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The extract of Celtis choseniana Nakai alleviates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia through inhibiting 5α reductase type 2 and the Akt/NF-κB/AR pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:518-526. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Correia RR, Batista VRG, Veras ASC, Tavares MEDA, Souza FLA, Pacagnelli FL, Campos DHS, Giometti IC, Teixeira GR. High-intensity interval training attenuates the effects caused by arterial hypertension in the ventral prostate. Prostate 2022; 82:373-387. [PMID: 34905633 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostatic effects induced by arterial hypertension is very controversial and its mechanism is unclear. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise considered to be hypotensive. The objective of this work was to investigate the molecular, biochemical, and morphological effects of 8 weeks of HIIT in the prostatic tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS Twenty male SHR rats, 51.4 weeks old, were used. The SHR animals were divided into two groups: spontaneously sedentary hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive submitted to HIIT. We analyze androgens receptor and glucocorticoid receptors in the prostate. Still, we verify effects of the hypertension and HIIT on the physiopathology prostatic, for immunohistochemistry investigated BCL-2, BAX, IGF-1, FAS/CD95, data's inflammatory tumour necrosis factor α, nuclear factor kappa B and interleukin (IL)-6, anti-inflammatory IL-10. The echocardiographic evaluation was performed at the baseline and after the training period. RESULTS Arterial hypertension promote high prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia incidence in the prostate, increases IGF-1, BCL-2 (p < 0.05), and inflammatory proteins (p < 0.05). Eight weeks of HIIT training reduced the arterial pressure and increase the concentration of tissue collagen and intracellular glycogen and showed a higher expression of BAX, FAS/CD95, and IL-10 proteins (p < 0.05), coinciding with a lower incidence of lesions and lower prostate weight (p < 0.05) and reduction of the BCL-2 and IGF-1. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that arterial hypertension suppressed apoptosis and increased damage prostatic. On other hand, HIIT promotes morphology and function improves in the prostatic environment, inhibited inflammation, and increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro Correia
- Department of Physical Education, Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology (LEBioEx), School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Rogério Garcia Batista
- Department of Physical Education, Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology (LEBioEx), School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Department of Physical Education, Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology (LEBioEx), School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda de Almeida Tavares
- Department of Physical Education, Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology (LEBioEx), School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francis Lopes Pacagnelli
- Postgraduate Animal Science Program, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dijon Henrique Salomé Campos
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ines Cristina Giometti
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, Experimental Laboratory of Exercise Biology (LEBioEx), School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang X, Song B, Zang M, Ji H, Yang H, Jiang S, Yang X. LOC100996425 acts as a promoter in prostate cancer by mediating hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A and the AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8174-8186. [PMID: 34309216 PMCID: PMC8419185 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), differentially expressed genes and signals in prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be a subject of investigation. This study determined effects of LOC100996425 on human PCa by targeting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (HNF4A) via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. PCa and adjacent normal tissues were obtained to characterize expression pattern of LOC100996425, HNF4A and the AMPK/mTOR pathway-related genes. Then, the target gene of LOC100996425 was determined with lncRNA target prediction website and further verification was obtained through luciferase assay and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation. After that, PCa cells were introduced with LOC100996425, HNF4A, siLOC100996425 or siHNF4A to explore the specific significance of LOC100996425 and HNF4A in PCa. The mechanism associated with AMPK/mTOR pathway was investigated using AMPK inhibitor or activator. LOC100996425 was up-regulated, while HNF4A was down-regulated in the PCa tissues. HNF4A was a target gene of LOC100996425. PCa cells transfected with either siLOC100996425 or HNF4A displayed reduced rates of PCa cell proliferation and migration while elevating cell apoptosis. HNF4A overexpression reversed the promotive effect of LOC100996425 overexpression on PCa. The activation of AMPK pathway involved in the cancer progression mediated by LOC100996425. Down-regulation of LOC100996425 retards progression of PCa through HNF4A-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingcui Zang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery I, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Ji
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Pan C, Zhang L, Meng X, Qin H, Xiang Z, Gong W, Luo W, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR increases the risk of prostate cancer and induces malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128295. [PMID: 33297237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) acts as a possible carcinogen for humans and causes a serious risk to public environmental health. The current study aimed to evaluate the interaction between MC-LR exposure and prostate cancer development and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, mice were exposed to MC-LR at various doses for 180 days. MC-LR was able to induce the progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and microinvasion. Furthermore, MC-LR notably increased angiogenesis and susceptibility to prostate cancer in vivo. In vitro, over 25 weeks of MC-LR exposure, normal human prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and colony formation, features typical for cancer cells. These MC-LR-transformed prostate epithelial cells displayed increased expression of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); abrogation of FOXM1 or COX-2 activity by specific inhibitors could abolish the invasion and migration of MC-LR-treated cells. In conclusion, we have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the induction of a malignant phenotype in human prostate epithelial cells and the in vivo development of prostate cancer by exposure to MC-LR, which might be a potential tumor promoter in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenyue Gong
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Joshi T, Patel I, Kumar A, Donovan V, Levenson AS. Grape Powder Supplementation Attenuates Prostate Neoplasia Associated with Pten Haploinsufficiency in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000326. [PMID: 32618118 PMCID: PMC8103660 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Previous studies have identified potent anticancer activities of polyphenols in preventing prostate cancer. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of grape powder (GP) supplemented diets in genetically predisposed and obesity-provoked prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Prostate-specific Pten heterozygous (Pten+/f ) transgenic mice are fed low- and high-fat diet (LFD and HFD, respectively) supplemented with 10% GP for 33 weeks, ad libitum. Prostate tissues are characterized using immunohistochemistry and western blots, and sera are analyzed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. Pten+/f mice fed LFD and HFD supplemented with 10% GP show favorable histopathology, significant reduction of the proliferative rate of prostate epithelial cells (Ki67), and rescue of PTEN expression. The most potent protective effect of GP supplementation is detected against HFD-induced increase in inflammation (IL-1β; TGF-β1), activation of cell survival pathways (Akt, AR), and angiogenesis (CD31) in Pten+/f mice. Moreover, GP supplementation reduces circulating levels of oncogenic microRNAs (miR-34a; miR-22) in Pten+/f mice. There are no significant changes in body weight and food intake in GP supplemented diet groups. CONCLUSIONS GP diet supplementation can be a beneficial chemopreventive strategy for obesity-related inflammation and prostate cancer progression. Monitoring serum miRNAs can facilitate the non-invasive evaluation of chemoprevention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Joshi
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Ishani Patel
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | - Anait S. Levenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
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Apoptotic and predictive factors by Bax, Caspases 3/9, Bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 in prostate cancer after 12 Gy single-dose. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7050. [PMID: 32341393 PMCID: PMC7184731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Radio-induced apoptosis is mediated by the activation of tumor protein p53, Bax and caspases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the early activation of this pathway in men receiving in vivo irradiation immediately before radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. We also investigated cell proliferation index (Ki-67), proto-oncogene (p53) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) levels as potential predictive factors. We selected a homogeneous sample of 20 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer and candidate to radical prostatectomy. To assess the apoptotic pathways, Bax, is studied through immunofluorescence assay, before and after 12 Gy single dose intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to the prostate, on bioptic samples and on surgical specimens. Moreover, before and after IORT, Bcl-2, p53, and Ki-67 were also detected through immunohistochemistry. A count of positive Bax spots for immunofluorescence was performed on tumor cells, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and healthy tissue areas before and after IORT. We also analyzed Caspases 3 and 9 expressions after IORT. Before IORT, Bcl-2 mean value in neoplastic cells was 2.23% ± 1.95, mean Ki-67 in neoplastic area was 4.5% ± 3.8, and p53 was 22.5% ± 6.8. After IORT, Bcl-2 mean value in neoplastic cells was 8.85 ± 8.92%, Ki-67 in neoplastic area was 7.8 ± 6.09%, and p53 was 24.9 ± 26.4%. After the irradiation, healthy areas expressed significantly lower levels of Bax (2.81 ± 1.69%) with respect to neoplastic cells (p < 0.0001), while in PIN areas, Bax positive cells were significantly more present than in neoplastic areas (p = 0.0001). At statistical analysis, it was observed that cancer cells with Ki-67 ≥ 8% had a trend toward greater expression of Bax (p = 0.0641). We observed an increase of Bcl-2 expression after IORT in neoplastic areas (p = 0.0041). Biopsy specimens with p53 ≥ 18% and Ki-67 ≥ 8% had worse post-operative staging with extracapsular invasion (p = 0.04 for both parameters) and nodal positivity (p = 0.04 for p53 and p = 0.0001 at pathology for ki-67). No correlation between IORT and Caspases activation was noted. In conclusion, after 12 Gy IORT, Bax was overexpressed in tumor and PIN cells. Pre-operative Ki-67 and p53 definition could be used in future studies to predict patients with worse pathological stage, while Bcl-2 activation after IORT might be a predictive factor for loco-regional failure.
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Hong GL, Park SR, Jung DY, Karunasagara S, Lee KP, Koh EJ, Cho K, Park SS, Jung JY. The therapeutic effects of Stauntonia hexaphylla in benign prostate hyperplasia are mediated by the regulation of androgen receptors and 5α-reductase type 2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112446. [PMID: 31812646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stauntonia hexaphylla (Lardizabalaceae, S. hexaphylla) is traditionally used as a folk remedy for alleviating fever and for its anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties. In Korea and China, S. hexaphylla has been used as a traditional medicine that acts as diuretic and analgesic. S. hexaphylla has also been reported to inhibit osteoporosis and aldose reductase activity. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of an extract of S. hexaphylla on testosterone induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) models and to observe its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce a BPH model in vitro and in vivo, a testosterone-treated LNCaP cell line and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used, respectively. Androgen receptors (ARs) and prostate-specific antigens (PSA), which are typical BPH-related proteins, were evaluated using western blotting. Prostate weights and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were measured in vivo, and histopathology of the prostate examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and 5α-reductase type 2 were also evaluated via immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining and LC3 staining of IHC were performed to evaluate apoptosis and autophagy. RESULTS S. hexaphylla reduced prostates weights and the thickness of prostate epithelial cells. In vivo and in vitro, PSA and ARs were downregulated following S. hexaphylla treatment. The S. hexaphylla extracts also reduced DHT and 5α-reductase type 2 expression. In addition, the expression of PCNA was reduced, and in the TUNEL staining and IHC of LC3, the number of positive cells was increased in the groups treated with S. hexaphylla. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that extracts of S. hexaphylla inhibited both 5α -reductase type 2 and ARs. The results indicate that the use of S. hexaphylla extract in BPH is probably beneficial through 5α-reductase inhibition and α-adrenergic receptor blockade. In addition, apoptosis and autophagy were induced, and PCNA was downregulated after S. hexaphylla treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that S. hexaphylla has a therapeutic effect on BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ra Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanika Karunasagara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Koh
- Chong Kun Dang Healthcare Corp., Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwon Cho
- Chong Kun Dang Healthcare Corp., Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sun Park
- Chong Kun Dang Healthcare Corp., Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Mendes LO, Castilho ACS, Pinho CF, Gonçalvez BF, Razza EM, Chuffa LGA, Anselmo-Franci JA, Scarano WR, Martinez FE. Modulation of inflammatory and hormonal parameters in response to testosterone therapy: Effects on the ventral prostate of adult rats. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1200-1211. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo O. Mendes
- Graduate Program in Animal Science; University of Western São Paulo; Campus II, RodoviaRaposo Tavares, Km 572, BairroLimoeiro CEP 19067-175 Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - Anthony C. S. Castilho
- Graduate Program in Animal Science; University of Western São Paulo; Campus II, RodoviaRaposo Tavares, Km 572, BairroLimoeiro CEP 19067-175 Presidente Prudente São Paulo Brazil
| | - Cristiane F. Pinho
- Department of Morphology; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bianca F. Gonçalvez
- Department of Morphology; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Razza
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo A. Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Janete A. Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology; São Paulo University (RibeirãoPreto campus); Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Wellerson R. Scarano
- Department of Morphology; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco E. Martinez
- Department of Anatomy; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Botucatu campus); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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Morais-Santos M, Nunes AEB, Oliveira AG, Moura-Cordeiro JD, Mahecha GAB, Avellar MCW, Oliveira CA. Changes in Estrogen Receptor ERβ (ESR2) Expression without Changes in the Estradiol Levels in the Prostate of Aging Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131901. [PMID: 26147849 PMCID: PMC4492744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prostate is androgen-dependent, it is also influenced by estrogens, which act via the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. In the prostate, ERβ is highly expressed in the epithelium and appears to participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Evidence shows that ERβ is decreased in malignant prostate, suggesting that it plays an important role in protecting this tissue. Despite the relationship between reductions in ERβ and abnormal growth of the gland, little is known about the age-dependent variation of this receptor. Therefore, we aimed to investigate ERβ expression in the prostatic lobes of aging Wistar rats (3 to 24 months). Histopathological alterations, including hyperplasia, intraluminal concretions, nuclear atypia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasias (PIN), were observed in the prostates of aging rats. Epithelial proliferation led to cribriform architecture in some acini, especially in the ventral prostate (VP). In the VP, areas of epithelial atrophy were also observed. Furthermore, in the lateral prostate, there was frequent prostatitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of ERβ is reduced in specific areas related to PIN, atrophic abnormalities and cellular atypia in the prostate epithelium of senile rats. Corroborating the involvement of the receptor with proliferative activity, the punctual reduction in ERβ paralleled the increase in cell proliferation especially in areas of PIN and nuclear atypies. The decrease in ERβ reactivity occurred in a hormonal milieu characterized by a constant concentration of estradiol and decreased plasmatic and tissue DHT. This paper is a pioneering study that reveals focal ERβ reduction in the prostate of aging rats and indicates a potential disorder in the ERβ pathway. These data corroborate previous data from humans and dogs that silencing of this receptor may be associated with premalignant or malignant conditions in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Morais-Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aryane E. B. Nunes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André G. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júnia Dayrell Moura-Cordeiro
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Germán A. B. Mahecha
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Christina W. Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleida A. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sanches LD, Santos SAA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GDM, Favaro WJ, Reis MDG, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA. Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:362-72. [PMID: 24205794 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer (PCa), the management of this disease remains a challenge. Chemoprotective agents have been used to protect against or eradicate prostate malignancies. Here, we investigated the protective effect of γ-tocopherol on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): control (CT): healthy control animals fed a standard diet; control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT): healthy control animals without intervention fed a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg); N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU): rats that received a single dose of MNU (30 mg/kg) plus testosterone propionate (100 mg/kg) and were fed a standard diet; and MNU+γ-tocopherol (MNU+γT): rats that received the same treatment of MNU plus testosterone and were fed with a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg). After 4 months, the VPs were excised to evaluate morphology, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity. Stromal thickening and inflammatory foci were also observed. The administration of a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP. The incidence of epithelial dysplasia decreased, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression. The gelatinolytic activity of pro-MMP-9 returned to the levels observed for the CT group. These results suggest that γ-tocopherol acts as a protective agent against MNU-induced prostatic disorders in the rat ventral prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Sanches
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Sarobo C, Lacorte LM, Martins M, Rinaldi JC, Moroz A, Scarano WR, Delella FK, Felisbino SL. Chronic caffeine intake increases androgenic stimuli, epithelial cell proliferation and hyperplasia in rat ventral prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:429-37. [PMID: 23136995 PMCID: PMC3521899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee intake has been associated with a low risk of developing cancer, including prostate cancer, which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. However, few studies have evaluated the chronic effects of caffeine, which is the most abundant methylxanthine in coffee, on prostate morphology and physiology. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic, low-dose caffeine intake on rat prostate morphology from puberty to adulthood. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two experimental groups: caffeine-treated (20 ppm in drinking water, n = 12) and control (n = 12). The ventral and dorsolateral prostates were dissected, weighted and submitted to morphological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis of cellular proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor (AR) tissue expression. The testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were measured in the plasma. Our results show that caffeine intake increased the concentrations of T and DHT, organ weight, epithelial cell proliferation and AR tissue expression in the ventral prostatic lobe. All the ventral prostates from the caffeine-treated animals presented various degrees of epithelial and stromal hyperplasia. Our results suggest that chronic caffeine intake from puberty increases androgenic signalling and cell proliferation in the rat prostate gland and can be related to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sarobo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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12
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Lacorte LM, Delella FK, Porto Amorim EM, Justulin LA, Godinho AF, Almeida AA, Felipe Pinheiro PF, Amorim RL, Felisbino SL. Early changes induced by short-term low-dose cadmium exposure in rat ventral and dorsolateral prostates. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:988-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Fávaro W, Padovani C, Cagnon V. Ultrastructural and proliferative features of the ventral lobe of the prostate in non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) following androgen and estrogen replacement associated to insulin therapy. Tissue Cell 2009; 41:119-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Kobayashi N, Barnard RJ, Said J, Hong-Gonzalez J, Corman DM, Ku M, Doan NB, Gui D, Elashoff D, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Effect of low-fat diet on development of prostate cancer and Akt phosphorylation in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3066-73. [PMID: 18413778 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of dietary fat on prostate cancer development by using the Hi-Myc mouse transgenic prostate cancer model. Hi-Myc mice develop murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) as early as 2 to 4 weeks and invasive adenocarcinoma between 6 and 9 months due to the overexpression of human c-Myc in the mouse prostate. Three-week-old male Hi-Myc mice were placed on high-fat (HF; 42% Kcal) or low-fat (LF; 12% Kcal) diets, and equal caloric intake was maintained until euthanasia at 7 months. The number of mice that developed invasive adenocarcinoma at 7 months was 27% less in the LF diet group (12/28) compared with the HF diet group (23/33, P < 0.05). Epithelial cells in mPIN lesions in the LF group had a significantly lower proliferative index compared with epithelial cells in the HF group (21.7% versus 28.9%, P < 0.05). During the mPIN phase of carcinogenesis (4 months), the LF group had higher serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 levels (21.0 +/- 8.9 ng/mL versus 3.2 +/- 0.8 ng/mL, P < 0.05) relative to the HF group. Akt (Ser(473)) phosphorylation, Akt kinase activity, and phosphorylation of downstream targets of Akt in prostates were significantly reduced in the LF diet group compared with the HF group. We conclude that dietary fat reduction delays transition from mPIN to invasive cancer in this Myc-driven transgenic mouse model, possibly through suppression of the IGF-Akt pathway and decreased proliferation of mPIN epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1738, USA
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15
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Campos SGP, Zanetoni C, Scarano WR, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Age-related histopathological lesions in the Mongolian gerbil ventral prostate as a good model for studies of spontaneous hormone-related disorders. Int J Exp Pathol 2008; 89:13-24. [PMID: 18197870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian) gerbil has demonstrated significant prostatic responses to hormonal treatments, and to drugs against human prostatic hyperplasia. Spontaneous neoplasia develops in the older animals. Thirty gerbils (age 18 months) were divided into non-affected and prostatic lesion bearers and the prostate lesions were evaluated morphologically, immunohistochemically and quantitatively. The most frequent changes were in epithelial sites and, namely prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias, microinvasive carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. In the stromal compartment, cellular hyperplasia, when verified, was always associated with the sites of anomalous epithelium. Additionally, larger deposition of collagen fibrils, generating stromal fibrosis, was found in all the old gerbils analysed. The quantitative analysis showed that prostatic tissue proportions differed in altered areas, being specific for each lesion type. Isolated nuclear and nucleolar parameters were not effective in diagnosing the malign potential of lesions. However, the cellular proliferation and death indexes indicated larger cellular turnover in invasive lesions such as carcinomas. With these analyses, it could be verified that old gerbils present high propensity to develop spontaneous prostate changes and this may aid in a better understanding of the biological behaviour of human prostate cancer.
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16
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Beuzeboc P, Cornud F, Eschwege P, Gaschignard N, Grosclaude P, Hennequin C, Maingon P, Molinié V, Mongiat-Artus P, Moreau JL, Paparel P, Péneau M, Peyromaure M, Revery V, Rébillard X, Richaud P, Salomon L, Staerman F, Villers A. Cancer de la prostate. Prog Urol 2007; 17:1159-230. [DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(07)74785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Fávaro WJ, Cagnon VHA. Morphometric and morphological features of the ventral prostate in rats submitted to chronic nicotine and alcohol treatment. Tissue Cell 2006; 38:311-23. [PMID: 17014878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies analyzing simultaneous nicotine-alcohol use by patients showed important alterations in various organic systems such as: respiratory, digestory, and genital. Also, the prostatic morphology and physiology have been analyzed, specially due to large occurrence of prostatic diseases. Then, this work aimed at determining the structure and ultrastructure of the prostatic stroma and epithelium, as well as the stroma epithelium interactions from rats submitted to simultaneous long-term alcohol-nicotine treatment. A total of 40 male rats were divided into four groups: control group (10 animals) received tap water; alcoholic group (10 animals) received diluted 10% Gay Lussac ethanol; nicotine group (10 animals) received a 0.125mg/100g of body weight dose of nicotine injected subcutaneosly on a daily basis; nicotine-alcohol group (10 animals) received simultaneous alcohol and nicotine treatment. After 90 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and samples from the ventral lobe of the prostate were collected and processed for transmission electron and light microscopies. The results showed atrophied epithelium; prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia; dilated cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, large amounts of collagen fibers besides inflammatory cells, specially in the alcoholic and nicotine-alcohol groups. Therefore, it could be concluded that the association between alcohol and nicotine caused the impairment of the prostatic secretory process. Moreover, this association is related to prostatic pathogenesis, which could lead to late glandular malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Fávaro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, The State University of Campinas, Box 6109, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Kidd LR, Coulibaly A, Templeton TM, Chen W, Long LO, Mason T, Bonilla C, Akereyeni F, Freeman V, Isaacs W, Ahaghotu C, Kittles RA. Germline BCL-2 sequence variants and inherited predisposition to prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 9:284-92. [PMID: 16733517 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential physiological process that regulates cellular proliferation. Here, we explored the effect of DNA sequence variation within the BCL-2 gene on prostate cancer susceptibility in three clinical populations, consisting of 428 African Americans, 214 Jamaicans and 218 European Americans. We observed a 70% reduced risk for prostate cancer among the European Americans who had possessed two copies of a promoter variant -938C/A. Additionally, common BCL-2 haplotypes appeared to influence prostate cancer risk; however, studies in larger data sets are needed to confirm our findings. Our data suggest that inherited BCL-2 variants may be associated with a decrease in prostate cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Kidd
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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19
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Calvo A, Gonzalez-Moreno O, Yoon CY, Huh JI, Desai K, Nguyen QT, Green JE. Prostate cancer and the genomic revolution: Advances using microarray analyses. Mutat Res 2005; 576:66-79. [PMID: 15950992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emerging technology of microarray analysis allows the establishment of molecular portraits of prostate cancer and the discovery of novel genes involved in the carcinogenesis process. Many novel genes have already been identified using this technique, and functional analyses of these genes are currently being tested. The combination of microarray analysis with other recently developed high-throughput techniques, such as proteomics, tissue arrays, and gene promoter-methylation, especially using tissue microdissection methods, will provide us with more comprehensive insights into how prostate cancer develops and responds to gene-targeted therapies. Animal models of prostate cancer are being characterized by high throughput techniques to better define the similarities and differences between those models and the human disease, and to determine whether particular models may be useful for specific targeted therapies in pre-clinical studies. Although profiling of mRNA expression provides important information of gene expression, the development of proteomic technologies will allow for an even more precise global insight into cellular signaling and structural alterations during prostate carcinogenesis. Not only will the "omic" revolution change basic science, but it will lead to a new era of molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Calvo
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 41, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE Chemoprevention of prostate cancer is the administration of agents to prevent, inhibit, or delay progression of prostate cancer. Opportunities exist for testing various types of chemopreventive interventsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors reviewed the relevant articles published in the last twenty years and studied the biology of the prostate cancer. An attempt is made to identify intermediate markers and surrogate endpoint markers. The various interventions and initial clinical trial results are described. End points for evaluation are mainly based on changes in PSA, changes of histological precursors, or time of onset of clinical disease. RESULTS Nutritional factors such as reduced fat intake, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, Lycopene and selenium may have a protective effect against prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Numerous studies implicate dietary and nutritional factors in the onset and progression of prostate cancer. Hence, it is possible that bioactive compounds (anti-oxidants) like vits. A, C, D, E, minerals like selenium and carotenoids like lycopene can be a part of chemopreventive strategies for prostate cancer. Ongoing studies on nutrition and prostate cancer may bring the required evidence to support what is still only a hypothesis at present. However, absolute recommendation will have to await the results of long term prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ansari
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
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21
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Kwong J, Lui K, Chan PSF, Ho SM, Wong YC, Xuan JW, Chan FL. Expression study of three secretory proteins (prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids, probasin, and seminal vesicle secretion II) in dysplastic and neoplastic rat prostates. Prostate 2003; 56:81-97. [PMID: 12746832 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94), probasin, and seminal vesicle secretion II (SVSII) are the three major proteins secreted by the lateral lobe of the rat prostate gland. Among these proteins, rodent PSP94 but not probasin and SVSII has a human homologue and it is also a major secretory protein of the human prostate, in addition to prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen. METHODS In this study, we examined and compared the mRNA expression of these three secretory markers in three rat models of prostate cancer including the sex steroid-induced dysplasia (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or PIN) in Noble (Nb) rat model, an androgen-independent Nb rat prostatic tumor (AIT) and Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinomas (both androgen-dependent and -independent) by in situ hybridization (ISH), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The transcripts for the three markers were highly expressed in the secretory epithelium of normal lateral prostate (LP). Their hybridization signals became reduced in the epithelial cells in the low-grade PINs and significantly weakened or lost in the high-grade PINs induced in the LP. Interestingly, we observed that some dysplastic cells located at the basal compartment of the PIN lesions, and nests of outpouching epithelial cells in the vicinity of PINs, expressed positive hybridization signals of three markers. In the adenocarcinoma, signals of probasin but not PSP94 and SVSII were detected. No hybridization signals were detected in both Dunning and AIT tumors. By RT-PCR, transcripts for these proteins were still detected but significantly reduced in the Dunning tumors, whereas in the AIT tumor, only SVSII transcripts were detected. Immunohistochemistry of PSP94 also showed a reduced staining in the PIN lesions, but no immunoreactivity was seen in the rat prostatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA expression of the three prostatic secretory markers were decreased in the hormone-induced PINs and in two rat prostatic tumors, indicating that the androgen-regulated secretory differentiation was impaired during the development of the premalignant lesion and further reduced in advanced tumors. The abnormal expression pattern of these secretory markers and androgen receptor (AR) in the basal compartment of the PIN lesions suggests that there is a population of cell types with secretory phenotype appearing in the basal cell layer during the early malignant transformation of the prostatic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kwong
- Department of Anatomy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Meng MV, Shinohara K, Grossfeld GD. Significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate biopsy. Urol Oncol 2003; 21:145-51. [PMID: 12856644 DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(03)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of prostate cancer has been facilitated by the development of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and evolution in transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. Over a decade has passed since the initial recommendations for systematic sextant sampling of the prostate to increase the accuracy of cancer detection. Subsequently, variations in the number and location of biopsies have been proposed to maximize prostate cancer detection and obtain more complete information regarding tumor grade, tumor volume, and local stage. Although current biopsy strategies provide a wide sampling of the prostate gland, biopsy histology may not be conclusive for either the presence or absence of adenocarcinoma. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is found in a significant fraction of patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsies. In this article, we discuss the significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and other abnormal histology findings and current evidence addressing the presence of cancer and need for additional prostate biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell V Meng
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave., 6 Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Wong YC, Wang XH, Ling MT. Prostate Development and Carcinogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 227:65-130. [PMID: 14518550 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)01008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The process involved in the development and carcinogenesis of the prostate gland is complex. During early prostate development, the androgenic hormone from embryonic testicles is required for ductal formation, growth, and branching morphogenesis of the prostate gland. From this early stage, interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme become firmly established through paracrine influence (i.e., growth factors) from mesenchyme (stroma), in response to testosterone, acting on epithelium to stimulate its proliferation, morphogenetic differentiation, and function. In return, the epithelium also exerts its paracrine effects on mesenchyme by regulating the differentiation and specific organizational pattern of its stromal smooth muscle. In a normal adult prostate, the maintenance of normal glandular structure and function is dependent not only on the constant presence of testosterone, but also on a normal intact and stable stroma. This chapter will concentrate first on factors involved in the normal development of the prostate gland and then on the aberrant changes in the homeostatic balance arising either from within (i.e., mutations) or outside (i.e., changes in hormonal balance) that result in derangements of the prostate gland. Finally, environmental and genetic factors that lead to prostate carcinogenesis including activation of oncogenes and mutations of tumor suppressor genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Wong
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
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24
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Leung G, Benzie IFF, Cheung A, Tsao SW, Wong YC. No effect of a high-fat diet on promotion of sex hormone-induced prostate and mammary carcinogenesis in the Noble rat model. Br J Nutr 2002; 88:399-409. [PMID: 12323089 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Results of international correlation and migrant studies suggest that dietary fat promotes carcinogenesis in hormone-sensitive sites, but this is disputed. In the present study, we used a Noble rat model of sex hormone-induced cancers to examine the effect of a high-fat diet on the incidence and latency of prostate and mammary cancer in male (n 139) and female (n 72) animals respectively. We also measured alpha-tocopherol levels in female breast tissue to determine whether a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids depletes antioxidant defence in target tissues, providing a possible potentiating mechanism for carcinogenesis. Results showed a very high incidence of hormone-induced adenocarcinomas of prostate and mammary gland, irrespective of diet. There was no difference in the pattern of carcinogenesis in different prostatic locations, weight of the prostate, or weight gain between male rats on the high-fat diet compared with the control (standard, low-fat) diet. In female rats, the incidence of mammary cancer and the body-weight gain were the same in both dietary groups, and breast alpha-tocopherol was also unaffected by dietary fat intake. Our present results are supportive of recent cohort studies that reported no significant association between intake of fat and the development of human prostate and breast cancer, and do not support a role for dietary fat in promoting sex hormone-induced prostate and mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leung
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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25
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Banerjee PP, Banerjee S, Brown TR. Bcl-2 protein expression correlates with cell survival and androgen independence in rat prostatic lobes. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1825-32. [PMID: 11956165 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.5.8763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Castration of young and old male Brown Norway rats induces apoptosis in the ventral, but not in the dorsal and lateral, lobes of the prostate gland, and apoptosis in old rats is diminished by 50% compared with that in young rats. In this study we examined the lobe-specific and age-dependent expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. Bcl-2 levels in the ventral lobe were 5-fold lower compared with expression in the dorsal and lateral lobes. Bax expression in the ventral lobe was 2- and 20-fold higher than that in the lateral and dorsal lobes, respectively. In all three lobes, Bcl-2 was detected in epithelial cells, but not in stromal cells, whereas Bax protein was localized in both cell types. After castration, Bcl-2 expression in the ventral lobe decreased significantly from the control level after 2-3 d, but increased significantly by 7-10 d. By contrast, Bax expression increased significantly by d 1, gradually decreased by 2-4 d, and was nearly undetectable by 7-10 d postcastration. In the dorsal and lateral lobes, neither Bcl-2 nor Bax expression was significantly altered after castration. In the ventral lobe of old rats after castration, Bcl-2 followed a pattern of expression similar to that observed in young rats. However, Bax levels were 50% lower in old rats compared with those in young rats on d 1 after castration. Therefore, cell death follows the down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in the ventral lobe of young and old rats. Moreover, the higher relative levels of Bcl-2 expression in the dorsal and lateral lobes of intact animals and in the ventral lobe by 7-10 d after castration serve to protect cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha P Banerjee
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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26
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Mora LB, Buettner R, Ahmad N, Bassel Y, Jove R, Seigne JD. Prostate adenocarcinoma: cellular and molecular abnormalities. Cancer Control 2001; 8:551-61. [PMID: 11807425 DOI: 10.1177/107327480100800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L B Mora
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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27
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Paweletz CP, Charboneau L, Bichsel VE, Simone NL, Chen T, Gillespie JW, Emmert-Buck MR, Roth MJ, Petricoin III EF, Liotta LA. Reverse phase protein microarrays which capture disease progression show activation of pro-survival pathways at the cancer invasion front. Oncogene 2001; 20:1981-9. [PMID: 11360182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Revised: 01/10/2001] [Accepted: 01/15/2001] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein arrays are described for screening of molecular markers and pathway targets in patient matched human tissue during disease progression. In contrast to previous protein arrays that immobilize the probe, our reverse phase protein array immobilizes the whole repertoire of patient proteins that represent the state of individual tissue cell populations undergoing disease transitions. A high degree of sensitivity, precision and linearity was achieved, making it possible to quantify the phosphorylated status of signal proteins in human tissue cell subpopulations. Using this novel protein microarray we have longitudinally analysed the state of pro-survival checkpoint proteins at the microscopic transition stage from patient matched histologically normal prostate epithelium to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and then to invasive prostate cancer. Cancer progression was associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt (P<0.04), suppression of apoptosis pathways (P<0.03), as well as decreased phosphorylation of ERK (P<0.01). At the transition from histologically normal epithelium to PIN we observed a statistically significant surge in phosphorylated Akt (P<0.03) and a concomitant suppression of downstream apoptosis pathways which proceeds the transition into invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Paweletz
- Tissue Proteomics Unit, Division of Therapeutic Proteins, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Stanzione R, Picascia A, Chieffi P, Imbimbo C, Palmieri A, Mirone V, Staibano S, Franco R, De Rosa G, Schlessinger J, Tramontano D. Variations of proline-rich kinase Pyk2 expression correlate with prostate cancer progression. J Transl Med 2001; 81:51-9. [PMID: 11204274 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich kinase 2 (Pyk2), also known as CAKbeta (cell adhesion kinase beta), is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is structurally related to focal adhesion kinase. Pyk2 is expressed in different cell types including brain cells, fibroblasts, platelets, and other hemopoietic cells. Pyk2 is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to diverse extracellular signals acting via different post receptor pathways. We have investigated whether this protein kinase is functionally expressed in normal and neoplastic prostate tissues. In this study, we demonstrate that Pyk2 is expressed only in normal epithelial prostate tissue and in benign prostatic hyperplasia, whereas its expression progressively declines with an increasing grade of malignancy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stanzione
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Molecolare e Cellulare Luigi Califano, and Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR Gaetano Salvatore, Naples, Italy
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