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Knudsen BS, Jadhav A, Perry LJ, Thagaard J, Deftereos G, Ying J, Brintz BJ, Zhang W. A pipeline for evaluation of machine learning/AI models to quantify PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. J Transl Med 2024:102070. [PMID: 38677590 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to guide treatment decisions in multiple cancer types. For treatment with checkpoint inhibitors, PD-L1 IHC is used as a companion diagnostic. However, the scoring of PD-L1 is complicated by its expression in cancer and immune cells. Separation of cancer and non-cancer regions is needed to calculate tumor proportion scores (TPS) of PD-L1, which is based on the percentage of PD-L1 positive cancer cells. Evaluation of PD-L1 expression requires highly experienced pathologists and is often challenging and time consuming. Here we used a multi-institutional cohort of 77 lung cancer cases stained centrally with the PD-L1 22C3 clone. We developed a four-step pipeline for measuring TPS that includes the co-registration of H&E, PD-L1 and negative control (NC) digital slides for exclusion of necrosis, segmentation of cancer regions and quantification of PD-L1+ cells. As cancer segmentation is a challenging step for TPS generation, we trained DeepLab V3 in the Visiopharm software package to outline cancer regions in PD-L1 and negative control (NC) images and evaluated the model performance by mean intersection over union (mIoU) against manual outlines. Only 14 cases were required to accomplish an mIoU of 0.82 for cancer segmentation in hematoxylin stained NC cases. For PD-L1 stained slides, a model trained on PD-L1 tiles augmented by registered NC tiles achieved an mIoU of 0.79. In segmented cancer regions from whole slide images, the digital TPS achieved an accuracy of 75% against the manual TPS scores from the pathology report. Major reasons for algorithmic inaccuracies include the inclusion of immune cells in cancer outlines and poor nuclear segmentation of cancer cells. Our transparent and stepwise approach and performance metrics can be applied to any IHC assay to provide pathologists with important insights when to apply and how to evaluate commercial automated IHC scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
| | | | - Lindsey J Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | | | | | - Jian Ying
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Ben J Brintz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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2
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Ferrero A, Ghelichkhan E, Manoochehri H, Ho MM, Albertson DJ, Brintz BJ, Tasdizen T, Whitaker RT, Knudsen BS. HistoEM: A Pathologist-Guided and Explainable Workflow Using Histogram Embedding for Gland Classification. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100447. [PMID: 38369187 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Pathologists have, over several decades, developed criteria for diagnosing and grading prostate cancer. However, this knowledge has not, so far, been included in the design of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for prostate cancer detection and grading. Further, it is not known whether the features learned by machine-learning algorithms coincide with diagnostic features used by pathologists. We propose a framework that enforces algorithms to learn the cellular and subcellular differences between benign and cancerous prostate glands in digital slides from hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. After accurate gland segmentation and exclusion of the stroma, the central component of the pipeline, named HistoEM, utilizes a histogram embedding of features from the latent space of the CNN encoder. Each gland is represented by 128 feature-wise histograms that provide the input into a second network for benign vs cancer classification of the whole gland. Cancer glands are further processed by a U-Net structured network to separate low-grade from high-grade cancer. Our model demonstrates similar performance compared with other state-of-the-art prostate cancer grading models with gland-level resolution. To understand the features learned by HistoEM, we first rank features based on the distance between benign and cancer histograms and visualize the tissue origins of the 2 most important features. A heatmap of pixel activation by each feature is generated using Grad-CAM and overlaid on nuclear segmentation outlines. We conclude that HistoEM, similar to pathologists, uses nuclear features for the detection of prostate cancer. Altogether, this novel approach can be broadly deployed to visualize computer-learned features in histopathology images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ferrero
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elham Ghelichkhan
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Hamid Manoochehri
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Man Minh Ho
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Tolga Tasdizen
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ross T Whitaker
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Wadhwa A, Roscoe C, Duran EA, Kwan L, Haroldsen CL, Shelton JB, Cullen J, Knudsen BS, Rettig MB, Pyarajan S, Nickols NG, Maxwell KN, Yamoah K, Rose BS, Rebbeck TR, Iyer HS, Garraway IP. Neighborhood Deprivation, Race and Ethnicity, and Prostate Cancer Outcomes Across California Health Care Systems. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e242852. [PMID: 38502125 PMCID: PMC10951732 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) individuals experience worse prostate cancer outcomes due to socioeconomic and racial inequities of access to care. Few studies have empirically evaluated these disparities across different health care systems. Objective To describe the racial and ethnic and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) disparities among residents of the same communities who receive prostate cancer care in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system vs other settings. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study obtained data from the VA Central Cancer Registry for veterans with prostate cancer who received care within the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA cohort) and from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) for nonveterans who received care outside the VA setting (CCR cohort). The cohorts consisted of all males with incident prostate cancer who were living within the same US Census tracts. These individuals received care between 2000 and 2018 and were followed up until death from any cause or censoring on December 31, 2018. Data analyses were conducted between September 2022 and December 2023. Exposures Health care setting, self-identified race and ethnicity (SIRE), and nSES. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was all-cause mortality (ACM). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios for associations of SIRE and nSES with prostate cancer outcomes in the VA and CCR cohorts. Results Included in the analysis were 49 461 males with prostate cancer. Of these, 1881 males were in the VA cohort (mean [SD] age, 65.3 [7.7] years; 833 Black individuals [44.3%], 694 non-Hispanic White [hereafter, White] individuals [36.9%], and 354 individuals [18.8%] of other or unknown race). A total of 47 580 individuals were in the CCR cohort (mean [SD] age, 67.0 [9.6] years; 8183 Black individuals [17.2%], 26 206 White individuals [55.1%], and 13 191 individuals [27.8%] of other or unknown race). In the VA cohort, there were no racial disparities observed for metastasis, ACM, or prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). However, in the CCR cohort, the racial disparities were observed for metastasis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.52), ACM (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24), and PCSM (AHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25). Heterogeneity was observed for the racial disparity in ACM in the VA vs CCR cohorts (AHR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.76-1.06] vs 1.13 [95% CI, 1.04-1.24]; P = .01). No evidence of nSES disparities was observed for any prostate cancer outcomes in the VA cohort. However, in the CCR cohort, heterogeneity was observed for nSES disparities with ACM (AHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.80-0.84; P = .002) and PCSM (AHR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.89; P = .007). Conclusions and Relevance Results of this study suggest that racial and nSES disparities were wider among patients seeking care outside of the VA health care system. Health systems-related interventions that address access barriers may mitigate racial and socioeconomic disparities in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Wadhwa
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charlotte Roscoe
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth A. Duran
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
- Center for Health Equity Education and Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Lorna Kwan
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles
| | - Candace L. Haroldsen
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- IDEAS Center (COIN), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeremy B. Shelton
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- IDEAS Center (COIN), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mathew B. Rettig
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles
| | | | - Nicholas G. Nickols
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles
| | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brent S. Rose
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
- Center for Health Equity Education and Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hari S. Iyer
- Section of Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), Los Angeles
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles
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Kataria T, Rajamani S, Ayubi AB, Bronner M, Jedrzkiewicz J, Knudsen BS, Elhabian SY. Automating Ground Truth Annotations for Gland Segmentation Through Immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100331. [PMID: 37716506 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic evaluation of glands in the colon is of utmost importance in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. When properly trained, deep learning pipelines can provide a systematic, reproducible, and quantitative assessment of disease-related changes in glandular tissue architecture. The training and testing of deep learning models require large amounts of manual annotations, which are difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to obtain. Here, we propose a method for automated generation of ground truth in digital hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides using immunohistochemistry (IHC) labels. The image processing pipeline generates annotations of glands in H&E histopathology images from colon biopsy specimens by transfer of gland masks from KRT8/18, CDX2, or EPCAM IHC. The IHC gland outlines are transferred to coregistered H&E images for training of deep learning models. We compared the performance of the deep learning models to that of manual annotations using an internal held-out set of biopsy specimens as well as 2 public data sets. Our results show that EPCAM IHC provides gland outlines that closely match manual gland annotations (Dice = 0.89) and are resilient to damage by inflammation. In addition, we propose a simple data sampling technique that allows models trained on data from several sources to be adapted to a new data source using just a few newly annotated samples. The best performing models achieved average Dice scores of 0.902 and 0.89 on Gland Segmentation and Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Gland colon cancer public data sets, respectively, when trained with only 10% of annotated cases from either public cohort. Altogether, the performances of our models indicate that automated annotations using cell type-specific IHC markers can safely replace manual annotations. Automated IHC labels from single-institution cohorts can be combined with small numbers of hand-annotated cases from multi-institutional cohorts to train models that generalize well to diverse data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Kataria
- Kahlert School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Kahlert School of Computing, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Saradha Rajamani
- Kahlert School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Kahlert School of Computing, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Abdul Bari Ayubi
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mary Bronner
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Kahlert School of Computing, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Shireen Y Elhabian
- Kahlert School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Kahlert School of Computing, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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5
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Marr KD, Gard JMC, Harryman WL, Keeswood EJ, Paxson AI, Wolgemuth C, Knudsen BS, Nagle RB, Hazlehurst L, Sorbellini M, Cress AE. Biophysical phenotype mixtures reveal advantages for tumor muscle invasion in vivo. Biophys J 2023; 122:4194-4206. [PMID: 37766428 PMCID: PMC10645557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder, colon, gastric, prostate, and uterine cancers originate in organs surrounded by laminin-coated smooth muscle. In human prostate cancer, tumors that are organ confined, without extracapsular extension through muscle, have an overall cancer survival rate of up to 97% compared with 32% for metastatic disease. Our previous work modeling extracapsular extension reported the blocking of tumor invasion by mutation of a laminin-binding integrin called α6β1. Expression of the α6AA mutant resulted in a biophysical switch from cell-ECM (extracellular matrix) to cell-cell adhesion with drug sensitivity properties and an inability to invade muscle. Here we used different admixtures of α6AA and α6WT cells to test the cell heterogeneity requirements for muscle invasion. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed that tumor mixtures self-assembled into invasive networks in vitro, whereas α6AA cells assembled only as cohesive clusters. Invasion of α6AA cells into and through live muscle occurred using a 1:1 mixture of α6AA and α6WT cells. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing measurements revealed that compared with α6AA cells, invasion-competent α6WT cells were 2.5-fold faster at closing a cell-ECM or cell-cell wound, respectively. Cell-ECM rebuilding kinetics show that an increased response occurred in mixtures since the response was eightfold greater compared with populations containing only one cell type. A synthetic cell adhesion cyclic peptide called MTI-101 completely blocked electric cell-substrate impedance sensing cell-ECM wound recovery that persisted in vitro up to 20 h after the wound. Treatment of tumor-bearing animals with 10 mg/kg MTI-101 weekly resulted in a fourfold decrease of muscle invasion by tumor and a decrease of the depth of invasion into muscle comparable to the α6AA cells. Taken together, these data suggest that mixed biophysical phenotypes of tumor cells within a population can provide functional advantages for tumor invasion into and through muscle that can be potentially inhibited by a synthetic cell adhesion molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Marr
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Elijah J Keeswood
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona; Partnership for Native American Cancer Prevention, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Allan I Paxson
- Partnership for Native American Cancer Prevention, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lori Hazlehurst
- Associate Director of Basic Research, Co-Leader Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Anne E Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Ng AHC, Hu H, Wang K, Scherler K, Warren SE, Zollinger DR, McKay-Fleisch J, Sorg K, Beechem JM, Ragaglia E, Lacy JM, Smith KD, Marshall DA, Bundesmann MM, López de Castilla D, Corwin D, Yarid N, Knudsen BS, Lu Y, Goldman JD, Heath JR. Organ-specific immunity: A tissue analysis framework for investigating local immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113212. [PMID: 37792533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Local immune activation at mucosal surfaces, mediated by mucosal lymphoid tissues, is vital for effective immune responses against pathogens. While pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread to multiple organs, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily experience inflammation and damage in their lungs. To investigate this apparent organ-specific immune response, we develop an analytical framework that recognizes the significance of mucosal lymphoid tissues. This framework combines histology, immunofluorescence, spatial transcript profiling, and mathematical modeling to identify cellular and gene expression differences between the lymphoid tissues of the lung and the gut and predict the determinants of those differences. Our findings indicate that mucosal lymphoid tissues are pivotal in organ-specific immune response to SARS-CoV-2, mediating local inflammation and tissue damage and contributing to immune dysfunction. The framework developed here has potential utility in the study of long COVID and may streamline biomarker discovery and treatment design for diseases with differential pathologies at the organ level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonsus H C Ng
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Huiqian Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Ragaglia
- CellNetix Pathology and Laboratories, Seattle, WA 98168, USA
| | - J Matthew Lacy
- Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office, Everett, WA 98204, USA
| | - Kelly D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Desiree A Marshall
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael M Bundesmann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA 98034, USA
| | | | - David Corwin
- CellNetix Pathology and Laboratories, Seattle, WA 98168, USA
| | - Nicole Yarid
- King County Medical Examiner's Office, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute BMP Core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jason D Goldman
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Providence St. Joseph Health System, Renton, WA 98057, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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7
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Qian C, Yang Q, Rotinen M, Huang R, Kim H, Gallent B, Yan Y, Cadaneanu RM, Zhang B, Kaochar S, Freedland SJ, Posadas EM, Ellis L, Vizio DD, Morrissey C, Nelson PS, Brady L, Murali R, Campbell MJ, Yang W, Knudsen BS, Mostaghel EA, Ye H, Garraway IP, You S, Freeman MR. ONECUT2 Activates Diverse Resistance Drivers of Androgen Receptor-Independent Heterogeneity in Prostate Cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.28.560025. [PMID: 37905039 PMCID: PMC10614109 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.560025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor- (AR-) indifference is a mechanism of resistance to hormonal therapy in prostate cancer (PC). Here we demonstrate that the HOX/CUT transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2) activates resistance through multiple drivers associated with adenocarcinoma, stem-like and neuroendocrine (NE) variants. Direct OC2 targets include the glucocorticoid receptor and the NE splicing factor SRRM4, among others. OC2 regulates gene expression by promoter binding, enhancement of chromatin accessibility, and formation of novel super-enhancers. OC2 also activates glucuronidation genes that irreversibly disable androgen, thereby evoking phenotypic heterogeneity indirectly by hormone depletion. Pharmacologic inhibition of OC2 suppresses lineage plasticity reprogramming induced by the AR signaling inhibitor enzalutamide. These results demonstrate that OC2 activation promotes a range of drug resistance mechanisms associated with treatment-emergent lineage variation in PC. Our findings support enhanced efforts to therapeutically target this protein as a means of suppressing treatment-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Kim
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brad Gallent
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yiwu Yan
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Radu M. Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Salma Kaochar
- Department of Medicine Section Hematology/Oncology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edwin M. Posadas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Mutha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Brady
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98133, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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8
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Kane N, Romero T, Diaz-Perez S, Rettig MB, Steinberg ML, Kishan AU, Schaue D, Reiter RE, Knudsen BS, Nickols NG. Significant changes in macrophage and CD8 T cell densities in primary prostate tumors 2 weeks after SBRT. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:207-209. [PMID: 35058580 PMCID: PMC10023555 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy impacts the local immune response to cancers. Prostate Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) is a highly focused method to deliver radiotherapy often used to treat prostate cancer. This is the first direct comparison of immune cells within prostate cancers before and after SBRT in patients. METHODS Prostate cancers before and 2 weeks after SBRT are interrogated by multiplex immune fluorescence targeting various T cells and macrophages markers and analyzed by cell and pixel density, as part of a clinical trial of SBRT neoadjuvant to radical prostatectomy. RESULTS Two weeks after SBRT, CD68, and CD163 macrophages are significantly increased while CD8 T cells are decreased. SBRT markedly alters the immune environment within prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Kane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tahmineh Romero
- Statistic Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Diaz-Perez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Rettig
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amar U Kishan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dorthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G Nickols
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Radiation Oncology Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Zhang W, Koh MY, Sirohi D, Ying J, Brintz BJ, Knudsen BS. Predicting IHC staining classes of NF1 using features in the hematoxylin channel. J Pathol Inform 2023; 14:100196. [PMID: 36814440 PMCID: PMC9939724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) highlights specific cell types in tissues and traditionally involves antibody staining together with a hematoxylin counterstain. The intensity and pattern of hematoxylin staining differs between cell types and reveals morphological characteristics of cells. Here, we propose that features in the hematoxylin stain can be used to predict IHC labels, such as Neurofibromin (encoded by the gene NF1). The dataset consists of 7.2 million cells from benign and kidney cancer cores in a tissue microarray. Morphology and hematoxylin (H&M) features defined within QuPath are subjected to a clustering analysis in CytoMap. H&M features are also used to train 4 different XGBoost models to predict high, low, and negative NF1 stain classes in benign renal tubules, clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (PRCC), and chromophobe (ChRCC) renal carcinoma. The prediction accuracies of NF1 staining classes in benign, ccRCC, ChRCC, and PRCC range between 70% and 90% with areas under the precision recall curve PRAUCNF1-high = 0.82+0.12, PRAUCNF1-low = 0.62+0.25, and PRAUCNF1-negative = 0.83+0.16. The most important feature for predicting the NF1 class involves the minimum cellular hematoxylin staining intensity. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility to predict NF1 expression solely from features in hematoxylin staining using open source software. Since the hematoxylin features can be obtained from regular H&E and IHC slides, the proposed workflow has broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute BMP core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Mei Yee Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Deepika Sirohi
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Jian Ying
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Ben J. Brintz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute BMP core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA,Corresponding authors.
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10
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Hernandez-Cortes D, Gard JM, Knudsen BS, Warfel NA, Cress AE. Abstract 3835: Kindlin-2 complexes containing α6β1 integrin are responsive to hypoxia. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The laminin-binding integrins are mechanosensory receptors critical for cell adhesion and structural organization that link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton. Integrin α6β1 is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) migration, invasion, metastasis, and decreased cancer-specific survival. Kindlin-2 (FERMT2) is a β1 integrin adaptor and mechanosensory focal adhesion (FA) protein that activates and clusters integrins in response to structural ECM alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Our goal was to determine if integrin-kindlin-2 adhesion complexes (kindlin-2:α6β1) were responsive to hypoxia, a physiologically relevant and altered microenvironment in PCa progression. Five different endpoints were tested including the biochemical analysis of kindlin-2 complexes, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS). Using DU145 prostate cancer cells grown under hypoxia (1% O2) for up to 16 hours, the results showed a reversible increase in kindlin-2:α6β1 complexes with maximal assembly within 4 hours and disassembly starting by 8 hours. Notably, kindlin-2:α6β1 complexes were found exclusively within membrane projections and were not observed within hypoxia-inducible paxillin (PXN)-containing FAs. The hypoxia induced kindlin-2:α6β1 complexes and classical FAs were dependent on kindlin-2 as determined by CRISPR-Cas9 heterozygous deletion of FERMT2. Protein co-localization of α6 integrin and PXN with kindlin-2 within membrane projections and FAs, respectively, was also induced under hypoxia. Further, non-invasive ECIS measurements in live cells confirmed functional cell-cell and cell-ECM dynamics driven by hypoxia and requiring kindlin-2. Our results indicate that the kindlin-2:α6β1 complexes are uniquely associated with FA-independent membrane projections induced by hypoxia, a tumor microenvironment associated with aggressive prostate cancer. The novel kindlin-2:α6β1 complexes may represent an actionable pharmacological target for blocking escape of organ confined disease and metastasis promoting steps of human prostate cancer.
(Partially supported by NIH grants CA P30 23074, DOD W81XWH-19-1-0455, and NCI R01 CA242226).
Citation Format: Daniel Hernandez-Cortes, Jaime M.C. Gard, Beatrice S. Knudsen, Noel A. Warfel, Anne E. Cress. Kindlin-2 complexes containing α6β1 integrin are responsive to hypoxia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3835.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anne E. Cress
- 1The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
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11
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Ouellet V, Erickson A, Wiley K, Morrissey C, Berge V, Moreno CS, Tasken KA, Trudel D, True LD, Lewis MS, Svindland A, Ertunc O, Vidal ID, Osunkoya AO, Jones T, Bova GS, Lamminen T, Achtman AH, Buzza M, Kouspou MM, Bigler SA, Zhou X, Freedland SJ, Mes-Masson AM, Garraway IP, Trock BJ, Taimen P, Saad F, Mirtti T, Knudsen BS, De Marzo AM. The Movember Global Action Plan 1 (GAP1): Unique Prostate Cancer Tissue Microarray Resource. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:715-727. [PMID: 35131885 PMCID: PMC9381093 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need to better understand the molecular underpinnings of the heterogeneous outcomes of patients with prostate cancer is a pressing global problem and a key research priority for Movember. To address this, the Movember Global Action Plan 1 Unique tissue microarray (GAP1-UTMA) project constructed a set of unique and richly annotated tissue microarrays (TMA) from prostate cancer samples obtained from multiple institutions across several global locations. METHODS Three separate TMA sets were built that differ by purpose and disease state. RESULTS The intended use of TMA1 (Primary Matched LN) is to validate biomarkers that help determine which clinically localized prostate cancers with associated lymph node metastasis have a high risk of progression to lethal castration-resistant metastatic disease, and to compare molecular properties of high-risk index lesions within the prostate to regional lymph node metastases resected at the time of prostatectomy. TMA2 (Pre vs. Post ADT) was designed to address questions regarding risk of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and response to suppression of the androgen receptor/androgen axis, and characterization of the castration-resistant phenotype. TMA3 (CRPC Met Heterogeneity)'s intended use is to assess the heterogeneity of molecular markers across different anatomic sites in lethal prostate cancer metastases. CONCLUSIONS The GAP1-UTMA project has succeeded in combining a large set of tissue specimens from 501 patients with prostate cancer with rich clinical annotation. IMPACT This resource is now available to the prostate cancer community as a tool for biomarker validation to address important unanswered clinical questions around disease progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ouellet
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kathy Wiley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlos S. Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristin Austlid Tasken
- Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aud Svindland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Onur Ertunc
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Suleyman Demirel University, Department of Pathology, Training and Research Hospital East Campus, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Igor Damasceno Vidal
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adeboye O. Osunkoya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tracy Jones
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - G. Steven Bova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Prostate Cancer Research Center, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tarja Lamminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Steven A. Bigler
- Department of Pathology, Mississippi Baptist Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xinchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Urology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce J. Trock
- Department of Urology and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Department of Pathology, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum and Research Program In Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Digital and Computational Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Yan Y, Zhou B, Qian C, Vasquez A, Kamra M, Chatterjee A, Lee YJ, Yuan X, Ellis L, Di Vizio D, Posadas EM, Kyprianou N, Knudsen BS, Shah K, Murali R, Gertych A, You S, Freeman MR, Yang W. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) stabilizes c-Myc and is a therapeutic target in prostate cancer metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:669. [PMID: 35115556 PMCID: PMC8813925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in prostate cancer (PC) therapeutics, distant metastasis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality from PC. Thus, there is growing recognition that preventing or delaying PC metastasis holds great potential for substantially improving patient outcomes. Here we show receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a clinically actionable target for inhibiting PC metastasis. RIPK2 is amplified/gained in ~65% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant PC. Its overexpression is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis, and its genetic knockout substantially reduces PC metastasis. Multi-level proteomics analyses reveal that RIPK2 strongly regulates the stability and activity of c-Myc (a driver of metastasis), largely via binding to and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), which we identify as a direct c-Myc-S62 kinase. RIPK2 inhibition by preclinical and clinical drugs inactivates the noncanonical RIPK2/MKK7/c-Myc pathway and effectively impairs PC metastatic outgrowth. These results support targeting RIPK2 signaling to extend metastasis-free and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Yan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- InterVenn Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Vasquez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Pollan SG, Teng PC, Jan YJ, Livingstone J, Huang C, Kim M, Mariscal J, Rodriguez M, Chen JF, You S, DiVizio D, Boutros PC, Chan KS, Rasorenova O, Cress A, Spassov D, Moasser M, Posadas EM, Freedland SJ, Freeman MR, Zheng JJ, Knudsen BS. Loss of CDCP1 triggers FAK activation in detached prostate cancer cells. Am J Clin Exp Urol 2021; 9:350-366. [PMID: 34541033 PMCID: PMC8446766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major metastasis suppressing mechanism is the rapid apoptotic death of cancer cells upon detachment from extracellular matrix, a process called anoikis. Focal adhesion kinase (PTK2/FAK) is a key enzyme involved in evasion of anoikis. We show that loss of the Cub-domain containing protein-1 (CDCP1), paradoxically stimulates FAK activation in the detached state of prostate cancer cells. In CDCP1low DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells, detachment-activation of FAK occurs through local production of PI(4,5)P2. PI(4,5)P2 is generated by the PIP5K1c-201 splicing isoform of PIP5K1c, which contains a unique SRC phosphorylation site. In the detached state, reduced expression of CDCP1 and an alternative CDCP1-independent SRC activation mechanism triggers PIP5K1c-pY644 phosphorylation by SRC. This causes a switch of Talin binding from β1-integrin to PIP5K1c-pY644 and leads to activation of PIP5K1c-FAK. Reduced CDCP1 expression also inactivates CDK5, a negative regulator of PIP5K1c. Furthermore, immersion of prostate cancer cells in 10% human plasma or fetal bovine serum is required for activation of PIP5K1c-FAK. The PIP5K1c induced detachment-activation of FAK in preclinical models sensitizes CDCP1low prostate cancer cells to FAK inhibitors. In patients, CDCP1High versus CDCP1low circulating tumor cells differ in expression of AR-v7, ONECUT2 and HOXB13 oncogenes and TMPRSS2 and display intra-patient heterogeneity of FAK-pY397 expression. Taken together, CDCP1low and CDCP1high detached prostate cancer cells activate distinct cytoplasmic kinase complexes and targetable transcription factors, which has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Pollan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pai-Chi Teng
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu Jen Jan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julie Livingstone
- Department of Informatics and Biocomputing, Ontario Institute for Cancer ResearchToronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cai Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky789 South Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Javier Mariscal
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maria Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dolores DiVizio
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Human Genetics and Urology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Olga Rasorenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California IrvineIrvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anne Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine1501 N, Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Danislav Spassov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie J Zheng
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California Los AngelesCHS BH-973B, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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14
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Hernandez-Cortes D, Knudsen BS, Warfel NA, Cress AE. Abstract LB256: Dynamic kindlin-2 complexes containing a laminin-binding integrin are responsive to hypoxia. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The laminin-binding integrins are mechanosensory receptors critical for cell adhesion and structural organization that link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton. Integrin α6β1 is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) invasion, metastasis and decreased cancer-specific survival. Kindlins are integrin adaptors and mechanosensory focal adhesion (FA) proteins that activate and cluster integrins in response to structural ECM alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia is a well-known inducer of tumor migration and invasion, results in ECM remodeling, and is physiologically relevant for PCa. The study's objective was to determine if integrin-kindlin-2 adhesion complexes were responsive to hypoxia and the dynamic distribution of integrin-kindlin-2 complexes using immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). The methods included a combination of biochemical analysis of kindlin-2 adhesion complexes, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. DU145 cells were analyzed in HEPES-containing media with 10% FBS under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) continuously exposed for 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours. The results showed that hypoxia increased the mRNA expression of CAIX, a well-known HIF-1α target gene, within 4 hours, resulting in 7-fold maximum expression. Similarly, VEGF-A mRNA was responsive to hypoxia as expected. In contrast, HIF-1α, α6 integrin, and kindlin-2 mRNA levels remained unchanged as compared to normoxia. Strikingly, we found that kindlin-2-containing adhesion complexes increased under hypoxia conditions as compared to normoxia and detected by immunoprecipitation, the complexes contained α6β1 integrin. It is important to note that the constitutive levels of either α6 integrin or kindlin-2 were not altered by hypoxia. Using IFM under normoxic conditions, we confirmed the location of kindlin-2 within phosphorylated (Y31) paxillin (pPXN)-containing FAs and within extended plasma membrane domains exclusive of pPXN. However, under hypoxic conditions, an increased reorganization of pPXN-containing kindlin-2 complexes occurred within 4 hours, was continuously changing up to 16 hours, with increasing fibrillar forms of FAs. In addition, kindlin-2 was observed as increased in plasma membrane protrusions devoid pPXN. The dynamic nature of the hypoxia-driven FAs was observed by a time course analysis and indicated the apparent assembly and disassembly of the structures during 16-hours of PCa cells exposed to hypoxia. We conclude that kindlin-2-integrin complexes are responsive to hypoxia and contain the unexpected α6β1 integrin in the membrane exclusive of FAs.
(Partially supported by NIH grants CA P30 23074, DOD W81XWH-19-1-0455, and NCI R01 CA242226).
Citation Format: Daniel Hernandez-Cortes, Beatrice S. Knudsen, Noel A. Warfel, Anne E. Cress. Dynamic kindlin-2 complexes containing a laminin-binding integrin are responsive to hypoxia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB256.
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15
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Zhang W, Rhodes JS, Moon KR, Knudsen BS, Nokolova L, Zhou A. Imaging of PD-L1 in single cancer cells by SERS-based hyperspectral analysis. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:6197-6210. [PMID: 33282484 PMCID: PMC7687932 DOI: 10.1364/boe.401142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We developed a hyperspectral imaging tool based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probes to determine the expression level and visualize the distribution of PD-L1 in individual cells. Electron-microscopic analysis of PD-L1 antibody - gold nanorod conjugates demonstrated binding the cell surface and internalization into endosomal vesicles. Stimulation of cells with IFN-γ or metformin was used to confirm the ability of SERS probes to report treatment-induced changes. The multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) analysis of spectra provided a greater signal-noise ratio than single peak mapping. However, single peak mapping allowed a systematic subtraction of background and the removal of non-specific binding and endocytic SERS signals. The mean or maximum peak height in the cell or the mean peak height in the area of specific PD-L1 positive pixels was used to estimate the PD-L1 expression levels in single cells. The PD-L1 levels were significantly up-regulated by IFN-γ and inhibited by metformin in human lung cancer cells from the A549 cell line. In conclusion, the method of analyzing hyperspectral SERS imaging data together with systematic and comprehensive removal of non-specific signals allows SERS imaging to be a quantitative tool in the detection of the cancer biomarker, PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jake S. Rhodes
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin R. Moon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Linda Nokolova
- Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anhong Zhou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Fassler DJ, Abousamra S, Gupta R, Chen C, Zhao M, Paredes D, Batool SA, Knudsen BS, Escobar-Hoyos L, Shroyer KR, Samaras D, Kurc T, Saltz J. Publisher Correction to: Deep learning-based image analysis methods for brightfield-acquired multiplex immunohistochemistry images. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:116. [PMID: 32972449 PMCID: PMC7513292 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-01021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Fassler
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Shahira Abousamra
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Rajarsi Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Maozheng Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - David Paredes
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Syeda Areeha Batool
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Luisa Escobar-Hoyos
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA.,Department Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT, 06513, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Dimitris Samaras
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Tahsin Kurc
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Joel Saltz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA.
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Huang F, Tanaka H, Knudsen BS, Rutgers JK. Mutant POLQ and POLZ/REV3L DNA polymerases may contribute to the favorable survival of patients with tumors with POLE mutations outside the exonuclease domain. BMC Med Genet 2020; 21:167. [PMID: 32838755 PMCID: PMC7446057 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the exonuclease domain of POLE, a DNA polymerase associated with DNA replication and repair, lead to cancers with ultra-high mutation rates. Most studies focus on intestinal and uterine cancers with POLE mutations. These cancers exhibit a significant immune cell infiltrate and favorable prognosis. We questioned whether loss of function of other DNA polymerases can cooperate to POLE to generate the ultramutator phenotype. METHODS We used cases and data from 15 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas to investigate mutation frequencies of 14 different DNA polymerases. We tested whether tumor mutation burden, patient outcome (disease-free survival) and immune cell infiltration measured by ESTIMATE can be attributed to mutations in POLQ and POLZ/REV3L. RESULTS Thirty six percent of colorectal, stomach and endometrial cancers with POLE mutations carried additional mutations in POLQ (E/Q), POLZ/REV3L (E/Z) or both DNA polymerases (E/Z/Q). The mutation burden in these tumors was significantly greater compared to POLE-only (E) mutant tumors (p < 0.001). In addition, E/Q, E/Z, and E/Q/Z mutant tumors possessed an increased frequency of mutations in the POLE exonuclease domain (p = 0.013). Colorectal, stomach and endometrial E/Q, E/Z, and E/Q/Z mutant tumors within TCGA demonstrated 100% disease-free survival, even if the POLE mutations occurred outside the exonuclease domain (p = 0.003). However, immune scores in these tumors were related to microsatellite instability (MSI) and not POLE mutation status. This suggests that the host immune response may not be the sole mechanism for prolonged disease-free survival of ultramutated tumors in this cohort. CONCLUSION Results in this study demonstrate that mutations in POLQ and REV3L in POLE mutant tumors should undergo further investigation to determine whether POLQ and REV3L mutations contribute to the ultramutator phenotype and favorable outcome of patients with POLE mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Research Institute (SOCCI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Research Institute (SOCCI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Joanne K Rutgers
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Fassler DJ, Abousamra S, Gupta R, Chen C, Zhao M, Paredes D, Batool SA, Knudsen BS, Escobar-Hoyos L, Shroyer KR, Samaras D, Kurc T, Saltz J. Deep learning-based image analysis methods for brightfield-acquired multiplex immunohistochemistry images. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:100. [PMID: 32723384 PMCID: PMC7385962 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) permits the labeling of six or more distinct cell types within a single histologic tissue section. The classification of each cell type requires detection of the unique colored chromogens localized to cells expressing biomarkers of interest. The most comprehensive and reproducible method to evaluate such slides is to employ digital pathology and image analysis pipelines to whole-slide images (WSIs). Our suite of deep learning tools quantitatively evaluates the expression of six biomarkers in mIHC WSIs. These methods address the current lack of readily available methods to evaluate more than four biomarkers and circumvent the need for specialized instrumentation to spectrally separate different colors. The use case application for our methods is a study that investigates tumor immune interactions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with a customized mIHC panel. METHODS Six different colored chromogens were utilized to label T-cells (CD3, CD4, CD8), B-cells (CD20), macrophages (CD16), and tumor cells (K17) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PDAC tissue sections. We leveraged pathologist annotations to develop complementary deep learning-based methods: (1) ColorAE is a deep autoencoder which segments stained objects based on color; (2) U-Net is a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained to segment cells based on color, texture and shape; and ensemble methods that employ both ColorAE and U-Net, collectively referred to as (3) ColorAE:U-Net. We assessed the performance of our methods using: structural similarity and DICE score to evaluate segmentation results of ColorAE against traditional color deconvolution; F1 score, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and DICE score to evaluate the predictions from ColorAE, U-Net, and ColorAE:U-Net ensemble methods against pathologist-generated ground truth. We then used prediction results for spatial analysis (nearest neighbor). RESULTS We observed that (1) the performance of ColorAE is comparable to traditional color deconvolution for single-stain IHC images (note: traditional color deconvolution cannot be used for mIHC); (2) ColorAE and U-Net are complementary methods that detect 6 different classes of cells with comparable performance; (3) combinations of ColorAE and U-Net into ensemble methods outperform using either ColorAE and U-Net alone; and (4) ColorAE:U-Net ensemble methods can be employed for detailed analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME). We developed a suite of scalable deep learning methods to analyze 6 distinctly labeled cell populations in mIHC WSIs. We evaluated our methods and found that they reliably detected and classified cells in the PDAC tumor microenvironment. We also present a use case, wherein we apply the ColorAE:U-Net ensemble method across 3 mIHC WSIs and use the predictions to quantify all stained cell populations and perform nearest neighbor spatial analysis. Thus, we provide proof of concept that these methods can be employed to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. These complementary deep learning methods are readily deployable for use in clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Fassler
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Shahira Abousamra
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Rajarsi Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Maozheng Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - David Paredes
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Syeda Areeha Batool
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Luisa Escobar-Hoyos
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
- Department Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 15 York Street, New Haven, CT, 06513, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Dimitris Samaras
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Tahsin Kurc
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Joel Saltz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, 11794, USA.
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Nickols NG, Ganapathy E, Nguyen C, Kane N, Lin L, Diaz-Perez S, Nazarian R, Mathis C, Felix C, Basehart V, Zomorodian N, Kwak J, Kishan AU, King CR, Kupelian PA, Rettig MB, Steinberg ML, Cao M, Knudsen BS, Chu FI, Romero T, Elashoff D, Reiter RE, Schaue D. The intraprostatic immune environment after stereotactic body radiotherapy is dominated by myeloid cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 24:135-139. [PMID: 32647353 PMCID: PMC7794088 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hundreds of ongoing clinical trials combine radiation therapy, mostly delivered as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), with immune checkpoint blockade. However, our understanding of the effect of radiotherapy on the intratumoral immune balance is inadequate, hindering the optimal design of trials that combine radiation therapy with immunotherapy. Our objective was to characterize the intratumoral immune balance of the malignant prostate after SBRT in patients. METHODS: 16 patients with high-risk, non-metastatic prostate cancer at comparable Gleason Grade disease underwent radical prostatectomy with (n=9) or without (n=7) neoadjuvant SBRT delivered in 3 fractions of 8 Gy over 5 days completed 2 weeks before surgery. Freshly resected prostate specimens were processed to obtain single-cell suspensions, and immune-phenotyped for major lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets by staining with 2 separate 14-antibody panels and multicolor flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS: Malignant prostates two weeks after SBRT had an immune infiltrate dominated by myeloid cells, whereas malignant prostates without preoperative treatment were more lymphoid-biased (myeloid CD45+ cells 48.4 ± 19.7% vs 25.4 ± 7.0%; adjusted p value=0.11; and CD45+ lymphocytes 51.6 ± 19.7% vs 74.5 ± 7.0%; p=0.11; CD3+ T cells 35.2 ± 23.8% vs 60.9 ± 9.7%; p=0.12; mean±SD). CONCLUSION: SBRT drives a significant lymphoid to myeloid shift in the prostate tumor immune infiltrate. This may be of interest when combining SBRT with immunotherapies, particularly in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Nickols
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Radiation Therapy Service, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lin Lin
- Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Care Felix
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jae Kwak
- Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amar U Kishan
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew B Rettig
- Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minsong Cao
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fang-I Chu
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tahmineh Romero
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Urology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Radiation Oncology at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,UCLA Jonsson Compressive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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Parikh NR, Kishan AU, Kane N, Diaz-Perez S, Ganapathy E, Nazarian R, Felix C, Mathis C, Bradley M, Sachdeva A, Wyatt B, Basehart V, Zomorodian N, Lin L, King CR, Kupelian PA, Rettig MB, Steinberg ML, Cao M, Knudsen BS, Elashoff D, Schaue D, Reiter RE, Nickols NG. Phase 1 Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Neoadjuvant to Radical Prostatectomy for Patients With High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:930-935. [PMID: 32562839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) neoadjuvant to radical prostatectomy (RP) in a phase 1 trial. The primary endpoint was treatment completion rate without severe acute surgical complications. Secondary endpoints included patient-reported quality of life and physician-reported toxicities. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients with nonmetastatic high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer received 24 Gy in 3 fractions to the prostate and seminal vesicles over 5 days, completed 2 weeks before RP. Patients with pN1 disease were treated after multidisciplinary discussion and shared decision making. Patient-reported quality of life (International Prostate Symptom Score and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite 26-item version questionnaires) and physician-reported toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.03) were assessed before SBRT, immediately before surgery, and at 3-month intervals for 1 year. RESULTS Twelve patients were enrolled, and 11 completed treatment (1 patient had advanced disease on prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography after enrollment but before treatment). There were no significant surgical complications. After RP, 2 patients underwent additional radiation therapy to nodes with androgen suppression for pN1 disease. Median follow-up after completion of treatment was 20.1 months, with 9 of 11 patients having a follow-up period of >12 months. Two patients had biochemical recurrence (prostate-specific antigen ≥0.05) within the first 12 months, with an additional 2 patients found to have biochemical recurrence after the 12-month period. The highest Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events genitourinary grades were 0, 1, 2, and 3 (n = 1, 4, 4, and 2, respectively), and the highest gastrointestinal grades were 0, 1, and 2 (n = 9, 1, and 1, respectively). At 12 months, incontinence was the only grade ≥2 toxicity. One and 2 of 9 patients had grade 2 and 3 incontinence, respectively. On the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (26-item version), the mean/median changes in scores from baseline to 12 months were -32.8/-31.1 for urinary incontinence, -1.6/-6.2 for urinary irritative/obstructive, -2.1/0 for bowel, -34.4/-37.5 for sexual function, and -10.6/-2.5 for hormonal. The mean/median change in International Prostate Symptom Score from baseline to 12 months was 0.5/0.5. CONCLUSIONS RP after neoadjuvant SBRT appears to be feasible and safe at the dose tested. The severity of urinary incontinence may be higher than RP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Parikh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amar U Kishan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nathanael Kane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Silvia Diaz-Perez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramin Nazarian
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol Felix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Colleen Mathis
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margaret Bradley
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ankush Sachdeva
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bashir Wyatt
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vince Basehart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nazy Zomorodian
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patrick A Kupelian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew B Rettig
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Minsong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dorthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas G Nickols
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Radiation Therapy Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
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Miller ET, You S, Cadaneanu RM, Kim M, Yoon J, Liu ST, Li X, Kwan L, Hodge J, Quist MJ, Grasso CS, Lewis MS, Knudsen BS, Freeman MR, Garraway IP. Chromosomal instability in untreated primary prostate cancer as an indicator of metastatic potential. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:398. [PMID: 32380981 PMCID: PMC7204307 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic prostate cancer (PC) is highly lethal. The ability to identify primary tumors capable of dissemination is an unmet need in the quest to understand lethal biology and improve patient outcomes. Previous studies have linked chromosomal instability (CIN), which generates aneuploidy following chromosomal missegregation during mitosis, to PC progression. Evidence of CIN includes broad copy number alterations (CNAs) spanning > 300 base pairs of DNA, which may also be measured via RNA expression signatures associated with CNA frequency. Signatures of CIN in metastatic PC, however, have not been interrogated or well defined. We examined a published 70-gene CIN signature (CIN70) in untreated and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and previously published reports. We also performed transcriptome and CNA analysis in a unique cohort of untreated primary tumors collected from diagnostic prostate needle biopsies (PNBX) of localized (M0) and metastatic (M1) cases to determine if CIN was linked to clinical stage and outcome. Methods PNBX were collected from 99 patients treated in the VA Greater Los Angeles (GLA-VA) Healthcare System between 2000 and 2016. Total RNA was extracted from high-grade cancer areas in PNBX cores, followed by RNA sequencing and/or copy number analysis using OncoScan. Multivariate logistic regression analyses permitted calculation of odds ratios for CIN status (high versus low) in an expanded GLA-VA PNBX cohort (n = 121). Results The CIN70 signature was significantly enriched in primary tumors and CRPC metastases from M1 PC cases. An intersection of gene signatures comprised of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) generated through comparison of M1 versus M0 PNBX and primary CRPC tumors versus metastases revealed a 157-gene “metastasis” signature that was further distilled to 7-genes (PC-CIN) regulating centrosomes, chromosomal segregation, and mitotic spindle assembly. High PC-CIN scores correlated with CRPC, PC-death and all-cause mortality in the expanded GLA-VA PNBX cohort. Interestingly, approximately 1/3 of M1 PNBX cases exhibited low CIN, illuminating differential pathways of lethal PC progression. Conclusions Measuring CIN in PNBX by transcriptome profiling is feasible, and the PC-CIN signature may identify patients with a high risk of lethal progression at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Miller
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Radu M Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Junhee Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sandy T Liu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, Los Angeles, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lorna Kwan
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennelle Hodge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael J Quist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Division of Urology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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22
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Wang M, Nagle RB, Knudsen BS, Cress AE, Rogers GC. Centrosome loss results in an unstable genome and malignant prostate tumors. Oncogene 2019; 39:399-413. [PMID: 31477840 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Localized, nonindolent prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by large-scale genomic rearrangements, aneuploidy, chromothripsis, and other forms of chromosomal instability (CIN), yet how this occurs remains unclear. A well-established mechanism of CIN is the overproduction of centrosomes, which promotes tumorigenesis in various mouse models. Therefore, we developed a single-cell assay for quantifying centrosomes in human prostate tissue. Surprisingly, centrosome loss-which has not been described in human cancer-was associated with PCa progression. By chemically or genetically inducing centrosome loss in nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells, mitotic errors ensued, producing aneuploid, and multinucleated cells. Strikingly, transient or chronic centrosome loss transformed prostate epithelial cells, which produced highly proliferative and poorly differentiated malignant tumors in mice. Our findings suggest that centrosome loss could create a cellular crisis with oncogenic potential in prostate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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23
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Jan YJ, Yoon J, Chen JF, Teng PC, Yao N, Cheng S, Lozano A, Chu GC, Chung H, Lu YT, Chen PJ, Wang JJ, Lee YT, Kim M, Zhu Y, Knudsen BS, Feng FY, Garraway IP, Gao AC, Chung LWK, Freeman MR, You S, Tseng HR, Posadas EM. A Circulating Tumor Cell-RNA Assay for Assessment of Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitor Sensitivity in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2812-2826. [PMID: 31244925 PMCID: PMC6568173 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Our objective was to develop a circulating tumor cell (CTC)-RNA assay for characterizing clinically relevant RNA signatures for the assessment of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) sensitivity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Methods: We developed the NanoVelcro CTC-RNA assay by combining the Thermoresponsive (TR)-NanoVelcro CTC purification system with the NanoString nCounter platform for cellular purification and RNA analysis. Based on the well-validated, tissue-based Prostate Cancer Classification System (PCS), we focus on the most aggressive and ARSI-resistant PCS subtype, i.e., PCS1, for CTC analysis. We applied a rigorous bioinformatic process to develop the CTC-PCS1 panel that consists of prostate cancer (PCa) CTC-specific RNA signature with minimal expression in background white blood cells (WBCs). We validated the NanoVelcro CTC-RNA assay and the CTC-PCS1 panel with well-characterized PCa cell lines to demonstrate the sensitivity and dynamic range of the assay, as well as the specificity of the PCS1 Z score (the likelihood estimate of the PCS1 subtype) for identifying PCS1 subtype and ARSI resistance. We then selected 31 blood samples from 23 PCa patients receiving ARSIs to test in our assay. The PCS1 Z scores of each sample were computed and compared with ARSI treatment sensitivity. Results: The validation studies using PCa cell line samples showed that the NanoVelcro CTC-RNA assay can detect the RNA transcripts in the CTC-PCS1 panel with high sensitivity and linearity in the dynamic range of 5-100 cells. We also showed that the genes in CTC-PCS1 panel are highly expressed in PCa cell lines and lowly expressed in background WBCs. Using the artificial CTC samples simulating the blood sample conditions, we further demonstrated that the CTC-PCS1 panel is highly specific in identifying PCS1-like samples, and the high PCS1 Z score is associated with ARSI resistance samples. In patient bloods, ARSI-resistant samples (ARSI-R, n=14) had significantly higher PCS1 Z scores as compared with ARSI-sensitive samples (ARSI-S, n=17) (Rank-sum test, P=0.003). In the analysis of 8 patients who were initially sensitive to ARSI (ARSI-S) and later developed resistance (ARSI-R), we found that the PCS1 Z score increased from the time of ARSI-S to the time of ARSI-R (Pairwise T-test, P=0.016). Conclusions: Using our new methodology, we developed a first-in-class CTC-RNA assay and demonstrated the feasibility of transforming clinically-relevant tissue-based RNA profiling such as PCS into CTC tests. This approach allows for detecting RNA expression relevant to clinical drug resistance in a non-invasive fashion, which can facilitate patient-specific treatment selection and early detection of drug resistance, a goal in precision oncology.
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24
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Li W, Li J, Sarma KV, Ho KC, Shen S, Knudsen BS, Gertych A, Arnold CW. Path R-CNN for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Gleason Grading of Histological Images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2019; 38:945-954. [PMID: 30334752 PMCID: PMC6497079 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2875868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common and second most deadly form of cancer in men in the United States. The classification of prostate cancers based on Gleason grading using histological images is important in risk assessment and treatment planning for patients. Here, we demonstrate a new region-based convolutional neural network framework for multi-task prediction using an epithelial network head and a grading network head. Compared with a single-task model, our multi-task model can provide complementary contextual information, which contributes to better performance. Our model is achieved a state-of-the-art performance in epithelial cells detection and Gleason grading tasks simultaneously. Using fivefold cross-validation, our model is achieved an epithelial cells detection accuracy of 99.07% with an average area under the curve of 0.998. As for Gleason grading, our model is obtained a mean intersection over union of 79.56% and an overall pixel accuracy of 89.40%.
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25
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Wang M, Hinton JP, Gard JMC, Garcia JGN, Knudsen BS, Nagle RB, Cress AE. Integrin α6β4E variant is associated with actin and CD9 structures and modifies the biophysical properties of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:838-850. [PMID: 30865564 PMCID: PMC6589785 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α6β4 is an essential, dynamic adhesion receptor for laminin 332 found on epithelial cells, required for formation of strong cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and induced migration, and coordinated by regions of the β4C cytoplasmic domain. β4E, a unique splice variant of β4 expressed in normal tissue, contains a cytoplasmic domain of 231 amino acids with a unique sequence of 114 amino acids instead of β4C’s canonical 1089 amino acids. We determined the distribution of α6β4E within normal human glandular epithelium and its regulation and effect on cellular biophysical properties. Canonical α6β4C expressed in all basal cells, as expected, while α6β4E expressed within a subset of luminal cells. α6β4E expression was induced by three-dimensional culture conditions, activated Src, was reversible, and was stabilized by bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor. α6β4C expressed in all cells during induced migration, whereas α6β4E was restricted to a subset of cells with increased kinetics of cell–cell and cell–ECM resistance properties. Interestingly, α6β4E presented in “ringlike” patterns measuring ∼1.75 × 0.72 microns and containing actin and CD9 at cell–ECM locations. In contrast, α6β4C expressed only within hemidesmosome-like structures containing BP180. Integrin α6β4E is an inducible adhesion isoform in normal epithelial cells that can alter biophysical properties of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - James P Hinton
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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26
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Gertych A, Swiderska-Chadaj Z, Ma Z, Ing N, Markiewicz T, Cierniak S, Salemi H, Guzman S, Walts AE, Knudsen BS. Convolutional neural networks can accurately distinguish four histologic growth patterns of lung adenocarcinoma in digital slides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1483. [PMID: 30728398 PMCID: PMC6365499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the diagnostic workup of lung adenocarcinomas (LAC), pathologists evaluate distinct histological tumor growth patterns. The percentage of each pattern on multiple slides bears prognostic significance. To assist with the quantification of growth patterns, we constructed a pipeline equipped with a convolutional neural network (CNN) and soft-voting as the decision function to recognize solid, micropapillary, acinar, and cribriform growth patterns, and non-tumor areas. Slides of primary LAC were obtained from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), the Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw and the TCGA portal. Several CNN models trained with 19,924 image tiles extracted from 78 slides (MIMW and CSMC) were evaluated on 128 test slides from the three sites by F1-score and accuracy using manual tumor annotations by pathologist. The best CNN yielded F1-scores of 0.91 (solid), 0.76 (micropapillary), 0.74 (acinar), 0.6 (cribriform), and 0.96 (non-tumor) respectively. The overall accuracy of distinguishing the five tissue classes was 89.24%. Slide-based accuracy in the CSMC set (88.5%) was significantly better (p < 2.3E-4) than the accuracy in the MIMW (84.2%) and TCGA (84%) sets due to superior slide quality. Our model can work side-by-side with a pathologist to accurately quantify the percentages of growth patterns in tumors with mixed LAC patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | - Zhaoxuan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nathan Ing
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomasz Markiewicz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pathology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Cierniak
- Department of Pathology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hootan Salemi
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel Guzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann E Walts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Wang M, Knudsen BS, Nagle RB, Rogers GC, Cress AE. A method of quantifying centrosomes at the single-cell level in human normal and cancer tissue. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:811-819. [PMID: 30699045 PMCID: PMC6589791 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome abnormalities are emerging hallmarks of cancer. The overproduction of centrosomes (known as centrosome amplification) has been reported in a variety of cancers and is currently being explored as a promising target for therapy. However, to understand different types of centrosome abnormalities and their impact on centrosome function during tumor progression, as well as to identify tumor subtypes that would respond to the targeting of a centrosome abnormality, a reliable method for accurately quantifying centrosomes in human tissue samples is needed. Here, we established a method of quantifying centrosomes at a single-cell level in different types of human tissue samples. We tested multiple anti-centriole and pericentriolar-material antibodies to identify bona fide centrosomes and multiplexed these with cell border markers to identify individual cells within the tissue. High-resolution microscopy was used to generate multiple Z-section images, allowing us to acquire whole cell volumes in which to scan for centrosomes. The normal cells within the tissue serve as internal positive controls. Our method provides a simple, accurate way to distinguish alterations in centrosome numbers at the level of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
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28
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Saylor J, Ma Z, Goodridge HS, Huang F, Cress AE, Pandol SJ, Shiao SL, Vidal AC, Wu L, Nickols NG, Gertych A, Knudsen BS. Spatial Mapping of Myeloid Cells and Macrophages by Multiplexed Tissue Staining. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2925. [PMID: 30619287 PMCID: PMC6302234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An array of phenotypically diverse myeloid cells and macrophages (MC&M) resides in the tumor microenvironment, requiring multiplexed detection systems for visualization. Here we report an automated, multiplexed staining approach, named PLEXODY, that consists of five MC&M-related fluorescently-tagged antibodies (anti - CD68, - CD163, - CD206, - CD11b, and - CD11c), and three chromogenic antibodies, reactive with high- and low-molecular weight cytokeratins and CD3, highlighting tumor regions, benign glands and T cells. The staining prototype and image analysis methods which include a pixel/area-based quantification were developed using tissues from inflamed colon and tonsil and revealed a unique tissue-specific composition of 14 MC&M-associated pixel classes. As a proof-of-principle, PLEXODY was applied to three cases of pancreatic, prostate and renal cancers. Across digital images from these cancer types we observed 10 MC&M-associated pixel classes at frequencies greater than 3%. Cases revealed higher frequencies of single positive compared to multi-color pixels and a high abundance of CD68+/CD163+ and CD68+/CD163+/CD206+ pixels. Significantly more CD68+ and CD163+ vs. CD11b+ and CD11c+ pixels were in direct contact with tumor cells and T cells. While the greatest percentage (~70%) of CD68+ and CD163+ pixels was 0–20 microns away from tumor and T cell borders, CD11b+ and CD11c+ pixels were detected up to 240 microns away from tumor/T cell masks. Together, these data demonstrate significant differences in densities and spatial organization of MC&M-associated pixel classes, but surprising similarities between the three cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Saylor
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhaoxuan Ma
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fangjin Huang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne E Cress
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adriana C Vidal
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas G Nickols
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology, Surgery and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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29
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Reis-Sobreiro M, Chen JF, Novitskaya T, You S, Morley S, Steadman K, Gill NK, Eskaros A, Rotinen M, Chu CY, Chung LWK, Tanaka H, Yang W, Knudsen BS, Tseng HR, Rowat AC, Posadas EM, Zijlstra A, Di Vizio D, Freeman MR. Emerin Deregulation Links Nuclear Shape Instability to Metastatic Potential. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6086-6097. [PMID: 30154147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in nuclear shape are a well-known feature of cancer, but their contribution to malignant progression remains poorly understood. Here, we show that depletion of the cytoskeletal regulator, Diaphanous-related formin 3 (DIAPH3), or the nuclear membrane-associated proteins, lamin A/C, in prostate and breast cancer cells, induces nuclear shape instability, with a corresponding gain in malignant properties, including secretion of extracellular vesicles that contain genomic material. This transformation is characterized by a reduction and/or mislocalization of the inner nuclear membrane protein, emerin. Consistent with this, depletion of emerin evokes nuclear shape instability and promotes metastasis. By visualizing emerin localization, evidence for nuclear shape instability was observed in cultured tumor cells, in experimental models of prostate cancer, in human prostate cancer tissues, and in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic disease. Quantitation of emerin mislocalization discriminated cancer from benign tissue and correlated with disease progression in a prostate cancer cohort. Taken together, these results identify emerin as a mediator of nuclear shape stability in cancer and show that destabilization of emerin can promote metastasis.Significance: This study identifies a novel mechanism integrating the control of nuclear structure with the metastatic phenotype, and our inclusion of two types of human specimens (cancer tissues and circulating tumor cells) demonstrates direct relevance to human cancer.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/21/6086/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(21); 6086-97. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reis-Sobreiro
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tatiana Novitskaya
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samantha Morley
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth Steadman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Navjot Kaur Gill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adel Eskaros
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia-Yi Chu
- Urologic Oncology Program/Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Center Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Urologic Oncology Program/Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Center Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wei Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Urologic Oncology Program/Uro-Oncology Research Laboratories, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Center Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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30
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Li J, Speier W, Ho KC, Sarma KV, Gertych A, Knudsen BS, Arnold CW. An EM-based semi-supervised deep learning approach for semantic segmentation of histopathological images from radical prostatectomies. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2018; 69:125-133. [PMID: 30243216 PMCID: PMC6173982 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automated Gleason grading is an important preliminary step for quantitative histopathological feature extraction. Different from the traditional task of classifying small pre-selected homogeneous regions, semantic segmentation provides pixel-wise Gleason predictions across an entire slide. Deep learning-based segmentation models can automatically learn visual semantics from data, which alleviates the need for feature engineering. However, performance of deep learning models is limited by the scarcity of large-scale fully annotated datasets, which can be both expensive and time-consuming to create. One way to address this problem is to leverage external weakly labeled datasets to augment models trained on the limited data. In this paper, we developed an expectation maximization-based approach constrained by an approximated prior distribution in order to extract useful representations from a large number of weakly labeled images generated from low-magnification annotations. This method was utilized to improve the performance of a model trained on a limited fully annotated dataset. Our semi-supervised approach trained with 135 fully annotated and 1800 weakly annotated tiles achieved a mean Jaccard Index of 49.5% on an independent test set, which was 14% higher than the initial model trained only on the fully annotated dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Speier
- Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - King Chung Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthik V Sarma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Corey W Arnold
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Guedes LB, Morais CL, Fedor H, Hicks J, Gurel B, Melamed J, Lee P, Gopalan A, Knudsen BS, True LD, Scher HI, Fine SW, Trock BJ, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL. Effect of Preanalytic Variables on an Automated PTEN Immunohistochemistry Assay for Prostate Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:338-348. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0068-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a promising prognostic and potentially predictive biomarker in prostate cancer.
Objective.—
To assess the effects of preanalytic variables on an analytically validated and fully automated PTEN immunohistochemistry assay.
Design.—
PTEN immunohistochemistry was performed on Ventana immunostaining systems. In benign prostate tissues, immunostaining intensity across variable conditions was assessed by digital image analysis. In prostate tumor tissues, immunostaining was scored visually.
Results.—
Delay of fixation for 4 hours or longer at room temperature or 48 hours or longer at 4°C and duration of formalin fixation did not significantly alter immunostaining intensity. Intensity of staining was highest in 10% formalin compared with other fixatives. Tumor tissues with PTEN loss processed using protocols from 11 academic institutions were all evaluable and scored identically. PTEN immunostaining of needle biopsies where tissue blocks had been stored for less than 10 years was more frequently scored as nonevaluable compared with blocks that had been stored for 10 years or longer. This effect was less evident for radical prostatectomy specimens, where low rates of nonevaluable staining were seen for 23 years or more of storage. Storage of unstained slides for 5 years at room temperature prior to immunostaining resulted in equivalent scoring compared with freshly cut slides. Machine-to-machine variability assessed across 3 Ventana platforms and 2 institutions was negligible in 12 tumors, and platform-to-platform variability was also minor comparing Ventana and Leica instruments across 77 tumors (κ = 0.926).
Conclusions.—
Automated PTEN immunostaining is robust to most preanalytic variables in the prostate and may be performed on prostate tumor tissues subjected to a wide range of preanalytic conditions. These data may help guide assay development if PTEN becomes a key predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B. Guedes
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Carlos L. Morais
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Helen Fedor
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Jessica Hicks
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Bora Gurel
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Peng Lee
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Lawrence D. True
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Howard I. Scher
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Samson W. Fine
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Bruce J. Trock
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
| | - Tamara L. Lotan
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Guedes, Morais, Fedor, Hicks, Gurel, De Marzo, and Lotan), Oncology (Drs Trock, De Marzo, and Lotan), and Urology (Drs Trock and De Marzo), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (Drs Melamed and Lee); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan
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Wang M, Knudsen BS, Rogers GC, Cress AE. Abstract A049: Centrosome loss and chromosomal instability in prostate tumor progression. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.prca2017-a049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of cancer. Early genomic events in tumor progression include copy number variations such as tandem duplications and deletions that involve at least >100kB stretches of DNA. Although single-driver mutations are remarkably infrequent in most cancers (e.g., accounting for only 2-3% of human epithelial cancers), approximately 20% of prostate tumors are reported to display chromothripsis. Errors in mitotic chromosome segregation produce micronuclei that are susceptible to chromothripsis, and this can occur due to changes in centrosome numbers. Centrosomes are organelles that nucleate microtubule growth and, thus, determine the number of mitotic spindle poles. Normally, mitotic cells contain two centrosomes that guide formation of a bipolar spindle, ensuring that daughter cells divide within the epithelial plane and inherit an equal complement of the genome. Centrioles are the duplicating elements of centrosomes, and their loss or overduplication (known as “amplification”) promotes spindle assembly defects that lead to chromothripsis. Precise control of centriole copy number is vital in order to maintain genomic stability and normal tissue homeostasis.
Methods: We developed an assay for the detection and quantitation of centrosome numbers in FFPE normal and cancer tissue and tissue culture cell lines. In addition, a 3D culture model of an immortalized nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) was used to characterize the progression of prostate spheroids from normal gland to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) type structures in vitro. Genomic instability was detected by polyploidy (flow and metaphase analysis), SKY (Roswell Park Cancer Institute Cytogenetics SKY core laboratory), and micronuclei formation. Chromosome fragility was assessed by time-lapse microscopy.
Results: Human prostate cancer has a readily detectable centrosome dysfunction that occurs early in the disease progression. Whereas triple-negative breast cancer specimens contained centrosome amplification as expected, surprisingly, centrosome loss was detected in early-stage prostate cancer (Gleason stage 3+3, 3+4 and 4+4) tissue specimens and in AR-positive cell lines (LnCAP, VCaP). We note that centrosome amplification was observed in AR-negative cell lines (DU145, PC3 and H660). Using TCGA data, twelve centriolar genes were either amplified, deleted, or mutated in prostate adenocarcinoma and metastatic disease. In contrast, all twelve centriolar genes were highly amplified in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
Using centrinone, a small-molecule inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 4, we blocked centriole duplication in nontumorigenic prostate cells (RWPE-1). Centrinone treatment resulted in significant genomic instability (polyploidy, copy number variation across all chromosomes, and micronuclei formation) and mitotic errors (increased mitotic index, prolonged mitosis, and increased chromosome fragility). Additionally, centrosome loss produced prostate cancer-specific phenotypes (erg overexpression, TMPRSS2 amplification, and invasive budding).
Conclusions: The loss of centrosomes during early stages of prostate cancer development may account for the increased chromosomal instability manifested as polyploidy and copy number variations. Whether alterations in centrosome numbers occur in high-grade prostate cancer or metastatic lesions is unknown. Centrosomes may be promising biomarkers for advancing disease but also rational targets for personalized therapy in prostate cancer. (Supported in part by NIH grants CA 23074, CA 159406 and NIGMS R01GFM110166.)
Citation Format: Mengdie Wang, Beatrice S. Knudsen, Gregory C. Rogers, Anne E. Cress. Centrosome loss and chromosomal instability in prostate tumor progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr A049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- 1University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ,
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Alvarez MJ, Subramaniam PS, Tang LH, Grunn A, Aburi M, Rieckhof G, Komissarova EV, Hagan EA, Bodei L, Clemons PA, Dela Cruz FS, Dhall D, Diolaiti D, Fraker DA, Ghavami A, Kaemmerer D, Karan C, Kidd M, Kim KM, Kim HC, Kunju LP, Langel Ü, Li Z, Lee J, Li H, LiVolsi V, Pfragner R, Rainey AR, Realubit RB, Remotti H, Regberg J, Roses R, Rustgi A, Sepulveda AR, Serra S, Shi C, Yuan X, Barberis M, Bergamaschi R, Chinnaiyan AM, Detre T, Ezzat S, Frilling A, Hommann M, Jaeger D, Kim MK, Knudsen BS, Kung AL, Leahy E, Metz DC, Milsom JW, Park YS, Reidy-Lagunes D, Schreiber S, Washington K, Wiedenmann B, Modlin I, Califano A. A precision oncology approach to the pharmacological targeting of mechanistic dependencies in neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Genet 2018; 50:979-989. [PMID: 29915428 PMCID: PMC6421579 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce and validate a new precision oncology framework for the systematic prioritization of drugs targeting mechanistic tumor dependencies in individual patients. Compounds are prioritized on the basis of their ability to invert the concerted activity of master regulator proteins that mechanistically regulate tumor cell state, as assessed from systematic drug perturbation assays. We validated the approach on a cohort of 212 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), a rare malignancy originating in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. The analysis identified several master regulator proteins, including key regulators of neuroendocrine lineage progenitor state and immunoevasion, whose role as critical tumor dependencies was experimentally confirmed. Transcriptome analysis of GEP-NET-derived cells, perturbed with a library of 107 compounds, identified the HDAC class I inhibitor entinostat as a potent inhibitor of master regulator activity for 42% of metastatic GEP-NET patients, abrogating tumor growth in vivo. This approach may thus complement current efforts in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano J Alvarez
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- DarwinHealth Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Laura H Tang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adina Grunn
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahalaxmi Aburi
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rieckhof
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Bodei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Filemon S Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Diolaiti
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas A Fraker
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Charles Karan
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Kidd
- Wren Laboratories, Branford, CT, USA
| | - Kyoung M Kim
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee C Kim
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratories for Nat. Sci., Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zhong Li
- Falconwood Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hai Li
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia LiVolsi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Allison R Rainey
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald B Realubit
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Remotti
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jakob Regberg
- Department of Neurochemistry, the Arrhenius Laboratories for Nat. Sci., Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Roses
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anil Rustgi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Stefano Serra
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tony Detre
- Falconwood Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Merten Hommann
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David C Metz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Milsom
- Department of Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Young S Park
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Stuart Schreiber
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irvin Modlin
- Emeritus Professor Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Huang F, Ing N, Miller EN, Salemi H, Lewis MS, Garraway IP, Gertych A, Knudsen BS. Abstract 3042: Nuclear morphology predicts prostate cancer metastasis at diagnosis. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Prostate needle biopsies (PNBX) that are obtained during the initial diagnostic workup are often the only source of tumor tissue that is available to determine the severity of prostate cancer (PC). Interestingly, tumor grades and pathologic features in PNBXs of men with lethal metastatic disease (M1 stage) are indistinguishable from those of high-grade nonmetastatic tumors of patients who do not progress after treatment (M0 stage). We hypothesize that the morphology of tumor nuclei can be used as a source of biomarker development to distinguish M1 tumors from high-grade localized M0 tumors.
Methods: Our study consists of a cohort of 85 high-grade M0 and 78 M1 cases, within a biorepository of 2150 patients at the Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs hospital. PNBX slides were digitized at 40X and pathologists annotated all cancer foci. These annotated regions were divided into smaller image tiles (dimensions) and fed into our digital image analysis pipeline for nuclear segmentation and feature extraction. We applied two distinct feature extraction methods to capture morphologic information within tumor nuclei. The 64 Handcrafted (HC) features describe nuclear properties such as shape, area, and chromatin conformation. The 62 Autoencoder (AE) features are abstract descriptors generated by a deep learning algorithm, which learns to redraw the nuclei. We built 2 machine learning models using AE or/and HC features for classification of M1 versus M0 cases. We divided our patients into 3 groups: training, testing and validation. A 7-fold cross-validation was performed in the training and testing sets and the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was calculated in the validation set.
Results: Model 1 utilizes processed features derived from patient-level distributions and generalized linear model. The estimated AUC for predicting M1 stage is 0.79 and 0.74 for HC and AE features, respectively. Model 2 uses the average of each features obtained from dominant group of nuclei within individual tiles and neural network models. Nuclei groups were assigned by unsupervised clustering method. For this model, the AUC of predicting M1 stage is 0.77 and 0.75 for HC and AE features, respectively.
Conclusion: By applying two distinct feature extraction methods and two approaches to summarize features, we obtain similar prediction accuracies. These results demonstrate that quantitative nuclear features contain information to classify M1 and M0 cases, which cannot be classified based on tumor grade or pathologic features.
Citation Format: Fangjin Huang, Nathan Ing, Eric N. Miller, Hootan Salemi, Michael S. Lewis, Isla P. Garraway, Arkadiusz Gertych, Beatrice S. Knudsen. Nuclear morphology predicts prostate cancer metastasis at diagnosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3042.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Ing
- 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric N. Miller
- 2David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Malihi PD, Morikado M, Welter L, Carlsson A, Velasco CR, Kolatkar A, Rodriguez-Lee M, Hicks J, Kuhn P, Liu ST, Miller ET, Cadaneanu RM, Knudsen BS, Lewis MS, Garraway IP. Abstract 1576: Clonal diversity revealed by morphoproteomic and copy number profiles of single prostate cancer cells at diagnosis. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is prevalent in both treatment-naïve and end-stage metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa), and may contribute to the broad range of clinical presentation, treatment response, and disease progression. To characterize molecular heterogeneity associated with de novo metastatic PCa, multiplatform single cell profiling was performed using High Definition Single Cell Analysis (HD-SCA). HD-SCA enabled morphoproteomic and morphogenomic profiling of single cells from touch preparations of tissue cores (prostate and bone marrow biopsies) as well as liquid samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate). Morphology, nuclear features, copy number alterations, and protein expression were analyzed. Tumor cells isolated from prostate tissue touch preparation (PTTP) and bone marrow touch preparation (BMTP) as well as metastatic tumor cells (MTCs) isolated from bone marrow aspirate were characterized by morphology and cytokeratin expression. Although peripheral blood was examined, circulating tumor cells were not definitively observed. Targeted proteomics of PTTP, BMTP, and MTCs revealed cell lineage and luminal prostate epithelial differentiation associated with PCa, including co-expression of EpCAM, PSA, and PSMA. Androgen receptor expression was highest in MTCs. Hallmark PCa copy number alterations, including PTEN and ETV6 deletions and NCOA2 amplification, were observed in cells within the primary tumor and bone marrow biopsy samples. Genomic landscape of MTCs revealed to be a mix of both primary and bone metastatic tissue. This multiplatform analysis of single cells reveals several clonal origins of metastatic PCa in a newly diagnosed, untreated patient with polymetastatic disease. This case demonstrates that real-time molecular profiling of cells collected through prostate and bone marrow biopsies is feasible and has the potential to elucidate the origin and evolution of metastatic tumor cells. Altogether, biological and genomic data obtained through longitudinal biopsies can be used to reveal the properties of PCa and can impact clinical management.
Citation Format: Paymaneh D. Malihi, Michael Morikado, Lisa Welter, Anders Carlsson, Carmen Ruiz Velasco, Anand Kolatkar, Mariam Rodriguez-Lee, James Hicks, Peter Kuhn, Sandy T. Liu, Eric T. Miller, Radu M. Cadaneanu, Beatrice S. Knudsen, Michael S. Lewis, Isla P. Garraway. Clonal diversity revealed by morphoproteomic and copy number profiles of single prostate cancer cells at diagnosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1576.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Welter
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Hicks
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- 1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sandy T. Liu
- 2University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Das L, Gard JMC, Prekeris R, Nagle RB, Morrissey C, Knudsen BS, Miranti CK, Cress AE. Novel Regulation of Integrin Trafficking by Rab11-FIP5 in Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1319-1331. [PMID: 29759989 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The laminin-binding integrins, α3β1 and α6β1, are needed for tumor metastasis and their surface expression is regulated by endocytic recycling. β1 integrins share the Rab11 recycling machinery, but the trafficking of α3β1 and α6β1 are distinct by an unknown mechanism. Using a mouse PDX tumor model containing human metastatic prostate cancer, Rab11 family interacting protein 5 (Rab11-FIP5) was identified as a lead candidate for α6β1 trafficking. Rab11-FIP5 and its membrane-binding domain were required for α6β1 recycling, without affecting the other laminin-binding integrin (i.e., α3β1) or unrelated membrane receptors like CD44, transferrin receptor, or E-cadherin. Depletion of Rab11-FIP5 resulted in the intracellular accumulation of α6β1 in the Rab11 recycling compartment, loss of cell migration on laminin, and an unexpected loss of α6β1 recycling in cell-cell locations. Taken together, these data demonstrate that α6β1 is distinct from α3β1 via Rab11-FIP5 recycling and recycles in an unexpected cell-cell location.Implications: Rab11-FIP5-dependent α6β1 integrin recycling may be selectively targeted to limit migration of prostate cancer cells into laminin-rich tissues. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1319-31. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Das
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Cindy K Miranti
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Anne E Cress
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. .,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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37
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Li J, Sarma KV, Chung Ho K, Gertych A, Knudsen BS, Arnold CW. A Multi-scale U-Net for Semantic Segmentation of Histological Images from Radical Prostatectomies. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2018; 2017:1140-1148. [PMID: 29854182 PMCID: PMC5977596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gleason grading of histological images is important in risk assessment and treatment planning for prostate cancer patients. Much research has been done in classifying small homogeneous cancer regions within histological images. However, semi-supervised methods published to date depend on pre-selected regions and cannot be easily extended to an image of heterogeneous tissue composition. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale U-Net model to classify images at the pixel-level using 224 histological image tiles from radical prostatectomies of 20 patients. Our model was evaluated by a patient-based 10-fold cross validation, and achieved a mean Jaccard index of 65.8% across 4 classes (stroma, Gleason 3, Gleason 4 and benign glands), and 75.5% for 3 classes (stroma, benign glands, prostate cancer), outperforming other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthik V Sarma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - King Chung Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Corey W Arnold
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Computational Integrated Diagnostics, Departments of Radiological Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Hu J, Schokrpur S, Archang M, Hermann K, Sharrow AC, Khanna P, Novak J, Signoretti S, Bhatt RS, Knudsen BS, Xu H, Wu L. A Non-integrating Lentiviral Approach Overcomes Cas9-Induced Immune Rejection to Establish an Immunocompetent Metastatic Renal Cancer Model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 9:203-210. [PMID: 29766028 PMCID: PMC5948229 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-based technology has revolutionized genome editing in recent years. This technique allows for gene knockout and evaluation of function in cell lines in a manner that is far easier and more accessible than anything previously available. Unfortunately, the ability to extend these studies to in vivo syngeneic murine cell line implantation is limited by an immune response against cells transduced to stably express Cas9. In this study, we demonstrate that a non-integrating lentiviral vector approach can overcome this immune rejection and allow for the growth of transduced cells in an immunocompetent host. This technique enables the establishment of a von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene knockout RENCA cell line in BALB/c mice, generating an improved model of immunocompetent, metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiruyeh Schokrpur
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maani Archang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kip Hermann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison C. Sharrow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prateek Khanna
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Kidney Cancer Program, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesse Novak
- Kidney Cancer Program, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Kidney Cancer Program, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rupal S. Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deacones Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Kidney Cancer Program, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Urology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author Lily Wu, MD, PhD, Departments of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology and Urology, 33-118 CHS, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA.
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Malihi PD, Morikado M, Welter L, Liu ST, Miller ET, Cadaneanu RM, Knudsen BS, Lewis MS, Carlsson A, Velasco CR, Kolatkar A, Rodriguez-Lee M, Garraway IP, Hicks J, Kuhn P. Clonal diversity revealed by morphoproteomic and copy number profiles of single prostate cancer cells at diagnosis. Converg Sci Phys Oncol 2018; 4. [PMID: 32670616 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aaa00b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is prevalent in both treatment-naïve and end-stage metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa), and may contribute to the broad range of clinical presentation, treatment response, and disease progression. To characterize molecular heterogeneity associated with de novo metastatic PCa, multiplatform single cell profiling was performed using high definition single cell analysis (HD-SCA). HD-SCA enabled morphoproteomic and morphogenomic profiling of single cells from touch preparations of tissue cores (prostate and bone marrow biopsies) as well as liquid samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate). Morphology, nuclear features, copy number alterations, and protein expression were analyzed. Tumor cells isolated from prostate tissue touch preparation (PTTP) and bone marrow touch preparation (BMTP) as well as metastatic tumor cells (MTCs) isolated from bone marrow aspirate were characterized by morphology and cytokeratin expression. Although peripheral blood was examined, circulating tumor cells were not definitively observed. Targeted proteomics of PTTP, BMTP, and MTCs revealed cell lineage and luminal prostate epithelial differentiation associated with PCa, including co-expression of EpCAM, PSA, and PSMA. Androgen receptor expression was highest in MTCs. Hallmark PCa copy number alterations, including PTEN and ETV6 deletions and NCOA2 amplification, were observed in cells within the primary tumor and bone marrow biopsy samples. Genomic landscape of MTCs revealed to be a mix of both primary and bone metastatic tissue. This multiplatform analysis of single cells reveals several clonal origins of metastatic PCa in a newly diagnosed, untreated patient with polymetastatic disease. This case demonstrates that real-time molecular profiling of cells collected through prostate and bone marrow biopsies is feasible and has the potential to elucidate the origin and evolution of metastatic tumor cells. Altogether, biological and genomic data obtained through longitudinal biopsies can be used to reveal the properties of PCa and can impact clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paymaneh D Malihi
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Morikado
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Welter
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sandy T Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric T Miller
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Radu M Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anders Carlsson
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Carmen Ruiz Velasco
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mariam Rodriguez-Lee
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Hicks
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter Kuhn
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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40
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Robinson A, Parker SJ, Stephen SL, Knudsen BS, Zumsteg ZS, Eyk JEV, Ho AS. Abstract 41: Proteomic stratification of HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma identifies targets in insulin receptor signaling within nonresponders. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.aacrahns17-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The global rise of HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has generated considerable interest underlying its etiology and management. Relative to HPV(-) OPSCC, HPV(+) patients are younger and more responsive to chemoradiation, though non-responders within this sub-class of OPSCC indicate divergent molecular pathophysiology, and continue to challenge clinicians. Rather than an adaptive approach to what many consider distinct disease processes, treatment remain the same for all OPSCC. Improved molecular stratification would greatly enhance the clinician's ability to precisely tailor treatment without jeopardizing outcomes. Here, two HPV(+) OPSCC cohorts delineated based on treatment response are compared via a hybrid Data Dependent Acquisition/Data Independent Acquisition (DDA/DIA) approach via mass spectrometry, to detect low-abundance proteins and highlight pathways not detected through genomic platforms alone.
Methods: Fourteen HPV(+) OPSCC patients who underwent definitive chemoradiation were stratified as clinical responders (n=6) or nonresponders (n=8). Responders were defined as having no recurrence for at least three years after treatment. Formalin-fixed paraffin tissue (FFPE) slides of tissue at diagnosis were confirmed to be p16(+) OPSCC by an independent pathologist, microdissected to achieve >80% tumor purity, and subjected to heat and pressure cycling via barocycler to enhance protein yield and identification. Equal mass of protein was digested and run on a Sciex TripleTOF mass spectrometer. Peptides identified with <1% Protein FDR from DDA and DIA modes were combined into a high confidence assay library comprised of 1603 proteins, which were subsequently quantified using the openSWATH workflow. Identified proteins underwent normalization and statistical analysis using mapDIA and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis.
Results: Collectively, 1440 proteins were identified and quantified. Of those, 212 were found to be significantly different between responders and nonresponders (FDR<0.01 and fold change greater than ± 1.25). Responders showed relative enrichment in targets of the insulin receptor (INSR) (p=2.86 x 10-14) whose expression pattern predicted inhibition of this pathway (z-score=-3.52). Targets linked to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1R) indicated this related pathway was also inhibited (z-score=-2.60). IGF1R and INSR are both known to have oncogenic functions and increase cell growth, proliferation, and survival, with the biofunction “proliferation of cells” found to be inhibited in the responders (z-score=-1.54). Overall, tumor sub-types from non-responder patients demonstrated molecular profiles consistent with elevated growth, survival, and proliferation signaling.
Conclusions: We demonstrate the feasibility of a modified barocycler approach to obtain robust proteomic data from FFPE tissues at a comparable rate to fresh frozen tissues. We further identify via a hybrid mass spectrometry approach targets of insulin receptor signaling that may be a driver of pathogenesis at the proteomic level. Such targets may stratify HPV(+) OPSCC patients at diagnosis and help tailor the intensity of therapy to mitigate toxicities based on recurrence risk.
Citation Format: Aaron Robinson, Sarah J. Parker, Shiao L. Stephen, Beatrice S. Knudsen, Zachary S. Zumsteg, Jennifer E. Van Eyk, Allen S. Ho. Proteomic stratification of HPV(+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma identifies targets in insulin receptor signaling within nonresponders [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; April 23-25, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(23_Suppl):Abstract nr 41.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Allen S. Ho
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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41
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Ing N, Huang F, Conley A, You S, Ma Z, Klimov S, Ohe C, Yuan X, Amin MB, Figlin R, Gertych A, Knudsen BS. A novel machine learning approach reveals latent vascular phenotypes predictive of renal cancer outcome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13190. [PMID: 29038551 PMCID: PMC5643431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression signatures are commonly used as predictive biomarkers, but do not capture structural features within the tissue architecture. Here we apply a 2-step machine learning framework for quantitative imaging of tumor vasculature to derive a spatially informed, prognostic gene signature. The trained algorithms classify endothelial cells and generate a vascular area mask (VAM) in H&E micrographs of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Quantification of VAMs led to the discovery of 9 vascular features (9VF) that predicted disease-free-survival in a discovery cohort (n = 64, HR = 2.3). Correlation analysis and information gain identified a 14 gene expression signature related to the 9VF's. Two generalized linear models with elastic net regularization (14VF and 14GT), based on the 14 genes, separated independent cohorts of up to 301 cases into good and poor disease-free survival groups (14VF HR = 2.4, 14GT HR = 3.33). For the first time, we successfully applied digital image analysis and targeted machine learning to develop prognostic, morphology-based, gene expression signatures from the vascular architecture. This novel morphogenomic approach has the potential to improve previous methods for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ing
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fangjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Conley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoxuan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Klimov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chisato Ohe
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahul B Amin
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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42
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Ma Z, Shiao SL, Yoshida EJ, Swartwood S, Huang F, Doche ME, Chung AP, Knudsen BS, Gertych A. Data integration from pathology slides for quantitative imaging of multiple cell types within the tumor immune cell infiltrate. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:69. [PMID: 28923066 PMCID: PMC5604347 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell infiltrates (ICI) of tumors are scored by pathologists around tumor glands. To obtain a better understanding of the immune infiltrate, individual immune cell types, their activation states and location relative to tumor cells need to be determined. This process requires precise identification of the tumor area and enumeration of immune cell subtypes separately in the stroma and inside tumor nests. Such measurements can be accomplished by a multiplex format using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Method We developed a pipeline that combines immunohistochemistry (IHC) and digital image analysis. One slide was stained with pan-cytokeratin and CD45 and the other slide with CD8, CD4 and CD68. The tumor mask generated through pan-cytokeratin staining was transferred from one slide to the other using affine image co-registration. Bland-Altman plots and Pearson correlation were used to investigate differences between densities and counts of immune cell underneath the transferred versus manually annotated tumor masks. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mask transfer error for tissues with solid and glandular tumor architecture. Results The overlap between manual and transferred tumor masks ranged from 20%–90% across all cases. The error of transferring the mask was 2- to 4-fold greater in tumor regions with glandular compared to solid growth pattern (p < 10−6). Analyzing data from a single slide, the Pearson correlation coefficients of cell type densities outside and inside tumor regions were highest for CD4 + T-cells (r = 0.8), CD8 + T-cells (r = 0.68) or CD68+ macrophages (r = 0.79). The correlation coefficient for CD45+ T- and B-cells was only 0.45. The transfer of the mask generated an error in the measurement of intra- and extra- tumoral CD68+, CD8+ or CD4+ counts (p < 10−10). Conclusions In summary, we developed a general method to integrate data from IHC stained slides into a single dataset. Because of the transfer error between slides, we recommend applying the antibody for demarcation of the tumor on the same slide as the ICI antibodies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13000-017-0658-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emi J Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Swartwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fangjin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Doche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice P Chung
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Pollan SG, Huang F, Lang JM, Sperger JM, Shah K, Knudsen BS. Abstract 5795: Loss of CDCP1 in patient prostate cancer metastasis leads to uncoupling of beta-1 integrin from its cytoplasmic signaling through FAK. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Cub-Domain Containing Protein - 1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is able to sequester Src and PKCδ into unique microdomains within the plasma membrane. CDCP1 can either promote or suppress tumor metastasis, dependent on the cancer type and experimental system. How the loss of CDCP1 leads to tumor metastasis is not well understood. We demonstrated for the first time in patients with prostate cancer (PCA), a significant reduction of CDCP1 expression in circulating cancer cells (CTC) and tumor metastasis relative to primary tumors and concordant analytical results. To investigate how the loss of CDCP1 facilitates PCA metastasis, we determined the consequences of CDCP1 loss in non-adherent cancer cells, which provide an experimental model system of CTCs. In this system, CDCP1 silenced cells exhibit 3-fold higher proliferation, 4-fold greater anchorage independent growth with colonies exceeding 5 microns in diameter, and a 2-fold reduction in migration ability. In 10% human plasma, these cells up-regulate p-FAK, p-SRC, p-AKT and p-MAPK expression, and at the same time loose expression of activated β1-integrin. The loss of inside-out activation of β1-integrin occurs through prevention of TALIN phosphorylation. Upon loss of CDCP1, Talin is no longer phosphorylated by CDK5 and this causes the disassembly of the β1 integrin - Talin complex. In addition, β1-integrin dissociates from CDK5 and from the CDK5-regulatory subunit, p35, but remains bound to p-FAK. We determined the pathway by which the loss of CDCP1 arrests CDK5 kinase activity. Upon loss of CDCP1, SRC phosphorylates p35. This generates a binding site for the C2 domain of PKCδ and phosphorylation of CDK5-T77 by PKCδ. The subsequent dissociation of the regulatory subunit abolishes the activity of CDK5. We show that both SRC inhibition and silencing of PKCδ reestablish the inside-out activation of β1-integrin. Altogether we discovered a new mechanism of regulation of CDK5 in prostate cancer cells, which leads to the uncoupling of β1-integrin and FAK. The potential biological and clinical consequences of this mechanism are (1) a switch from cell-matrix to cell-cell adhesion, (2) increased sensitivity of CTCs to FAK inhibitors and (3) improved adaptation and survival of cancer cells in the circulation and at the metastatic sites.
Citation Format: Sara G. Pollan, Fangjin Huang, Joshua M. Lang, Jamie M. Sperger, Kavita Shah, Beatrice S. Knudsen. Loss of CDCP1 in patient prostate cancer metastasis leads to uncoupling of beta-1 integrin from its cytoplasmic signaling through FAK [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5795. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5795
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kavita Shah
- 3Purdue University College of Science, West Lafayette, IN
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44
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Das L, Anderson TA, Gard JM, Sroka IC, Strautman SR, Nagle RB, Morrissey C, Knudsen BS, Cress AE. Cover Image, Volume 118, Number 5, May 2017. J Cell Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Das
- Cancer Biology Program; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | - Todd A. Anderson
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | - Jaime M.C. Gard
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | - Isis C. Sroka
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | - Stephanie R. Strautman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | - Raymond B. Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
- Department of Pathology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
| | | | | | - Anne E. Cress
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85724
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45
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Conley A, Minciacchi VR, Lee DH, Knudsen BS, Karlan BY, Citrigno L, Viglietto G, Tewari M, Freeman MR, Demichelis F, Di Vizio D. High-throughput sequencing of two populations of extracellular vesicles provides an mRNA signature that can be detected in the circulation of breast cancer patients. RNA Biol 2017; 14:305-316. [PMID: 27858503 PMCID: PMC5367334 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1259061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a wide range of RNA types with a reported prevalence of non-coding RNA. To date a comprehensive characterization of the protein coding transcripts in EVs is still lacking. We performed RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 2 EV populations and identified a small fraction of transcripts that were expressed at significantly different levels in large oncosomes and exosomes, suggesting they may mediate specialized functions. However, these 2 EV populations exhibited a common mRNA signature that, in comparison to their donor cells, was significantly enriched in mRNAs encoding E2F transcriptional targets and histone proteins. These mRNAs are primarily expressed in the S-phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that they may be packaged into EVs during S-phase. In silico analysis using subcellular compartment transcriptome data from the ENCODE cell line compendium revealed that EV mRNAs originate from a cytoplasmic RNA pool. The EV signature was independently identified in plasma of patients with breast cancer by RNA-Seq. Furthermore, several transcripts differentially expressed in EVs from patients versus controls mirrored differential expression between normal and breast cancer tissues. Altogether, this largest high-throughput profiling of EV mRNA demonstrates that EVs carry tumor-specific alterations and can be interrogated as a source of cancer-derived cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Conley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valentina R. Minciacchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dhong Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Women's Cancer Program and Division of Gynecologic Oncology Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York NY, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Allott EH, Macias E, Sanders S, Knudsen BS, Thomas GV, Hursting SD, Freedland SJ. Impact of carbohydrate restriction in the context of obesity on prostate tumor growth in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:165-171. [PMID: 28244492 PMCID: PMC5429178 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Previously, we showed that carbohydrate restriction with calorie restriction slowed tumor growth in xenograft mouse prostate cancer models. Herein, we examined the impact of carbohydrate restriction without calorie restriction on tumor development within the context of diet-induced obesity in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Methods Mice were randomized at 5 weeks of age to ad libitum Western diet (WD; 40% fat, 42% carbohydrate; n=39) or ad libitum no carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD; 82% fat, 1% carbohydrate; n=44). At age 3 or 6 months, mice were sacrificed, prostates weighed and prostate histology, proliferation, apoptosis, and macrophage infiltration evaluated by H&E, Ki67, TUNEL and F4/80 staining, respectively. Body composition was assessed by DEXA, serum cytokines measured using multiplex, and Akt/mTOR signaling assessed by Western. Results Caloric intake was higher in the NCKD group, resulting in elevated body weights at 6 months of age, relative to the WD group (45g vs. 38g; p=0.008). Despite elevated body weights, serum MCP-1 and IL-1α levels were lower in NCKD versus WD mice (p=0.046 and p=0.118, respectively), and macrophage infiltration was reduced in prostates of NCKD versus WD mice (p=0.028). Relative Akt phosphorylation and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein levels were reduced in prostates of NCKD versus WD mice. However, while mice randomized to NCKD had smaller prostates after adjustment for body weight at 3 and 6 months (p=0.004 and p=0.002, respectively), NCKD mice had higher rates of adenocarcinoma at 6 months compared to WD mice (100% vs. 80%, p=0.04). Conclusions Despite higher caloric intake and elevated body weights, carbohydrate restriction lowered serum MCP-1 levels, reduced prostate macrophage infiltration, reduced prostate weight, but failed to slow adenocarcinoma development. Together, these data suggest that although carbohydrate restriction within the context of obesity may reduce obesity-associated systemic inflammation, it is not sufficient to counteract obesity-associated tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Allott
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Macias
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G V Thomas
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Das L, Anderson TA, Gard JMC, Sroka IC, Strautman SR, Nagle RB, Morrissey C, Knudsen BS, Cress AE. Characterization of Laminin Binding Integrin Internalization in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1038-1049. [PMID: 27509031 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laminin binding integrins α6 (CD49f) and α3 (CD49c) are persistently but differentially expressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Integrin internalization is an important determinant of their cell surface expression and function. Using flow cytometry, and first order kinetic modeling, we quantitated the intrinsic internalization rates of integrin subunits in a single cycle of internalization. In PCa cell line DU145, α6 integrin internalized with a rate constant (kactual ) of 3.25 min-1 , threefold faster than α3 integrin (1.0 min-1 ), 1.5-fold faster than the vitronectin binding αv integrin (CD51) (2.2 min-1 ), and significantly slower than the unrelated transferrin receptor (CD71) (15 min-1 ). Silencing of α3 integrin protein expression in DU145, PC3, and PC3B1 cells resulted in up to a 1.71-fold increase in kactual for α6 integrin. The internalized α6 integrin was targeted to early endosomes but not to lamp1 vesicles. Depletion of α3 integrin expression resulted in redistribution of α6β4 integrin to an observed cell-cell staining pattern that is consistent with a suprabasal distribution observed in epidermis and early PIN lesions in PCa. Depletion of α3 integrin increased cell migration by 1.8-fold, which was dependent on α6β1 integrin. Silencing of α6 integrin expression however, had no significant effect on the kactual of α3 integrin or its distribution in early endosomes. These results indicate that α3 and α6 integrins have significantly different internalization kinetics and that coordination exists between them for internalization. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1038-1049, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Das
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Todd A Anderson
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Jaime M C Gard
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Isis C Sroka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Stephanie R Strautman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724.,Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | | | | | - Anne E Cress
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
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48
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Wang M, Nagle RB, Knudsen BS, Rogers GC, Cress AE. A basal cell defect promotes budding of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:104-110. [PMID: 27609833 PMCID: PMC5394777 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cells in a simple secretory epithelium adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing contextual cues for ordered repopulation of the luminal cell layer. Early high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) tissue has enlarged nuclei and nucleoli, luminal layer expansion and genomic instability. Additional HG-PIN markers include loss of α6β4 integrin or its ligand laminin-332, and budding of tumor clusters into laminin-511-rich stroma. We modeled the invasive budding phenotype by reducing expression of α6β4 integrin in spheroids formed from two normal human stable isogenic prostate epithelial cell lines (RWPE-1 and PrEC 11220). These normal cells continuously spun in culture, forming multicellular spheroids containing an outer laminin-332 layer, basal cells (expressing α6β4 integrin, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin and p63, also known as TP63) and luminal cells that secrete PSA (also known as KLK3). Basal cells were optimally positioned relative to the laminin-332 layer as determined by spindle orientation. β4-integrin-defective spheroids contained a discontinuous laminin-332 layer corresponding to regions of abnormal budding. This 3D model can be readily used to study mechanisms that disrupt laminin-332 continuity, for example, defects in the essential adhesion receptor (β4 integrin), laminin-332 or abnormal luminal expansion during HG-PIN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Miller ET, Chamie K, Kwan L, Lewis MS, Knudsen BS, Garraway IP. Impact of treatment on progression to castration-resistance, metastases, and death in men with localized high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 6:163-172. [PMID: 27997745 PMCID: PMC5269571 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Men with high‐grade prostate cancer (HGPC) are at greatest risk of disease progression. Clinical risk factors associated with castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastases, and prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) were identified in a contemporary HGPC cohort. Clinical data was collected from men diagnosed with Gleason sum (GS) ≥8 at the Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs (GLA‐VA) Healthcare System between 2000 and 2013. Multivariable competing risks regression analyses assessed progression to CRPC, metastases, and PCSM within three treatment strata. The cumulative incidence of disease progression was calculated at 2, 5, and 10‐year time points. Review of 2149 prostate cancer cases yielded 322 with HGPC. Median survival times for cancer‐specific and overall mortality were significantly shorter in men treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001). Multivariable analyses revealed that clinical stage N1, GS 10, and treatment with primary ADT were significantly associated with increased risk of CRPC, metastases, and PCSM. Significant differences in these outcomes were not observed in men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) when compared to those treated with radiation therapy combined with short‐term ADT (XRT‐ADT). Ten‐year event rates of progression to CRPC, metastases, and PCSM, for men treated with primary ADT, were 45.5%, 25.4%, and 25.1%, respectively. In conclusion, GS 10 and lymph node involvement, as well as primary ADT treatment in men with HGPC was associated with increased risk of CRPC, metastases, and PCSM. Curative‐intent treatment with RP or XRT‐ADT is associated with reduced progression rates and death in men with HGPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Miller
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karim Chamie
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lorna Kwan
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Urology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, California
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50
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Liu S, Cadaneanu RM, Zhang B, Huo L, Lai K, Li X, Galet C, Grogan TR, Elashoff D, Freedland SJ, Rettig M, Aronson WJ, Knudsen BS, Lewis MS, Garraway IP. Keratin 13 Is Enriched in Prostate Tubule-Initiating Cells and May Identify Primary Prostate Tumors that Metastasize to the Bone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163232. [PMID: 27711225 PMCID: PMC5053503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Benign human prostate tubule-initiating cells (TIC) and aggressive prostate cancer display common traits, including tolerance of low androgen levels, resistance to apoptosis, and microenvironment interactions that drive epithelial budding and outgrowth. TIC can be distinguished from epithelial and stromal cells that comprise prostate tissue via cell sorting based upon Epcam, CD44, and CD49f antigenic profiles. Fetal prostate epithelial cells (FC) possess a similar antigenic profile to adult TIC and are capable of inducing tubule formation. To identify the TIC niche in human prostate tissue, differential keratin (KRT) expression was evaluated. Results Gene expression data generated from Affymetrix Gene Chip human U133 Plus 2.0 array of sorted adult and fetal epithelial cells revealed KRT13 to be significantly enriched in FC and TIC compared to basal cells (BC) and luminal cells (LC) (p<0.001). Enriched KRT13 expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and cytospin immunostaining. Immunohistochemical analysis of KRT13 expression revealed rare KRT13+ epithelia throughout prostatic ducts/acini in adult tissue specimens and differentiated tubules in 24-week recombinant grafts, In contrast, abundant KRT13 expression was observed in developing ducts/acini in fetal prostate and cord-like structures composing 8-week recombinant grafts. Immunostaining of a prostate tissue microarray revealed KRT13+ tumor foci in approximately 9% of cases, and this subset displayed significantly shorter time to recurrence (p = 0.031), metastases (p = 0.032), and decreased overall survival (p = 0.004). Diagnostic prostate needle biopsies (PNBX) from untreated patients with concurrent bone metastases (clinical stage M1) displayed KRT13+ tumor foci, as did bone metastatic foci. Conclusions The expression profile of KRT13 in benign fetal and adult prostate tissue and in recombinant grafts, as well as the frequency of KRT13 expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancer indicates that it may be a marker of a stem/progenitor-like cell state that is co-opted in aggressive tumor cells. KRT13 is enriched in benign stem-like cells that display androgen-resistance, apoptosis-resistance, and branching morphogenesis properties. Collectively our data demonstrate that KRT13 expression is associated with poor prognosis at multiple stages of disease progression and may represent an important biomarker of adverse outcome in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Radu M. Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lihong Huo
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Colette Galet
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tristan R. Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Urologic Section, Department of Surgery, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rettig
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Aronson
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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