armando M, Murphy KC, Murphy C, Garcia-Minaur S, Philip N, Campbell L, Morey-Cañellas J, Raventos J, Rosell J, Heine-Suner D, Shprintzen RJ, Gur RE, Zackai E, Emanuel BS, Wang T, Kates WR, Bassett AS, Vorstman JAS, Morrow BE. Variance of IQ is partially dependent on deletion type among 1,427 22q11.2 deletion syndrome subjects. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2172-2181. [PMID: 30289625 PMCID: PMC6209529 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is caused by non-allelic homologous recombination events during meiosis between low copy repeats (LCR22) termed A, B, C, and D. Most patients have a typical LCR22A-D (AD) deletion of 3 million base pairs (Mb). In this report, we evaluated IQ scores in 1,478 subjects with 22q11.2DS. The mean of full scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ scores in our cohort were 72.41 (standard deviation-SD of 13.72), 75.91(SD of 14.46), and 73.01(SD of 13.71), respectively. To investigate whether IQ scores are associated with deletion size, we examined individuals with the 3 Mb, AD (n = 1,353) and nested 1.5 Mb, AB (n = 74) deletions, since they comprised the largest subgroups. We found that full scale IQ was decreased by 6.25 points (p = .002), verbal IQ was decreased by 8.17 points (p = .0002) and performance IQ was decreased by 4.03 points (p = .028) in subjects with the AD versus AB deletion. Thus, individuals with the smaller, 1.5 Mb AB deletion have modestly higher IQ scores than those with the larger, 3 Mb AD deletion. Overall, the deletion of genes in the AB region largely explains the observed low IQ in the 22q11.2DS population. However, our results also indicate that haploinsufficiency of genes in the LCR22B-D region (BD) exert an additional negative impact on IQ. Furthermore, we did not find evidence of a confounding effect of severe congenital heart disease on IQ scores in our cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ania Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elemi Breetvelt
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Terrence B. Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Sapfra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Sasja Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rens Evers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Michael Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Maria Niarchou
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Ornstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile,, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Buzzanca
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Children Hospital Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy
| | - Kieran C. Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Dismorphology, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, INGEMM, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, APHM, MMG, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | | | - Jordi Rosell
- Section of Genetics, Hospital Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Robert J. Shprintzen
- The Virtual Center for Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome and Related Disorders, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and the Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Dalglish 22q Clinic for Adults, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bessis D, Morice-Picard F, Bourrat E, Abadie C, Aouinti S, Baumann C, Best M, Bursztejn AC, Capri Y, Chiaverini C, Coubes C, Giuliano F, Hadj-Rabia S, Jacquemont ML, Lacombe D, Lyonnet S, Mallet S, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Miquel J, Molinari N, Parfait B, Pernet C, Philip N, Pinson L, Pouvreau N, Vial Y, Sarda P, Sigaudy S, Verloes A, Cavé H, Geneviève D. Dermatological manifestations in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome: a prospective multicentric study of 45 mutation-positive patients. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:172-180. [PMID: 30141192 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on dermatological manifestations of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS) remain heterogeneous and almost without expert dermatological classification. OBJECTIVES To describe the dermatological manifestations of CFCS; to compare them with the literature findings; to assess those discriminating CFCS from other RASopathies, including Noonan syndrome (NS) and Costello syndrome (CS); and to test for dermatological phenotype-genotype correlations. METHODS We performed a 4-year, large, prospective, multicentric, collaborative dermatological and genetic study. RESULTS Forty-five patients were enrolled. Hair abnormalities were ubiquitous, including scarcity or absence of eyebrows and wavy or curly hair in 73% and 69% of patients, respectively. Keratosis pilaris (KP), ulerythema ophryogenes (UO), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (PPHK) and multiple melanocytic naevi (MMN; over 50 naevi) were noted in 82%, 44%, 27% and 29% of patients, respectively. Scarcity or absence of eyebrows, association of UO and PPHK, diffuse KP and MMN best differentiated CFCS from NS and CS. Oral acitretin may be highly beneficial for therapeutic management of PPHK, whereas treatment of UO by topical sirolimus 1% failed. No significant dermatological phenotype-genotype correlation was determined. CONCLUSIONS A thorough knowledge of CFCS skin manifestations would help in making a positive diagnosis and differentiating CFCS from CS and NS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bessis
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1058, Montpellier, France
| | - F Morice-Picard
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, AP-HP, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - C Abadie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sud Hospital and University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - S Aouinti
- Department of Statistics, La Colombière Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Baumann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - M Best
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A-C Bursztejn
- Department of Dermatology, Brabois Hospital, University of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Y Capri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C Chiaverini
- Department of Dermatology, L'Archet 2 Hospital and University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - C Coubes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - F Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Genetics, L'Archet 2 Hospital and University of Nice, Nice, France
| | - S Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M-L Jacquemont
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Reunion, Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pellegrin University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, AP-HP, France
| | - S Lyonnet
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - S Mallet
- Department of Dermatology, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM and University of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Larrey Hospital, Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J Miquel
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, University of South Reunion, Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France.,Department of Dermatology, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - N Molinari
- Department of Statistics, La Colombière Hospital and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Parfait
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris V, Paris, France
| | - C Pernet
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - N Philip
- Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM and University of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - L Pinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - N Pouvreau
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Y Vial
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - P Sarda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Sigaudy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, AP-HM and University of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - A Verloes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - H Cavé
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - D Geneviève
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Demaerel W, Hestand MS, Vergaelen E, Swillen A, López-Sánchez M, Pérez-Jurado LA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai E, Emanuel BS, Morrow BE, Breckpot J, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Antshel K, Arango C, Armando M, Bassett A, Bearden C, Boot E, Bravo-Sanchez M, Breetvelt E, Busa T, Butcher N, Campbell L, Carmel M, Chow E, Crowley TB, Cubells J, Cutler D, Demaerel W, Digilio MC, Duijff S, Eliez S, Emanuel B, Epstein M, Evers R, Fernandez Garcia-Moya L, Fiksinski A, Fraguas D, Fremont W, Fritsch R, Garcia-Minaur S, Golden A, Gothelf D, Guo T, Gur R, Gur R, Heine-Suner D, Hestand M, Hooper S, Kates W, Kushan L, Laorden-Nieto A, Maeder J, Marino B, Marshall C, McCabe K, McDonald-McGinn D, Michaelovosky E, Morrow B, Moss E, Mulle J, Murphy D, Murphy K, Murphy C, Niarchou M, Ornstein C, Owen M, Philip N, Repetto G, Schneider M, Shashi V, Simon T, Swillen A, Tassone F, Unolt M, van Amelsvoort T, van den Bree M, Van Duin E, Vergaelen E, Vermeesch J, Vicari S, Vingerhoets C, Vorstman J, Warren S, Weinberger R, Weisman O, Weizman A, Zackai E, Zhang Z, Zwick M. Retraction Notice to: Nested Inversion Polymorphisms Predispose Chromosome 22q11.2 to Meiotic Rearrangements. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:457. [PMID: 30193139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
31
|
Bramswig NC, Bertoli-Avella AM, Albrecht B, Al Aqeel AI, Alhashem A, Al-Sannaa N, Bah M, Bröhl K, Depienne C, Dorison N, Doummar D, Ehmke N, Elbendary HM, Gorokhova S, Héron D, Horn D, James K, Keren B, Kuechler A, Ismail S, Issa MY, Marey I, Mayer M, McEvoy-Venneri J, Megarbane A, Mignot C, Mohamed S, Nava C, Philip N, Ravix C, Rolfs A, Sadek AA, Segebrecht L, Stanley V, Trautman C, Valence S, Villard L, Wieland T, Engels H, Strom TM, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG, Lüdecke HJ, Bauer P, Wieczorek D. Genetic variants in components of the NALCN-UNC80-UNC79 ion channel complex cause a broad clinical phenotype (NALCN channelopathies). Hum Genet 2018; 137:753-768. [PMID: 30167850 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NALCN is a conserved cation channel, which conducts a permanent sodium leak current and regulates resting membrane potential and neuronal excitability. It is part of a large ion channel complex, the "NALCN channelosome", consisting of multiple proteins including UNC80 and UNC79. The predominant neuronal expression pattern and its function suggest an important role in neuronal function and disease. So far, biallelic NALCN and UNC80 variants have been described in a small number of individuals leading to infantile hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and characteristic facies 1 (IHPRF1, OMIM 615419) and 2 (IHPRF2, OMIM 616801), respectively. Heterozygous de novo NALCN missense variants in the S5/S6 pore-forming segments lead to congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, and developmental delay (CLIFAHDD, OMIM 616266) with some clinical overlap. In this study, we present detailed clinical information of 16 novel individuals with biallelic NALCN variants, 1 individual with a heterozygous de novo NALCN missense variant and an interesting clinical phenotype without contractures, and 12 individuals with biallelic UNC80 variants. We report for the first time a missense NALCN variant located in the predicted S6 pore-forming unit inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner leading to mild IHPRF1. We show evidence of clinical variability, especially among IHPRF1-affected individuals, and discuss differences between the IHPRF1- and IHPRF2 phenotypes. In summary, we provide a comprehensive overview of IHPRF1 and IHPRF2 phenotypes based on the largest cohort of individuals reported so far and provide additional insights into the clinical phenotypes of these neurodevelopmental diseases to help improve counseling of affected families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria C Bramswig
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Beate Albrecht
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aida I Al Aqeel
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouriya Al-Sannaa
- John Hopkins Aramco Health Care, Pediatric Services, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maissa Bah
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Bröhl
- Internal Medicine Department, Waldkrankenhaus Evangelical Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dorison
- Service de Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Diane Doummar
- AP-HP, Département de neuropédiatrie, GHUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Nadja Ehmke
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Svetlana Gorokhova
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiely James
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Samira Ismail
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Isabelle Marey
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Mayer
- AP-HP, Département de neuropédiatrie, GHUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer McEvoy-Venneri
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andre Megarbane
- CEMEDIPP-Centre Medico Psychopedagogique, Beirut, Lebanon.,Institut Jerome Lejeune, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sarar Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Abdullah bin Khaled Coeliac Disease Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline Nava
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique sorbonne Université "Déficiences Intellectuelles et Autisme", Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Cecile Ravix
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- CENTOGENE AG, The Rare Disease Company, Rostock, Germany.,Albrecht Kossel Institute, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Abdelrahim Abdrabou Sadek
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohâg, Egypt
| | - Lara Segebrecht
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Camille Trautman
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Valence
- AP-HP, Département de neuropédiatrie, GHUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Villard
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hermann-Josef Lüdecke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- CENTOGENE AG, The Rare Disease Company, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Geoffron S, Abi Habib W, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Dubern B, Steunou V, Azzi S, Afenjar A, Busa T, Pinheiro Canton A, Chalouhi C, Dufourg MN, Esteva B, Fradin M, Geneviève D, Heide S, Isidor B, Linglart A, Morice Picard F, Naud-Saudreau C, Oliver Petit I, Philip N, Pienkowski C, Rio M, Rossignol S, Tauber M, Thevenon J, Vu-Hong TA, Harbison MD, Salem J, Brioude F, Netchine I, Giabicani E. Chromosome 14q32.2 Imprinted Region Disruption as an Alternative Molecular Diagnosis of Silver-Russell Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2436-2446. [PMID: 29659920 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) (mainly secondary to 11p15 molecular disruption) and Temple syndrome (TS) (secondary to 14q32.2 molecular disruption) are imprinting disorders with phenotypic (prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, early feeding difficulties) and molecular overlap. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical overlap between SRS and TS and extensively study the molecular aspects of TS. PATIENTS We retrospectively collected data on 28 patients with disruption of the 14q32.2 imprinted region, identified in our center, and performed extensive molecular analysis. RESULTS Seventeen (60.7%) patients showed loss of methylation of the MEG3/DLK1 intergenic differentially methylated region by epimutation. Eight (28.6%) patients had maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 and three (10.7%) had a paternal deletion in 14q32.2. Most patients (72.7%) had a Netchine-Harbison SRS clinical scoring system ≥4/6, and consistent with a clinical diagnosis of SRS. The mean age at puberty onset was 7.2 years in girls and 9.6 years in boys; 37.5% had premature pubarche. The body mass index of all patients increased before pubarche and/or the onset of puberty. Multilocus analysis identified multiple methylation defects in 58.8% of patients. We identified four potentially damaging genetic variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the establishment or maintenance of DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with 14q32.2 disruption fulfill the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of SRS. These clinical data suggest similar management of patients with TS and SRS, with special attention to their young age at the onset of puberty and early increase of body mass index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Geoffron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Walid Abi Habib
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Département de Génétique, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS U1166 (Eq 6) Nutriomics, Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Nutrition et de Gastroentérologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Steunou
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Salah Azzi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Département de Génétique Clinique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs et Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France
| | - Tiffanny Busa
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Département de Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 7, France
| | - Ana Pinheiro Canton
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Christel Chalouhi
- APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dufourg
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Esteva
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Hôpital Sud, Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Centre Labéllisé 'Anomalies du Développement'-Ouest, Rennes cedex 2, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Unité de Génétique Clinique, Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapie, Montpellier University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Département de Génétique, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes cedex 1, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- APHP, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Reference Center for Rare Mineral Metabolism Disorders (Filière OSCAR) and the Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Fanny Morice Picard
- CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants, Department of Pediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Catherine Naud-Saudreau
- Bretagne Sud Hospital Center, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lorient cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Oliver Petit
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Département de Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille cedex 7, France
| | - Catherine Pienkowski
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Pédiatrie, Strasbourg cedex, France
- INSERM U1112, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Toulouse cedex 9, France
- INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader Willi, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- CHU Dijon, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs," Dijon cedex, France
- CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Hôpital Couple-Enfants, Centre de Génétique, Centre de Référence "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs," La Tronche, France
| | - Thuy-Ai Vu-Hong
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pediatrics, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Salem
- The MAGIC Foundation, Russell-Silver Syndrome/Small for Gestational Age Research & Education Fund, Warrenville, Illinois
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| | - Eloïse Giabicani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938 Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baer S, Afenjar A, Smol T, Piton A, Gérard B, Alembik Y, Bienvenu T, Boursier G, Boute O, Colson C, Cordier MP, Cormier-Daire V, Delobel B, Doco-Fenzy M, Duban-Bedu B, Fradin M, Geneviève D, Goldenberg A, Grelet M, Haye D, Heron D, Isidor B, Keren B, Lacombe D, Lèbre AS, Lesca G, Masurel A, Mathieu-Dramard M, Nava C, Pasquier L, Petit A, Philip N, Piard J, Rondeau S, Saugier-Veber P, Sukno S, Thevenon J, Van-Gils J, Vincent-Delorme C, Willems M, Schaefer E, Morin G. Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome as a major cause of syndromic intellectual disability: A study of 33 French cases. Clin Genet 2018; 94:141-152. [PMID: 29574747 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WSS) is a rare syndromic condition in which intellectual disability (ID) is associated with hypertrichosis cubiti, short stature, and characteristic facies. Following the identification of the causative gene (KMT2A) in 2012, only 31 cases of WSS have been described precisely in the literature. We report on 33 French individuals with a KMT2A mutation confirmed by targeted gene sequencing, high-throughput sequencing or exome sequencing. Patients' molecular and clinical features were recorded and compared with the literature data. On the molecular level, we found 29 novel mutations. We observed autosomal dominant transmission of WSS in 3 families and mosaicism in one family. Clinically, we observed a broad phenotypic spectrum with regard to ID (mild to severe), the facies (typical or not of WSS) and associated malformations (bone, cerebral, renal, cardiac and ophthalmological anomalies). Hypertrichosis cubiti that was supposed to be pathognomonic in the literature was found only in 61% of our cases. This is the largest series of WSS cases yet described to date. A majority of patients exhibited suggestive features, but others were less characteristic, only identified by molecular diagnosis. The prevalence of WSS was higher than expected in patients with ID, suggesting than KMT2A is a major gene in ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Baer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Afenjar
- Unité de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - T Smol
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Piton
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Gérard
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Y Alembik
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - T Bienvenu
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - G Boursier
- Département Génétique Médicale, Laboratoire génétique moléculaire maladies auto inflammatoires et maladies rares, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - O Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - C Colson
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M-P Cordier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - V Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - B Delobel
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - B Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Fradin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - D Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHRU Montpellier, Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier-Nîmes, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - A Goldenberg
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - M Grelet
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - D Haye
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Médicale, CHU Paris-GH La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - D Heron
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Médicale, CHU Paris-GH La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - B Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - B Keren
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Génomique du Développement, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Chromosomique, CHU Paris-GH La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - A-S Lèbre
- Laboratoire de Génétique, Service de Génétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHU de Reims, Reims, France
| | - G Lesca
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Masurel
- Centre de Génétique, CHU Dijon, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France
| | | | - C Nava
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Génomique du Développement, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Chromosomique, CHU Paris-GH La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - L Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - A Petit
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - N Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - J Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - S Rondeau
- Département de Génétique, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - P Saugier-Veber
- Département de Génétique, CHU Rouen, Inserm U1079, Institut pour la recherche et l'innovation en Biomédecine, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - S Sukno
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique Lillois, Faculté Libre de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - J Thevenon
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J Van-Gils
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Vincent-Delorme
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Willems
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHRU Montpellier, Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier-Nîmes, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - E Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Morin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Miguet M, Faivre L, Amiel J, Nizon M, Touraine R, Prieur F, Pasquier L, Lefebvre M, Thevenon J, Dubourg C, Julia S, Sarret C, Remerand G, Francannet C, Laffargue F, Boespflug-Tanguy O, David A, Isidor B, Vigneron J, Leheup B, Lambert L, Philippe C, Béri-Dexheimer M, Cuisset JM, Andrieux J, Plessis G, Toutain A, Guibaud L, Cormier-Daire V, Rio M, Bonnefont JP, Echenne B, Journel H, Burglen L, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Bienvenu T, Baumann C, Perrin L, Drunat S, Jouk PS, Dieterich K, Devillard F, Lacombe D, Philip N, Sigaudy S, Moncla A, Missirian C, Badens C, Perreton N, Thauvin-Robinet C, AChro-Puce R, Pedespan JM, Rooryck C, Goizet C, Vincent-Delorme C, Duban-Bedu B, Bahi-Buisson N, Afenjar A, Maincent K, Héron D, Alessandri JL, Martin-Coignard D, Lesca G, Rossi M, Raynaud M, Callier P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Marle N, Coutton C, Satre V, Caignec CL, Malan V, Romana S, Keren B, Tabet AC, Kremer V, Scheidecker S, Vigouroux A, Lackmy-Port-Lis M, Sanlaville D, Till M, Carneiro M, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Willems M, Van Esch H, Portes VD, El Chehadeh S. Further delineation of the MECP2 duplication syndrome phenotype in 59 French male patients, with a particular focus on morphological and neurological features. J Med Genet 2018; 55:359-371. [PMID: 29618507 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Xq28 duplication involving the MECP2 gene (MECP2 duplication) has been mainly described in male patients with severe developmental delay (DD) associated with spasticity, stereotypic movements and recurrent infections. Nevertheless, only a few series have been published. We aimed to better describe the phenotype of this condition, with a focus on morphological and neurological features. Through a national collaborative study, we report a large French series of 59 affected males with interstitial MECP2 duplication. Most of the patients (93%) shared similar facial features, which evolved with age (midface hypoplasia, narrow and prominent nasal bridge, thick lower lip, large prominent ears), thick hair, livedo of the limbs, tapered fingers, small feet and vasomotor troubles. Early hypotonia and global DD were constant, with 21% of patients unable to walk. In patients able to stand, lower limbs weakness and spasticity led to a singular standing habitus: flexion of the knees, broad-based stance with pseudo-ataxic gait. Scoliosis was frequent (53%), such as divergent strabismus (76%) and hypermetropia (54%), stereotypic movements (89%), without obvious social withdrawal and decreased pain sensitivity (78%). Most of the patients did not develop expressive language, 35% saying few words. Epilepsy was frequent (59%), with a mean onset around 7.4 years of age, and often (62%) drug-resistant. Other medical issues were frequent: constipation (78%), and recurrent infections (89%), mainly lung. We delineate the clinical phenotype of MECP2 duplication syndrome in a large series of 59 males. Pulmonary hypertension appeared as a cause of early death in these patients, advocating its screening early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Miguet
- Service de génétique médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs", Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- FHU TRANSLAD, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- FHU TRANSLAD, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- FHU TRANSLAD, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Sophie Julia
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ganaëlle Remerand
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Francannet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fanny Laffargue
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Service de Neuropédiatrie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Albert David
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Joris Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Guibaud
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | | | - Marlene Rio
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Echenne
- Service de Neurologie pédiatrique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert Journel
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier de Vannes, Vannes, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, GH Cochin-Broca Hôtel Dieu, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Clarisse Baumann
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Département de Génétique et Procréation - UMR CNRS 5525 TIMC-IMAG - équipe DYCTIM, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus Dieterich
- Département de Génétique et Procréation - UMR CNRS 5525 TIMC-IMAG - équipe DYCTIM, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation - UMR CNRS 5525 TIMC-IMAG - équipe DYCTIM, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211 and Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Moncla
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Badens
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- FHU TRANSLAD, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Rooryck
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211 and Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211 and Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Duban-Bedu
- Centre de Génétique Chromosomique, GH de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Lille, France
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence "Malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet", APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Kim Maincent
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence "Malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet", APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Gaëtan Lesca
- Service de génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Marle
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés, Université Bretagne Loire, INSERM, UMR1238, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Serge Romana
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Kremer
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Scheidecker
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Marianne Till
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maryline Carneiro
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Laboratory for Genetics of Cognition, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Des Portes
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares», HFME, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5304, Bron, France
| | - Salima El Chehadeh
- Service de génétique médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs", Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Des déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.,FHU TRANSLAD, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares «Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs», Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Philip N, Wilkes C, Yeo TW, Rajahram GS, William T, John DV. Potential Use of Multiplex PCR in Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis. Trop Biomed 2017; 34:870-876. [PMID: 33592956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is important for early administration of treatment. In this study, we have evaluated the diagnostic value of smear, culture, multiplex PCR and GeneXpert MTB/RIF to detect M. tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with suspected TBM registered in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Of the 55 CSF samples collected, 12 (21.8%) samples were positive by multiplex PCR, 3 (5.4%) by GeneXpert MTB/RIF and only 1 (1.8%) by smear and culture. Multiplex PCR showed higher sensitivity to detect M. tuberculosis in patients with suspected TBM and has the potential to be used as a diagnostic method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Philip
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - C Wilkes
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health and Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - T W Yeo
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - G S Rajahram
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
| | - T William
- Jesselton Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - D V John
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mortreux J, Busa T, Germain DP, Nadeau G, Puechberty J, Coubes C, Gatinois V, Cacciagli P, Duffourd Y, Pinard JM, Tevissen H, Villard L, Sanlaville D, Philip N, Missirian C. The role of CNVs in the etiology of rare autosomal recessive disorders: the example of TRAPPC9-associated intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 26:143-148. [PMID: 29187737 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A large number of genes involved in autosomal recessive forms of intellectual disability (ID) were identified over the past few years through whole-exome sequencing (WES) or whole-genome sequencing in consanguineous families. Disease-associated variants in TRAPPC9 were reported in eight multiplex consanguineous sibships from different ethnic backgrounds, and led to the delineation of the phenotype. Affected patients have microcephaly, obesity, normal motor development, severe ID, and language impairment and brain anomalies. PATIENTS We report six new patients recruited through a national collaborative network. RESULTS In the two patients heterozygous for a copy-number variation (CNV), the phenotype was clinically relevant with regard to the literature, which prompted to sequence the second allele, leading to identification of disease-associated variants in both. The third patient was homozygote for an intragenic TRAPPC9 CNV. The phenotype of the patients reported was concordant with the literature. Recent reports emphasized the role of CNVs in the etiology of rare recessive disorders. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that CNVs significantly contribute to the mutational spectrum of TRAPPC9 gene, and also confirms the interest of combining WES with CNV analysis to provide a molecular diagnosis to patients with rare Mendelian disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Mortreux
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France.
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique P Germain
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles, 78180, Montigny, France.,CHU Raymond Poincaré (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Gwenaël Nadeau
- UF de génétique chromosomique, Centre hospitalier métropole Savoie, Chambéry, France
| | - Jacques Puechberty
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine Personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine Personnalisée, CHU de Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CHU de Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yannis Duffourd
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 42271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pinard
- Division of Neuropediatrics, CHU Raymond Poincaré (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | | | - Laurent Villard
- Aix Marseille Université, GMGF, Inserm, UMR_S 910, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, GMGF UMR_S 910, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Département de Génétique Médicale, APHM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Legendre M, Abadie V, Attié-Bitach T, Philip N, Busa T, Bonneau D, Colin E, Dollfus H, Lacombe D, Toutain A, Blesson S, Julia S, Martin-Coignard D, Geneviève D, Leheup B, Odent S, Jouk PS, Mercier S, Faivre L, Vincent-Delorme C, Francannet C, Naudion S, Mathieu-Dramard M, Delrue MA, Goldenberg A, Héron D, Parent P, Touraine R, Layet V, Sanlaville D, Quélin C, Moutton S, Fradin M, Jacquette A, Sigaudy S, Pinson L, Sarda P, Guerrot AM, Rossi M, Masurel-Paulet A, El Chehadeh S, Piguel X, Rodriguez-Ballesteros M, Ragot S, Lyonnet S, Bilan F, Gilbert-Dussardier B. Phenotype and genotype analysis of a French cohort of 119 patients with CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet 2017; 175:417-430. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Legendre
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers; Poitiers France
- EA 3808, Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - Véronique Abadie
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP; Paris France
- Unité INSERM 1178/1018-CESP, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- INSERM U1163, Laboratoire d'Embryologie et de Génétique des Malformations Congénitales; Sorbonne Paris Cité et Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Département de Génétique; Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades; AP-HP Paris France
| | | | | | | | | | - Hélène Dollfus
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | | | - Sophie Julia
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | | | - David Geneviève
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Département de génétique médicale, maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, Unité Inserm U1183, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Nancy; Nancy France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Rennes; Rennes France
| | | | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | | | | | - Sophie Naudion
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Delphine Héron
- Service de Génétique, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP; Paris France
| | | | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
| | | | | | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | | | | | - Lucile Pinson
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Département de génétique médicale, maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, Unité Inserm U1183, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Pierre Sarda
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Département de génétique médicale, maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, Unité Inserm U1183, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Salima El Chehadeh
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Xavier Piguel
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | | | - Stéphanie Ragot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHU de Poitiers; Poitiers France
- INSERM CIC 1402; Poitiers France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- INSERM U1163, Laboratoire d'Embryologie et de Génétique des Malformations Congénitales; Sorbonne Paris Cité et Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- Département de Génétique; Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades; AP-HP Paris France
| | - Frédéric Bilan
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers; Poitiers France
- EA 3808, Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bassett AS, Lowther C, Merico D, Costain G, Chow EWC, van Amelsvoort T, McDonald-McGinn D, Gur RE, Swillen A, Van den Bree M, Murphy K, Gothelf D, Bearden CE, Eliez S, Kates W, Philip N, Sashi V, Campbell L, Vorstman J, Cubells J, Repetto GM, Simon T, Boot E, Heung T, Evers R, Vingerhoets C, van Duin E, Zackai E, Vergaelen E, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR, Owen M, Murphy C, Michaelovosky E, Kushan L, Schneider M, Fremont W, Busa T, Hooper S, McCabe K, Duijff S, Isaev K, Pellecchia G, Wei J, Gazzellone MJ, Scherer SW, Emanuel BS, Guo T, Morrow BE, Marshall CR. Rare Genome-Wide Copy Number Variation and Expression of Schizophrenia in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:1054-1063. [PMID: 28750581 PMCID: PMC5665703 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a more than 20-fold increased risk for developing schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify additional genetic factors (i.e., "second hits") that may contribute to schizophrenia expression. METHOD Through an international consortium, the authors obtained DNA samples from 329 psychiatrically phenotyped subjects with 22q11.2DS. Using a high-resolution microarray platform and established methods to assess copy number variation (CNV), the authors compared the genome-wide burden of rare autosomal CNV, outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region, between two groups: a schizophrenia group and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. The authors assessed whether genes overlapped by rare CNVs were overrepresented in functional pathways relevant to schizophrenia. RESULTS Rare CNVs overlapping one or more protein-coding genes revealed significant between-group differences. For rare exonic duplications, six of 19 gene sets tested were enriched in the schizophrenia group; genes associated with abnormal nervous system phenotypes remained significant in a stepwise logistic regression model and showed significant interactions with 22q11.2 deletion region genes in a connectivity analysis. For rare exonic deletions, the schizophrenia group had, on average, more genes overlapped. The additional rare CNVs implicated known (e.g., GRM7, 15q13.3, 16p12.2) and novel schizophrenia risk genes and loci. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that additional rare CNVs overlapping genes outside of the 22q11.2 deletion region contribute to schizophrenia risk in 22q11.2DS, supporting a multigenic hypothesis for schizophrenia. The findings have implications for understanding expression of psychotic illness and herald the importance of whole-genome sequencing to appreciate the overall genomic architecture of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Chelsea Lowther
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Daniele Merico
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gregory Costain
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Eva W C Chow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Donna McDonald-McGinn
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Raquel E Gur
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Ann Swillen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Marianne Van den Bree
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kieran Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Doron Gothelf
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephan Eliez
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wendy Kates
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Nicole Philip
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Vandana Sashi
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Linda Campbell
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joseph Cubells
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tony Simon
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Erik Boot
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tracy Heung
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Rens Evers
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Esther van Duin
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elaine Zackai
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elfi Vergaelen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Koen Devriendt
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Michael Owen
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Clodagh Murphy
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Elena Michaelovosky
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Leila Kushan
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Maude Schneider
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Wanda Fremont
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tiffany Busa
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen Hooper
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Kathryn McCabe
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Sasja Duijff
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Karin Isaev
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - John Wei
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Matthew J Gazzellone
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Tingwei Guo
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - Christian R Marshall
- From the Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto; the Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; the Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; the Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; the Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; the Departments of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; the Centre for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; the Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales; the Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London; the Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles; Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse; Département de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille - Hôpital de la Timone, Marseilles, France; the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; the Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; the Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, Sacramento, Calif.; Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y.; and Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tabet AC, Rolland T, Ducloy M, Lévy J, Buratti J, Mathieu A, Haye D, Perrin L, Dupont C, Passemard S, Capri Y, Verloes A, Drunat S, Keren B, Mignot C, Marey I, Jacquette A, Whalen S, Pipiras E, Benzacken B, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Afenjar A, Héron D, Le Caignec C, Beneteau C, Pichon O, Isidor B, David A, El Khattabi L, Kemeny S, Gouas L, Vago P, Mosca-Boidron AL, Faivre L, Missirian C, Philip N, Sanlaville D, Edery P, Satre V, Coutton C, Devillard F, Dieterich K, Vuillaume ML, Rooryck C, Lacombe D, Pinson L, Gatinois V, Puechberty J, Chiesa J, Lespinasse J, Dubourg C, Quelin C, Fradin M, Journel H, Toutain A, Martin D, Benmansour A, Leblond CS, Toro R, Amsellem F, Delorme R, Bourgeron T. A framework to identify contributing genes in patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. NPJ Genom Med 2017; 2:32. [PMID: 29263841 PMCID: PMC5677962 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-017-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a variety of clinical symptoms with heterogeneous degrees of severity, including intellectual disability (ID), absent or delayed speech, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It results from a deletion of the distal part of chromosome 22q13 that in most cases includes the SHANK3 gene. SHANK3 is considered a major gene for PMS, but the factors that modulate the severity of the syndrome remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated 85 patients with different 22q13 rearrangements (78 deletions and 7 duplications). We first explored the clinical features associated with PMS, and provide evidence for frequent corpus callosum abnormalities in 28% of 35 patients with brain imaging data. We then mapped several candidate genomic regions at the 22q13 region associated with high risk of clinical features, and suggest a second locus at 22q13 associated with absence of speech. Finally, in some cases, we identified additional clinically relevant copy-number variants (CNVs) at loci associated with ASD, such as 16p11.2 and 15q11q13, which could modulate the severity of the syndrome. We also report an inherited SHANK3 deletion transmitted to five affected daughters by a mother without ID nor ASD, suggesting that some individuals could compensate for such mutations. In summary, we shed light on the genotype-phenotype relationship of patients with PMS, a step towards the identification of compensatory mechanisms for a better prognosis and possibly treatments of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rolland
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie Ducloy
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Buratti
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mathieu
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Damien Haye
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Yline Capri
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Genetics Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Cytogenetics Unit, Pitié Salpetrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Neurogenetics Unit, Pitié Salpetrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Marey
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Pitié Salpetrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Pitié Salpetrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Whalen
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Pitié Salpetrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Cytogenetics Unit, Jean Verdier Hospital, APHP, Bondy, France
| | | | | | | | - Delphine Héron
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Albert David
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Vago
- Genetics Unit, CHU Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Philip
- Genetics Unit, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrick Edery
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Lyon Civil Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucile Pinson
- Genetics Unit, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - James Lespinasse
- Cytogenetics Unit, Chambéry-Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Chambéry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claire S. Leblond
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Amsellem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Guo T, Repetto GM, McDonald McGinn DM, Chung JH, Nomaru H, Campbell CL, Blonska A, Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Mlynarski EE, Swillen A, Vermeesch J, Devriendt K, Gothelf D, Carmel M, Michaelovsky E, Schneider M, Eliez S, Antonarakis SE, Coleman K, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B, Marino B, Philip N, Busa T, Kushan-Wells L, Bearden CE, Piotrowicz M, Hawuła W, Roberts AE, Tassone F, Simon TJ, van Duin EDA, van Amelsvoort TA, Kates WR, Zackai E, Johnston HR, Cutler DJ, Agopian AJ, Goldmuntz E, Mitchell LE, Wang T, Emanuel BS, Morrow BE. Genome-Wide Association Study to Find Modifiers for Tetralogy of Fallot in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Identifies Variants in the GPR98 Locus on 5q14.3. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2017; 10:e001690. [PMID: 29025761 PMCID: PMC5647121 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) occurs in 1 of 4000 live births, and 60% to 70% of affected individuals have congenital heart disease, ranging from mild to severe. In our cohort of 1472 subjects with 22q11.2DS, a total of 62% (n=906) have congenital heart disease and 36% (n=326) of these have tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), comprising the largest subset of severe congenital heart disease in the cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify common genetic variants associated with TOF in individuals with 22q11.2DS, we performed a genome-wide association study using Affymetrix 6.0 array and imputed genotype data. In our cohort, TOF was significantly associated with a genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs12519770, P=2.98×10-8) in an intron of the adhesion GPR98 (G-protein-coupled receptor V1) gene on chromosome 5q14.3. There was also suggestive evidence of association between TOF and several additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this region. Some genome-wide significant loci in introns or noncoding regions could affect regulation of genes nearby or at a distance. On the basis of this possibility, we examined existing Hi-C chromatin conformation data to identify genes that might be under shared transcriptional regulation within the region on 5q14.3. There are 6 genes in a topologically associated domain of chromatin with GPR98, including MEF2C (Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C). MEF2C is the only gene that is known to affect heart development in mammals and might be of interest with respect to 22q11.2DS. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, common variants may contribute to TOF in 22q11.2DS and may function in cardiac outflow tract development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Guo
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Donna M McDonald McGinn
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Jonathan H Chung
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Christopher L Campbell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Anna Blonska
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Anne S Bassett
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Eva W C Chow
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elisabeth E Mlynarski
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Ann Swillen
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Joris Vermeesch
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Koen Devriendt
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Doron Gothelf
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Miri Carmel
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Maude Schneider
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Stephan Eliez
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Karlene Coleman
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Michael E Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - M Cristina Digilio
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bruno Marino
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Nicole Philip
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tiffany Busa
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowicz
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Wanda Hawuła
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Amy E Roberts
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Flora Tassone
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tony J Simon
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Esther D A van Duin
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Thérèse A van Amelsvoort
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Wendy R Kates
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elaine Zackai
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - H Richard Johnston
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - David J Cutler
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - A J Agopian
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Tao Wang
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.)
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- From the Department of Genetics (T.G., J.H.C., H.N., C.L.C., T.W., B.E.M.) and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (T.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Center for Human Genetics, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (G.M.R.); Division of Human Genetics (D.M.M.M., E.E.M., E.Z., B.S.E.), Division of Cardiology (E.G.), and Department of Pediatrics (E.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (A.B.); Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (A.S.B., E.W.C.C.); Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (A.S.B.); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (A.S.B.); Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium (A.S., J.V., K.D.); The Child Psychiatry Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel (D.G., M.C., E.M.); Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel (M.C., E.M.); Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland (M.S., S.E.); Department of Genetic Medicine, UNIGE and iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland (S.E.A.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA (K.C.); Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.T.-M., M.E.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy (M.C.D., B.D.); Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (B.M.); Department of Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, APHM, GMGF, Timone Hospital, France (N.P., T.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (L.K.-W., C.E.B.); Department of Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Łódź, Poland (M.P., W.H.); Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.); M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (F.T.) and M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (T.J.S.), University of California, Davis; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (E.D.A.V.D., T.A.v.A.); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY (T.A.v.A., W.R.K.); Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J., D.J.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA (H.R.J.); and Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX (A.J.A., L.E.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Busa T, Jeraiby M, Clémenson A, Manouvrier S, Granados V, Philip N, Touraine R. Confirmation that RIPK4
mutations cause not only Bartsocas-Papas syndrome but also CHAND syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:3114-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Busa
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM; CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | - Mohammed Jeraiby
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint Etienne France
| | - Alix Clémenson
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint Etienne France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Service de Génétique médicale; Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre; CHRU de Lille; Lille France
| | - Viviana Granados
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint Etienne France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM; CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Chromosomique et Moléculaire; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint Etienne France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ovaert C, Busa T, Faure E, Missirian C, Philip N, Paoli F, Milh M, Macé L, Zaffran S. FOXC1 haploinsufficiency due to 6p25 deletion in a patient with rapidly progressing aortic valve disease. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2489-2493. [PMID: 28657660 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
6p25 deletion is a rare but well-known entity. The main clinical features include an abnormal facial appearance, developmental delay, and ocular anomalies. Cardiac anomalies are frequently seen but remain poorly delineated. We describe a 4-year-old girl with 6p25.3 deletion, which includes the FOXC1 gene, typical dysmorphic features associated with developmental delay and oculo-motor anomalies. Aortic valve dysplasia was diagnosed early in life. The cardiac lesion progressed very rapidly between the age of 3 and 4 years requiring aortic valve replacement. Genomic analysis of blood and excised valve tissue showed down-regulation of FOXC1 but also FOXC2 expression in the diseased aortic valve. This allows us to speculate on the potential role of FOXC1 in aortic valve anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ovaert
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Faure
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Florent Paoli
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Loic Macé
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Zaffran
- Faculté de Médecine, Inserm, GMGF, UMR_S910, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ronin C, Mace P, Stenard F, Loundou A, Capelle M, Mortier I, Pellissier MC, Sigaudy S, Levy A, D’ercole C, Hoffmann P, Merrot T, Lopater J, De Lagausie P, Philip N, Bretelle F. Antenatal prognostic factor of fetal echogenic bowel. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 212:166-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Tardieu C, Jung S, Niederreither K, Prasad M, Hadj-Rabia S, Philip N, Mallet A, Consolino E, Sfeir E, Noueiri B, Chassaing N, Dollfus H, Manière M, Bloch-Zupan A, Clauss F. Dental and extra-oral clinical features in 41 patients with WNT10A
gene mutations: A multicentric genotype-phenotype study. Clin Genet 2017; 92:477-486. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Tardieu
- ADES UMR 7268, Hôpital Timone, Service Odontologie; Aix Marseille University, APHM; Marseille France
| | - S. Jung
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence des Manifestations Odontologiques des Maladies Rares, O Rares; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - K. Niederreither
- CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire and Cellulaire, Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, Université de Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - M. Prasad
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, INSERM U1112, Translational Medicine federation (FMTS); Alsace Medical Genetics Institute; Strasbourg France
| | - S. Hadj-Rabia
- Reference Center for Genodermatosis; Necker Hospital, AP-HP; Paris France
| | - N. Philip
- INSERM GMGF, UMR-S910; Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
- Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies; APHM, Hôpital Timone; Marseille France
| | - A. Mallet
- Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies; APHM, Hôpital Timone; Marseille France
| | - E. Consolino
- Department of Medical Genetics, Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies; APHM, Hôpital Timone; Marseille France
| | - E. Sfeir
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Libanese University; Beyrouth Lebanon
| | - B. Noueiri
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Libanese University; Beyrouth Lebanon
| | - N. Chassaing
- Department of Medical Genetics; University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | - H. Dollfus
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, INSERM U1112, Translational Medicine federation (FMTS); Alsace Medical Genetics Institute; Strasbourg France
| | - M.C. Manière
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence des Manifestations Odontologiques des Maladies Rares, O Rares; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- INSERM Unit UMR 1109; Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine; Strasbourg France
| | - A. Bloch-Zupan
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence des Manifestations Odontologiques des Maladies Rares, O Rares; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire and Cellulaire, Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, Université de Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - F. Clauss
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Centre de Référence des Manifestations Odontologiques des Maladies Rares, O Rares; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire; Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
- CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire and Cellulaire, Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, Université de Strasbourg; Illkirch France
- INSERM Unit UMR 1109; Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine; Strasbourg France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Grimes C, Patankar S, Ryntz T, Simpson K, Truong M, Young C, Madueke Laveaux S, Philip N, Walters R, Advincula A, Pitter M, Kim J. 13: Evaluating ureteral patency in the post-indigo carmine era: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
46
|
Busa T, Panait N, Chaumoitre K, Philip N, Missirian C. Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula in a patient with 7q35-36.3 deletion including SHH gene. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:546-8. [PMID: 27614115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Terminal 7q deletion is rarely reported in the literature. Holoprosencephaly and sacral dysgenesis are found in association with this deletion, due to haploinsufficiency of SHH and HLBX9 genes respectively. We report on a 2-year-old boy with 7q35-36.3 deletion encompassing SHH identified by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization. In addition to other frequent features, the patient presented with esophageal atresia and tracheoeosophageal fistula diagnosed at birth. This case, together with two others previously described, one presenting with esophageal atresia, the other with congenital esophageal stenosis, confirms the possible association between congenital esophageal malformations and 7q terminal deletion including SHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Busa
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France.
| | | | | | - Nicole Philip
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Unité de cytogénétique constitutionnelle, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Goldenberg A, Riccardi F, Tessier A, Pfundt R, Busa T, Cacciagli P, Capri Y, Coutton C, Delahaye-Duriez A, Frebourg T, Gatinois V, Guerrot AM, Genevieve D, Lecoquierre F, Jacquette A, Khau Van Kien P, Leheup B, Marlin S, Verloes A, Michaud V, Nadeau G, Mignot C, Parent P, Rossi M, Toutain A, Schaefer E, Thauvin-Robinet C, Van Maldergem L, Thevenon J, Satre V, Perrin L, Vincent-Delorme C, Sorlin A, Missirian C, Villard L, Mancini J, Saugier-Veber P, Philip N. Clinical and molecular findings in 39 patients with KBG syndrome caused by deletion or mutation of ANKRD11. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2847-2859. [PMID: 27605097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KBG syndrome, due to ANKRD11 alteration is characterized by developmental delay, short stature, dysmorphic facial features, and skeletal anomalies. We report a clinical and molecular study of 39 patients affected by KBG syndrome. Among them, 19 were diagnosed after the detection of a 16q24.3 deletion encompassing the ANKRD11 gene by array CGH. In the 20 remaining patients, the clinical suspicion was confirmed by the identification of an ANKRD11 mutation by direct sequencing. We present arguments to modulate the previously reported diagnostic criteria. Macrodontia should no longer be considered a mandatory feature. KBG syndrome is compatible with autonomous life in adulthood. Autism is less frequent than previously reported. We also describe new clinical findings with a potential impact on the follow-up of patients, such as precocious puberty and a case of malignancy. Most deletions remove the 5'end or the entire coding region but never extend toward 16q telomere suggesting that distal 16q deletion could be lethal. Although ANKRD11 appears to be a major gene associated with intellectual disability, KBG syndrome remains under-diagnosed. NGS-based approaches for sequencing will improve the detection of point mutations in this gene. Broad knowledge of the clinical phenotype is essential for a correct interpretation of the molecular results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Goldenberg
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France.
| | - Florence Riccardi
- Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone-Enfant, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Tessier
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Afdeling Genetica, Radboud universitair medisch centrum, Nijmegen, Holland
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone-Enfant, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Yline Capri
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique chromosomique, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, CHU de Grenoble, Université de Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Andree Delahaye-Duriez
- Laboratoire d'histologie-embryologie-cytogénétique-BDR, Hôpital Jean Verdier, CHU de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, APHP et Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bondy, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Gatinois
- Laboratoire de génétique des maladies rares et auto-inflammatoires, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Guerrot
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France
| | - David Genevieve
- Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Lecoquierre
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- APHP, Département de Génétique, Centre de référence déficiences intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GRC UPMC "déficiences intellectuelles et autisme", Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Khau Van Kien
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique médicale et cytogénétique, Hôpital Caremeau, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de génétique clinique, Hôpital de Brabois, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Marlin
- Service de génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Service de génétique médicale, GH Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenael Nadeau
- Unité fonctionnelle de cytogénétique, CH de Valence, Valence, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP, Département de Génétique, Centre de référence déficiences intellectuelles de Causes Rares, GRC UPMC "déficiences intellectuelles et autisme", Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Parent
- Département de pédiatrie et génétique médicale, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Service de génétique, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, GH Est, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de génétique humaine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, CHRU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Centre de génétique, Hôpital François Mitterrand, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique chromosomique, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, CHU de Grenoble, Université de Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Unité fonctionnelle de génétique clinique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Arthur Sorlin
- Service de génétique clinique, Hôpital de Brabois, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone-Enfant, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Mancini
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, IRD, UMR_S912, SESSTIM, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, BiosTIC, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Saugier-Veber
- Service de génétique, CHU de Rouen et Inserm U1079, Université de Rouen, Centre Normand de Génomique Médicale et Médecine Personnalisée, Rouen, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone-Enfant, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Masurel-Paulet A, Piton A, Chancenotte S, Redin C, Thauvin-Robinet C, Henrenger Y, Minot D, Creppy A, Ruffier-Bourdet M, Thevenon J, Kuentz P, Lehalle D, Curie A, Blanchard G, Ghosn E, Bonnet M, Archimbaud-Devilliers M, Huet F, Perret O, Philip N, Mandel JL, Faivre L. A new family with anSLC9A6mutation expanding the phenotypic spectrum of Christianson syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2103-10. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| | - Amélie Piton
- Laboratoire “Mécanismes génétiques des maladies neurodéveloppementales”; IGBMC; Illkirch France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic génétique; CHU Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Sophie Chancenotte
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Claire Redin
- Laboratoire “Mécanismes génétiques des maladies neurodéveloppementales”; IGBMC; Illkirch France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic génétique; CHU Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| | - Yvan Henrenger
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic génétique; CHU Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Delphine Minot
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Audrey Creppy
- Laboratoire “Mécanismes génétiques des maladies neurodéveloppementales”; IGBMC; Illkirch France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic génétique; CHU Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Marie Ruffier-Bourdet
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Aurore Curie
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Gaelle Blanchard
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Ezzat Ghosn
- Service de Pédiatre; Centre Hospitalier de Chalon-sur-Saône; Chalon-sur-Saône France
| | - Marlene Bonnet
- Centre Référent des Troubles du Langage et des Apprentissages; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
| | | | - Frédéric Huet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| | - Odile Perret
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, AMU; APHM; Marseille France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Centre de génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs, AMU; APHM; Marseille France
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- Laboratoire “Mécanismes génétiques des maladies neurodéveloppementales”; IGBMC; Illkirch France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic génétique; CHU Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs; Hôpital d'Enfants; CHU Dijon; Dijon France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD; CHU Dijon et Université Fédérale de Bourgogne Franche Comté; Dijon France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Busa T, Legendre M, Bauge M, Quarello E, Bretelle F, Bilan F, Sigaudy S, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Philip N. Prenatal findings in children with early postnatal diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:561-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Busa
- Unité de génétique clinique; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | | | - Marie Bauge
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | - Edwin Quarello
- Unité d'Echographies Obstétricales; Hôpital Saint-Joseph; Marseille France
| | - Florence Bretelle
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | | | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Unité de génétique clinique; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| | | | - Nicole Philip
- Unité de génétique clinique; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
- Centre pluridisciplinaire de diagnostic prénatal; APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants; Marseille France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ambrosi P, Kreitmann B, Lepidi H, Habib G, Levy N, Philip N, De Sandre-Giovannoli A. A novel overlapping phenotype characterized by lipodystrophy, mandibular dysplasia, and dilated cardiomyopathy associated with a new mutation in the LMNA gene. Int J Cardiol 2016; 209:317-8. [PMID: 26922292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Ambrosi
- Department of Cardiology, La Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Bernard Kreitmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, La Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Department of Pathology, La Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Department of Cardiology, La Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Levy
- Department of Medical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF UMR S 910, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Philip
- Department of Medical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF UMR S 910, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Annachiara De Sandre-Giovannoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, La Timone Hospital, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, GMGF UMR S 910, 13385 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|