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Weaver C, Antony M, Fite J, Murugan P, Nelson AC, Manivel JC. Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART): a newly characterized neuropeptide in human prostate. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:508-522. [PMID: 37615074 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2245328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is a somatostatin-like polypeptide. CART has been localized in the CNS, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, pancreatic islets and enteric nervous system. We investigated the cellular localization of CART in normal human prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and acinar adenocarcinoma. CART was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), and its gene expression was identified by RTqPCR. We found cellular expression of CART in both normal prostatic luminal secretory epithelial cells neuroendocrine cells (NEC) of both ducts and acini. The cellular appearance indicated a cycle of neuropeptide synthesis and secretion as validated by ISH/IHC concordance. RTqPCR analysis also validated the immunohistochemical data and gene expression, which both indicated low to moderate expression in prostatic tissues. CART expression also was increased in both neuroendocrine and glandular epithelial cell populations from samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia as validated by IHC, ISH and RTqPCR. CART expression was markedly diminished and, in some cases, entirely absent in tissues of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Owing to loss of CART expression in adenocarcinoma and its increase in benign prostatic hyperplasia, CART may prove to be an important prostate marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprian Weaver
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Lillihei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marie Antony
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jack Fite
- Lillihei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paari Murugan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Gadkar S, Thakur M, Desouza J, Bhowmick S, Patel V, Chaudhari U, Acharya KK, Sachdeva G. Estrogen receptor expression is modulated in human and mouse prostate epithelial cells during cancer progression. Steroids 2022; 184:109036. [PMID: 35413338 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantial data posit estrogen receptors (ERs) as promising targets for prostate cancer (PCa) therapeutics. However, the trials on assessing the chemo-preventive or therapeutic potential of ER targeting drugs or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have not yet established their clinical benefits. This could be ascribed to a possible modulation in the ER expression during PCa progression. Further it is warranted to test various ER targeting drugs in appropriate preclinical models that simulate human ER expression pattern during PCa progression. The study was undertaken to revisit the existing data on the epithelial ER expression pattern in human cancerous prostates and experimentally determine whether these patterns are replicated in TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice, a model for human PCa. Estradiol (E2) binding to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells and its modulation during the PCa progression in TRAMP were also investigated. A reassessment of the existing data revealed a trend towards downregulation in the epithelial expression of wild-type ESR1 transcripts in high-grade PCa, compared to non-cancerous prostate in humans. Next, epithelial cell-enriched populations from TRAMP prostates (TP) displaying low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN), high-grade PIN (HGPIN), HGPIN with well-differentiated carcinoma (PIN + WDC), WDC (equivalent to grade 2/3 human PCa), and poorly-differentiated carcinoma (PDC-equivalent to grade 4/5 human PCa) revealed significantly higher Esr1 and Esr2 levels in HGPIN and significantly reduced levels in WDC, compared to respective age-matched control prostates. These patterns for the nuclear ERs were similar to the trend shown by E2 binding to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells during PCa progression in TRAMP. E2 binding to epithelial cells (EpCAM+), though significantly higher in TPs displaying LGPIN, decreased significantly as the disease progressed to WDC. The study highlights a reduction in the epithelial ESR level with the PCa progression and this pattern was evident in both humans and TRAMP. These observations may have major implications in refining PCa therapeutics targeting ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Gadkar
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mohini Thakur
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Junita Desouza
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Shilpa Bhowmick
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-NIRRCH, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Uddhav Chaudhari
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kshitish K Acharya
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Shodhaka Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru (Bangalore) 560100, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), Mumbai 400012, India.
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Abu el Maaty MA, Terzic J, Keime C, Rovito D, Lutzing R, Yanushko D, Parisotto M, Grelet E, Namer IJ, Lindner V, Laverny G, Metzger D. Hypoxia-mediated stabilization of HIF1A in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia promotes cell plasticity and malignant progression. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo2295. [PMID: 35867798 PMCID: PMC9307253 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The slow evolution of precancerous lesions to malignant tumors provides a broad time frame for preventing PCa. To characterize prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) progression, we conducted longitudinal studies on Pten(i)pe-/- mice that recapitulate prostate carcinogenesis in humans. We found that early PINs are hypoxic and that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A) signaling is activated in luminal cells, thus enhancing malignant progression. Luminal HIF1A dampens immune surveillance and drives luminal plasticity, leading to the emergence of cells that overexpress Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and have impaired androgen signaling. Elevated TGM2 levels in patients with PCa are associated with shortened progression-free survival after prostatectomy. Last, we show that pharmacologically inhibiting HIF1A impairs cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in PINs. Therefore, our study demonstrates that HIF1A is a target for PCa prevention and that TGM2 is a promising prognostic biomarker of early relapse after prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abu el Maaty
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Terzic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniela Rovito
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Régis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Darya Yanushko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Parisotto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Grelet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izzie Jacques Namer
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- ICube, CNRS, UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Département de Pathologie, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (G.L.)
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Corresponding author. (D.M.); (G.L.)
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Abu El Maaty MA, Grelet E, Keime C, Rerra AI, Gantzer J, Emprou C, Terzic J, Lutzing R, Bornert JM, Laverny G, Metzger D. Single-cell analyses unravel cell type-specific responses to a vitamin D analog in prostatic precancerous lesions. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/31/eabg5982. [PMID: 34330705 PMCID: PMC8324049 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data have linked vitamin D deficiency to the onset and severity of various cancers, including prostate cancer, and although in vitro studies have demonstrated anticancer activities for vitamin D, clinical trials provided conflicting results. To determine the impact of vitamin D signaling on prostatic precancerous lesions, we treated genetically engineered Pten(i)pe-/- mice harboring prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) with Gemini-72, a vitamin D analog with reported anticancer activities. We show that this analog induces apoptosis in senescent PINs, normalizes extracellular matrix remodeling by stromal fibroblasts, and reduces the prostatic infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Moreover, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrates that while a subset of luminal cells expressing Krt8, Krt4, and Tacstd2 (termed luminal-C cells) is lost by such a treatment, antiapoptotic pathways are induced in persistent luminal-C cells. Therefore, our findings delineate the distinct responses of PINs and the microenvironment to Gemini-72, and shed light on mechanisms that limit treatment's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abu El Maaty
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Grelet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna-Isavella Rerra
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Gantzer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Emprou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julie Terzic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Régis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bornert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Celikden SG, Baspinar S, Ozturk SA, Karaibrahimoglu A. CIP2A expression in high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma: a tissue mıcroarray study. Malays J Pathol 2020; 42:227-236. [PMID: 32860375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CIP2A is an oncoprotein involved in the progression of several human malignancies. It has recently been described as a prognostic marker in many cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of CIP2A in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate cancer (PC), and to analyse the association with the clinicopathological parameters in PC cases to define its role in the development and progression of PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for CIP2A was performed on the tissue microarray sections of 105 PC, 27 HGPIN and 27 BPH tissues. The CIP2A expression scores were compared with several clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS CIP2A was expressed in 96,2% of PC, 55,6% of HGPIN and 40,7% of BPH tissues. The expression of CIP2A in PC was significantly higher than in HGPIN (p<0.0001) and BPH (p<0.0001) cases. CIP2A expression score was significantly associated with Gleason score (p=0.032) and lymphovascular invasion (p=0.039). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant association between the expression of CIP2A and perineural invasion, pT stage, metastasis and recurrence (p>0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that GS, lymphovascular invasion, distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors for PC patients but, CIP2A expression score was not found to be a prognostic factor. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the survival times of patients according to CIP2A expression (p=0.174). CONCLUSIONS According to our results, the expression of CIP2A protein is increased in PC and its expression may be involved in the development, differentiation, and aggressiveness of PC. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to clarify the role of CIP2A in the development of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Celikden
- Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey.
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Markin PA, Brito A, Moskaleva N, Lartsova EV, Shpot YV, Lerner YV, Mikhajlov VY, Potoldykova NV, Enikeev DV, La Frano MR, Appolonova SA. Plasma metabolomic profile in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer and associations with the prostate-specific antigen and the Gleason score. Metabolomics 2020; 16:74. [PMID: 32556743 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The metabolic alterations reflecting the influence of prostate cancer cells can be captured through metabolomic profiling. OBJECTIVE To characterize the plasma metabolomic profile in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Metabolomics analyses were performed in plasma samples from individuals classified as non-cancerous control (n = 36), with PIN (n = 16), or PCa (n = 27). Untargeted [26 moieties identified after pre-processing by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)] and targeted [46 amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and fatty acids by GC/MS, and 16 nucleosides and amino acids by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ/MS)] analyses were performed. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were measured in all samples. In PCa patients, the Gleason scores were determined. RESULTS The metabolites that were best discriminated (p < 0.05, FDR < 0.2) for the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc comparing the control versus the PIN and PCa groups included isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, sarcosine, glyceric acid, among several others. PIN was mainly characterized by alterations on steroidogenesis, glycine and serine metabolism, methionine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, among others. In the case of PCa, the most predominant metabolic alterations were ubiquinone biosynthesis, catecholamine biosynthesis, thyroid hormone synthesis, porphyrin and purine metabolism. In addition, we identified metabolites that were correlated to the PSA [i.e. hypoxanthine (r = - 0.60, p < 0.05; r = - 0.54, p < 0.01) and uridine (r = - 0.58, p < 0.05; r = - 0.50, p < 0.01) in PIN and PCa groups, respectively] and metabolites that were significantly different in PCa patients with Gleason score < 7 and ≥ 7 [i.e. arachidonic acid, median (P25-P75) = 883.0 (619.8-956.4) versus 570.8 (505.6-651.8), respectively (p < 0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS This human plasma metabolomic assessment contributes to the understanding of the unique metabolic features exhibited in PIN and PCa and provides a list of metabolites that can have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early detection of disease progression and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Markin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
- PhD Program in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Natalia Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Ekaterina V Lartsova
- University Clinical Hospital, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yevgeny V Shpot
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Lerner
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Y Mikhajlov
- University Clinical Hospital, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Potoldykova
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitry V Enikeev
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russia, 119991.
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Palangmonthip W, Wu R, Tarima S, Bobholz SA, LaViolette PS, Gallan AJ, Iczkowski KA. Corpora amylacea in benign prostatic acini are associated with concurrent, predominantly low-grade cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:687-697. [PMID: 32271960 PMCID: PMC10561550 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corpora amylacea (CAM), in benign prostatic acini, contain acute-phase proteins. Do CAM coincide with carcinoma? METHODS Within 270 biopsies, 83 prostatectomies, and 33 transurethral resections (TURs), CAM absence was designated CAM 0; corpora in less than 5% of benign acini: CAM 1; in 5% to 25%: CAM 2; in more than 25%: CAM 3. CAM were compared against carcinoma presence, clinicopathologic findings, and grade groups (GG) 1 to 2 vs 3 to 5. The frequency of CAM according to anatomic zone was counted. A pilot study was conducted using paired initial benign and repeat biopsies (33 benign, 24 carcinoma). RESULTS A total of 68.9% of biopsies, 96.4% of prostatectomies, and 66.7% of TURs disclosed CAM. CAM ≥1 was common at an older age (P = .019). In biopsies, 204 cases (75%) had carcinoma; and CAM of 2 to 3 (compared to 0-1) were recorded in 25.0% of carcinomas but only 7.4% of benign biopsies (P = .005; odds ratio [OR] = 5.1). CAM correlated with high percent Gleason pattern 3, low GG (P = .035), and chronic inflammation (CI). CI correlated inversely with carcinoma (P = .003). CAM disclosed no association with race, body mass index, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), acute inflammation (in biopsies), atrophy, or carcinoma volume. With CAM 1, the odds of GG 3 to 5 carcinoma, by comparison to CAM 0, decreased more than 2× (OR = 0.48; P = .032), with CAM 2, more than 3× (OR = 0.33; P = .005), and with CAM 3, almost 3× (OR = 0.39, P = .086). For men aged less than 65, carcinoma predictive model was: Score = (2 × age) + (5 × PSA) - (20 × degree of CAM); using our data, area under the ROC curve was 78.17%. When the transition zone was involved by cancer, it showed more CAM than in cases where it was uninvolved (P = .012); otherwise zonal distributions were similar. In the pilot study, CAM ≥1 predicted carcinoma on repeat biopsy (P < .05; OR = 8), as did CAM 2 to 3 (P < .0001; OR = 30). CI was not significant, and CAM retained significance after adjusting for CI. CONCLUSION CAM correlate with carcinoma. Whether abundant CAM in benign biopsies adds value amidst high clinical suspicion, warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watchareepohn Palangmonthip
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sergey Tarima
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Samuel A. Bobholz
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Pascal LE, Su F, Wang D, Ai J, Song Q, Wang Y, O'Malley KJ, Cross B, Rigatti LH, Green A, Dhir R, Wang Z. Conditional Deletion of Eaf1 Induces Murine Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mice. Neoplasia 2019; 21:752-764. [PMID: 31229879 PMCID: PMC6593215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ELL-associated factor 1 is a transcription elongation factor that shares significant homology and functional similarity to the androgen-responsive prostate tumor suppressor ELL-associated factor 2. EAF2 is frequently down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer and Eaf2 deletion in the mouse induced the development of murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Here we show that similar to EAF2, EAF1 is frequently down-regulated in advanced prostate cancer. Co-downregulation of EAF1 and EAF2 occurred in 40% of clinical specimens with Gleason score >7. We developed and characterized a murine model of prostate-epithelial specific deletion of Eaf1 in the prostate and crossed it with our previously generated mouse with conventional deletion of Eaf2. The prostates of Eaf1 deletion mice displayed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions with increased proliferation and inflammation. Combined deletion of Eaf1 and Eaf2 in the murine model induced an increased incidence in mPIN lesions characterized by increased proliferation and CD3+ T cells and CD19+ B cells infiltration compared to individual deletion of either Eaf1 or Eaf2 in the murine prostate. These results suggest that EAF1 may play a tumor suppressive role in the prostate. Cooperation between EAF1 and EAF2 may be important for prostate maintaining prostate epithelial homeostasis, and concurrent loss of these two tumor suppressors may promote prostate tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Fei Su
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; The Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine & School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Katherine J O'Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Brian Cross
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anthony Green
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajiv Dhir
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Lee DH, Yu EJ, Aldahl J, Yang J, He Y, Hooker E, Le V, Mi J, Olson A, Wu H, Geradts J, Xiao GQ, Gonzalgo ML, Cardiff RD, Sun Z. Deletion of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor and expression of the androgen receptor induce sarcomatoid carcinomas with signet ring cells in the mouse prostate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211153. [PMID: 30677079 PMCID: PMC6345450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p16Ink4a, encoded by the INK4a gene, is an inhibitor of cyclin D-dependent kinases 4 and 6, CDK4 and CDK6. This inhibition prevents the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), resulting in cellular senescence through inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription of S phase genes required for cell proliferation. The p16Ink4a plays an important role in tumor suppression, whereby its deletion, mutation, or epigenetic silencing is a frequently observed genetic alteration in prostate cancer. To assess its roles and related molecular mechanisms in prostate cancer initiation and progression, we generated a mouse model with conditional deletion of p16Ink4a in prostatic luminal epithelium. The mice underwent oncogenic transformation and developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) from eight months of age, but failed to develop prostatic tumors. Given the prevalence of aberrant androgen signaling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression, we then generated R26hARL/wt:p16L/L: PB-Cre4 compound mice, in which conditional expression of the human AR transgene and deletion of p16Ink4a co-occur in prostatic luminal epithelial cells. While R26hARL/wt:PB-Cre4 mice showed no visible pathological changes, R26hARL/wt:p16L/L: PB-Cre4 compound mice displayed an early onset of high-grade PIN (HGPIN), prostatic carcinoma, and metastatic lesions. Strikingly, we observed tumors resembling human sarcomatoid carcinoma with intermixed focal regions of signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) in the prostates of the compound mice. Further characterization of these tumors showed they were of luminal epithelial cell origin, and featured characteristics of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) with enhanced proliferative and invasive capabilities. Our results not only implicate a biological role for AR expression and p16Ink4a deletion in the pathogenesis of prostatic SRCC, but also provide a new and unique genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model for investigating the molecular mechanisms for SRCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Vien Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Mi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Huiqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Guang Q. Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Keck Medical School, University of South California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Cardiff
- Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Davidsson S, Andren O, Ohlson A, Carlsson J, Andersson S, Giunchi F, Rider JR, Fiorentino M. FOXP3 + regulatory T cells in normal prostate tissue, postatrophic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and tumor histological lesions in men with and without prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:40-47. [PMID: 29105795 PMCID: PMC5725695 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor promoting or counteracting effects of the immune response to cancer development are thought to be mediated to some extent by the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs ). In the present study we evaluated the prevalence of Treg populations in stromal and epithelial compartments of normal, post atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and tumor lesions in men with and without prostate cancer. METHODS Study subjects were 102 men consecutively diagnosed with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and 38 men diagnosed with bladder cancer undergoing cystoprostatectomy without prostate cancer at the pathological examination. Whole mount sections from all patients were evaluated for the epithelial and stromal expression of CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ Tregs in normal, PAH, PIN, and tumor lesions. A Friedmańs test was used to investigate differences in the mean number of Tregs across histological lesions. Logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for prostate cancer for each histological area. RESULTS In men with prostate cancer, similarly high numbers of stromal CD4+ Tregs were identified in PAH and tumor, but CD4+ Tregs were less common in PIN. Greater numbers of epithelial CD4+ Tregs in normal prostatic tissue were positively associated with both Gleason score and pT-stage. We observed a fourfold increased risk of prostate cancer in men with epithelial CD4+ Tregs in the normal prostatic tissue counterpart. CONCLUSIONS Our results may suggest a possible pathway through which PAH develops directly into prostate cancer in the presence of CD4+ Tregs and indicate that transformation of the anti-tumor immune response may be initiated even before the primary tumor is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Davidsson
- Department of UrologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Ove Andren
- Department of UrologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Anna‐Lena Ohlson
- Department of Laboratory MedicinePathologyUniversity Hospital ÖrebroÖrebroSweden
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Department of UrologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Swen‐Olof Andersson
- Department of UrologyFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Department of Hematology‐OncologyMolecular Pathology LaboratoryAddarii Institute of OncologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Jennifer R. Rider
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusetts
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Hematology‐OncologyMolecular Pathology LaboratoryAddarii Institute of OncologyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
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Wang M, Nagle RB, Knudsen BS, Rogers GC, Cress AE. A basal cell defect promotes budding of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:104-110. [PMID: 27609833 PMCID: PMC5394777 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cells in a simple secretory epithelium adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing contextual cues for ordered repopulation of the luminal cell layer. Early high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) tissue has enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, luminal layer expansion and genomic instability. Additional HG-PIN markers include loss of α6β4 integrin or its ligand laminin-332, and budding of tumor clusters into laminin-511-rich stroma. We modeled the invasive budding phenotype by reducing expression of α6β4 integrin in spheroids formed from two normal human stable isogenic prostate epithelial cell lines (RWPE-1 and PrEC 11220). These normal cells continuously spun in culture, forming multicellular spheroids containing an outer laminin-332 layer, basal cells (expressing α6β4 integrin, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin and p63, also known as TP63) and luminal cells that secrete PSA (also known as KLK3). Basal cells were optimally positioned relative to the laminin-332 layer as determined by spindle orientation. β4-integrin-defective spheroids contained a discontinuous laminin-332 layer corresponding to regions of abnormal budding. This 3D model can be readily used to study mechanisms that disrupt laminin-332 continuity, for example, defects in the essential adhesion receptor (β4 integrin), laminin-332 or abnormal luminal expansion during HG-PIN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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12
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Gilardoni MB, Remedi MM, Oviedo M, Dellavedova T, Sarría JP, Racca L, Dominguez M, Pellizas CG, Donadio AC. Differential expression of Low density lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in prostate gland: From normal to malignant lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:66-71. [PMID: 27931798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are relevant modulators of inflammation, tumor microenvironment, cancer invasion and metastasis. They can be regulated by the Low density lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP-1), a receptor reported to mediate the clearance of lipoproteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules and proteinases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of LRP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 across various grades of prostatic diseases as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), BPH plus prostatitis (BPH+P), high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS LRP-1 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and MMPs proteolytic activity by zymography in prostate tissues with different prostatic diseases. RESULTS LRP-1 was detected in epithelial cells in BPH (16/18), BPH+P (21/21) and HGPIN (6/6), with a staining intensity of 1+, 1+/2+ and 3+, respectively. In PCa, LRP-1 was absent in 19/27 samples while a low expression was observed in 8/27 biopsies. MMP-9 activity was higher and statistically significant in PCa than in BPH (p≤0.01). CONCLUSION Considering that LRP-1, by mediating the clearance of MMPs, is involved in the regulation of ECM remodeling and cell migration, we conclude that a decreased expression of LRP-1 could be involved with the increasing activity of MMPs shown in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Gilardoni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, FCQ-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María M Remedi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, FCQ-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mabel Oviedo
- Histología y Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tristán Dellavedova
- Fundación Urológica Córdoba para la Docencia e Investigación Médica, FUCDIM, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Sarría
- Fundación Urológica Córdoba para la Docencia e Investigación Médica, FUCDIM, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Racca
- Fundación Urológica Córdoba para la Docencia e Investigación Médica, FUCDIM, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Dominguez
- Fundación Urológica Córdoba para la Docencia e Investigación Médica, FUCDIM, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Pellizas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, FCQ-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C Donadio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, FCQ-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
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Goldstein J, Goyal R, Roland JT, Gellert LL, Clark PE, Hameed O, Giannico GA. MAGI-2 Is a Sensitive and Specific Marker of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma: A Comparison With AMACR. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:294-302. [PMID: 27543977 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the utility of membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (MAGI-2) and α-methylacyl CoA (AMACR) by immunohistochemistry in diagnosing prostatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Seventy-eight radical prostatectomies were used to construct three tissue microarrays with 512 cores, including benign prostatic tissue, benign prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), and adenocarcinoma. AMACR and MAGI-2 immunohistochemistry were evaluated by visual and image analysis. RESULTS MAGI-2 and AMACR were significantly higher in adenocarcinoma and HGPIN compared with benign tissue. At H-score cutoffs of 300 and 200, MAGI-2 was more accurate in distinguishing benign from malignant glands than AMACR. Areas under the curve by image and visual analysis were 0.846 and 0.818 for MAGI-2 and 0.937 and 0.924 for AMACR, respectively. The accuracy of MAGI-2 in distinguishing benign from malignant glands on the same core was higher (95% vs 88%). CONCLUSIONS MAGI-2 could represent a useful adjunct for diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma, especially when AMACR is not discriminatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajen Goyal
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | | | - Lan L Gellert
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Peter E Clark
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Omar Hameed
- From the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Lam HM, Ho SM, Chen J, Medvedovic M, Tam NNC. Bisphenol A Disrupts HNF4α-Regulated Gene Networks Linking to Prostate Preneoplasia and Immune Disruption in Noble Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:207-19. [PMID: 26496021 PMCID: PMC4701889 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to bisphenol A (BPA) is widespread and continuous. The effects of protracted exposure to BPA on the adult prostate have not been studied. We subjected Noble rats to 32 weeks of BPA (low or high dose) or 17β-estradiol (E2) in conjunction with T replenishment. T treatment alone or untreated groups were used as controls. Circulating T levels were maintained within the physiological range in all treatment groups, whereas the levels of free BPA were elevated in the groups treated with T+low BPA (1.06 ± 0.05 ng/mL, P < .05) and T+high BPA (10.37 ± 0.43 ng/mL, P < .01) when compared with those in both controls (0.1 ± 0.05 ng/mL). Prostatic hyperplasia, low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and marked infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the PIN epithelium (P < .05) were observed in the lateral prostates (LPs) of T+low/high BPA-treated rats. In contrast, only hyperplasia and high-grade PIN, but no aberrant immune responses, were found in the T+E2-treated LPs. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis in LPs identified differential changes between T+BPA vs T+E2 treatment. Expression of multiple genes in the regulatory network controlled by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α was perturbed by the T+BPA but not by the T+E2 exposure. Collectively these findings suggest that the adult rat prostate, under a physiologically relevant T environment, is susceptible to BPA-induced transcriptomic reprogramming, immune disruption, and aberrant growth dysregulation in a manner distinct from those caused by E2. They are more relevant to our recent report of higher urinary levels BPA found in patients with prostate cancer than those with benign disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Environmental Health (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Center for Environmental Genetics (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Cincinnati Cancer Center (S.-M.H., M.M., N.N.C.T.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center (S.-M.H.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Center for Environmental Genetics (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Cincinnati Cancer Center (S.-M.H., M.M., N.N.C.T.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center (S.-M.H.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Health (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Center for Environmental Genetics (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Cincinnati Cancer Center (S.-M.H., M.M., N.N.C.T.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center (S.-M.H.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Center for Environmental Genetics (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Cincinnati Cancer Center (S.-M.H., M.M., N.N.C.T.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center (S.-M.H.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
| | - Neville Ngai Chung Tam
- Department of Environmental Health (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Center for Environmental Genetics (H.-M.L., S.-M.H., J.C., M.M., N.N.C.T.), Cincinnati Cancer Center (S.-M.H., M.M., N.N.C.T.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267; and Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center (S.-M.H.), Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
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15
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Shah RB, Li J, Dhanani N, Mendrinos S. ERG overexpression and multifocality predict prostate cancer in subsequent biopsy for patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Urol Oncol 2015; 34:120.e1-7. [PMID: 26585946 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The most important clinical significance of an isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) diagnosis is the risk of missed prostate cancer (PCa) in subsequent biopsies. Because most patients with HGPIN do not harbor or develop PCa, clinical, pathological, or molecular markers that predict of PCa risk are of clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 155 men with a diagnosis of isolated HGPIN, which was based on the results of extended biopsy, and who underwent at least one repeat biopsy were analyzed for ERG oncoprotein (ERG) expression and clinicopathological parameters to determine the risk of finding PCa in subsequent biopsies. RESULTS Of 155 patients diagnosed with HGPIN on initial biopsy, 39 (25%) had PCa on subsequent biopsies. For men with only one repeat biopsy, the cancer detection rate was 22%. Most (54%) PCas were detected in≤6 months of rebiopsy. ERG expression was present in 15 patients with HGPIN (9.6%). Patients with ERG expression in HGPIN were more likely to have PCa in repeat biopsy, with 9 (60%) ERG-positive and 30 (21%) of ERG-negative patients having PCa (P = 0.001). Multifocal involvement (P = 0.0001), cribriform morphology (P = 0.004), and bilaterality (P = 0.0075) of HGPIN were other significant risk factors. On multivariable analysis, only the presence of ERG positivity and multifocality remained significant parameters in detecting PCa on a repeat biopsy. The presence of ERG-negative focal HGPIN involving one core, which accounted for 46% of patients, had minimal (16%) PCa risk on subsequent biopsy. In total, 8 patients (89%) ERG-positive HGPIN had PCa identified at identical sites on subsequent biopsy, of which 5 (71%) were ERG positive. CONCLUSIONS The status of ERG expression in HGPIN along with other histological parameters stratifies patients into low- and high-risk groups for having PCa on subsequent biopsy. Our results further support molecular characterization of HGPIN as a means to improve risk stratification and optimize surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajal B Shah
- Division of Urologic Pathology, Miraca Life Sciences Research Institute, Miraca Life Sciences, Irving, TX.
| | - Jianbo Li
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nadeem Dhanani
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Savvas Mendrinos
- Division of Urologic Pathology, Miraca Life Sciences Research Institute, Miraca Life Sciences, Irving, TX
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16
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Soylu H, Acar N, Ozbey O, Unal B, Koksal IT, Bassorgun I, Ciftcioglu A, Ustunel I. Characterization of Notch Signalling Pathway Members in Normal Prostate, Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) and Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:87-94. [PMID: 26341090 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) holds the second place in terms of cancer-related mortality rate among men. The Notch signalling pathway regulates the proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues and determines the cell fate. The body of knowledge in the present literature is currently controversial about the effect of the Notch pathway on prostatic cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the immunolocalization and expression levels of Notch1-4, Jagged1-2, Delta, HES1 and HES5 from among the members of the Notch signalling pathway in tissues of normal, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and malignant prostate. The current study included a sample of 20 patients with localised prostatic adenocarcinoma, 18 patients with high grade PIN (H-PIN) and 18 normal prostatic tissue. Immunolocalisations of Notch1, 2, 3, 4, Jagged1, 2, Delta, HES1 and HES5 were identified through the immunohistochemical method. The findings of the present study showed that all in-scope members of the Notch signalling pathway were localised in PIN structures to a greater extent than in other tissues and from amongst these members, specifically Notch1, Notch4, Jagged1 and HES1 were at more significant levels. Consequently, the findings of the present study may indicate that the Notch signalling pathway can play a role especially in the formation of PIN structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Soylu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Nuray Acar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozbey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Betul Unal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Ismail Turker Koksal
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Bassorgun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Akif Ciftcioglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ustunel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
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Dong B, Shi Z, Wang J, Wu J, Yang Z, Fang K. IL-6 Inhibits the Targeted Modulation of PDCD4 by miR-21 in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134366. [PMID: 26252635 PMCID: PMC4529187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the Unites States. The cytokine IL-6 activates several prostate cancer pathways, but its upstream trans-signaling pathway remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of IL-6 in PDCD4 gene expression and how the microRNA miR-21 regulates this process in prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP. The expression pattern of PDCD4 from samples from human prostate cancer, precancerous lesions, and benign prostatic hyperplasia was investigated by immunohistochemistry. PDCD4 transcription and translation were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The targeted modulation of PDCD4 by miR-21 was analyzed in PC-3 and LNCaP cells, and the effect of IL-6 on the expression of PDCD4 was studied in vitro. PDCD4 expression in samples from the 3 tissue types progressively increased, and the expression levels of PDCD4 and prostate-specific antigen were negatively correlated. The levels of PDCD4 mRNA and protein in PC-3 and LNCaP cells transfected with anti–miR-21 constructs were lower than those in control cells. The expression of PDCD4 was inhibited by IL-6, but this effect was weakened in cell lines with low expression of miR-21. Our study demonstrates that the regulation of PDCD4 by miR-21 is targeted and IL-6 inhibits expression of the PDCD4 gene in PC-3 and LNCaP cells through the targeted function of miR-21 on PDCD4. These findings support the feasibility of future efforts for diagnosis and gene therapy for prostate cancer that are based on IL-6, miR-21, and PDCD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Dong
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Urology Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- The Emergency Center of The General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Primary Medical College of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kewei Fang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Urology Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Li ZL, Jin RS. [Expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule in prostate cancer and its clinical significance]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2015; 21:320-324. [PMID: 26027098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in prostate cancer (PCa) and its clinical significance. METHODS We collected tissue samples from 63 cases of PCa, 46 cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and 58 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) adjacent to PCa and determined the expression of EpCAM in the epithelial and stromal cells by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The positive expression rates of EpCAM in the epithelial cells were significantly higher in PCa and PIN than in PCa-adjacent BPH (98. 4 and 97. 8 vs 51.7%, P <0. 01), and so was that in the stromal cells of PCa than in those of PCa-adjacent PIN (89.5 vs 50.0%, P <0.01). The expression of EpCAM.was remarkably higher in the stromal cells of bone metastasis than in those of non-bone metastasis tissue (100. 0 vs 40. 0%, P <0. 01) but showed no statistically significant differences between the highly and poorly differentiated PCa tissues (88.5 vs 91.9%, P >0.05). CONCLUSION The expression level of EpCAM in the stromal cells of PCa is related to the occurrence, progression, and bone metastasis of the tumor, and therefore may be used as a marker in the early diagnosis of PCa as well as a predictor of bone metastasis of the tumor.
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19
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Liu M, Jin RS. [Expressions of TFF1 and TFF3 in prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and their clinical significance]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2015; 21:315-319. [PMID: 26027097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expressions of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in prostate cancer (PCa) and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and their clinical significance. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we detected the expressions of TFF1 and TFF3 in the prostatic tissues of 89 cases of PCa, 50 cases of PIN, and 65 cases of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and evaluated their clinical significance. RESULTS The positive rates of TFF1 and TFF3 expressions were 77. 53% and 48. 31% in PCa and 66.00% and 30.00% in PIN, significantly higher than 49.23% and 13. 85% in BPH (P <0. 05). The expression of TFF1 was not correlated with Gleason score (P >0. 05), while that of TFF3 was significantly higher in the PCa cases with Gleason score ≤7 than in those with Gleason score > 7 (70. 00% vs 42. 03%, P <0. 05). No significant correlation was observed between TFF1 and TFF3 expressions in PCa (P >0. 05). CONCLUSION The expressions of TFF1 and TFF3 may contribute to the occurrence and progression of PCa, and therefore could be used as laboratory indexes in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of PCa.
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20
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Wang Y, Hao C, Fu B, Liu W, Zhou X, Zeng T, Guo J, Wang G. A novel method to identify and isolate proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) clusters and to extract high-quality PIA RNA. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:3987-3993. [PMID: 26097585 PMCID: PMC4466972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and histopathological studies have indicated that proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) of the prostate is closely associated with the onset and development of prostate cancer (PCa). However, accurate isolation of PIA still remains a difficult matter, as well as high-quality RNA extraction from isolated PIA. These issues generated a lack of molecular evidence to support the mechanistic explanation proposed for the progression of PIA to PCa. Therefore, the isolation of PIA and the extraction of high-quality RNA from isolated PIA are of great importance to further demonstrate the correlation between PIA and the development of PCa at a molecular level. In this study, clinical samples from radical prostatectomy were stored in liquid nitrogen, PIA was identified by H&E staining of cryosections, PIA clusters were isolated by manual microdissection, total RNA was extracted from the PIA clusters by Trizol, and RNA quality was determined using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. Our results showed that PIA might be isolated by manual microdissection of cryosections stored in liquid nitrogen from clinical radical prostatectomy and used for extracting high-quality RNA (RIN > 7.5) by Trizol. Therefore, the present study established a valid method to discover molecular evidence in support of the correlation between PIA and the development of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Chao Hao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Institute of UrologyNanchang 330006, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Institute of UrologyNanchang 330006, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Jiangxi Provincial People’s HospitalNanchang 330006, China
| | - Ju Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Institute of UrologyNanchang 330006, China
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21
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Valkenburg KC, Yu X, De Marzo AM, Spiering T, Matusik RJ, Williams BO. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in a subpopulation of murine prostate luminal epithelial cells induces high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate 2014; 74:1506-20. [PMID: 25175604 PMCID: PMC4175140 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for prostate development and cancer in humans. Activation of this pathway in differentiated luminal cells of mice induces high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Though the cell of origin of prostate cancer has yet to be conclusively identified, a castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cell (CARN) may act as a cell of origin for prostate cancer. METHODS To activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in CARNs, we crossed mice carrying tamoxifen-inducible Nkx3.1-driven Cre to mice containing loxP sites in order to either conditionally knock out adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) or constitutively activate β-catenin directly. We then castrated and hormonally regenerated these mice to target the CARN population. RESULTS Loss of Apc in hormonally normal mice induced HGPIN; however, after one or more rounds of castration and hormonal regeneration, Apc-null CARNs disappeared. Alternatively, when β-catenin was constitutively activated under the same conditions, HGPIN was apparent. CONCLUSION Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via Apc deletion is sufficient to produce HGPIN in hormonally normal mice. Loss of Apc may destabilize the CARN population under regeneration conditions. When β-catenin is constitutively activated, HGPIN occurs in hormonally regenerated mice. A second genetic hit is likely required to cause progression to carcinoma and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C. Valkenburg
- Center for Skeletal Disease & Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Urological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Tyler Spiering
- Center for Skeletal Disease & Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of Urological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2765
| | - Bart O. Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease & Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
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Qin J, Lee HJ, Wu SP, Lin SC, Lanz RB, Creighton CJ, DeMayo FJ, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Androgen deprivation-induced NCoA2 promotes metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5013-26. [PMID: 25295534 DOI: 10.1172/jci76412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major clinical hurdle for the management of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) in patients is the resistance of tumors to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and their subsequent development into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While recent studies have identified potential pathways involved in CRPC development, the drivers of CRPC remain largely undefined. Here we determined that nuclear receptor coactivator 2 (NCoA2, also known as SRC-2), which is frequently amplified or overexpressed in patients with metastatic PCa, mediates development of CRPC. In a murine model, overexpression of NCoA2 in the prostate epithelium resulted in neoplasia and, in combination with Pten deletion, promoted the development of metastasis-prone cancer. Moreover, depletion of NCoA2 in PTEN-deficient mice prevented the development of CRPC. In human androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells, androgen signaling suppressed NCoA2 expression, and NCoA2 overexpression in murine prostate tumors resulted in hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling, promoting tumor malignance. Analysis of PCa patient samples revealed a strong correlation among NCoA2-mediated signaling, disease progression, and PCa recurrence. Taken together, our findings indicate that androgen deprivation induces NCoA2, which in turn mediates activation of PI3K signaling and promotes PCa metastasis and CRPC development. Moreover, these results suggest that the inhibition of NCoA2 has potential for PCa therapy.
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Ihnatovych I, Sielski NL, Hofmann WA. Selective expression of myosin IC Isoform A in mouse and human cell lines and mouse prostate cancer tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108609. [PMID: 25259793 PMCID: PMC4178219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin IC is a single headed member of the myosin superfamily. We recently identified a novel isoform and showed that the MYOIC gene in mammalian cells encodes three isoforms (isoforms A, B, and C). Furthermore, we demonstrated that myosin IC isoform A but not isoform B exhibits a tissue specific expression pattern. In this study, we extended our analysis of myosin IC isoform expression patterns by analyzing the protein and mRNA expression in various mammalian cell lines and in various prostate specimens and tumor tissues from the transgenic mouse prostate (TRAMP) model by immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, and by indirect immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded prostate specimen. Analysis of a panel of mammalian cell lines showed an increased mRNA and protein expression of specifically myosin IC isoform A in a panel of human and mouse prostate cancer cell lines but not in non-cancer prostate or other (non-prostate-) cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that myosin IC isoform A expression is significantly increased in TRAMP mouse prostate samples with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions and in distant site metastases in lung and liver when compared to matched normal tissues. Our observations demonstrate specific changes in the expression of myosin IC isoform A that are concurrent with the occurrence of prostate cancer in the TRAMP mouse prostate cancer model that closely mimics clinical prostate cancer. These data suggest that elevated levels of myosin IC isoform A may be a potential marker for the detection of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Ihnatovych
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil L. Sielski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Wilma A. Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kang S, Zhao Y, Hu K, Xu C, Wang L, Liu J, Yao A, Zhang H, Cao F. miR-124 exhibits antiproliferative and antiaggressive effects on prostate cancer cells through PACE4 pathway. Prostate 2014; 74:1095-106. [PMID: 24913567 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PACE4 plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) proliferation and aggression, which might provide a useful target against prostate cancer. In this study, we had strived to find some key miRNAs to decrease malignancy and invasiveness of PCa through regulating PACE4 expression. METHODS Clinically pathological analysis of immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization was carried out to detect the relationship between PACE4 expression/miRNAs and the malignancy of prostate mass. Prostate cell lines (DU145, C4-2, and BPH-1) were cultured for growth curve, immunocytochemistry analysis, colony formation, Matrigel invasion, and transcriptional/translational expression assay of PACE4-related signaling molecules for confirming the relationship. MiRNAs targeting PACE4 were predicted, validated and further-corroborated using bio-software, real-time PCR, luciferase reporter assay and transfection of miRNA mimics and inhibitor. RESULTS It was suggested that PACE4 might reflect the pathological malignancy of prostate lesion from pathology analysis. Moreover, DU145 cells, the highest PACE4-level and related TF expression indicated of the strongest malignancy and invasiveness. It was significantly found that miR-124 was presented with the biggest odd to target PACE4-3'UTR, the capability of decreasing PACE expression and slowing down cell growth and cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS It was clear that PACE4 level was closely associated with malignancy and invasiveness of PCa in vivo or in vitro MiR-124, played a crucial role inhibiting PACE4 transcription thus exhibiting obvious effects of antiproliferation and antiaggression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosan Kang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence exist that axon guidance genes are involved in cancer pathogenesis. Axon guidance genes ROBO1 and ROBO2 are candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSG). The aim of our study was to address whether ROBO1 and ROBO2 expressions are altered in prostate cancers (PCA). In this study, we analyzed ROBO1 and ROBO2 expressions in 107 PCAs. In the immunohistochemistry, loss of ROBO2 expression was identified in 66 % of PCAs and was significantly higher than that in normal cells (p < 0.001). By contrast, there was no significant difference of ROBO1 expression between normal and PCAs. Our results indicate that axon guidance protein ROBO2 is frequently lost in PCA and that ROBO2 might be involved in PCA pathogenesis as a candidate TSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jin Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701 South Korea
| | - Nam Jin Yoo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701 South Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701 South Korea
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Billis A, Piaza ACS, Meirelles L, Freitas LLL. Focal prostatic atrophy: morphologic classification and immunohistochemistry. Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol 2014; 36:71-81. [PMID: 24902359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the morphology of focal prostatic atrophy and propose a comprehensive histologic classification for a proper diagnostic recognition. STUDY DESIGN A broad immunohistochemical study was performed as an adjunct to its recognition as well as a contribution to pathogenesis. RESULTS A morphologic continuum was seen on needle biopsies. Chronic inflammation was present only in complete atrophy. Immunohistochemical findings in partial atrophy are similar to normal acini. Luminal compartment in complete atrophy shows aberrant expression of 34betaE12 favoring an intermediate phenotype. ERG negativity in all variants of atrophy may have value in the identification of the lesion. CONCLUSION The morphologic findings favor a continuum probably partially preceding complete atrophy. Chronic inflammation may be a secondary phenomenon seen only in complete atrophy. Overexpression in complete atrophy of glutathione S-transferase pi relates to oxidative stress possibly related to chronic ischemia, of c-Met favors the concept that intermediate cells may be target for carcinogenesis, and of CD44 may be related to the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Milicević N, Mrcela M, Lukić I, Mandić S, Horvat V, Galić J. Comparison between clinical significance of serum proinflammatory protein interleukin-6 and classic tumor markers total PSA, free PSA and free/total PSA prior to prostate biopsy. Coll Antropol 2014; 38:147-150. [PMID: 24851609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to clarify whether serum levels of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be a useful marker in prostate diseases. Serum IL-6 was determined prior to prostate biopsy procedure in 82 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa), 25 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 24 patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 17 patients with chronic prostatitis. Serum IL-6 levels were compared with total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA) and the free/total ratio (f/tPSA) serum levels. Statistically significant difference was not found in serum IL-6 levels among the four groups (p = 0.088). However, the patients with poorly differentiated PCa with Gleason score (GS) 4 + 3 = 7 and > 7 had significantly higher serum IL-6 levels than the patients with moderately differentiated PCa with GS 3 + 4 = 7 and < 7 (p = 0.007). The findings suggest that serum IL-6 level might be a potentially useful marker for poorly differentiated PCa.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The GRP receptor shows high over-expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN, but low expression in normal prostate glands. This represents the molecular basis for GRP receptor imaging of prostate cancer with radioactive compounds. However, a focal, high density GRP receptor expression can be observed in hitherto uncharacterized prostate glands. METHODS GRP receptors were quantitatively measured with in vitro receptor autoradiography using ¹²⁵I-Tyr⁴ -bombesin in samples from 115 prostates. On successive tissue sections, ¹²⁵I-Tyr⁴ -bombesin autoradiography was compared with H&E staining and MIB-1 and 34βE12 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On one hand, it was confirmed that GRP receptors were expressed in adenocarcinoma and high grade PIN in high density and high incidence (77% and 73%, respectively), but in normal prostate glands in low density and low frequency (18%). On the other hand, a novel and intriguing observation was the existence of focal non-invasive prostate glands with high GRP receptor density, characterized by low grade nuclear atypia and increased proliferation, compatible with lower grade PIN. There was a significant GRP receptor density gradient (P ≤ 0.005), increasing from normal prostate glands (mean relative optical density, ROD, of ¹²⁵I-Tyr⁴ -bombesin binding: 0.17) over atypical glands without increased MIB-1 labeling (0.28) and atypical glands with increased MIB-1 expression (0.44) to high grade PIN and adenocarcinoma (0.64 and 0.58, respectively). CONCLUSIONS GRP receptor over-expression may be a novel, specific marker of early prostatic neoplastic transformation, arising in low grade PIN, and progressively increasing during malignant progression. This should be considered when interpreting in vivo GRP receptor imaging in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Körner
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology of the University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Pascal LE, Ai J, Masoodi KZ, Wang Y, Wang D, Eisermann K, Rigatti LH, O’Malley KJ, Ma HM, Wang X, Dar JA, Parwani AV, Simons BW, Ittman MM, Li L, Davies BJ, Wang Z. Development of a reactive stroma associated with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in EAF2 deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79542. [PMID: 24260246 PMCID: PMC3832612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) is an androgen-responsive tumor suppressor frequently deleted in advanced prostate cancer that functions as a transcription elongation factor of RNA Pol II through interaction with the ELL family proteins. EAF2 knockout mice on a 129P2/OLA-C57BL/6J background developed late-onset lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, B-cell lymphoma and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. In order to further characterize the role of EAF2 in the development of prostatic defects, the effects of EAF2 loss were compared in different murine strains. In the current study, aged EAF2−/− mice on both the C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ backgrounds exhibited mPIN lesions as previously reported on a 129P2/OLA-C57BL/6J background. In contrast to the 129P2/OLA-C57BL/6J mixed genetic background, the mPIN lesions in C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ EAF2−/− mice were associated with stromal defects characteristic of a reactive stroma and a statistically significant increase in prostate microvessel density. Stromal inflammation and increased microvessel density was evident in EAF2-deficient mice on a pure C57BL/6J background at an early age and preceded the development of the histologic epithelial hyperplasia and neoplasia found in the prostates of older EAF2−/− animals. Mice deficient in EAF2 had an increased recovery rate and a decreased overall response to the effects of androgen deprivation. EAF2 expression in human cancer was significantly down-regulated and microvessel density was significantly increased compared to matched normal prostate tissue; furthermore EAF2 expression was negatively correlated with microvessel density. These results suggest that the EAF2 knockout mouse on the C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ genetic backgrounds provides a model of PIN lesions associated with an altered prostate microvasculature and reactive stromal compartment corresponding to that reported in human prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Khalid Z. Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kurtis Eisermann
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lora H. Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. O’Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hei M. Ma
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Javid A. Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anil V. Parwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Simons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Ittman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Benjamin J. Davies
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues MMP, Rema A, Gartner MF, Laufer-Amorim R. Role of adhesion molecules and proliferation hyperplasic, pre neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in canine prostate. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:1324-1329. [PMID: 24511741 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1324.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin and beta-catenin are component of adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Loss of these proteins have been associated with progression of prostatic diseases. We performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, beta-catenin and Ki-67 on canine prostatic lesions. We analyzed the expression of these antibodies in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n = 22), in pre neoplastic lesions Prostatic Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (PIN), n = 3 and Prostatic Inflammatory Atrophy (PIA), n = 7 and prostate carcinoma (PC, n = 10). In this study, a membranous expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin and nuclear expression of Ki-67 antigen were demonstrated. The proliferative index was statistically different between carcinomas and BPH and carcinomas and pre-neoplastic lesions. Like in men, the reduction of E-cadherin and increase of Ki-67 expression in neoplastic lesions in dog prostate may be related to the carcinogenic process in this gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Rema
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - M F Gartner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
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Mazzoleni S, Jachetti E, Morosini S, Grioni M, Piras IS, Pala M, Bulfone A, Freschi M, Bellone M, Galli R. Gene signatures distinguish stage-specific prostate cancer stem cells isolated from transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate lesions and predict the malignancy of human tumors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:678-89. [PMID: 23884639 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevant social and economic impact of prostate adenocarcinoma, one of the leading causes of death in men, urges critical improvements in knowledge of the pathogenesis and cure of this disease. These can also be achieved by implementing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models by taking advantage of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs). The best-characterized mouse model of prostate cancer is the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. TRAMP mice develop a progressive lesion called prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia that evolves into adenocarcinoma (AD) between 24 and 30 weeks of age. ADs often metastasize to lymph nodes, lung, bones, and kidneys. Eventually, approximately 5% of the mice develop an androgen-independent neuroendocrine adenocarcinoma. Here we report the establishment of long-term self-renewing PCSC lines from the different stages of TRAMP progression by application of the neurosphere assay. Stage-specific prostate cell lines were endowed with the critical features expected from malignant bona fide cancer stem cells, namely, self-renewal, multipotency, and tumorigenicity. Notably, transcriptome analysis of stage-specific PCSCs resulted in the generation of well-defined, meaningful gene signatures, which identify distinct stages of human tumor progression. As such, TRAMP-derived PCSCs represent a novel and valuable preclinical model for elucidating the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to prostate adenocarcinoma and for the identification of molecular mediators to be pursued as therapeutic targets.
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Hassounah NB, Nagle R, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Dalkin BL, McDermott KM. Primary cilia are lost in preinvasive and invasive prostate cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68521. [PMID: 23844214 PMCID: PMC3699526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Little is known about the role of primary cilia in preinvasive and invasive prostate cancer. However, reduced cilia expression has been observed in human cancers including pancreatic cancer, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and melanoma. The aim of this study was to characterize primary cilia expression in preinvasive and invasive human prostate cancer, and to investigate the correlation between primary cilia and the Wnt signaling pathway. Human prostate tissues representative of stages of prostate cancer formation (normal prostate, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and invasive prostate cancer (including perineural invasion)) were stained for ciliary proteins. The frequency of primary cilia was determined. A decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells in PIN, invasive cancer and perineural invasion lesions was observed when compared to normal. Cilia lengths were also measured to indirectly test functionality. Cilia were shorter in PIN, cancer, and perineural invasion lesions, suggesting dysfunction. Primary cilia have been shown to suppress the Wnt pathway. Increased Wnt signaling has been implicated in prostate cancer. Therefore, we investigated a correlation between loss of primary cilia and increased Wnt signaling in normal prostate and in preinvasive and invasive prostate cancer. To investigate Wnt signaling in our cohort, serial tissue sections were stained for β-catenin as a measure of Wnt signaling. Nuclear β-catenin was analyzed and Wnt signaling was found to be higher in un-ciliated cells in the normal prostate, PIN, a subset of invasive cancers, and perineural invasion. Our results suggest that cilia normally function to suppress the Wnt signaling pathway in epithelial cells and that cilia loss may play a role in increased Wnt signaling in some prostate cancers. These results suggest that cilia are dysfunctional in human prostate cancer, and increase Wnt signaling occurs in a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia B. Hassounah
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ray Nagle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kathylynn Saboda
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Roe
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bruce L. Dalkin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. McDermott
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- *
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Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Cecilia Y, Perez M, Muñoz-Galvan S, Cañamero M, Carnero A. Conditional transgenic expression of PIM1 kinase in prostate induces inflammation-dependent neoplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60277. [PMID: 23565217 PMCID: PMC3614961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pim proteins are a family of highly homologous protein serine/threonine kinases that have been found to be overexpressed in cancer. Elevated levels of Pim1 kinase were first discovered in human leukemia and lymphomas. However, more recently Pim1 was found to be increased in solid tumors, including pancreatic and prostate cancers, and has been proposed as a prognostic marker. Although the Pim kinases have been identified as oncogenes in transgenic models, they have weak transforming abilities on their own. However, they have been shown to greatly enhance the ability of other genes or chemical carcinogens to induce tumors. To explore the role of Pim1 in prostate cancer, we generated conditional Pim1 transgenic mice, expressed Pim1 in prostate epithelium, and analyzed the contribution of PIM1 to neoplastic initiation and progression. Accordingly, we explored the effect of PIM1 overexpression in 3 different settings: upon hormone treatment, during aging, and in combination with the absence of one Pten allele. We have found that Pim1 overexpression increased the severity of mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasias (mPIN) moderately in all three settings. Furthermore, Pim1 overexpression, in combination with the hormone treatment, increased inflammation surrounding target tissues leading to pyelonephritis in transgenic animals. Analysis of senescence induced in these prostatic lesions showed that the lesions induced in the presence of inflammation exhibited different behavior than those induced in the absence of inflammation. While high grade prostate preneoplastic lesions, mPIN grades III and IV, in the presence of inflammation did not show any senescence markers and demonstrated high levels of Ki67 staining, untreated animals without inflammation showed senescence markers and had low levels of Ki67 staining in similar high grade lesions. Our data suggest that Pim1 might contribute to progression rather than initiation in prostate neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cecilia
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Perez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galvan
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Biotechnology programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Lotan TL, Gumuskaya B, Rahimi H, Hicks JL, Iwata T, Robinson BD, Epstein JI, De Marzo AM. Cytoplasmic PTEN protein loss distinguishes intraductal carcinoma of the prostate from high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:587-603. [PMID: 23222491 PMCID: PMC3610824 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is a marker of aggressive disease. However, intraductal carcinoma exists on a morphologic continuum with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and distinguishing intraductal carcinoma from PIN is a common diagnostic dilemma with significant clinical implications. We evaluated whether immunostains for PTEN and ERG can sensitively identify intraductal carcinoma and accurately distinguish it from high-grade PIN. A combined immunostain for PTEN, ERG, p63 and CK903 was developed and validated. Radical prostatectomy specimens with lesions meeting criteria for intraductal carcinoma (n=45), intraductal cribriform proliferations falling short of intraductal carcinoma (n=15), and PIN lesions (n=39) were retrospectively identified and assessed for PTEN and ERG. Cytoplasmic PTEN loss was identified in 84% (38/45) of the intraductal carcinoma and 100% (15/15) of intraductal cribriform proliferation cases. In contrast, cytoplasmic PTEN loss was never observed in PIN (0/39; P<0.0001). Of the 53 cases of intraductal carcinoma or intraductal cribriform proliferation with cytoplasmic PTEN loss, it was homogeneously lost in 42 cases (79%). Weak, focal nuclear positivity for PTEN was retained in 31 of these 42 cases (74%). ERG expression was identified in 58% (26/45) of intraductal carcinoma and 67% (10/15) of intraductal cribriform proliferations compared with 13% (5/39) of PIN. Concordance between the PTEN/ERG status of the intraductal carcinoma lesions and the concurrent invasive carcinoma was high (>95% and P<0.0001 for each), and substantially less for PIN and the concurrent invasive tumor (83% for PTEN and 67% for ERG; P=NS for each). Cytoplasmic PTEN loss occurs in the majority of intraductal carcinoma and intraductal cribriform proliferation cases. Cytoplasmic PTEN loss was never observed in PIN (100% specificity). Our study identifies PTEN loss as a potentially useful marker to distinguish intraductal carcinoma from PIN and provides a plausible molecular explanation for why intraductal carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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Kwak MK, Johnson DT, Zhu C, Lee SH, Ye DW, Luong R, Sun Z. Conditional deletion of the Pten gene in the mouse prostate induces prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms at early ages but a slow progression to prostate tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53476. [PMID: 23308230 PMCID: PMC3540073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in human prostate cancer. Using Osr1 (odd skipped related 1)-Cre mice, we generated a novel conditional Pten knockout mouse strain, PtenLoxP:Osr1-Cre. Conditional biallelic and monoallelic Pten knockout mice were viable. Deletion of Pten expression was detected in the prostate of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice as early as 2 weeks of age. Intriguingly, PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice develop high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PINs) with high penetrance as early as one-month of age, and locally invasive prostatic tumors after 12-months of age. PtenLoxP/+:Osr1-Cre mice show only mild oncogenic changes after 8-weeks of age. Castration of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice shows no significant regression of prostate tumors, although a shift of androgen receptor (AR) staining from the nuclei to cytoplasm is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated mice. Enhanced Akt activity is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre. This study provides a novel mouse model that can be used to investigate a primary role of Pten in initiating oncogenic transformation in the prostate and to examine other genetic and epigenetic changes that are required for tumor progression in the mouse prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kwak
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Suk Hyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Liu H, Shi J, Wilkerson M, Yang XJ, Lin F. Immunohistochemical evaluation of ERG expression in various benign and malignant tissues. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2013; 43:3-9. [PMID: 23462600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane protease, serine 2-E twenty-six related gene (TMPRSS2-ERG) fusion leading to ERG overexpression, was detected in approximately 50% of prostate cancers (ranging from 35-70%). However, the published data on ERG expression in tumors from other organs and normal tissues were limited. In this study, we investigated the expression of ERG in TMA sections of various normal tissues (N=452) and carcinomas (N=1,129) from various organs, including 90 cases of low to intermediate-grade (L-MG) prostatic adenocarcinomas and 36 cases of high-grade (HG) prostatic adenocarcinomas, using a single immunostaining system (Dako). Also included were prostatic biopsies of radiation atypia (N=20), atrophy (N=20), and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial lesion (HGPIN) (N=18). ERG expression was detected in 44% (40/90) of L-MG prostatic adenocarcinomas; in 22% (8/36) of HG prostatic adenocarcinomas; and in 22% (4/18) of HGPIN. No ERG expression was detected in non-prostate carcinomas, normal tissues including prostate and seminal vesicles, benign prostatic tissue with radiation atypia, and atrophy. Our data demonstrate that ERG is a highly specific marker, which may have important implications in the interpretation of prostate biopsies with limited cancers. In addition, its high diagnostic specificity may be useful in identifying a prostatic primary when working on a tumor of uncertain origin. Partly presented at the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Annual Meeting in March 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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37
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Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M, Barbisan F, Santinelli A, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Montironi R. Immunohistochemical expression of prostate tumour overexpressed 1 (PTOV1) in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of the prostate: additional evidence linking (AAH) to adenocarcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 36:37-42. [PMID: 23132460 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate tumour overexpressed 1, PTOV1, was recently identified as a novel gene and protein during a differential display screening for genes overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). It has been suggested that overexpression of PTOV1 can contribute to the proliferative status of prostate tumour cells and thus to their biological behaviour. METHODS PTOV1 and Ki67 were immunohistochemically evaluated in PCa, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), and normal-looking epithelium (NEp) of the transition zone (TZ) in 40 radical prostatectomies with pT2a Gleason score 6 PCa (20 with AAH and 20 with HGPIN) and in 10 simple prostatectomies (SPs) (5 with AAH and 5 with HGPIN). The aim was to evaluate PTOV1 protein expression as a marker for tumor development and progression from AAH to PCa. RESULTS The proportions of PTOV1 and Ki67 positive cells increased from NEp through AAH and HGPIN to PCa. In particular, the mean Hscore of PTOV1 expression in AAH was 110.90, i.e., close to three times that of NEp (40.76), similar to that of HGPIN (105.61) and lower than that of PCa (137.03). The mean values in AAH and HGPIN associated with cancer in the RPs were slightly higher than in the SPs. CONCLUSION Our findings related to PTOV1 expression in AAH, similar to those in HGPIN, provide additional evidence linking AAH to prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
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Le Magnen C, Bubendorf L, Ruiz C, Zlobec I, Bachmann A, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Wyler S, Mengus C. Klf4 transcription factor is expressed in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:955-63. [PMID: 23089465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer initiation and progression might be driven by small populations of cells endowed with stem cell-like properties. Here we comparatively addressed the expression of genes encoding putative stemness regulators including c-Myc, Klf4, Nanog, Oct4A and Sox2 genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCA). METHODS Fifty-eight PCA and thirty-nine BPH tissues samples were used for gene expression analysis, as evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of specific Klf4 isoforms was tested by conventional PCR. Klf4 specific antibodies were used for protein detection in a tissue microarray including 404 prostate samples. RESULTS Nanog, Oct4A and Sox2 genes were comparably expressed in BPH and PCA samples, whereas c-Myc and Klf4 genes were expressed to significantly higher extents in PCA than in BPH specimens. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that Klf4 protein is detectable in a large majority of epithelial prostatic cells, irrespective of malignant transformation. However, in PCA, a predominantly cytoplasmic location was observed, consistent with the expression of a differentially spliced Klf4α isoform. CONCLUSION Klf4 is highly expressed at gene and protein level in BPH and PCA tissues but a cytoplasmic location of the specific gene product is predominantly detectable in malignant cells. Klf4 location might be of critical relevance to steer its functions during oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Le Magnen
- Institute for Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is the only accepted precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma, according to numerous studies of animal models and man; other proposed precursors include atrophy and malignancy-associated changes (with no morphologic changes). PIN is characterized by progressive abnormalities of phenotype and genotype that are intermediate between benign prostatic epithelium and cancer, indicating impairment of cell differentiation and regulatory control with advancing stages of prostatic carcinogenesis. The only method of detection of PIN is biopsy because it does not significantly elevate serum prostate-specific antigen concentration and cannot be detected by ultrasonography. The mean incidence of PIN in biopsies is 9% (range, 4%-16%), representing about 115,000 new cases of isolated PIN diagnosed each year in the United States. The clinical importance of PIN is its high predictive value as a marker for adenocarcinoma, and its identification warrants repeat biopsy for concurrent or subsequent carcinoma, especially when multifocal or observed in association with atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). Carcinoma develops in most patients with PIN within 10 years. Androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy decrease the prevalence and extent of PIN, suggesting that these forms of treatment may play a role in prevention of subsequent cancer. Multiple clinical trials to date of men with PIN have had modest success in delaying or preventing subsequent cancer.
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40
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Casey OM, Fang L, Hynes PG, Abou-Kheir WG, Martin PL, Tillman HS, Petrovics G, Awwad HO, Ward Y, Lake R, Zhang L, Kelly K. TMPRSS2- driven ERG expression in vivo increases self-renewal and maintains expression in a castration resistant subpopulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41668. [PMID: 22860005 PMCID: PMC3408501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements commonly occur in many types of cancers and often initiate or alter the progression of disease. Here we describe an in vivo mouse model that recapitulates the most frequent rearrangement in prostate cancer, the fusion of the promoter region of TMPRSS2 with the coding region of the transcription factor, ERG. A recombinant bacterial artificial chromosome including an extended TMPRSS2 promoter driving genomic ERG was constructed and used for transgenesis in mice. TMPRSS2-ERG expression was evaluated in tissue sections and FACS-fractionated prostate cell populations. In addition to the anticipated expression in luminal cells, TMPRSS2-ERG was similarly expressed in the Sca-1hi/EpCAM+ basal/progenitor fraction, where expanded numbers of clonogenic self-renewing progenitors were found, as assayed by in vitro sphere formation. These clonogenic cells increased intrinsic self renewal in subsequent generations. In addition, ERG dependent self-renewal and invasion in vitro was demonstrated in prostate cell lines derived from the model. Clinical studies have suggested that the TMPRSS2-ERG translocation occurs early in prostate cancer development. In the model described here, the presence of the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion alone was not transforming but synergized with heterozygous Pten deletion to promote PIN. Taken together, these data suggest that one function of TMPRSS2-ERG is the expansion of self-renewing cells, which may serve as targets for subsequent mutations. Primary prostate epithelial cells demonstrated increased post transcriptional turnover of ERG compared to the TMPRSS2-ERG positive VCaP cell line, originally isolated from a prostate cancer metastasis. Finally, we determined that TMPRSS2-ERG expression occurred in both castration-sensitive and resistant prostate epithelial subpopulations, suggesting the existence of androgen-independent mechanisms of TMPRSS2 expression in prostate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M. Casey
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Fang
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Hynes
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wassim G. Abou-Kheir
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Martin
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Tillman
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Department of Surgery, Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hibah O. Awwad
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yvona Ward
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ross Lake
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luhua Zhang
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Mao GE, Harris DM, Moro A, Heber D, Roy-Burman P, Zhang ZF, Rao J. A joint effect of new Western diet and retinoid X receptor α prostate-specific knockout with development of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice--a preliminary study. Prostate 2012; 72:1052-9. [PMID: 22314496 PMCID: PMC4321893 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "New Western-style Diet" (NWD) characterized by high in fat and low in fiber, vitamin D, calcium, and methyl donors--are considered as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Previous studies have shown that premalignant lesions of human prostate have decreased expression of the Retinoid X Receptor alpha (RXRα). This study was to determine the effect of diet in RXRα knockout mice in developing high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). METHODS Male mice (n = 54) with or without the RXRα prostate null mutation were fed either NWD or AIN-76A control diet for 10 months; prostates were harvested at 11 months of age and examined for prostate mPIN. RESULTS mPIN was seen in 79% of RXRα prostate null mice fed NWD (n = 19), 30.8% RXRα prostate null mice fed AIN-76A (n = 13), 42.9% RXRα wild-type mice fed NWD (n = 14), and 12.5% RXRα wild-type mice fed AIN-76A (n = 8). Unconditional Logistic analysis showed a significant joint effect of NWD and RXRα status in developing mPIN 26.3 (95% CI: 2.5-280), but interaction was not significant owing to the small sample size 1.6 (0.09-27.7, P = 0.7441). CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary data to support a joint RXRα-diet effect in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria E. Mao
- Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Aune Moro
- Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Heber
- Center for Human Nutrition, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
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Dunn TA, Fedor HL, De Marzo AM, Luo J. Molecular profiling of indolent human prostate cancer: tackling technical challenges to achieve high-fidelity genome-wide data. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:385-92. [PMID: 22306912 PMCID: PMC3433951 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The contemporary problem of prostate cancer overtreatment can be partially attributed to the diagnosis of potentially indolent prostate cancers that pose low risk to aged men, and lack of sufficiently accurate risk stratification methods to reliably seek out men with indolent diseases. Since progressive acquisition and accumulation of genomic alterations, both genetic and epigenetic, is a defining feature of all human cancers at different stages of disease progression, it is hypothesized that RNA and DNA alterations characteristic of indolent prostate tumors may be different from those previously characterized in the setting of clinically significant prostate cancer. Approaches capable of detecting such alterations on a genome-wide level are the most promising. Such analysis may uncover molecular events defining early initiating stages along the natural history of prostate cancer progression, and ultimately lead to rational development of risk stratification methods for identification of men who can safely forego treatment. However, defining and characterizing indolent prostate cancer in a clinically relevant context remains a challenge, particularly when genome-wide approaches are employed to profile formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens. Here, we provide the conceptual basis underlying the importance of understanding indolent prostate cancer from molecular profiling studies, identify the key hurdles in sample acquisition and variables that affect molecular data derived from FFPE tissues, and highlight recent progresses in efforts to address these technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Dunn
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Guzel S, Kiziler L, Aydemir B, Alici B, Ataus S, Aksu A, Durak H. Association of Pb, Cd, and Se concentrations and oxidative damage-related markers in different grades of prostate carcinoma. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 145:23-32. [PMID: 21809052 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is known to be affected by the heavy metal levels and oxidative damage of the body, yet there are very few studies which look into the way it occurs. The aim of this study was to determine whether blood and tissue lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (Se) levels are associated with oxidative damage in the context of prostate cancer progression and development. Seventy-nine patients comprising 25 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 23 patients with malignant prostatic carcinoma (malign Ca), 16 patients with low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LGPIN), and 15 patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) diagnosed on the basis of their clinical profile, transrectal ultrasonography, and histopathology were included in this study. Cd and Pb levels in whole blood were found to be increased in patients with HGPIN compared with the BPH group; also, the levels of Cd in whole blood and tissue were found to be increasing in patients with malign Ca, unlike BPH patients. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and tissue were significantly increased in malign Ca, LGPIN, and HGPIN than those in BPH. However, the levels of tissue Pb were found to be decreasing in BPH, unlike the malign Ca and HGPIN patients, and the levels of tissue protein carbonyls in malign Ca were significantly lower than those in HGPIN. The levels of tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) in malign Ca were significantly lower than those in BPH. Additionally, the levels of Se in serum and tissue in LGPIN were significantly lower than those in BPH. The serum Se levels in HGPIN were also significantly lower than those in BPH and malign Ca groups. Furthermore, the concentrations of serum Se in LGPIN were significantly lower than those in malign Ca. From the Pearson correlation analysis, there were significant positive correlations between tissue Cd and MDA levels in malign Ca, LGPIN, and HGPIN and between the tissue Pb and tissue MDA and protein carbonyl levels in malign Ca. Blood Pb and tissue Pb were also significantly positively correlated with plasma MDA and protein carbonyl levels in malign Ca. In addition, blood Pb was significantly positively correlated with tissue MDA and protein carbonyl levels in malign Ca, and a significant positive correlation was also found between blood Cd and plasma protein carbonyls and tissue MDA in LGPIN. We observed that altered prooxidant-antioxidant balance and heavy metal levels may lead to an increase in oxidative damage and may consequently play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. These findings indicate that changes in the levels of Pb, Cd, Se, MDA, protein carbonyls, and GSH in the blood and/or tissue are related to the prostatic carcinoma development and progression, although triggering one of the mentioned changes is unknown; therefore, further study is required to determine the exact steps of the process and clarify the roles of different substances in order to obtain a more detailed explanation of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Guzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Yüzüncü Yıl Mah. Uğurmumcu Cad. İtfaiye Binası Arkası, Merkez Tekirdağ 59100, Turkey.
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Zhou X, Lawrence TJ, He Z, Pound CR, Mao J, Bigler SA. The expression level of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) correlates to the progression of prostate cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:105-10. [PMID: 22101258 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), the enzyme catalyzing the reaction in remodeling of phosphatidylcholine (PC) has been reported to express in prostate. However, its diagnostic and prognostic values remain unclear. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for LPCAT1 was performed on the tissue microarray (TMA) slides containing 251 samples from 148 patients with various prostatic disorders. The association of expression level of LPCAT1 with the progression of prostate cancer was analyzed. RESULTS LPCAT1 IHC mean score was the highest in metastatic prostate cancer (8.00±1.28), which was significantly higher than that in primary prostate cancer (4.63±3.00, p=9.73E-07), in high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN, 2.72±2.47, p=1.02E-12), and in benign prostate (2.68, p=6.17E-12). The mean score in primary prostate cancer was significantly higher than that in HGPIN (p=4.09E-04) and in benign prostate (p=2.74E-04). There was no significant difference in the mean score between HGPIN and benign prostate (p=0.951). LPCAT1 IHC score also correlated to the tumor grade and stage of prostate cancer. Patients who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer and developed biochemical recurrence or clinical metastasis had higher LPCAT1 IHC score than those who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer and did not develop biochemical recurrence and clinical metastasis. The association of LPCAT1 with the progression of prostate cancer was independent of patient race and age, PSA level and positivity of surgical resection margins. CONCLUSIONS LPCAT1 correlates with the progression of prostate cancer and could be a new biomarker in diagnosis, prognosis and studying the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Vykhovanets EV, Maclennan GT, Vykhovanets OV, Gupta S. IL-17 Expression by macrophages is associated with proliferative inflammatory atrophy lesions in prostate cancer patients. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2011; 4:552-565. [PMID: 21904631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intraprostatic leukocyte function may vary depending on local inflammatory or malignant cell microenvironment. Interleukin (IL)-17 producing cells play key roles in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Little is known about the relevance of IL-17 producing cells at sites of prostate tissue inflammation and/or prostate adenocarcinoma. In this study, we analyzed thirty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded whole-mount radical prostatectomy specimens of prostate cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry was employed to identify IL-17 producing cells in all sites of mononuclear cell accumulation, noting their relationships to areas of prostate cancer, proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), or hyperplastic benign tissue. Levels of IL-17 producing cells were similar in zones of benign prostate tissue and areas of prostate cancer. Pronounced intraluminal and peri-glandular IL-17 producing cell accumulations were identified in the mononuclear cell infiltrates associated with PIA lesions. Glandular and peri-glandular CD68+ macrophages and neutrophils were the predominant IL-17 producing cells in PIA lesions. The accumulation of IL-17 expressing cells in PIA lesions presents direct evidence of an inflammatory microenvironment that may support the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Vykhovanets
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Gerhardt J, Steinbrech C, Büchi O, Behnke S, Bohnert A, Fritzsche F, Liewen H, Stenner F, Wild P, Hermanns T, Müntener M, Dietel M, Jung K, Stephan C, Kristiansen G. The androgen-regulated Calcium-Activated Nucleotidase 1 (CANT1) is commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer and is tumor-biologically relevant in vitro. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:1847-60. [PMID: 21435463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we identified the calcium-activated nucleotidase 1 (CANT1) transcript as up-regulated in prostate cancer. Now, we studied CANT1 protein expression in a large cohort of nearly 1000 prostatic tissue samples including normal tissue, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), primary carcinomas, metastases, and castrate-resistant carcinomas, and further investigated its functional relevance. CANT1 displayed predominantly a Golgi-type immunoreactivity with additional and variable cytoplasmic staining. In comparison to normal tissues, the staining intensity was significantly increased in PIN lesions and cancer. In cancer, high CANT1 levels were associated with a better prognosis, and castrate-resistant carcinomas commonly showed lower CANT1 levels than primary carcinomas. The functional role of CANT1 was investigated using RNA interference in two prostate cancer cell lines with abundant endogenous CANT1 protein. On CANT1 knockdown, a significantly diminished cell number and DNA synthesis rate, a cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase, and a strong decrease of cell transmigration rate and wound healing capacity of CANT1 knockdown cells was found. However, on forced CANT1 overexpression, cell proliferation and migration remained unchanged. In summary, CANT1 is commonly overexpressed in the vast majority of primary prostate carcinomas and in the precursor lesion PIN and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker. Moreover, this is the first study to demonstrate a functional involvement of CANT1 in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Gerhardt
- Department of Surgical Pathology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Péant B, Forest V, Trudeau V, Latour M, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. IκB-Kinase-ε (IKKε/IKKi/IκBKε) expression and localization in prostate cancer tissues. Prostate 2011; 71:1131-8. [PMID: 21271611 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) remains a one of the leading causes of cancer related death and is often due to the progression from a hormone sensitive (HS) to a castrate resistant (CR) state for which therapeutic alternatives remain palliative. Molecular events involved in the progression to CR-PCa remain largely unknown. A previous study reported significantly higher levels of Iκ-B kinase-epsilon (IKKε) expression in CR compared to androgen-responsive cell lines. In the present study, we evaluate IKKε expression in human prostate tissue. METHODS In order to evaluate the modulation of IKKε expression in PCa tissue IKKε immunostaining was performed on paraffin-embedded prostate tissue microarrays containing cores from normal tissues (n = 47), non-malignant tissues adjacent to the tumor (n = 53), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (n = 28), HS (n = 62), and CR tumors (n = 31). RESULTS We found a low cytoplasmic expression of IKKε in non-malignant tissue. HS tumors showed a significant increase in cytoplasmic IKKε expression compared to non-malignant tissues. CR tissues presented the highest cytoplasmic IKKε expression levels. We also report, for the first time, the presence of a nuclear localization of IKKε in prostate epithelial cells, in particular we observed an increase of IKKε nuclear localization in HS malignant tissues. Finally, we found a strong link between an increase of IKKε cytoplasmic expression in PCa and metastatic progression. CONCLUSION This study strongly suggests the role of IKKε as a PCa oncogene that may be involved in the emergence of a CR state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péant
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM)/Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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48
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Gonzalez-Moreno O, Boque N, Redrado M, Milagro F, Campion J, Endermann T, Takahashi K, Saito Y, Catena R, Schomburg L, Calvo A. Selenoprotein-P is down-regulated in prostate cancer, which results in lack of protection against oxidative damage. Prostate 2011; 71:824-34. [PMID: 21456065 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays a role in prostate cancer (PrCa) initiation and development. Selenoprotein-P (SepP; a protein involved in antioxidant defence) mRNA levels are down-regulated in PrCa. The main goal of our study was to assess whether SepP protects prostate cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) in prostate carcinogenesis. METHODS Modification of SepP levels and ROS conditions in C3(1)/Tag-derived cell lines representing prostate epithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions (Pr-111, with high SepP expression); and invasive tumors (Pr-14, with very low SepP expression). RESULTS Both Pr-111 and Pr-14 cells express ApoER2 (SepP receptor), which suggests that they may uptake SepP. Pr-14 cells had much higher ROS levels than Pr-111 cells and were highly sensitive to H(2)O(2)-mediated cytotoxicity. When SepP mRNA levels were knocked down with siRNAs in Pr-111 cells, a significant increase in ROS and cell growth inhibition upon H(2)O(2) exposure was found. Subsequent administration of purified SepP in the culture medium of these cells was able to rescue the original phenotype. Similarly, administration of SepP to Pr-14 cells was able to reduce ROS concentrations. Administration of flutamide decreased SepP mRNA levels whereas dihydrotestosterone or synthetic androgens induced SepP expression, indicating the importance of androgens for SepP expression. Immunohistochemical analysis using a PrCa tissue microarray further revealed that SepP protein was reduced in 60.8% prostate tumors compared to benign prostates. CONCLUSIONS Levels of SepP in prostate cells determine basal ROS levels and sensitivity to H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity. Deregulation of SepP during prostate carcinogenesis may increase free radicals, thus promoting tumor development and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gonzalez-Moreno
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Joshua AM, Shen E, Yoshimoto M, Marrano P, Zielenska M, Evans AJ, Van der Kwast T, Squire JA. Topographical analysis of telomere length and correlation with genomic instability in whole mount prostatectomies. Prostate 2011; 71:778-90. [PMID: 21031437 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many critical events in prostatic carcinogenesis appear to relate to the emergence of genomic instability. Characteristic genomic abnormalities such as 8p loss, 8q gain, trisomy 7, and PTEN microdeletions may provide selective advantages to increase neoplastic transformation. Evidence suggests that telomere dysfunction is a plausible mechanism for some of these abnormalities on the basis of the break-fusion-bridge cycle that can lead to manifestations of genomic instability. METHODS In this study, we correlate telomere length measured by quantitative FISH in various prostatic histologies with markers of genomic instability and immunohistochemical measures of proliferation and oxidative stress. RESULTS We find that telomere shortening is correlated with abnormalities on chromosome 8, but not with trisomy 7 or abnormalities of the PTEN locus. There are associations with C-MYC aberrations in stroma with greater proximity to cancer and a correlation between telomere length in a number of prostatic histologies and the adjacent stroma, suggesting the importance of microenvironmental effects on telomere maintenance in the prostate. This finding was also supported by the finding of the correlation between telomere attrition and the levels of oxidative stress as measured by malondialdehyde staining in HPIN lesions close to cancer. CONCLUSIONS Telomere attrition in the prostate gland is associated with particular genomic aberrations that contribute to the genomic instability characteristic of prostatic carcinogenesis. Correlations between various histologies and adjacent stroma telomere length suggest it is also may reveal microenvironmental effects within the prostate gland. Oxidative stress may contribute to telomere attrition in HPIN close to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Joshua
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Wang X, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH, Koch MO, Li L, Zhang S, Sandusky GE, Grignon DJ, Eble JN, Cheng L. Elevated expression of cancer-associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:748-54. [PMID: 21031434 PMCID: PMC3116049 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important role in DNA replication and repair. The expression and potential utility of this marker in prostatic neoplasia is uncertain. With the development of this new caPCNA selective antibody, we explored the potential utility of this marker in prostate cancer. METHODS Using a traditional primary Fab2' rabbit anti-caPCNA antibody-HRP conjugated secondary anti-Fab2' antibody format, the expression of the caPCNA was analyzed in prostate tissue from 89 radical prostatectomy specimens. The caPCNA expression was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS The fraction of cells staining positively with caPCNA antibody in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 23%) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic epithelium (mean, 2%; P < 0.001) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (mean, 6%; P < 0.05). Moreover, the intensity of caPCNA expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 2.9) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic tissue (mean, 0.7; P < 0.001) or high-grade PIN (mean, 2.0; P < 0.001). Benign prostatic epithelium showed only minimal or negative reactivity. There was significant correlation between the percentage of caPCNA expression and primary Gleason grade (P = 0.01), and with Gleason score (P = 0.02). Adenocarcinomas with positive vascular invasion had a significantly higher percentage of cells staining with caPCNA antibody (P < 0.0001) and a higher intensity of caPCNA expression (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that increased expression of the cancer-associated isoform of PCNA is common in prostatic adenocarcinoma and its precursor and may be a useful biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Linda H. Malkas
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Michael O. Koch
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Lang Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - David J Grignon
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - John N. Eble
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
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