1
|
Cai WX, Zheng LW, Huang HZ, Zwahlen RA. Evidence of phenotypic stability after transduction of fluorescent proteins in two human tongue cancer cell lines. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:48-54. [PMID: 28288391 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the phenotypic stability and biological properties of two human tongue cancer cell lines after transduction of fluorescent proteins. DESIGN The human tongue cancer cell lines UM1 and UM2 were cultured with GFP and RFP lentiviral particles stock for 72h. Cells with successful transduction of fluorescent proteins were selected in a medium containing G418 antibiotics for two weeks. The proliferation rates of parental and transduced cell lines were evaluated by their population doubling time (PDT). Transduction efficiency was assessed by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry. The transduced cells in passage 1, 2, 10, 20 and 30 were collected to check the stability of fluorescent protein expression. Phenotypic stability of the transduced cells was detected by means of cell morphology, cell surface markers and cell function evaluating essay. RESULTS The proliferation rates of the transduced cell lines showed no significant difference compared to their parental cells. Successful transduction with high efficiency (99% up) was demonstrated. High fluorescence expression on both transduced cells was detected until the thirtieth generation. UM1 and UM1-GFP displayed mesenchymal cell characteristics, while UM2 and UM2-RFP cell lines showed properties characteristic of epithelial. CONCLUSIONS Two human tongue cancer cell lines of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype respectively, have been successfully labelled with green and red fluorescent proteins. The fluorescence maintained a high expression rate over thirty generations without influencing the original morphological phenotype and cadherin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Wu Zheng
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hong-Zhang Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Roger A Zwahlen
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tumorigenicity and Validity of Fluorescence Labelled Mesenchymal and Epithelial Human Oral Cancer Cell Lines in Nude Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4897986. [PMID: 27957498 PMCID: PMC5124452 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4897986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenicity and metastatic activity can be visually monitored in cancer cells that were labelled with stable fluorescence. The aim was to establish and validate local and distant spread of subcutaneously previously injected fluorescence transduced human tongue cancer cell lines of epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype in nude mice. A total of 32 four-week-old male athymic Balb/c nude mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 8). A single dose of 0.3 mL PBS containing 1 × 107 of four different cancer cell-lines (UM1, UM1-GFP, UM2, and UM2-RFP) was injected subcutaneously into the right side of their posterolateral back. Validity assessment of the labelled cancer cells' tumorigenicity was assessed by physical examination, imaging, and histology four weeks after the injection. The tumor take rate of cancer cells was similar in animals injected with either parental or transduced cancer cells. Transduced cancer cells in mice were easily detectable in vivo and after cryosection using fluorescent imaging. UM1 cells showed increased tumor take rate and mean tumor volume, presenting with disorganized histopathological patterns. Fluorescence labelled epithelial and mesenchymal human tongue cancer cell lines do not change in tumorigenicity or cell phenotype after injection in vivo.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang C, Xu L, Song G, Liu Z. Emerging nanomedicine approaches fighting tumor metastasis: animal models, metastasis-targeted drug delivery, phototherapy, and immunotherapy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6250-6269. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00458j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine approaches may bring new opportunities for tumor metastasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Ligeng Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Guosheng Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Wang LY, Feng F, Zhao Y, Huang MY, Shao Q, Chen C, Sheng H, Chen DL, Zeng ZL, Xu RH, Li YH. Effect of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on malignant biological behavior and progression of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2106-14. [PMID: 26238523 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a novel metastasis suppressor. RKIP was previously found to have low expression in a colorectal cancer (CRC) patient cohort by immunohistochemistry. However, the role of RKIP in CRC remains undetermined. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed to compare RKIP expression between 129 paired stage II CRC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The correlations between clinical parameters, prognosis and RKIP expression were evaluated. To investigate the effect of RKIP on proliferation and metastasis, RKIP was overexpressed and knocked down in colon cancer cell lines. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Transwell and wound-healing assays were performed. Murine models were established to confirm the influence of RKIP on malignant tumor phenotypes in vivo. Our results showed that RKIP expression was significantly decreased in the CRC tissues compared to the adjacent non‑cancerous tissues (p<0.001) and was correlated with the risk of relapse in stage II CRC (p<0.05). Overexpression of RKIP suppressed HCT116 cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of RKIP expression in SW480 cells and its murine model increased metastatic ability (p<0.05). No effect of RKIP on cell proliferation in CRC was observed. These data suggest that RKIP is an important metastasis-suppressor gene in CRC. The re-expression of RKIP could be a potential therapeutic target for antimetastatic strategies for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fen Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ma-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inubushi M, Jin YN, Murai C, Hata H, Kitagawa Y, Saga T. Single-photon emission computed tomography of spontaneous liver metastasis from orthotopically implanted human colon cancer cell line stably expressing human sodium/iodide symporter reporter gene. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:46. [PMID: 22953701 PMCID: PMC3560220 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND We aimed to develop a mouse spontaneous liver metastasis model from an orthotopically implanted human colon cancer cell line stably expressing a human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) reporter gene, which can be imaged with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 99mTcO4-. METHODS A recombinant plasmid containing a constitutively driven NIS gene (pcDNA3-NIS) was transfected into the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, and stable cell lines were established. The stable cells were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice. When the diameter reached 10 mm, the xenografts were excised, cut into small fragments, and orthotopically implanted into the cecal walls of another nude mice. 99mTcO4- SPECT/CT imaging was initiated 8 weeks later and repeated every 1 to 2 weeks. RESULTS The production and function of NIS protein was confirmed in vitro by Western blotting and 99mTcO4- uptake assay. On SPECT/CT imaging, focal 99mTcO4- uptake was detected in the liver. Necropsy revealed local growth of the orthotopic colon xenografts with extensive invasion, microscopic serosal metastasis, and metastatic foci in the corresponding hepatic regions showing focal 99mTcO4- uptake. Immunohistochemistry revealed high levels of NIS expression in cells forming liver tumor, indicating that the liver tumor cells originated from the orthotopic colon xenografts. CONCLUSIONS The present proof-of-concept study provided a rationale for employing a radionuclide reporter gene for the specific visualization of spontaneous liver metastasis in living mice. This unique animal model of clinically relevant and externally detectable liver metastasis will be a powerful tool for investigating tumor biology and developing novel therapies for cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Inubushi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jantscheff P, Esser N, Geipel A, Woias P, Ziroli V, Goldschmidtboing F, Massing U. Metastasizing, Luciferase Transduced MAT‑Lu Rat Prostate Cancer Models: Follow up of Bolus and Metronomic Therapy with Doxorubicin as Model Drug. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2679-95. [PMID: 24212827 PMCID: PMC3757437 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most fatal outcomes of prostate carcinoma (PCa) result from hormone-refractory variants of the tumor, especially from metastatic spread rather than from primary tumor burden. The goal of the study was to establish and apply rat MAT-Lu prostate cancer tumor models for improved non-invasive live follow up of tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo bioluminescence. We established luciferase transduced MAT-Lu rat PCa cells and studied tumor growth and metastatic processes in an ectopic as well as orthotopic setting. An intravenous bolus treatment with doxorubicin was used to demonstrate the basic applicability of in vivo imaging to follow up therapeutic intervention in these models. In vitro analysis of tissue homogenates confirmed major metastatic spread of subcutaneous tumors into the lung. Our sensitive method, however, for the first time detects metastasis also in lymph node (11/24), spleen (3/24), kidney (4/24), liver (5/24), and bone tissue (femur or spinal cord - 5/20 and 12/20, respectively). Preliminary data of orthotopic implantation (three animals) showed metastatic invasion to investigated organs in all animals but with varying preference (e.g., to lymph nodes). Intravenous bolus treatment of MAT-Lu PCa with doxorubicin reduced subcutaneous tumor growth by about 50% and the number of animals affected by metastatic lesions in lymph nodes (0/4), lung (3/6) or lumbar spine (0/2), as determined by in vivo imaging and in vitro analysis. Additionally, the possible applicability of the luciferase transduced MAT-Lu model(s) to study basic principles of metronomic therapies via jugular vein catheter, using newly established active microport pumping systems, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jantscheff
- Tumour Biology Center, Clinical Research, Department Lipids & Liposomes, Breisacher Str.117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (V.Z.); (U.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-761-206-1880; Fax: +49-761-206-261-1880
| | - Norbert Esser
- ProQinase GmbH, Breisacher Str. 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Andreas Geipel
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Georges-Köhler-Allee 106, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (A.G.); (P.W.); (F.G.)
| | - Peter Woias
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Georges-Köhler-Allee 106, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (A.G.); (P.W.); (F.G.)
| | - Vittorio Ziroli
- Tumour Biology Center, Clinical Research, Department Lipids & Liposomes, Breisacher Str.117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (V.Z.); (U.M.)
| | - Frank Goldschmidtboing
- Laboratory for Design of Microsystems, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Georges-Köhler-Allee 106, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (A.G.); (P.W.); (F.G.)
| | - Ulrich Massing
- Tumour Biology Center, Clinical Research, Department Lipids & Liposomes, Breisacher Str.117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mails: (V.Z.); (U.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao WG, Yu SN, Lu ZH, Ma YH, Gu YM, Chen J. The miR-217 microRNA functions as a potential tumor suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by targeting KRAS. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1726-33. [PMID: 20675343 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly expressed microRNA (miRNA) is frequently associated with a variety of cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we investigated the expression and possible role of miR-217 in PDAC. Data obtained by locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that miR-217 was downregulated in 76.2% (16/21) of PDAC tissues and in all tested PDAC cell lines when compared with the corresponding normal pancreatic tissue. Overexpression of miR-217 in PDAC cells inhibited tumor cell growth and anchorage-independent colony formation and miR-217 decreased tumor cell growth in nude mouse xenografts in vivo. Using in silico predictions, KRAS was defined as a potential direct target of miR-217. Data from the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed that KRAS was a direct target of miR-217. Upregulation of miR-217 could decrease KRAS protein levels and reduce the constitutive phosphorylation of downstream AKT. Downregulation of miR-217 expression in PDAC cells could increase cell anchorage-independent colony formation and KRAS protein levels. Furthermore, miR-217 expression was observed to be negatively correlated with KRAS protein expression in PDAC cell lines. We conclude that the frequently downregulated miR-217 can regulate KRAS and function as a tumor suppressor in PDAC. Therefore, miR-217 may serve as a useful therapeutic agent for miRNA-based PDAC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Gan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Hu Tong, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jantscheff P, Ziroli V, Esser N, Graeser R, Kluth J, Sukolinskaya A, Taylor LA, Unger C, Massing U. Anti-metastatic effects of liposomal gemcitabine in a human orthotopic LNCaP prostate cancer xenograft model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:981-92. [PMID: 19784785 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatal outcomes of prostate carcinoma (PCa) mostly result from metastatic spread rather than from primary tumor burden. Here, we monitored growth and metastatic spread of an orthotopic luciferase/GFP-expressing LNCaP PCa xenograft model in SCID mice by in vivo imaging and in vitro luciferase assay of tissues homogenates. Although the metastatic spread generally shows a significant correlation to primary tumor volumes, the susceptibility of various tissues to metastatic invasion was different in the number of affected animals as well as in absolute metastatic burden in the individual tissues. Using this xenograft model we showed that treatment with liposomal gemcitabine (GemLip) inhibited growth of the primary tumors (83.9 +/- 6.4%; P = 0.009) as well as metastatic burden in lymph nodes (95.6 +/- 24.0%; P = 0.047), lung (86.5 +/- 10.5%; P = 0.015), kidney (88.4 +/- 9.2%; P = 0.045) and stomach (79.5 +/- 6.6%; P = 0.036) already at very low efficient concentrations (8 mg/kg) as compared to conventional gemcitabine (360 mg/kg). Our data show that this orthotopic LNCaP xenograft PCa model seems to reflect the clinical situation characterized by the fact that at time of diagnosis, prostate neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous and thus, it is a useful model to investigate new anti-metastatic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jantscheff
- Department of Clinical Research, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Winnard PT, Kluth JB, Raman V. Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2006; 8:796-806. [PMID: 17032496 PMCID: PMC1715931 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the use of the Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system for real-time fluorescence protein-based optical imaging of metastatic progression in live animals. We found that green fluorescent protein-expressing cells (100 x 10(6)) were not detectable in a mouse cadaver phantom experiment. However, a 10-fold lower number of tdTomato-expressing cells were easily detected. Mammary fat pad xenografts of stable MDA-MB-231-tdTomato cells were generated for the imaging of metastatic progression. At 2 weeks postinjection, barely palpable tumor burdens were easily detected at the sites of injection. At 8 weeks, a small contralateral mammary fat pad metastasis was imaged and, by 13 weeks, metastases to lymph nodes were detectable. Metastases with nodular composition were detectable within the rib cage region at 15 weeks. 3-D image reconstructions indicated that the detection of fluorescence extended to approximately 1 cm below the surface. A combination of intense tdTomato fluorescence, imaging at > or = 620 nm (where autofluorescence is minimized), and the sensitivity of the Xenogen imager made this possible. This study demonstrates the utility of the noninvasive optical tracking of cancer cells during metastatic progression with endogenously expressed fluorescence protein reporters using detection wavelengths of > or = 620 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Winnard
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Chenwei L, Mahmood R, van Golen K, Greenson J, Li G, D'Silva NJ, Li X, Burant CF, Logsdon CD, Simeone DM. Identification of a putative tumor suppressor gene Rap1GAP in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:898-906. [PMID: 16424023 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosome 1p35-p36 has long been suspected to harbor a tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer and other tumors. We found that expression of rap1GAP, a gene located in this chromosomal region, is significantly down-regulated in pancreatic cancer. Only a small percentage of preneoplastic pancreatic intraductal neoplasia lesions lost rap1GAP expression, whereas loss of rap1GAP expression occurred in 60% of invasive pancreatic cancers, suggesting that rap1GAP contributes to pancreatic cancer progression. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that loss of rap1GAP promotes pancreatic cancer growth, survival, and invasion, and may function through modulation of integrin activity. Furthermore, we showed a high frequency of loss of heterozygosity of rap1GAP in pancreatic cancer. Collectively, our data identify rap1GAP as a putative tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoffman RM. Advantages of multi-color fluorescent proteins for whole-body and in vivo cellular imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:41202. [PMID: 16178626 DOI: 10.1117/1.1992485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The revolution of in vivo cancer biology enabled by fluorescent proteins is described. The high extinction coefficients, quantum yields, and unique spectral properties of fluorescent proteins have been taken advantage of in order to visualize, in real time, the important aspects of cancer in living animals, including tumor cell trafficking, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Fluorescent proteins enable whole-body imaging of tumors on internal organs. These multicolored proteins have allowed the color-coding of cancer cells growing in vivo with distinction of different cell types, including host from tumor, with single-cell resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc, 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, California 92111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang M, Jiang P, Yamamoto N, Li L, Geller J, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. Real-time whole-body imaging of an orthotopic metastatic prostate cancer model expressing red fluorescent protein. Prostate 2005; 62:374-9. [PMID: 15389802 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe here, a whole-body imageable spontaneous metastatic model of human prostate cancer developed by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) and visualized by red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression. METHODS Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells were transduced with the pLNCX2-DsRed-2-RFP retroviral vector containing the RFP and neomycin-resistance genes. A stable RFP-expressing PC-3 clone was selected in 800 microg/ml G418 in vitro and injected subcutaneously in nude mice. Stable high-level expression of RFP was maintained in the subcutaneously-growing tumors. To utilize RFP expression for metastasis studies, fragments of the subcutaneously-growing tumor, which were comprised of RFP-expressing cells, were implanted by SOI in the prostate of nude mice. RESULTS Primary tumor growth, progression, and subsequent lymphatic metastases were visualized in live, intact animals in real time by whole-body RFP fluorescence imaging. In total, 100% of the experimental animals developed lymphatic metastasis, the growth of which was monitored in real time by whole-body imaging. The aggressive lymphatic metastasis in this model reflects one of the major metastatic routes of prostate cancer in human patients. Intravital RFP imaging visualized single cancer cells in the lung and bladder. Open RFP imaging at autopsy visualized extensive primary growth and highly disseminated lymph-node metastases. CONCLUSIONS The long-wavelength emission of RFP enabled high sensitivity and resolution of microscopic tumor growth using appropriate imaging techniques. The model should be useful for the real-time evaluation of novel therapeutics for metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Maeda H, Hori S, Ohizumi H, Segawa T, Kakehi Y, Ogawa O, Kakizuka A. Effective treatment of advanced solid tumors by the combination of arsenic trioxide and L-buthionine-sulfoximine. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:737-46. [PMID: 15002036 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical application of anticancer agents has been often hampered by toxicity against normal cells, so the achievement of their cancer-specific action is still one of the major challenges to be addressed. Previously, we reported that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) could be a promising new drug against not only leukemia but also solid tumors. The cytotoxicity of As2O3 occurred through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus inhibiting radical scavenging systems would enhance the therapeutic efficacy of As2O3 provided that normal cells were relatively resistant to such a measure. Here, we report that the combination therapy of As2O3 with L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), which inhibits a critical step in glutathione synthesis, effectively enhanced in vitro growth inhibition effect of As2O3 on all 11 investigated cell lines arising from prostate, breast, lung, colon, cervix, bladder, and kidney cancers, compared with As2O3 treatment alone. Furthermore, this combination enhanced cytotoxicity to cell lines from prostate cancer with less toxicity to those from normal prostate. In vitro cytotoxic assay using ROS-related compounds demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major cytotoxic mediator among ROS molecules. Biochemical analysis showed that combined use of As2O3 and BSO blocked H2O2-scavenging systems including glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and that the degree of this blockade was well correlated with intracellular ROS levels and sensitivity to this treatment. Finally, the effectiveness of the combination therapy of As2O3 with BSO was demonstrated with an orthotopic model of prostate cancer metastasis. We propose that the combination therapy of As2O3 with BSO is a valid means of blockade of H2O2-scavenging system, and that the combination of a ROS-generating agent with an inhibitor of major scavenging systems is effective in terms of both efficacy and selectivity. Furthermore, because the effective doses of both compounds are within clinically achievable range, this report will lead to immediate benefit for the development of a new cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Maeda
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This chapter describes a new cell biology where the behavior of individual cells can be visualized in the living animal. Previously it has been demonstrated that fluorescent proteins can be used for whole-body imaging of metastatic tumor growth, bacterial infection, and gene expression. An example of the new cell biology is dual-color fluorescence imaging using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing tumors transplanted in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic mice. These models show with great clarity the details of tumor-stroma interactions and especially tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, stromal fibroblasts, and macrophages. Another example is the color coding of cells with RFP or GFP such that both cell types can be simultaneously visualized in vivo. Stem cells can also be visualized and tracked in vivo. Mice in which the regulatory elements of the stem cell marker nestin drive GFP expression enable nascent vasculature to be visualized interacting with transplanted RFP-expressing cancer cells. Nestin-driven GFP expression can also be used to visualize hair follicle stem cells. Dual-color cells expressing GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm enable real-time visualization of nuclear-cytoplasm dynamics including cell cycle events and apoptosis. Highly elongated cancer cells in capillaries in living mice were observed within skin flaps. The migration velocities of the cancer cells in the capillaries were measured by capturing images of the dual-color fluorescent cells over time. The cells in the capillaries elongated to fit the width of these vessels. The use of the dual-color cancer cells differentially labeled in the cytoplasm and nucleus and associated fluorescent imaging provide a powerful tool to understand the mechanism of cancer cell migration and deformation in small vessels.
Collapse
|
16
|
Scatena CD, Hepner MA, Oei YA, Dusich JM, Yu SF, Purchio T, Contag PR, Jenkins DE. Imaging of bioluminescent LNCaP-luc-M6 tumors: a new animal model for the study of metastatic human prostate cancer. Prostate 2004; 59:292-303. [PMID: 15042605 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal experiments examining hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer using the human LNCaP cell line have been limited to endpoint analyses. To permit longitudinal studies, we generated a luciferase-expressing cell line and used bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to non-invasively monitor the in vivo growth of primary LNCaP tumors and metastasis. METHODS LNCaP.FGC cells were transfected to constitutively express firefly luciferase. LNCaP-luc-M6 cells were tested for bioluminescent signal intensity and hormone responsiveness in vitro. The cells were implanted in subcutaneous and orthotopic sites in SCID-bg mice and imaged over time. RESULTS The LNCaP-luc-M6 cells formed subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors in SCID-bg mice, and nearly all tumor-bearing animals developed pulmonary metastases. Early detection and temporal growth of primary tumors and metastatic lesions was successfully monitored by BLI. CONCLUSIONS The LNCaP-luc-M6 cell line is a bioluminescent, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell line applicable for BLI studies to non-invasively monitor subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fu Z, Smith PC, Zhang L, Rubin MA, Dunn RL, Yao Z, Keller ET. Effects of raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on suppression of prostate cancer metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:878-89. [PMID: 12813171 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/95.12.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), an inhibitor of Raf-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), is expressed at lower levels in human C4-2B metastatic prostate cancer cells than in the parental non-metastatic LNCaP prostate cancer cells from which they were derived. We examined whether RKIP functions as a suppressor of metastasis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect RKIP expression in clinical samples of primary prostate cancer and prostate cancer metastases. LNCaP and C4-2B cells were stably transfected with plasmids that constitutively expressed antisense and sense RKIP cDNA, respectively, or with empty vector. Assays of cell proliferation, soft-agar colony formation, and in vitro cell invasion were used to examine the malignant phenotypes of the transfected cells. An orthotopic murine model was used to examine the effect of expressing RKIP in C4-2B cells on the development of spontaneous metastasis. RESULTS Clinical samples of primary prostate cancer had detectable RKIP expression, whereas clinical samples of prostate cancer metastases did not. There were no differences in the in vitro proliferation rate or colony-forming ability between the control vector-transfected and sense RKIP vector-transfected C4-2B cells or between the control vector-transfected and the antisense RKIP vector-transfected LNCaP cells. Overexpression of RKIP in C4-2B cells was associated with decreased in vitro cell invasion, decreased development of lung metastases in vivo, and decreased vascular invasion in the primary tumor but did not affect primary tumor growth in mice. CONCLUSIONS RKIP does not influence the tumorigenic properties of human prostate cancer cells. It appears to be a novel and clinically relevant suppressor of metastasis that may function by decreasing vascular invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0940, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoffman R. Green fluorescent protein imaging of tumour growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in mouse models. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3:546-56. [PMID: 12217792 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a way of imaging metastases in mice by use of tumour cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) that can be used to examine fresh tissue, both in situ and externally. These mice present many new possibilities for research including real-time studies of tumour progression, metastasis, and drug-response evaluations. We have now also introduced the GFP gene, cloned from bioluminescent organisms, into a series of human and rodent cancer-cell lines in vitro, which stably express GFP after transplantation to rodents with metastatic cancer. Techniques were also developed for transduction of tumours by GFP in vivo. With this fluorescent tool, single cells from tumours and metastases can be imaged. GFP-expressing tumours of the colon, prostate, breast, brain, liver, lymph nodes, lung, pancreas, bone, and other organs have also been visualised externally by use of quantitative transcutaneous whole-body fluorescence imaging. GFP technology has also been used for real-time imaging and quantification of angiogenesis.
Collapse
|