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Lv YB, Zhou Q, Yan JX, Luo LS, Zhang JL. Enzymolysis peptides from Mauremys mutica plastron improve the disorder of neurotransmitter system and facilitate sleep-promoting in the PCPA-induced insomnia mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114047. [PMID: 33753142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCY For many centuries, Mauremys mutica is highly valued as a food homologous Chinese herbal medicine. It has been considered useful to sedate, nourish brain and promote sleep. However, the animal experimental evidence of its sleep-promoting activity is missing in literature. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, PCPA-induced insomnia model was used to explore the sleep-promoting mechanism of enzymolysis peptides from PMM, and its main composition and chemical structure were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed using PCPA-induced insomnia model, all animals were intraperitoneally injected with PCPA (350 mg/kg·d) for two days. The sleep-promoting effect evaluated using measuring content of 5-HT, GABA, DA, IL-1, BDNF and expression of 5-HT1A receptor and GABAA receptor α1-subunit in mice brain. Primary structure of peptides was identified by HPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS. RESULTS Compared with the model group, the content of 5-HT, GABA, IL-1, BDNF in mice brain of PMM peptide groups was increased to varying degrees, the content of DA was decreased, and the gene transcription and protein expression of 5-HT1A receptor and GABAA receptor α1-subunit were almost all returned to normal levels. In addition, the primary structures of most abundant nine typical peptides in PMM peptides were identified. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that PMM peptides could improve the disorder of neurotransmitter system, restore compensatory over-expression 5-HT1A receptor and GABAA receptor α1-subunit, and have a good sleep-promoting effect. The specific amino acid composition, sequence and glycosylation modification of PMM peptides may be the key reason for their activity, which lays a foundation for the subsequent development of sleep-promoting peptide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan City Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Jia-Xing Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin-Song Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiu-Liang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Larkem I, Tarai N, Benchikha N, Messaoudi M, Begaa S, Martins M, Silva AMS, Pinto DCGA. Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of
Sesbania
bispinosa
(Jacq.) W. Wight aerial parts and seeds extracts. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imene Larkem
- Laboratory of Diversity of Ecosystems and Dynamics of Agricultural Production Systems in Arid Zones, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Nature and Life Science Biskra University Biskra Algeria
| | - Nacer Tarai
- Laboratory of Diversity of Ecosystems and Dynamics of Agricultural Production Systems in Arid Zones, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Nature and Life Science Biskra University Biskra Algeria
| | - Naima Benchikha
- Chemistry Department University of Hamma Lakhdar El‐Oued Algeria
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Chemistry Department University of Hamma Lakhdar El‐Oued Algeria
- Reactor Chemistry Department Nuclear Research Centre of Birine Djelfa Algeria
| | - Samir Begaa
- Reactor Chemistry Department Nuclear Research Centre of Birine Djelfa Algeria
| | - Miguel Martins
- Environment Department, School of Agriculture University of Lisbon (ISA) (Instituto Superior de Agronomia) Lisbon Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV‐REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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Wu W, Jiao C, Li H, Ma Y, Jiao L, Liu S. LC-MS based metabolic and metabonomic studies of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:331-340. [PMID: 29460310 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable health supplement with medicinal potential. Its chemical diversity and multiple pharmacological properties call for comprehensive methods to better understand the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic approaches just fit the purpose. OBJECTIVE Aims to give a review of recent progress on LC-MS based pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng, and metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects. METHODS The review has four sections: the first section discusses metabolic studies of ginsenosides based on LC-MS, the second focuses on ginsenoside-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic interaction between herb compounds based on LC-MS, the third is phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng based on LC-MS, and the fourth deals with metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects based on LC-MS. RESULTS LC-MS based metabonomic research on ginseng include analysis of single ginsenoside and total ginsenosides. The theory of multi-components and multi-targeted mechanisms helps to explain ginseng effects. CONCLUSION LC-MS based metabonomics is a promising way to comprehensively assess ginseng. It is valuable for quality control and mechanism studies of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxi Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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Rashad H, Metwally FM, Ezzat SM, Salama MM, Hasheesh A, Abdel Motaal A. Randomized double-blinded pilot clinical study of the antidiabetic activity of Balanites aegyptiaca and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identification of its metabolites. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1954-1961. [PMID: 28724331 PMCID: PMC6130648 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1354388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllaceae) fruits are traditionally known for the treatment of hyperglycaemia. Several in vitro and in vivo studies proposed some mechanisms of action. However, clinical trials in human beings were never reported to date. OBJECTIVES To investigate the antidiabetic efficacy of the 70% ethanol extract of the pericarps of B. aegyptiaca (BE) within a nutritional intervention in elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis was used for metabolic profiling of BE which was incorporated in hard gelatine capsules (400 mg/day) and tested on 30 type 2 diabetes (T2D) Egyptian patients for 8 weeks. According to sex, age and body mass index participants were divided into two equivalent groups, placebo and treatment. RESULTS Thirteen compounds were identified in BE using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis among which five steroidal saponins, seven phenolic compounds and a sterol glucoside. At the end of the 8-week treatment, the treated group showed 26.88% decrease in 2 h postprandial plasma glucose relative to 2.6% increase in the placebo group, while fasting plasma glucose was reduced to 10.3%. Treatment with BE capsules for 8 weeks produced significant reduction in the plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 9.0, 12.76 and 21.35%, respectively, with 29.8% increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were reduced by 42.6 and 43.3%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Administration of the BE capsules to T2D resulted in significant improvements in the glycaemic markers and the lipid profile, without adverse effects or hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Rashad
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Fateheya M Metwally
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | - Maha M Salama
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
| | - Adel Hasheesh
- c Department of Research on children with special needs , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Amira Abdel Motaal
- b Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Giza , Egypt
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Jæger D, Ndi CP, Crocoll C, Simpson BS, Khakimov B, Guzman-Genuino RM, Hayball JD, Xing X, Bulone V, Weinstein P, Møller BL, Semple SJ. Isolation and Structural Characterization of Echinocystic Acid Triterpenoid Saponins from the Australian Medicinal and Food Plant Acacia ligulata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2692-2698. [PMID: 28976773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Australian plant Acacia ligulata has a number of traditional food and medicinal uses by Australian Aboriginal people, although no bioactive compounds have previously been isolated from this species. Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanolic extract of the mature pods of A. ligulata led to the isolation of the two new echinocystic acid triterpenoid saponins, ligulatasides A (1) and B (2), which differ in the fine structure of their glycan substituents. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and saccharide linkage analysis. These are the first isolated compounds from A. ligulata and the first fully elucidated structures of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia sensu stricto having echinocystic acid reported as the aglycone. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against a human melanoma cancer cell line (SK-MEL28) and a diploid fibroblast cell line (HFF), but showed only weak activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Jæger
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Chi P Ndi
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University , Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Philip Weinstein
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Birger L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susan J Semple
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Adesanwo JK, Ogundele SB, Akinpelu DA, McDonald AG. Chemical Analyses, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Cola nitida Seed. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 2:67-77. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stavrianidi A, Stekolshchikova E, Porotova A, Rodin I, Shpigun O. Combination of HPLC–MS and QAMS as a new analytical approach for determination of saponins in ginseng containing products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 132:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu C, Yu M, Li S. Extraction, isolation, and aromatase inhibitory evaluation of low-polar ginsenosides from Panax ginseng leaves. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1483:20-29. [PMID: 28027838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technique was elaborately coupled with centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and photo-diode array detector (PDA). This approach was applied to obtain low-polar ginsenoside fractions from the leaves of Panax ginseng. The CPC fractions were isolated and analyzed using the hyphenated technique, and followed by testing and evaluation of their aromatase inhibitory effects. Subsequently, the aromatase inhibition rates of the compositions in the CPC fractions were calculated using a multivariable linear regression model. A biphasic ethyl acetate/n-butanol/ethanol/water solvent system with respective volume ratios of 10:2:2:8 was used for the ASE and CPC separation of 200g of leaves of P. ginseng raw material. The (lower) aqueous phase of the abovementioned solvent system was used as the extraction solvent. The ginsenosides were subjected to ASE, and the extraction solution was pumped into the sample loop and then directly into the CPC column. The CPC fractions were collected and monitored by an online UHPLC/PDA system at 5-min intervals. The aromatase inhibitory activities of CPC fractions were analyzed by a fluorescence method, with mathematical calculations indicating that the inhibition rates of ginsenosides Rk1, Rg5, Rs5, 20R-Rg3, and Rs4 exceeded 50.00%; indicating that the aforementioned chemical compounds have potential for further development. The results were validated by comparison with authentic standards, indicating that the method used in this research was accurate and advantageous for matrix analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Branch of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Erdao District, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun 130032, China.
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 8 East Avenue, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Sainan Li
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Changji Road, Erdao District, Changchun 130032, China
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9
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Dai G, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Zhang Q, Zong Y, Liu S, Li C, Ju W. Simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Re in rat plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3368-74. [PMID: 27412519 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhitao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy Office; Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhangjiagang China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Yang Zong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Changyin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Wenzheng Ju
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
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Ma FW, Xia B, Luo SH, Li SH, Zhou Y. Analysis of the lithiated leucosceptroids from Leucosceptrum canum to facilitate their identification and differentiation by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:100-110. [PMID: 27539423 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Leucosceptroids, isolated from Leucosceptrum canum (L. canum), are sesterterpenoids with novel molecular scaffolds which possess potent antifeedant activities. Their molecular scaffolds comprise a 5,6,5-framework with a great diversity due to different hydroxylation and substituent positions. The biological activities of leucosceptroids are affected by the subtle structural differences. The structural characterization and differentiation of the leucosceptroid isomers are of great importance. METHODS Firstly, different kinds of cation adducts of leucosceptroids were examined by adding alkali metal ions to the solution, and the lithiated adducts of leucosceptroid were found to be readily formed and yielded characteristic fragment ions under collision-induced dissociation (CID). Then, a systematic mass spectrometric investigation of the [M + Li](+) ions was carried out to clarify their characteristic fragment pathways by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight-type tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The proposed fragmentation pathways were confirmed through ion trap ESI-MS(n) (n ≥ 3) spectra. Finally, the proposed MS/MS method was applied to investigate the extracts of L. canum. RESULTS A specific fragmentation pathway of the lithiated adduct, which leads to the production of diagnostic ions of leucosceptroids, was observed. This fragmentation is initiated by cleavage of the C-ring and leads to formation of two types of ions by further dissociation. Both pathways could yield characteristic fragment ions, which could be used to define the substituents at the skeletal structure and at the C-ring. The representative characteristic fragmentations of [M + Li](+) ions and the proposed fragmentation pathways were successfully adopted to investigate the L. canum extracts, and a total of eleven leucosceptroids were identified or tentatively characterized. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic fragmentation pathways of [M + Li](+) species of leucosceptroid isomers were proposed. Three types of leucosceptroid isomers were successfully differentiated. Eleven leucosceptroids were characterized from L. canum extracts. The fragmentation knowledge will facilitate the analysis of leucosceptroids and other sesterterpenoids in future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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11
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Xiu Y, Zhao H, Gao Y, Liu W, Liu S. Chemical transformation of ginsenoside Re by a heteropoly acid investigated using HPLC-MSn/HRMS. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and pathway of heteropoly acid-derived chemical transformation of ginsenoside Re are investigated using multistage tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Gao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
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12
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Bai Y, Gänzle MG. Conversion of ginsenosides by Lactobacillus plantarum studied by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole trap mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2015; 76:709-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Peng Y, Zhao L, Lin D, Liu Y, Zhang M, Song S. Determination of the chemical constituents of the different processed products of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Rhizomes by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:508-19. [PMID: 26230281 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to study chemical compositions of different processed products of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (RA). A Grace Alltima(TM) C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for separation. Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, using gradient elution. ESI-MS data was acquired in both positive and negative mode. The experiment was established on the basis of a series of reference substances (two xanthone and seven saponins) to qualitatively identify the chemical compounds of different processed products of RA by MS analysis. There was no difference in the type of chemical constituents between different processed products of RA. A total of 25 compounds were identified, including four xanthones, 21 steroidal saponins and eight pairs of isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - ShaoJiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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14
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Stavrianidi A, Rodin I, Braun A, Stekolshchikova E, Shpigun O. Single-run HPLC/ESI-LITMS profiling of ginsenosides in plant extracts and ginseng based products. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:853-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Stavrianidi
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor Rodin
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Arkady Braun
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Oleg Shpigun
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
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15
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Wang W, Sun W, Dong L, Qu X, Shi J, Li KJ, Li B, Ma DP. Simultaneous quantification of two steroidal glycosides after oral gavage ofMarsdenia tenacissimaextract in rats using a LC-MS/MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:633-40. [PMID: 25223404 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Second General and Oncology; Benxi Central Hospital; Benxi 117000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of hepatology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116001 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Qu
- Department of Second Neurology; the Frist Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Shi
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116001 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Jun Li
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116001 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of hepatology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116001 People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Peng Ma
- Intensive Care Unit; the Sixth People's Hospital of Dalian; Dalian 116021 People's Republic of China
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16
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Bahrami Y, Zhang W, Chataway T, Franco C. Structure elucidation of five novel isomeric saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4439-73. [PMID: 25110919 PMCID: PMC4145325 DOI: 10.3390/md12084439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are prolific producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to purify and characterize one class of compound, the saponins, from the viscera of the Australian sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. The saponins were obtained by ethanolic extraction of the viscera and enriched by a liquid-liquid partition process and adsorption column chromatography. A high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was applied to the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with high purity. The resultant purified saponins were profiled using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS which revealed the structure of isomeric saponins to contain multiple aglycones and/or sugar residues. We have elucidated the structure of five novel saponins, Holothurins D/E and Holothurinosides X/Y/Z, along with seven reported triterpene glycosides, including sulfated and non-sulfated saponins containing a range of aglycones and sugar moieties, from the viscera of H. lessoni. The abundance of novel compounds from this species holds promise for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Tim Chataway
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Chris Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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Bahrami Y, Zhang W, Franco C. Discovery of novel saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2633-67. [PMID: 24821624 PMCID: PMC4052309 DOI: 10.3390/md12052633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers, sometimes referred to as marine ginseng, produce numerous compounds with diverse functions and are potential sources of active ingredients for agricultural, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. We examined the viscera of an Australian sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni Massin et al. 2009, for novel bioactive compounds, with an emphasis on the triterpene glycosides, saponins. The viscera were extracted with 70% ethanol, and this extract was purified by a liquid-liquid partition process and column chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. The isobutanol saponin-enriched mixture was further purified by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) with high purity and recovery. The resultant purified polar samples were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS)/MS and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS to identify saponins and characterize their molecular structures. As a result, at least 39 new saponins were identified in the viscera of H. lessoni with a high structural diversity, and another 36 reported triterpene glycosides, containing different aglycones and sugar moieties. Viscera samples have provided a higher diversity and yield of compounds than observed from the body wall. The high structural diversity and novelty of saponins from H. lessoni with potential functional activities presents a great opportunity to exploit their applications for industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Chris Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
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18
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Determination of platycodin D and platycodin D3 in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:231293. [PMID: 24592150 PMCID: PMC3926248 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum has long been used as a traditional oriental medicine for respiratory disorder. Platycodin D (PD) is known as the main component isolated from the root of PG. A simple and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of PD in rat plasma. Quantitation was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer employing electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.0 min, and the calibration curves of PD were linear over the concentration range of 50-10,000 ng/mL in rat plasma. The coefficient of variation and relative error at five QC levels were 1.0 to 8.8% and 0.7 to 8.7%, respectively. After a single oral administration of 500 mg/kg and a single intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of 3% PD extract (a PG extract including 3% of PD), platycodin D and platycodin D3 were detected and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The oral bioavailability of platycodin D and platycodin D3 was 0.29% and 1.35% in rats at 500 mg/kg of 3% PD extract of PG, respectively. The present method can be applied to pharmacokinetic analysis of platycodins and platycosides of the PG.
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Jeong EK, Ha IJ, Kim YS, Na YC. Glycosylated platycosides: identification by enzymatic hydrolysis and structural determination by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:61-8. [PMID: 24327461 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis and chemometric methods were utilized to discriminate glycosylated platycosides in the extract of Platycodi Radix by LC-MS. Laminarinase, whose enzymatic activity was evaluated using gentiobiose and laminaritriose, was a suitable enzyme to identify the glycosylated platycosides. The laminarinase produced deapi-platycodin D and platycodin D from the isolated deapi-platycoside E and platycoside E through the loss of two glucose units by enzymatic reaction, respectively. After hydrolyzing a crude extract by laminarinase, the reconstructed total ion chromatogram generated by a chemometric technique sorted peaks of deglycosylated platycosides easily. Structural information of the glycosylated isomers was revealed through fragment ions generated by the sodiated C0β ion corresponding to reduced disaccharides in the positive MS(4) spectra. Characteristic fragment ions of Glc-(1→6)-Glc moieties were observed through ring cleavages of (0,2)A0β, (0,3)A0β, and (0,4)A0β, whereas Glc-(1→3)-Glc moieties produced only (0,3)A0β ions. Lithium-adducted platycosides allowed more detailed structural analysis of glycosidic bond cleavage corresponding to Y1β and B1β in addition to ring cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Jeong
- Analytical Research Division, Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Stavrianidi A, Rodin I, Braun A, Shpigun O. The use of linear ion trap for qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in Korean ginseng tea. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:765-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Stavrianidi
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991; Moscow; Russia
| | - Igor Rodin
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991; Moscow; Russia
| | - Arkady Braun
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991; Moscow; Russia
| | - Oleg Shpigun
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991; Moscow; Russia
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Kasper PT, Rojas-Chertó M, Mistrik R, Reijmers T, Hankemeier T, Vreeken RJ. Fragmentation trees for the structural characterisation of metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2275-86. [PMID: 22956319 PMCID: PMC3573646 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite identification plays a crucial role in the interpretation of metabolomics research results. Due to its sensitivity and widespread implementation, a favourite analytical method used in metabolomics is electrospray mass spectrometry. In this paper, we demonstrate our results in attempting to incorporate the potentials of multistage mass spectrometry into the metabolite identification routine. New software tools were developed and implemented which facilitate the analysis of multistage mass spectra and allow for efficient removal of spectral artefacts. The pre-processed fragmentation patterns are saved as fragmentation trees. Fragmentation trees are characteristic of molecular structure. We demonstrate the reproducibility and robustness of the acquisition of such trees on a model compound. The specificity of fragmentation trees allows for distinguishing structural isomers, as shown on a pair of isomeric prostaglandins. This approach to the analysis of the multistage mass spectral characterisation of compounds is an important step towards formulating a generic metabolite identification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr T Kasper
- Netherlands Metabolomics CentreEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Rojas-Chertó
- Netherlands Metabolomics CentreEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo Reijmers
- Netherlands Metabolomics CentreEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Netherlands Metabolomics CentreEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Netherlands Metabolomics CentreEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wu W, Qin Q, Guo Y, Sun J, Liu S. Studies on the chemical transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides R(e), R(g2), and R(f) using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10007-10014. [PMID: 22991995 DOI: 10.1021/jf302638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for analysis of chemical transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides Re, Rg2, and Rf in acidic conditions. The transformation products were identified by comparing the retention time of the standard compounds, the accurate mass measurement, and the fragment ions obtained from RRLC-Q-TOF-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. The specific product ions of aglycone PPT (m/z 475), C-24- and C-25-hydrated PPT (m/z 493), and Δ20(21) or Δ20(22) dehydration PPT (m/z 457) by MS/MS were discussed for structural characterization. Experiments demonstrated that chemical transformation mechanisms of 20(S)-PPT-type ginsenosides in acidic conditions include hydrolysis of saccharide substitution, Δ20(21) or Δ20(22) dehydration, and hydration addition reactions at C-24 and C-25. The chemical transformation pathway for 20(S)-PPT-type ginsenosides was summarized. The developed RRLC-Q-TOF-MS method was also applied for comparative analysis of 20(S)-PPT ginsenoside and related chemical transformation products in ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117, People's Republic of China
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23
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Yang WZ, Ye M, Qiao X, Liu CF, Miao WJ, Bo T, Tao HY, Guo DA. A strategy for efficient discovery of new natural compounds by integrating orthogonal column chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis: Its application in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng to characterize 437 potential new ginsenosides. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 739:56-66. [PMID: 22819050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To discover new natural compounds from herbal medicines tends to be more and more difficult. In this paper, a strategy integrating orthogonal column chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis was proposed, and was applied for rapid discovery of new ginsenosides from Panax ginseng (PG), Panax quinquefolium (PQ), and Panax notoginseng (PN). The ginsenosides extracts were fractionated by MCI gel×silica gel orthogonal column chromatography. The fractions were then separated on a C(18) HPLC column, eluted with a three-component mobile phase (CH(3)CN/CH(3)OH/3mM CH(3)COONH(4)H(2)O), and detected by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of unknown ginsenosides were elucidated by analyzing negative and positive ion mass spectra, which provided complementary information on the sapogenins and oligosaccharide chains, respectively. A total of 623 comprising 437 potential new ginsenosides were characterized from the ethanol extracts of PG, PQ and PN. New acylations, diversified saccharide chains and C-17 side chains constituted novelty of the newly identified ginsenosides. An interpretation guideline was proposed for structural characterization of unknown ginsenosides by LC/MS. To confirm reliability of this strategy, two targeted unknown trace ginsenosides were obtained in pure form by LC/MS-guided isolation. Based on extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis and other techniques, they were identified as 3-O-[6-O-(E)-butenoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1,2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol-20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1,6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (named ginsenoside IV) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1,2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3β,12β,20(S),24(R)-tetra hydroxy-dammar-25-ene-20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1,6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (ginsenoside V), respectively. The fully established structures were consistent with the MS-oriented structural elucidation. This study expanded our understanding on ginsenosides of Panax species, and the proposed strategy was proved efficient and reliable in the discovery of new minor compounds from herbal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Wang X, Kapoor V, Smythe GA. Extraction and Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Active Principles from Selected Chinese Herbs and Other Medicinal Plants. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 31:927-44. [PMID: 14992545 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0300165x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs have a long history of use in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine and a substantial body of evidence has, over recent decades, demonstrated a range of important pharmacological properties. Western biomedical researchers are examining not only the efficacy of the traditional herbal products but, through the use of a range of bioassays and analytical techniques, are developing improved methods to isolate and characterize active components. This review briefly describes the different extraction methodologies used in the preparation of herbal extracts and reviews the utility of chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of their active components. In particular, applications of gas or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the isolation and characterization of active components of ginseng are critically assessed. The analysis of toxic substances from herb extracts with mass spectrometric techniques is also discussed along with the potential for mass spectrometric methods to investigate the proteomics of herbal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosuo Wang
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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25
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Zhang Y, Pan J, Zhong J, Wang Y, Fan X, Cheng Y. Virtual separation of phytochemical constituents by their adduct-ion patterns in full mass spectra. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:181-93. [PMID: 22265785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a tool called classifier for traditional Chinese medicine (CTCM) was developed to facilitate the discrimination of phytochemical constituents in two-dimensional datasets of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Based on the full mass spectral characteristics of components in a mixture, particularly their adduct-ion patterns, an entire LC/MS dataset can be separated into several sub-datasets, each corresponding to one or several types of natural products. CTCM has been verified using 24 standard compounds and successfully applied in two previously reported LC/MS datasets, which confirmed the capability of proposed tool to extract adduct-ion patterns from LC/MS datasets. Moreover, the LC/MS dataset of a Wei-Fu-Chun (WFC) tablet, a prescription drug consisting of three crude herbs used for the treatment of enteric diseases, was analyzed using CTCM. The analysis indicated that the compounds in WFC could be split into three groups, with the main constituents including saponins from Radix Ginseng Rubra, flavonoids from Fructus aurantii, and phenolic compounds from Isodon amethystoides. The major compounds in the three groups were either positively identified or tentatively characterized by multi-stage and high resolution MS. The proposed tool provides a novel approach for processing the LC/MS datasets of complex samples, such as traditional Chinese medicine and botanical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Rojas-Chertó M, Kasper PT, Willighagen EL, Vreeken RJ, Hankemeier T, Reijmers TH. Elemental composition determination based on MS(n). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:2376-83. [PMID: 21757467 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Identification of metabolites is essential for its use as biomarkers, for research in systems biology and for drug discovery. The first step before a structure can be elucidated is to determine its elemental composition. High-resolution mass spectrometry, which provides the exact mass, together with common constraint rules, for rejecting false proposed elemental compositions, cannot always provide one unique elemental composition solution. RESULTS The Multistage Elemental Formula (MEF) tool is presented in this article to enable the correct assignment of elemental composition to compounds, their fragment ions and neutral losses that originate from the molecular ion by using multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)). The method provided by MEF reduces the list of predicted elemental compositions for each ion by analyzing the elemental compositions of its parent (precursor ion) and descendants (fragments). MS(n) data of several metabolites were processed using the MEF tool to assign the correct elemental composition and validate the efficacy of the method. Especially, the link between the mass accuracy needed to generate one unique elemental composition and the topology of the MS(n) tree (the width and the depth of the tree) was addressed. This method makes an important step toward semi-automatic de novo identification of metabolites using MS(n) data. AVAILABILITY Software available at: http://abs.lacdr.gorlaeus.net/people/rojas-cherto CONTACT m.rojas@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl; t.reijmers@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rojas-Chertó
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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27
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Simultaneous determination of three Panax notoginseng saponins at sub-nanograms by LC–MS/MS in dog plasma for pharmacokinetics of compound Danshen tablets. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3331-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Tang JS, Zhao F, Gao H, Dai Y, Yao ZH, Hong K, Li J, Ye WC, Yao XS. Characterization and online detection of surfactin isomers based on HPLC-MS(n) analyses and their inhibitory effects on the overproduction of nitric oxide and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2605-18. [PMID: 21116409 PMCID: PMC2992995 DOI: 10.3390/md8102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid method for characterization and online detection of surfactin isomers was developed based on HPLC-MS(n) (n = 1, 2, 3) analyses, and many surfactin isomers were detected and characterized from the bioactive fraction of the mangrove bacterium Bacillus sp. Inhibitory activities of surfactin isomers on the overproduction of nitric oxide and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages were systematically investigated. It was revealed that the surfactin isomers showed strong inhibitory properties on the overproduction of nitric oxide and the release of IL-6 on LPS-induced murine macrophage cell RAW264.7 with IC(50) values ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the existence of the free carboxyl group in the structure of surfactin isomers was crucial. These findings will be very helpful for the development of this novel kind of natural product as new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 206005, Shandong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yi Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Kui Hong
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mail:
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (J.-S.T.); (Y.D.); (Z.-H.Y.); (W.-C.Y.)
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Taira S, Ikeda R, Yokota N, Osaka I, Sakamoto M, Kato M, Sahashi Y. Mass spectrometric imaging of ginsenosides localization in Panax ginseng root. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:485-93. [PMID: 20503467 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10008007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We performed mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) to localize ginsenosides (Rb(1), Rb(2) or Rc, and Rf) in cross-sections of the Panax ginseng root at a resolution of 100 microm using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of alkali metal-adducted ginsenoside ions revealed structural information of the corresponding saccharides and aglycone. MALDI-MSI confirmed that ginsenosides were located more in the cortex and the periderm than that in the medulla of a lateral root. In addition, it revealed that localization of ginsenosides in a root tip (diameter, 2.7 mm) is higher than that in the center of the root (diameter, 7.3 mm). A quantitative difference was detected between localizations of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside (Rb(1), Rb(2), or Rc) and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside (Rf) in the root. This imaging approach is a promising technique for rapid evaluation and identification of medicinal saponins in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Taira
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
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30
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Wang J, Bai HL, Liu CM, Li L. Isolation and Purification of Ginsenosides from Plant Extract of Panax quinquefolium L. by High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography Coupled with ELSD. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Perrone A, Muzashvili T, Napolitano A, Skhirtladze A, Kemertelidze E, Pizza C, Piacente S. Steroidal glycosides from the leaves of Ruscus colchicus: isolation and structural elucidation based on a preliminary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry profiling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:2078-2088. [PMID: 19772977 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC-ESIMS(n) method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray positive ionisation multistage ion trap mass spectrometry, has been used as an effective tool to rapidly identify and guide the isolation of target saponins from the ethanol extract of the leaves of Ruscus colchicus Y. Yeo. Twenty-two steroidal glycosides, including seventeen furostanol, four spirostanol and one cholestane glycosides, were online identified. Subsequently, compounds were isolated and their structures were established by the extensive use of 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. The structures identified by MS were fully consistent with those elucidated by NMR data. Sixteen steroidal glycosides, including thirteen furostanol, two spirostanol and one cholestane glycosides, were identified along with four known furostanol and two spirostanol glycosides. The saponin profile shows that the furostanol glycosides are the main constituents of R. colchicus extract, unlike the other Ruscus species, for which the spirostanol derivatives generally are reported as the major compounds. Moreover, for the first time a cholestane glycoside has been isolated from R. colchicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Perrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Man S, Gao W, Zhang Y, Jin X, Ma C, Huang X, Li Q. Characterization of steroidal saponins in saponin extract from Paris polyphylla by liquid chromatography tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Deng GF, Wang DL, Meng MX, Hu F, Yao TW. Simultaneous determination of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and icariin in rat plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen J, Lu Y, Lin L, Sun Z, Sun C, Pan Y. Differentiation of configurations of the phenylbutenoid dimer derivatives from Zingiber cassumunar by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1654-1658. [PMID: 19408345 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was developed to distinguish isomers and compounds of similar structures with different configurations in the rhizomes of Z. cassumunar. Energy-resolved breakdown curves were utilized to differentiate four compounds. Compounds 2 (3R,4S) and 4 (3R,4R) were a pair of stereoisomers which could be distinguished easily by breakdown curves. The breakdown curve of compound 1 was identical to that of compound 2, which suggested that the configuration of compound 1 was (3R,4S) or (3S,4R). The breakdown curve of compound 3 was completely different from those of compounds 1, 2 and 4, and it might be that the configuration of the double bond of compound 3 was different from the other three compounds. Hence, the described method using breakdown curves has great potential in the distinguishing of isomers and compounds of similar structure with different configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Shi P, He Q, Zhang Y, Qu H, Cheng Y. Characterisation and identification of isomeric dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra Chinensis by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:197-206. [PMID: 19259942 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans are bioactive constituents in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. They are often present as isomers and this makes structural discrimination difficult. OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid approach towards the characterisation and identification of isomeric dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from S. chinensis using HPLC-PAD-ESI-MS(n). METHODOLOGY The fragmentation behaviours of seven dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from S. chinensis were studied using ion trap mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionisation and loop injection. The fragmentation patterns of angeloylgomisin H, tigloylgomisin H, benzoylgomisin H and gomisin D were supported by high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of some characteristic ions using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection, the established approach to the structural identification of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans by ion trap mass spectrometry was applied to the analysis of extracts of S. chinensis. RESULTS According to the HPLC retention behaviour, the diagnostic UV spectra and the molecular structural information provided by multistage mass spectrometry spectra and the literature, a total of 25 dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, including seven groups of lignan isomers, were identified or tentatively characterised in S. chinensis rapidly. One of these was reported as a constituent of S. chinensis for the first time. CONCLUSION This study has shown that HPLC-PAD-ESI-MS(n) may be used as an effective and rapid method for the characterisation and identification of isomeric dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from S. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Shi
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310,058, People's Republic of China
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36
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LI L, LIU C, LIU Z, TSAO R, LIU S. Identification of Phenylethanoid Glycosides in Plant Extract ofPlantago asiaticaL. by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Liu Y, Li J, He J, Abliz Z, Qu J, Yu S, Ma S, Liu J, Du D. Identification of new trace triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:667-679. [PMID: 19189343 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive constituents of Panax notoginseng. In the study reported here, the fragmentation behavior of triterpenoid saponins from P. notoginseng was investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n))and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS(n)). Analyses revealed that product ions from glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages can give a wealth of structural information regarding the nature of the aglycone, sugar types, the sequence and linkage information of sugar units. It is noted that different glycosylation positions remarkably influenced the fragmentation behaviors, which could assist in the differentiation of saponin analogues. To rationalize this characteristic, the collision energy required for various glycosidic cleavages was investigated. According to the summarized fragmentation rules, identification of triterpenoid saponins from the roots of P. notoginseng could be fulfilled, even when reference standards were unavailable. Furthermore, minor and trace constituents were enriched and detected by eliminating the major constituents in one of the saponin fractions. As a result, a total of 151 saponins, including 56 new trace ones, were identified or tentatively characterized from saponin fractions based on their retention times, HPLC/HRMS, HPLC/ESI-MS(n) fragmentation behaviors and comparison with literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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Chen J, He S, Mao H, Sun C, Pan Y. Characterization of polyphenol compounds from the roots and stems of Parthenocissus laetevirens by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:737-744. [PMID: 19204932 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A facile method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI-MSn) has been established for the analyses of polyphenol compounds in the root and stems of Parthenocissus laetevirens. Two characteristic fragments [C3O2 (68 Da) and C2H2O (42 Da)] were utilized for the structural identification of polyphenols. Based on the reference standards, the fragment C3O2 was presented when the compound possessed a 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-4, 6-diol moiety. Meanwhile, the C2H2O fragment (42 Da) yielded from the resorcinol ring was confirmed by resveratrol and three synthesized compounds identified as (E)-5-styrylbenzene-1,3-diol, (E)-4-styrylphenol and (E)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)phenol. FTICR-MSn was performed to further confirm the structures of the fragments. Overall, 15 polyphenol compounds were characterized. Three polyphenol compounds were initially and tentatively characterized from P. laetevirens for the first time, and one was proposed as a novel compound. Furthermore, a pair of stereoisomers was readily distinguished by breakdown curves, and the trans-, cis-isomers could be identified by HPLC/DAD-UV spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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GUO M, ZHANG L, LIU Z. Analysis of Saponins from Leaves of Aralia elata by Liquid Chromatography and Multi-stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:753-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan GUO
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lei ZHANG
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Zhiqiang LIU
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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40
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Christensen LP. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2008; 55:1-99. [PMID: 18772102 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)00401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane- and oleanane-type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Christensen
- Research Center Aarslev, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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41
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Paul AT, Vir S, Bhutani K. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based quantification of steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum xanthocarpum and effect of different extraction methods on their content. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1208:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Analysis of Saponin Mixtures from Alfalfa ( Medicago Sativa L.) Roots using Mass Spectrometry with MALDI Techniques. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This model study demonstrates the value of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) MS in global analysis of mixtures of saponin isolates. Unfractionated saponin extract derived from alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.] roots was analyzed. In addition, a few saponin fractions that were purified from the same extract by a series of chromatographic steps were also studied. MALDI mass spectrometry utilized TOF, TOF/TOF and QqTOF analyzers. Low-resolution fingerprints of the mixture characterized the sample in terms of a minimal number of distinct saponin components. The main species observed under MALDI-TOF and oMaldi-QqTOF MS positive ion mode conditions were sodiated pseudomolecular ions [M+Na]+. No protonated molecular ions [M+H]+ were detected. The MS/MS spectra acquired on [M+Na]+ precursor ions under conditions of collision induced dissociation (CID) were dominated by cleavages at glycosidic bonds. Product ions representing free aglycones were either absent or present at low intensities and were never observed for structures carrying an oligosaccharide bound to a sapogenin at the C3- O-position. In general, product ion series generated from CID fragmentation of glycans bound via an ether bond ( e.g., C3- O-position in medicagenic acid) were consistent with the gas phase cleavages of each of the glycosidic bonds within the oligosaccharide, thus revealing the primary structure. In contrast, glycans bound via an ester bond ( e.g., C28- O-position in MA) were released as intact sodiated species. A total of 78 pseudomolecular ions demonstrating signal-to-noise ratios above 5 were observed in the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of unfractionated root extract from M. sativa. Molecular masses of 52 out of 78 were consistent with at least one known or novel saponin structure, with 10 of those 52 likely representing doubly sodiated saponin species. Calculated masses of the majority of the known M. sativa saponin structures were matched to experimental pseudomolecular ion masses. MS/MS analysis of unfractionated extract allowed us to propose putative structures for 51 saponins: 15 of these corresponded to the known M. sativa species, 8 to other Medicago genus species and 26 were not reported before for Medicago genus. We submit that the approach described here might serve as a high throughput strategy for evaluating effects of stressors or genetic manipulation on the overall composition of the saponin content of an organism.
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Liang XM, Jin Y, Wang YP, Jin GW, Fu Q, Xiao YS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2033-44. [PMID: 18656880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation techniques with high efficiency and sensitive detection have been widely used for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are commonly used to separate various components in TCMs. Ultraviolet detection, fluorescence detection, evaporative light-scattering detection, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can be applied to separation techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCMs. The development of quality control for TCMs based on quantitative and qualitative analysis from 2000 to 2007 are reviewed; the fingerprint technique is also discussed due to its broad application in the quality control of TCMs. Prospects for further research based on our primary results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-miao Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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Chen J, Ye Y, Sun C, Pan Y. Rapid identification of oleanane-type saponins in the roots of Stephanotis mucronata by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Xia C, Wang G, Sun J, Hao H, Xiong Y, Gu S, Shang L, Zheng C. Simultaneous determination of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rd, Rb1 and ophiopogonin D in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method and its application to pharmacokinetic study of ‘SHENMAI’ injection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Sun H, Lv H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Bi K, Cao H. A rapid and sensitive UPLC-ESI MS method for analysis of isofraxidin, a natural antistress compound, and its metabolites in rat plasma. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3202-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lin S, Wang D, Yang D, Yao J, Tong Y, Chen J. Characterization of steroidal saponins in crude extract from Dioscorea nipponica Makino by liquid chromatography tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:98-106. [PMID: 17765069 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) method was developed for the analyses and characterization of steroidal saponins in plant extract from the rhizome of Dioscorea nipponica Makino. The HPLC experiments were performed by means of a reversed-phase C18 column and a binary mobile phase system consisting of water and acetonitrile under gradient elution conditions. Pseudoprotodioscin, methyl protodioscin and dioscin were identified by comparing the retention times, UV spectra and the fragmentation properties of [M-H]- ions with the authentic standards. Four groups of steroidal saponin isomers possessed the [M-H]- ions at m/z 1063, 1045, 901 and 1047, respectively, were observed during the LC-ESI(-)-MS analysis, and three groups of them except the pair of isomers with the [M-H]- ions at m/z 1047 could be differentiated by LC-ESI(-)-MS3. Furthermore, the ESI-MS(n) fragmentation behaviors of the [M+Li]+ ions of pseudoprotodioscin and methyl protodioscin have been investigated, and the observed information helped the structural elucidation of the more abundant isomer with the [M-H]- ion at m/z 1047. As the result, a special sugar sequence of the saccharide chains was observed that not glucose but rhamnose might be connected with the hydroxyl group at C-3 position of the steroidal aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Chapagain BP, Wiesman Z. Determination of saponins in the kernel cake of Balanites aegyptiaca by HPLC-ESI/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2007; 18:354-62. [PMID: 17623371 DOI: 10.1002/pca.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The kernel cake produced from Balanites aegyptiaca fruit of Israeli origin was analysed for its saponin constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The HPLC was equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column and a refractive index detector (RID), and elution was isocratic with methanol and water (70:30). The MS system was equipped with electrospray ionisation (ESI). Nine compounds were chromatographically separated, their masses were determined in the negative ion mode and subsequent fragmentation of each component was carried out. From the nine components, six saponins with molecular masses of 1196, 1064, 1210, 1224, 1078 and 1046 Da were identified, with the compound of mass 1210 Da being the main saponin (ca. 36%). Saponins with masses of 1224 and 1046 Da have not been previously reported in B. aegyptiaca. In all saponins, diosgenin was found to be the sole aglycone. This study shows that HPLC-ESI/MS is a quick and reliable technique for characterizing the saponins from kernel cake of B. aegyptiaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Chapagain
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, the Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Yu K, Ma Y, Shao Q, Qu H, Cheng Y. Simultaneously determination of five ginsenosides in rabbit plasma using solid-phase extraction and HPLC/MS technique after intravenous administration of ‘SHENMAI’ injection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:532-9. [PMID: 17317071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive and reliable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of five ginsenosides (R(g1), R(f), R(e), R(d) and R(b1)) in rabbit plasma was developed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Zorbax SB-C18 Column (150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 5.0 microm particle size) with a simple linear gradient elution. The detection was conducted on a single quadrupole mass spectrometer by selected ion monitoring mode via electrospray ionization source. Good linearity over the investigated concentration ranges was observed with the values of R(2) higher than 0.991 for all the analytes. Limits of detection of the analytes varied from 0.25 ng/ml to 1.45 ng/ml, and the average recoveries, examined at three concentration levels, ranged from 90.6% to 106.9%. The validated method was successfully applied to the determination of the ginsenosides in the rabbit plasma after intravenous administration of 'SHENMAI' injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Science and Engineering, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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50
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Tanaka K, Kubota M, Zhu S, Sankawa U, Komatsu K. Analysis of Ginsenosides in Ginseng Drugs Using Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Nat Prod Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of ginsenosides in five Ginseng drugs derived from Panax ginseng (white ginseng), P. quinquefolius, P. japonicus produced in Japan, P. notoginseng, and P. vietnamensis using Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (LC-FTICR-MS) was performed. Ginsenosides in the drugs were identified by the molecular formula obtained from high-resolution mass data and multiple stage MS/MS analysis. Twenty-six known ginsenosides were identified as the major constituents in the extracts of the Ginseng drugs. The five Ginseng drugs showed different reconstructed mass chromatographic profiles and were discriminated from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tanaka
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kubota
- Thermo Electron Corporation, 3–9 Moriyamachi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0022, Japan
| | - Shu Zhu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ushio Sankawa
- International Research Center for Traditional Medicine, Toyama International Health Complex, 151 Tomosugi, Toyama 939-8224, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- 21st Century COE program, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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