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Oz UC, Bolat ZB, Poma A, Guan L, Telci D, Sahin F, Battaglia G, Bozkır A. Prostate cancer cell-specific BikDDA delivery by targeted polymersomes. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Li K, Zhan W, Chen Y, Jha RK, Chen X. Docetaxel and Doxorubicin Codelivery by Nanocarriers for Synergistic Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1436. [PMID: 31920642 PMCID: PMC6930690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy has been proven to be an efficient strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCA). However, the pharmacokinetic distinction between the relevant drugs is an insurmountable barrier to the realization of their synergistic use against cancer. To overcome the disadvantages of combination chemotherapy in the treatment of PCA, targeted nanoparticles (NPs), which can codeliver docetaxel (DOC) and doxorubicin (DOX) at optimal synergistic proportions, have been designed. In this study, the DOC and DOX codelivery nanoparticles (DDC NPs) were constructed by hyaluronic acid (HA) and cationic amphipathic starch (CSaSt) through a self-assembly process. Human PCA cell lines (PC-3, DU-145, and LNCap) and mouse models were then used for evaluation in vitro and in vivo, respectively, of delivery and antitumor effects. The DDC NPs were spherical with rough surfaces, and the size and zeta potential were 68.4 ± 7.1 nm and -22.8 ± 2.2 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies of DOC and DOX in the NPs were 96.1 ± 2.3% and 91.4 ± 3.7%, respectively, while the total drug loading was 9.1 ± 1.7%. Moreover, the ratio of DOC to DOX in the DDC NPs was approximately 1:400, which aligned with the optimal synergistic proportions of the drugs. The DDC NPs exhibited excellent loading capacities, performed sustained and enzymatic release, and were stable in PBS, medium, and serum. After investigations in vitro, the DDC NPs were as effective as the dual drug combination in terms of cytotoxicity, antimigration, and apoptosis. Internalization results indicated that the DDC NPs could effectively deliver and fully release the payloads into PCA cells, and the process was mediated by the ligand-receptor interaction of HA with the CD44 protein. Low toxicity in vivo was confirmed by acute toxicity and hemolytic assays. The distribution in vivo showed that DDC NPs could enhance the accumulation of drugs in tumors and decrease nonspecific accumulation in normal organs. More importantly, DDC NPs significantly promoted the curative effect of the DOC and DOX combination in the PCA cell xenograft mouse model, indicating that the drugs with NPs did indeed act synergistically. This study suggests that the DDC NPs possess noteworthy potential as prospects for the development of PCA clinical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhan
- Department of Radiotherapy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rajiv Kumar Jha
- College of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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Demirci S, Hayal TB, Kıratlı B, Şişli HB, Demirci S, Şahin F, Doğan A. Design and synthesis of phenylpiperazine derivatives as potent anticancer agents for prostate cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1584-1595. [PMID: 31148379 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel thiourea (5a, 5b) and thiazolidinone derivatives (6a, 6b) were synthesized by hybridizing molecules starting from the compound 6-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine (4) which is known to show anticancer activity. The synthesis of the leading compound was carried out by using 1-(5-nitropyridin-2-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine (3) which was obtained by a novel method of the reaction of 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine (1) and N-phenylpiperazine (2). The structures of the compounds were confirmed using FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The organic molecules were tested for their anticancer activities against prostate cancer (PC) cell lines: DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP. As the compound 5a exerted the highest cytotoxic activity, IC50 concentrations of compound 5a were further investigated in terms of morphology, colony-forming ability, RNA expression, fragmented DNA and cell cycle distributions of PC cell lines. Overall data revealed that compound 5a treatment induces apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in PC cell lines and inhibits cell cycle progression resulting in the accumulation of cells in either the G1 or the S phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Demirci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Binnur Kıratlı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Poloxamer P85 increases anticancer activity of Schiff base against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:869-879. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Demirci S, Doğan A, Türkmen NB, Telci D, Rizvanov AA, Şahin F. Schiff base-Poloxamer P85 combination demonstrates chemotherapeutic effect on prostate cancer cells in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Doğan A, Demirci S, Türkmen NB, Çağlayan AB, Aydın S, Telci D, Kılıç E, Şahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Ekici AID, Şahin F. Schiff Base-Poloxamer P85 Combination Prevents Prostate Cancer Progression in C57/Bl6 Mice. Prostate 2016; 76:1454-63. [PMID: 27338565 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer which is the second most common cause of death among men has a high incidence in recent years. Current therapeutic regimens should be improved to overcome drug resistance. At the metastatic stage, tumors become refractory to established chemotherapeutic treatments and cause serious problems at the clinics. Development of new drug molecules that are able to transport through the membrane easily and kill tumor cells rapidly is of great interest. METHOD In the current study, a novel Heterodinuclear copper(II)Mn(II) Schiff base complex combined with P85 was used for prostate cancer treatment in vivo. Tramp-C1 cells injected animals were subjected to chemotherapeutic formulation treatment and results were analyzed by toxicology analysis, tumor volume measurements, and histopathological analysis. 0.5 mg/kg Schiff base was selected and combined with 0.05% P85 according to the toxicology analysis showing the enzyme levels, blood parameters, and multiple organ toxicity. RESULTS Results demonstrated that Heterodinuclear copper(II)Mn(II) complex-P85 combination decreased tumor formation and tumor volume steadily over the course of experiments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, Heterodinuclear copper(II)Mn(II) complex-P85 exerted remarkable anti-cancer activity in vivo in C57/B16 mice. Prostate 76:1454-1463, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selami Demirci
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neşe Başak Türkmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Çağlayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Aydın
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Kılıç
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Şahin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | | | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gaspar D, Freire JM, Pacheco TR, Barata JT, Castanho MA. Apoptotic human neutrophil peptide-1 anti-tumor activity revealed by cellular biomechanics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li Y, Cozzi PJ, Russell PJ. Promising tumor-associated antigens for future prostate cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:67-101. [PMID: 19536865 DOI: 10.1002/med.20165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases among men in Western countries. There is currently no cure for metastatic castrate-resistant CaP, and median survival for these patients is about 18 months; the high mortality rate seen is associated with widespread metastases. Progression of CaP from primary to metastatic disease is associated with several molecular and genetic changes that can affect the expression of specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or receptors on the cell surface. Targeting TAAs is emerging as an area of promise for controlling late-stage and recurrent CaP. Several reviews have summarized the progress made in targeting signaling pathways for CaP but will not be discussed here. We describe some important CaP TAAs. These include prostate stem-cell antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, MUC1, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer. We summarize recent advancements in our understanding of their role in CaP metastasis, as well as potential therapeutic options for targeting CaP TAAs. We also discuss the origin, identification, and characterization of prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the potential benefits of targeting prostate CSCs to overcome chemoresistance and CaP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Millikan RE, Wen S, Pagliaro LC, Brown MA, Moomey B, Do KA, Logothetis CJ. Phase III trial of androgen ablation with or without three cycles of systemic chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5936-42. [PMID: 19029421 PMCID: PMC3864402 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.9830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a phase III trial in patients with previously untreated metastatic prostate cancer to test the hypothesis that three 8-week cycles of ketoconazole and doxorubicin alternating with vinblastine and estramustine, given in addition to standard androgen deprivation, would delay the appearance of castrate-resistant disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had metastatic prostate cancer threatening enough to justify sustained androgen ablation and were fit enough for chemotherapy. The primary end point was time to castrate-resistant progression as shown by increasing prostate-specific antigen, new radiographic lesions, worsening cancer-related symptoms, or receipt of any other systemic therapy. RESULTS Three hundred six patients were registered; 286 are reported. Median time to progression was 24 months (95% CI, 18 to 39 months) in the standard therapy arm, and 35 months (95% CI, 26 to 44 months) in the chemohormonal group (P = .39). At median follow-up of 6.4 years, overall survival was 5.4 years (95% CI, 4.7 to 7.8 years) in the standard therapy arm versus 6.1 years (95% CI, 5.1 to 10.1 years; P = .41). Prostate-specific antigen kinetics at the time of androgen ablation and the nadir after hormone treatment were strongly correlated with survival. Chemotherapy significantly increased the burden of therapy, with 51% of patients experiencing an adverse event of grade 3 or worse, especially thromboembolic events. CONCLUSION There is no role for ketoconazole and doxorubicin alternating with vinblastine and estramustine before emergence of a castrate-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E. Millikan
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sijin Wen
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lance C. Pagliaro
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Melissa A. Brown
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brenda Moomey
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- From the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Biostatistics,
University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Kim SJ, Uehara H, Yazici S, Busby JE, Nakamura T, He J, Maya M, Logothetis C, Mathew P, Wang X, Do KA, Fan D, Fidler IJ. Targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor on endothelial cells of multidrug-resistant prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:783-93. [PMID: 16757703 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) by treatment with the PDGFR kinase inhibitor imatinib and the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel reduces the incidence and size of human prostate cancer bone lesions in nude mice. Because tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells express activated PDGFR, the primary target for imatinib has been unclear. METHODS We selected multidrug-resistant human PC-3MM2 prostate cancer cells (termed PC-3MM2-MDR cells) by culturing them in increasing concentrations of paclitaxel. PC-3MM2-MDR cells were implanted into one tibia of 80 nude mice. Two weeks later, the mice were randomly assigned to receive distilled water (control group), paclitaxel, imatinib, or imatinib plus paclitaxel for 10 weeks (20 mice per group). Tumor incidence and weight, bone structure preservation and osteolysis, and the incidence of lymph node metastasis were determined. The phosphorylation status of PDGFR on tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells and levels of apoptosis were examined with immunohistochemical analyses. Microvessel density was assessed as the number of cells expressing CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS PC-3MM2-MDR cells were resistant to paclitaxel and imatinib in vitro. Treatment of implanted mice with imatinib plus paclitaxel led to statistically significant decreases in bone tumor incidence (control = 19 mice with tumors of 19 mice total; imatinib plus paclitaxel = four of 18 mice; P < .001), median tumor weight (control = 1.3 g, interquartile range [IQR] = 1.0-1.9; imatinib plus paclitaxel = 0.1 g, IQR = 0-0.3; P < .001), bone lysis, and the incidence of lymph node metastasis (control = 19 of 19 mice total; imatinib plus paclitaxel = three of 18 mice; P < .001). Treatment with imatinib alone had similar effects, and imatinib treatment also inhibited phosphorylation of PDGFR on tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells and increased the level of apoptosis of endothelial cells, but not tumor cells. Treatment with imatinib and more so with imatinib and paclitaxel decreased mean vessel density (three CD31/PECAM-1-positive cells, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0 to 9; and control group = 38 CD31/PECAM-1-positive cells, 95% CI = 17 to 59) (P < .001), which was followed by apoptosis of tumor cells. CONCLUSION Tumor-associated endothelial cells, rather than tumor cells themselves, appear to be the target for imatinib in prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Raghavan D, Brandes LJ, Klapp K, Snyder T, Styles E, Tsao-Wei D, Lieskovsky G, Quinn DI, Ramsey EW. PHASE II TRIAL OF TESMILIFENE PLUS MITOXANTRONE AND PREDNISONE FOR HORMONE REFRACTORY PROSTATE CANCER: HIGH SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC METASTASES. J Urol 2005; 174:1808-13; discussion 1813. [PMID: 16217292 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000176799.63184.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Symptomatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRCAP) is a major cause of morbidity with a median survival of less than 12 months and a 2-year survival of only up to 10% in most series. Mitoxantrone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for HRCAP. Preliminary data suggest that DPPE (N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl) phenoxy]-ethanamine) or tesmilifene modulates cytotoxics to enhance the anticancer effect. In this phase II trial we assessed whether there is sufficient evidence of enhanced efficacy of DPPE and mitoxantrone to lead to a phase III clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 29 patients with a median age of 73 years, of whom 10% were older than 80 years, with progressive HRCAP received 5.3 mg/kg DPPE intravenously every 3 weeks, 12 mg/m mitoxantrone intravenously every weeks and 5 mg prednisone orally twice daily. All patients had pain at presentation, while 97% had bone metastases, 10% had liver metastases and 17% had lung metastases. Median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 210 ng/ml (IQR 77 to 430). RESULTS Of the patients 75% had some pain improvement, 66% had decreased analgesia, 59% had a PSA decrease of 50% or greater and 45% had a PSA decrease of 75% or greater. Actual (not actuarial) 2-year survival was 21%. CONCLUSIONS Despite major limitations of historical comparison the PSA decrease and decreased symptoms with DPPE-mitoxantrone-prednisone compare favorably to those of mitoxantrone-prednisone and docetaxel-estramustine in the literature. The 2-year survival rate of 21% mandates further assessment. This will be tested in a phase III Southwest Oncology Group trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Raghavan
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Falsaperla M, Morgia G, Tartarone A, Ardito R, Romano G. Support Ellagic Acid Therapy in Patients with Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer (HRPC) on Standard Chemotherapy Using Vinorelbine and Estramustine Phosphate. Eur Urol 2005; 47:449-54; discussion 454-5. [PMID: 15774240 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent phase III studies in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) showed an improvement in terms of overall survival (OS), objective response (OR) and biochemical response (BR); however, chemotherapy is usually accompanied by negative side effects that determines poor quality of life (QoL) and only marginally improves individual clinical response (ICR) in terms of pain relief and performance status. Ellagic acid is a polyphenol that is found in many species of flowering plants. It is an antioxidant that determines apoptosis, down regulation of IGF-II, activates p21 (waf1/Cip1), mediates the cumulative effect on G1/S transition phase and prevents destruction of p-53 gene by cancer cells. ENDPOINTS The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ellagic acid support therapy on toxicity, OR, ICR and BR in HRPC patients treated with estramustine phosphate and vinorelbine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with HRPC were randomly distributed in two study groups: a control group (group A) who underwent chemotherapy with vinorelbine and estramustine phosphate, and an experimental group (group B) where chemotherapy regimen was associated with ellagic acid. RESULTS The mean number of chemotherapy cycles/patient was 4 (range 3-8 cycles) and 6.5 (range 5-11) in group A and B patients, respectively. A reduction in systemic toxicity, statistically significant for neutropenia, associated with better results in term of OR rate, ICR, and BR were observed in group B compared with group A. On the contrary no significant difference in OS and PFS was detected between groups. CONCLUSIONS our study suggests that the use of ellagic acid as support therapy reduces chemotherapy induced toxicity, in particular neutropenia, in HRCP patients; however, further studies are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Falsaperla
- Operative Unit of Urology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy.
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Raghavan D. Chemotherapy for prostate cancer: small steps or leaps and bounds? No huzzahs just yet! Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1003-4. [PMID: 15475939 PMCID: PMC2747692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Raghavan
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, 9500 Euclid Avenue, R35, Cleveland OH, 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, 9500 Euclid Avenue, R35, Cleveland OH, 44195, USA. E-mail:
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Ladoire S, Ghiringhelli F, Manckoundia P, Casasnovas RO, Solary E, Besancenot JF, Pfitzenmeyer P. [Treatment of cancer and hematological malignancy in elderly people (Part II)]. Rev Med Interne 2004; 26:304-14. [PMID: 15820566 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fifty percents of cancer arise in people older than 65-year-old. Most clinical trials in cancer treatment are limited in patients younger than 65-year-old. We review literature-describing particularity of cancer treatment in elderly patients. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Therapeutic decisions should be based on an estimation of the patient's life expectancy, and risks and benefits should be weighted up accordingly. Geriatric oncology is made of a geriatric evaluation of patient and of knowledge of clinical trial about elderly patients. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS We present in this issue the principle of geriatric evaluation and the results of recent clinical trial on elderly cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ladoire
- Service de médecine interne et maladies systémiques, hôpital général, 3, rue du Faubourg-Raines, 21033 Dijon cedex, France.
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Papo N, Braunstein A, Eshhar Z, Shai Y. Suppression of human prostate tumor growth in mice by a cytolytic D-, L-amino Acid Peptide: membrane lysis, increased necrosis, and inhibition of prostate-specific antigen secretion. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5779-86. [PMID: 15313920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene-encoded host defense peptides are used as part of the innate immunity, and many of them act by directly lysing the cell membrane of the pathogen. A few of these peptides showed anticancer activity in vitro but could not be used in vivo because of their inactivation by serum. We designed a 15-amino acid peptide, composed of D- and L-amino acids (diastereomer), which targets both androgen-independent and androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma cell lines (CL1, 22RV1, and LNCaP). Most importantly, we observed a complete arrest of growth in CL1 and 22RV1 xenografts treated intratumorally with the diastereomer. This was also accompanied by a lowering of prostate-specific antigen serum levels secreted by the 22RV1 xenograft. Furthermore, the diastereomer synergized with conventional chemotherapeutics. In contrast, the parental all l-amino acids peptide was highly active only in vitro and could not discriminate between tumor and nontumor cells. Fluorescent confocal microscopy, histopathologic examination, and cell permeability studies (depolarization of transmembrane potential and release of an encapsulated dye) suggest a necrotic mechanism of killing, after a threshold concentration of peptide has been reached. Its destructive killing effect and the simple sequence of the diastereomer make it an attractive chemotherapeutic candidate possessing a new mode of action, with potential to be developed additionally for the treatment of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Papo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Ma JF, Nonn L, Campbell MJ, Hewison M, Feldman D, Peehl DM. Mechanisms of decreased Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase activity in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 221:67-74. [PMID: 15223133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha(OH)ase), which converts the circulating prohormone 25-hydroxyvitamin-D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) to the active 1alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin-D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), is present in normal prostatic epithelium. However, prostate cancer cells, both primary cultured cells and cell lines, have greatly decreased activity of 1alpha(OH)ase and are therefore resistant to the tumor suppressor activity of circulating 25(OH)D(3). We quantitated 1alpha(OH)ase mRNA and protein levels to investigate mechanism(s) responsible for decreased 1alpha(OH)ase enzymatic activity in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cell lines had low 1alpha(OH)ase mRNA levels. Primary prostate cell cultures derived from normal and cancer tissues had equivalent levels of 1alpha(OH)ase RNA and protein. Equivalent 1alpha(OH)ase protein levels were observed in prostate tissue sections containing normal and malignant cells. The protein levels of hsc70, whose homolog intracellular Vitamin D binding protein (IDBP-1) facilitates delivery of 25(OH)D(3) to 1alpha(OH)ase in monkey cells, were equivalent in the normal and cancer cells. Equivalent activity in normal and cancer cells of Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase, a mitochondrial enzyme that also uses 25(OH)D(3) as a substrate, further ruled out lack of access to substrate as a basis for low activity of 1alpha(OH)ase in cancer cells. We conclude that diminished 1alpha(OH)ase activity in prostate cancer cell lines is through decreased gene expression, whereas decreased activity in primary cultures and tissues is post-translational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Ma
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Orlandi L, Binda M, Folini M, Bearzatto A, Villa R, Daidone MG, Zaffaroni N. Ribozyme-mediated inhibition of PKCalpha sensitizes androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Prostate 2003; 54:133-43. [PMID: 12497586 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic strategies to target the molecular basis of hormone and drug resistance of prostate cancer cells are needed. Since protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) is thought to have a role in the development of the androgen-independent phenotype of prostate cancer cells and in apoptosis suppression, the objective of the present study was to test whether specific inhibition of PKCalpha by a hammerhead ribozyme was able to sensitize androgen-independent prostate cancer cells the effects of apoptosis-inducing anticancer drugs. METHODS An active ribozyme (PKCalphaRZ) targeting codon 4 in human PKCalpha mRNA was synthesized by in vitro transcription. A mutant ribozyme (PKCalphamutRZ) was also made by deleting G(12) from the catalytic core of the active ribozyme and used as a control throughout the study. The double-stranded, ribozyme-encoding sequences were then inserted into an expression vector under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter and delivered to growing prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC-3) by a DOTAP-mediated transfer. A neomycin resistance gene on the vector was used to select ribozyme-expressing clones. The clones were analyzed for PKCalpha expression, sensitivity to anticancer drugs and ability to undergo drug-induced apoptosis. RESULTS Two DU145-derived cell clones expressing the active ribozyme (DURZ 2 and DURZ 12) and one clone expressing the catalytically inactive ribozyme (DUmutRZ) were selected for the study. DURZ 2 and DURZ 12 were characterized by a markedly (about 40-50%) lower PKCalpha protein level than parental DU145 cells, whereas no reduction in PKCalpha expression was observed in DUmutRZ cells. Results of cytotoxicity experiments indicated that DURZ 2 and DURZ 12 but not DUmutRZ cells were significantly more sensitive than parental DU145 cells to a 1 hr exposure to the mononuclear platinum compounds (cisplatin and oxaliplatin) and showed an increased susceptibility to undergo cisplatin-induced apoptosis. A significantly enhanced apoptotic response to cisplatin was also observed in a PC-3-derived polyclonal cell population endogenously expressing the active ribozyme. CONCLUSIONS Results of the study highlight the importance of PKCalpha in the response of prostate cancer cells to mononuclear platinum compounds and indicate specific inhibition of the enzyme as a potential therapeutic strategy to sensitize androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Unita' Operativa 10, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
The therapeutic activity of ifosfamide in urologic tumors has been reviewed. Ifosfamide has definite activity in nephroblastoma, where it represents the treatment of choice for children who are not cured by front-line chemotherapy, and for the adults who are diagnosed with this uncommon disease. Definite therapeutic activity has also been shown in patients with urothelial tract malignancies and it represents a major option for patients failing first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, promising results have been achieved in chemo-naïve patients in combination with taxanes or gemcitabine, though at the price of relevant toxicity. A modest activity has been shown by ifosfamide in renal cancer (including the sarcomatoid variant) and in hormone-refractory prostate cancer, which unfortunately respond poorly to cytotoxic chemotherapy. No results of ifosfamide in penile carcinoma are available so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boccardo
- Academic Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Oncology B, National Cancer Research Institute and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Beer TM, Bubalo JS. Effects of docetaxel on pain due to metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2002; 3:232-8. [PMID: 12084194 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-002-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone pain commonly plagues patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Studies of mitoxantrone demonstrated that chemotherapy can substantially reduce this debilitating symptom. Two of the available studies examining the use of docetaxel with and without estramustine for treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer include a detailed prospective analysis of pain and quality of life. One study required patients to have pain at entry and demonstrated significant improvement in pain. The second study enrolled patients with low prevalence and intensity of pain and did not demonstrate pain relief. The available results, although preliminary, suggest that patients with significant bone pain due to androgen-independent prostate cancer can experience substantial pain relief with docetaxel-based therapy. Larger randomized studies targeting patients with sufficient prevalence and intensity of pain are needed to refine our understanding of the contribution of docetaxel to pain control in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Beer
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L586, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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