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Schrezenmeier E, Dörner T, Halleck F, Budde K. Cellular Immunobiology and Molecular Mechanisms in Alloimmunity-Pathways of Immunosuppression. Transplantation 2024; 108:148-160. [PMID: 37309030 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current maintenance immunosuppression commonly comprises a synergistic combination of tacrolimus as calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), mycophenolic acid, and glucocorticoids. Therapy is often individualized by steroid withdrawal or addition of belatacept or inhibitors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their mode of action, focusing on the cellular immune system. The main pharmacological action of CNIs is suppression of the interleukin-2 pathway that leads to inhibition of T cell activation. Mycophenolic acid inhibits the purine pathway and subsequently diminishes T and B cell proliferation but also exerts a variety of effects on almost all immune cells, including inhibition of plasma cell activity. Glucocorticoids exert complex regulation via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, acting mainly by downregulating proinflammatory cytokine signatures and cell signaling. Belatacept is potent in inhibiting B/T cell interaction, preventing formation of antibodies; however, it lacks the potency of CNIs in preventing T cell-mediated rejections. Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors have strong antiproliferative activity on all cell types interfering with multiple metabolic pathways, partly explaining poor tolerability, whereas their superior effector T cell function might explain their benefits in the case of viral infections. Over the past decades, clinical and experimental studies provided a good overview on the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppressants. However, more data are needed to delineate the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity to better achieve tolerance and control of rejection. A better and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic reasons for failure of immunosuppressants, including individual risk/benefit assessments, may permit improved patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Academy, Clinician Scientist Program Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Halleck
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Machcińska M, Kotur M, Jankowska A, Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Łaski A, Kotkowska Z, Bocian K, Korczak-Kowalska G. Cyclosporine A, in Contrast to Rapamycin, Affects the Ability of Dendritic Cells to Induce Immune Tolerance Mechanisms. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:27. [PMID: 34632525 PMCID: PMC8502748 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following organ transplantation, it is essential that immune tolerance is induced in the graft recipient to reduce the risk of rejection and avoid complications associated with the long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Immature dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to promote transplant tolerance and may minimize the risk of graft rejection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive agents: rapamycin (Rapa) and cyclosporine A (CsA) on generation of human tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) and also to evaluate the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. tolDCs were generated in the environment of Rapa or CsA. Next, we evaluated the effects of these agents on surface phenotypes (CD11c, MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CCR7, TLR2, TLR4), cytokine production (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TGF-β), phagocytic capacity and resistant to lipopolysaccharide activation of these DCs. Moreover, we assessed ability of such tolDCs to induce T cell activation and apoptosis, Treg differentiation and production of Th1- and Th2-characteristic cytokine profile. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that rapamycin is effective at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs, however, does not change the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. In contrast, CsA affects the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance, but is not efficient at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Machcińska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Present address: Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Kotur
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jankowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Łaski
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kotkowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bocian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Korczak-Kowalska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Regulatory Macrophages and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Myeloid Regulatory Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157970. [PMID: 34360736 PMCID: PMC8348814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid regulatory cell-based therapy has been shown to be a promising cell-based medicinal approach in organ transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells and can naturally acquire tolerogenic properties through a variety of differentiation signals and stimuli. Several subtypes of DCs have been generated using additional agents, including vitamin D3, rapamycin and dexamethasone, or immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). These cells have been extensively studied in animals and humans to develop clinical-grade tolerogenic (tol)DCs. Regulatory macrophages (Mregs) are another type of protective myeloid cell that provide a tolerogenic environment, and have mainly been studied within the context of research on organ transplantation. This review aims to thoroughly describe the ex vivo generation of tolDCs and Mregs, their mechanism of action, as well as their therapeutic application and assessment in human clinical trials.
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Quatrini L, Ricci B, Ciancaglini C, Tumino N, Moretta L. Regulation of the Immune System Development by Glucocorticoids and Sex Hormones. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672853. [PMID: 34248954 PMCID: PMC8260976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the release of hormones, the neuro-endocrine system regulates the immune system function promoting adaptation of the organism to the external environment and to intrinsic physiological changes. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and sex hormones not only regulate immune responses, but also control the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation and subsequent maturation of immune cell subsets. During the development of an organism, this regulation has long-term consequences. Indeed, the effects of GC exposure during the perinatal period become evident in the adulthood. Analogously, in the context of HSC transplantation (HSCT), the immune system development starts de novo from the donor HSCs. In this review, we summarize the effects of GCs and sex hormones on the regulation of HSC, as well as of adaptive and innate immune cells. Moreover, we discuss the short and long-term implications on hematopoiesis of sex steroid ablation and synthetic GC administration upon HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ciancaglini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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5
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Erra Díaz F, Ochoa V, Merlotti A, Dantas E, Mazzitelli I, Gonzalez Polo V, Sabatté J, Amigorena S, Segura E, Geffner J. Extracellular Acidosis and mTOR Inhibition Drive the Differentiation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107613. [PMID: 32375041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, recruited monocytes can differentiate either into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs); however, little is known about the environmental factors that determine this cell fate decision. Low extracellular pH is a hallmark of a variety of inflammatory processes and solid tumors. Here, we report that low pH dramatically promotes the differentiation of monocytes into DCs (monocyte-derived DCs [mo-DCs]). This process is associated with a reduction in glucose consumption and lactate production, the upregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes, and the inhibition of mTORC1 activity. Interestingly, we also find that both serum starvation and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 markedly promote the differentiation of mo-DCs. Our study contributes to better understanding the mechanisms that govern the differentiation of monocytes into DCs and reveals the role of both extracellular pH and mTORC1 as master regulators of monocyte cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Erra Díaz
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Ochoa
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ezequiel Dantas
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mazzitelli
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Sabatté
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Geffner
- INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wagner-Drouet E, Teschner D, Wolschke C, Schäfer-Eckart K, Gärtner J, Mielke S, Schreder M, Kobbe G, Hilgendorf I, Klein S, Verbeek M, Ditschkowski M, Koch M, Lindemann M, Schmidt T, Rascle A, Barabas S, Deml L, Wagner R, Wolff D. Comparison of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immune Cell Response to Proteins versus Peptides Using an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020312. [PMID: 33671952 PMCID: PMC7919014 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Measuring CMV-specific cellular immunity may improve the risk stratification and management of patients. IFN-γ ELISpot assays, based on the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with CMV pp65 and IE-1 proteins or peptides, have been validated in clinical settings. However, it remains unclear to which extend the T-cell response to synthetic peptides reflect that mediated by full-length proteins processed by antigen-presenting cells. We compared the stimulating ability of pp65 and IE-1 proteins and corresponding overlapping peptides in 16 HSCT recipients using a standardized IFN-γ ELISpot assay. Paired qualitative test results showed an overall 74.4% concordance. Discordant results were mainly due to low-response tests, with one exception. One patient with early CMV reactivation and graft-versus-host disease, sustained CMV DNAemia and high CD8+ counts showed successive negative protein-based ELISpot results but a high and sustained response to IE-1 peptides. Our results suggest that the response to exogenous proteins, which involves their uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells, more closely reflects the physiological response to CMV infection, while the response to exogenous peptides may lead to artificial in vitro T-cell responses, especially in strongly immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wagner-Drouet
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.W.-D.); (D.T.)
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.W.-D.); (D.T.)
| | - Christine Wolschke
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Schäfer-Eckart
- Medizinische Klinik 5, Klinikum Nürnberg Nord, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany; (K.S.-E.); (J.G.)
| | - Johannes Gärtner
- Medizinische Klinik 5, Klinikum Nürnberg Nord, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany; (K.S.-E.); (J.G.)
| | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, CAST, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schreder
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Guido Kobbe
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Inken Hilgendorf
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung für Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Stefan Klein
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UMM University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Mareike Verbeek
- Medical Department, Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Markus Ditschkowski
- Innere Klinik, Tumorforschung, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Traudel Schmidt
- Lophius Biosciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (A.R.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Anne Rascle
- Lophius Biosciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (A.R.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Sascha Barabas
- Lophius Biosciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (A.R.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Ludwig Deml
- Lophius Biosciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (A.R.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Lophius Biosciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.S.); (A.R.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +49-941-944-6452 (R.W.); +49-941-944-5542 (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (D.W.); Tel.: +49-941-944-6452 (R.W.); +49-941-944-5542 (D.W.)
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Fedoros EI, Baldueva IA, Perminova IV, Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Grozdova ID, Melik-Nubarov NS, Danilova AB, Nekhaeva TL, Kuznetsova AI, Emelyanova NV, Ryakhovskiy AA, Pigarev SE, Semenov AL, Tyndyk ML, Gubareva EA, Panchenko AV, Bykov VN, Anisimov VN. Exploring bioactivity potential of polyphenolic water-soluble lignin derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110049. [PMID: 32926891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many natural substances exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and considerable potential in prophylaxis and treatment of allergies. Knowing exact molecular targets, which is required for developing these as medicinal products, is often challenging for multicomponent compositions. In the present study we examined novel polyphenolic substance, a water-soluble fraction of wood lignin (laboratory code BP-Cx-1). In our previous study, a number of polyphenolic components of BP-Cx-1 (flavonoids, sapogenins, phenanthrenes etc.) were identified as the major carriers of biological activity of BP-Cx drug family, and several molecular targets involved in cancer and/or inflammation signaling pathways were proposed based on the results of the in vitro and in silico screening studies. In the present study, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BP-Cx-1 was established with a radioligand method and a range of IC50 values between 22.8 and 40.3 μg/ml were obtained for adenosine receptors A1, A2A and prostaglandin receptors EP2, IP (PGI2). IC50 for serotonin 5-HT1 and for glucocorticoid GR receptors were 3.0 μg/ml and 12.6 μg/ml, respectively, both being within the range of BP-Cx-1 concentrations achievable in in vivo models. Further, distribution of [3H] labelled BP-Cx-1 in NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts and MCF7/R carcinoma cells was studied with autoradiography. [3H]-BP-Cx-1 (visualized as silver grains produced by tritium beta particles) was mainly localized along the cell membrane, in the perinuclear region and in the nucleus, suggesting ability of BP-Cx-1 to enter cells and bind to membrane or cytosol receptors. In our experiment, we observed the effect of BP-Cx-1 on maturation of dendritic cells (DCs): downregulation of expression of the lipid-presentation molecule CD1a, co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD 40, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. It is hypothesized that [3H]-BP-Cx-1 detectable in the nucleus is part of the activated GR complex, known to be involved in regulation of transcription of genes responsible for the anti-inflammatory response. Based on IC50, cell distribution data and results of the experiment with DCs it is suggested that the in vivo effects of BP-Cx-1 are mediated via GR and 5-HT1 receptors thus promoting development of tolerogenic effector function in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Fedoros
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - I A Baldueva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - G A Badun
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - I D Grozdova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A B Danilova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T L Nekhaeva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Kuznetsova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Emelyanova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - S E Pigarev
- Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Semenov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M L Tyndyk
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Gubareva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Panchenko
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; FSBSI "Research Institute of Medical Primatology", Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - V N Bykov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V N Anisimov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Mahata B, Pramanik J, van der Weyden L, Polanski K, Kar G, Riedel A, Chen X, Fonseca NA, Kundu K, Campos LS, Ryder E, Duddy G, Walczak I, Okkenhaug K, Adams DJ, Shields JD, Teichmann SA. Tumors induce de novo steroid biosynthesis in T cells to evade immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3588. [PMID: 32680985 PMCID: PMC7368057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors subvert immune cell function to evade immune responses, yet the complex mechanisms driving immune evasion remain poorly understood. Here we show that tumors induce de novo steroidogenesis in T lymphocytes to evade anti-tumor immunity. Using a transgenic steroidogenesis-reporter mouse line we identify and characterize de novo steroidogenic immune cells, defining the global gene expression identity of these steroid-producing immune cells and gene regulatory networks by using single-cell transcriptomics. Genetic ablation of T cell steroidogenesis restricts primary tumor growth and metastatic dissemination in mouse models. Steroidogenic T cells dysregulate anti-tumor immunity, and inhibition of the steroidogenesis pathway is sufficient to restore anti-tumor immunity. This study demonstrates T cell de novo steroidogenesis as a mechanism of anti-tumor immunosuppression and a potential druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidesh Mahata
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Jhuma Pramanik
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gozde Kar
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Translational Medicine, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Riedel
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kousik Kundu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Lia S Campos
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Graham Duddy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Izabela Walczak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jacqueline D Shields
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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9
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Körber N, Behrends U, Protzer U, Bauer T. Evaluation of T-activated proteins as recall antigens to monitor Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in a clinical trial setting. J Transl Med 2020; 18:242. [PMID: 32552697 PMCID: PMC7298696 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pools of overlapping synthetic peptides are routinely used for ex vivo monitoring of antigen-specific T-cell responses. However, it is rather unlikely that these peptides match those resulting from naturally processed antigens. T-activated proteins have been described as immunogenic and more natural stimulants, since they have to pass through antigen processing and comprise activation of all clinically relevant effector cell populations. METHODS We performed comparative analysis of numbers and cytokine expression pattern of CD4 and CD8 T cells after stimulation with recombinant, urea-formulated T-activated EBV-BZLF1, -EBNA3A, and HCMV-IE1, and -pp65 proteins or corresponding overlapping peptide pools. Freshly isolated and cryopreserved PBMC of 30 EBV- and 19 HCMV-seropositive and seven EBV- and HCMV-seronegative subjects were stimulated ex vivo and analysed for IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2 production by flow cytometry-based intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS T-activated proteins showed a high specificity of 100% (EBV-BZLF1, HCMV-IE1, and -pp65) and 86% (EBV-EBNA3A), and a high T-cell stimulatory capacity of 73-95% and 67-95% using freshly isolated and cryopreserved PBMC, respectively. The overall CD4 T-cell response rates in both cohorts were comparable after stimulation with either T-activated protein or peptide pools with the exception of lower numbers of CD8 T cells detected after stimulation with T-activated EBV-EBNA3A- (p = 0.038) and HCMV-pp65- (p = 0.0006). Overall, the number of detectable antigen-specific T cells varied strongly between individuals. Cytokine expression patterns in response to T-activated protein and peptide pool-based stimulation were similar for CD4, but significantly different for CD8 T-cell responses. CONCLUSION EBV and HCMV-derived T-activated proteins represent innovative, highly specific recall antigens suitable for use in immunological endpoint assays to evaluate success or failure in immunotherapy clinical trials (e.g. to assess the risk of EBV and/or HCMV reactivation after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation). T-activated proteins could be of particular importance, if an impaired antigen processing (e.g. in a post-transplant setting) must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Schneckenburgerstr. 8, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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10
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Flynn JK, Dankers W, Morand EF. Could GILZ Be the Answer to Glucocorticoid Toxicity in Lupus? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31379872 PMCID: PMC6652235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are used globally to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Their anti-inflammatory actions are mainly mediated via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), creating a GC/GR complex, which acts in both the cytoplasm and nucleus to regulate the transcription of a host of target genes. As a result, signaling pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1 are inhibited, and cell activation, differentiation and survival and cytokine and chemokine production are suppressed. However, the gene regulation by GC can also cause severe side effects in patients. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, characterized by a poorly regulated immune response leading to chronic inflammation and dysfunction of multiple organs, for which GC is the major current therapy. Long-term GC use, however, can cause debilitating adverse consequences for patients including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and contributes to irreversible organ damage. To date, there is no alternative treatment which can replicate the rapid effects of GC across multiple immune cell functions, effecting disease control during disease flares. Research efforts have focused on finding alternatives to GC, which display similar immunoregulatory actions, without the devastating adverse metabolic effects. One potential candidate is the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). GILZ is induced by low concentrations of GC and is shown to mimic the action of GC in several inflammatory processes, reducing immunity and inflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, GILZ has, similar to the GC-GR complex, the ability to bind to both NF-κB and AP-1 as well as DNA directly, to regulate immune cell function, while potentially lacking the GC-related side effects. Importantly, in SLE patients GILZ is under-expressed and correlates negatively with disease activity, suggesting an important regulatory role of GILZ in SLE. Here we provide an overview of the actions and use of GC in lupus, and discuss whether the regulatory mechanisms of GILZ could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic for lupus. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of action of GILZ, and its ability to regulate immune events leading to lupus disease activity has important clinical implications for the development of safer anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Krakow S, Crescimone ML, Bartels C, Wiegering V, Eyrich M, Schlegel PG, Wölfl M. Re-expression of CD14 in Response to a Combined IL-10/TLR Stimulus Defines Monocyte-Derived Cells With an Immunoregulatory Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1484. [PMID: 31316520 PMCID: PMC6611188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 is a central regulator of the antigen-presenting function of myeloid cells. It exerts immunomodulatory effects in vivo and induces a regulatory phenotype in monocyte-derived cells in vitro. We analyzed phenotype and function of monocytic cells in vitro in relation to the cytokine milieu and the timing of TLR-based activation. In GM-CSF/IL-4 cultured human monocytic cells, we identified two, mutually exclusive cell populations arising from undifferentiated cells: CD83+ fully activated dendritic cells and CD14+ macrophage like cells. Re-expression of CD14 occurs primarily after a sequential trigger with a TLR signal following IL-10 preincubation. This cell population with re-expressed CD14 greatly differs in phenotype and function from the CD83+ cells. Detailed analysis of individual subpopulations reveals that exogenous IL-10 is critical for inducing the shift toward the CD14+ population, but does not affect individual changes in marker expression or cell function in most cases. Thus, plasticity of CD14 expression, defining a subset of immunoregulatory cells, is highly relevant for the composition of cellular products (such as DC vaccines) as it affects the function of the total product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Krakow
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie L Crescimone
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bartels
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wiegering
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul G Schlegel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Yamaguchi K. Tacrolimus treatment for infertility related to maternal-fetal immune interactions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13097. [PMID: 30689243 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been used to achieve successful pregnancies in patients with infertility, though existing treatments remain unsatisfactory in patients with infertility caused by abnormal maternal-fetal immunity. However, our understanding of the immunological aspects of infertility has steadily progressed, aided by recent research into organ transplantation and cancer. The results of these recent analyses have led to the development and evaluation of several candidate immunological treatments, but the use of immunological treatments remains a novel approach. The current paper presents the hypothesis that tacrolimus may have potential as a candidate agent for the treatment of maternal-fetal immunity-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Yamaguchi
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Bouras M, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A. Contribution of Dendritic Cell Responses to Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression and to Susceptibility to Secondary Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2590. [PMID: 30483258 PMCID: PMC6243084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow derived cells which continuously seed in peripheral tissue. During infection, DCs play an essential interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Pneumonia is a lung inflammation triggered by pathogens and is characterized by excessive release of inflammatory cytokines that activate innate and acquired immunity. Pneumonia induces a rapid and protracted state of susceptibility to secondary infection, a state so-called sepsis-induced immunosuppression. In this review, we focus on the role of DCs in the development of this state of immunosuppression. Early during inflammation, activated DCs are characterized by decreased capacity of antigen (cross)- presentation of newly encountered antigens and decreased production of immunogenic cytokines, and sepsis-induced immunosuppression is mainly explained by a depletion of immature DCs which had all become mature. At a later stage, newly formed respiratory immature DCs are locally programmed by an immunological scare left-over by inflammation to induce tolerance. Tolerogenic Blimp1+ DCs produce suppressive cytokines such as tumor growth factor-B and participate to the maintenance of a local tolerogenic environment notably characterized by accumulation of Treg cells. In mice, the restoration of the immunogenic functions of DCs restores the mucosal immune response to pathogens. In humans, the modulation of inflammation by glucocorticoid during sepsis or trauma preserves DC immunogenic functions and is associated with resistance to secondary pneumonia. Finally, we propose that the alterations of DCs during and after inflammation can be used as biomarkers of susceptibility to secondary pneumonia and are promising therapeutic targets to enhance outcomes of patients with secondary pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Bouras
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.,EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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15
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Kim SH, Jung HH, Lee CK. Generation, Characteristics and Clinical Trials of Ex Vivo Generated Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells. Yonsei Med J 2018; 59:807-815. [PMID: 30091313 PMCID: PMC6082979 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.7.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role not only in the initiation of primary immune responses, but also in the development and maintenance of immune tolerance. Numerous protocols have been developed to generate tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) ex vivo, and the therapeutic efficacy of ex vivo-generated tolDCs has been demonstrated in autoimmune disease animal models. Based on successes in small animal models, several clinical trials have been completed or are on-going in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. Here we describe the methods used to generate tolDCs ex vivo, and the common features shared by tolDCs. In addition, we overview five completed clinical trials with reported outcomes and summarize the tolDC-based clinical trials that are currently registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Although the number of tolDC-based clinical trials is much smaller than the hundreds of clinical trials using immunogenic DCs, tolDC-based treatment of autoimmune diseases is becoming a reality, and could serve as an innovative cellular therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ho Hyun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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16
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Chao YH, Chen DY, Lan JL, Tang KT, Lin CC. Tolerogenic β2-glycoprotein I DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant attenuates experimental obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198821. [PMID: 29894515 PMCID: PMC5997307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have recently emerged as a therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI)-targeting antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs) and vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. To examine the therapeutic potential of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine, we administered a vaccine mixed with FK506 as an adjuvant to a mouse model of obstetric APS. First, the pCMV3-β2-GPI DNA vaccine, which encodes the full-length human β2-GPI gene, was constructed. Then, we administered the β2-GPI DNA vaccine in 0.1 ml of saline, mixed with or without 100 μg of FK506, intramuscularly to the mice on days 28, 35 and 42. Blood titers of the anti-β2-GPI antibody, platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs), and the percentage of fetal loss were measured. We also stimulated murine splenic T cells ex vivo with β2-GPI and determined the T helper cell proportion and cytokine secretion. The administration of the β2-GPI DNA vaccine mixed with FK506 reduced the blood IgG anti-β2-GPI antibody titers and suppressed APS manifestations in mice. The combination also suppressed interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A secretion but increased the Treg cell proportion and IL-10 secretion in murine splenic T cells following ex vivo stimulation with β2-GPI. Our results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant in a murine model of obstetric APS. Possible mechanisms include the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 responses and the up-regulation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Tang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
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17
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Bereshchenko O, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoids, Sex Hormones, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1332. [PMID: 29946321 PMCID: PMC6006719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones regulate essential body functions in mammals, control cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Importantly, they are potent suppressors of inflammation, and multiple immune-modulatory mechanisms involving leukocyte apoptosis, differentiation, and cytokine production have been described. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive activity, synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most prescribed drugs used for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. It is long been noted that males and females exhibit differences in the prevalence in several autoimmune diseases (AD). This can be due to the role of sexual hormones in regulation of the immune responses, acting through their endogenous nuclear receptors to mediate gene expression and generate unique gender-specific cellular environments. Given the fact that GCs are the primary physiological anti-inflammatory hormones, and that sex hormones may also exert immune-modulatory functions, the link between GCs and sex hormones may exist. Understanding the nature of this possible crosstalk is important to unravel the reason of sexual disparity in AD and to carefully prescribe these drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss similarities and differences between the effects of sex hormones and GCs on the immune system, to highlight possible axes of functional interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Bereshchenko
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Wei HJ, Letterio JJ, Pareek TK. Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29863666 DOI: 10.3791/57637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system operates by maintaining a tight balance between coordinating responses against foreign antigens and maintaining an unresponsive state against self-antigens as well as antigens derived from commensal organisms. The disruption of this immune homeostasis can lead to chronic inflammation and to the development of autoimmunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system involved in activating naïve T cells to initiate immune responses against foreign antigens. However, DCs can also be differentiated into TolDCs that act to maintain and promote T cell tolerance and to suppress effector cells contributing to the development of either autoimmune or chronic inflammation conditions. The recent advancement in our understanding of TolDCs suggests that DC tolerance can be achieved by modulating their differentiation conditions. This phenomenon has led to tremendous growth in developing TolDC therapies for numerous immune disorders caused due to break in immune tolerance. Successful studies in preclinical autoimmunity murine models have further validated the immunotherapeutic utility of TolDCs in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Today, TolDCs have become a promising immunotherapeutic tool in the clinic for reinstating immune tolerance in various immune disorders by targeting pathogenic autoimmune responses while leaving protective immunity intact. Although an array of strategies has been proposed by multiple labs to induce TolDCs, there is no consistency in characterizing the cellular and functional phenotype of these cells. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide for the development of bone marrow-derived DCs in large numbers, a unique method used to differentiate them into TolDCs with a synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid-difluoro-propyl-amide (CDDO-DFPA), and the techniques used to confirm their phenotype, including analyses of essential molecular signatures of TolDCs. Finally, we show a method to assess TolDC function by testing their immunosuppressive response in vitro and in vivo in a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Ju Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
| | - John J Letterio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University; Angie Fowler Cancer Institute, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals, Cleveland
| | - Tej K Pareek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University; Angie Fowler Cancer Institute, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals, Cleveland;
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19
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Stead SO, McInnes SJP, Kireta S, Rose PD, Jesudason S, Rojas-Canales D, Warther D, Cunin F, Durand JO, Drogemuller CJ, Carroll RP, Coates PT, Voelcker NH. Manipulating human dendritic cell phenotype and function with targeted porous silicon nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2017; 155:92-102. [PMID: 29175084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and are fundamental for the establishment of transplant tolerance. The Dendritic Cell-Specific Intracellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) receptor provides a target for dendritic cell therapy. Biodegradable and high-surface area porous silicon (pSi) nanoparticles displaying anti-DC-SIGN antibodies and loaded with the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Sirolimus) serve as a fit-for-purpose platform to target and modify DC. Here, we describe the fabrication of rapamycin-loaded DC-SIGN displaying pSi nanoparticles, the uptake efficiency into DC and the extent of nanoparticle-induced modulation of phenotype and function. DC-SIGN antibody displaying pSi nanoparticles favourably targeted and were phagocytosed by monocyte-derived and myeloid DC in whole human blood in a time- and dose-dependent manner. DC preconditioning with rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles, resulted in a maturation resistant phenotype and significantly suppressed allogeneic T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J P McInnes
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Svjetlana Kireta
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Peter D Rose
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shilpanjali Jesudason
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Darling Rojas-Canales
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - David Warther
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Cunin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, UMR 5253 CNRS -ENSCM-UM2-UM1, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296, Montpellier, France
| | - Christopher J Drogemuller
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- University of Adelaide, Department of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia; Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia.
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Lee JH, Park CS, Jang S, Kim JW, Kim SH, Song S, Kim K, Lee CK. Tolerogenic dendritic cells are efficiently generated using minocycline and dexamethasone. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15087. [PMID: 29118423 PMCID: PMC5678112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) represent a promising tool for cellular therapy against autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplantation rejection. Numerous pharmacological agents are known to induce tDC generation. Minocycline, which has long been used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was recently shown to significantly increase the generation of DCs with regulatory properties. Here, we examined the effect of the combination of minocycline with dexamethasone, rapamycin, vitamin D3, and interleukin (IL)-10, which are all known inducers of tDC generation. The highest number of tDCs was generated when minocycline and dexamethasone were used together with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-SCF) and IL-4. The tolerogenicity of the minocycline/dexamethasone-conditioned tDCs was much better than or at least equal to those of the tDCs generated with either one of these agents, as assessed through in vitro phenotypic and functional assays. In addition, pretreatment with MOG35-55 peptide-pulsed minocycline/dexamethasone-conditioned tDCs significantly ameliorated the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalitis induced by MOG peptide injection in a murine model. These results confirmed that tDCs with potent tolerogenic properties could be efficiently generated by the combined use of minocycline and dexamethasone, along with GM-CSF and IL-4. Our results would help in the development of ex vivo tDC-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Chan-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sundong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Ji-Wan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sukgil Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Kyungjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, South Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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21
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Lynch K, Treacy O, Gerlach JQ, Annuk H, Lohan P, Cabral J, Joshi L, Ryan AE, Ritter T. Regulating Immunogenicity and Tolerogenicity of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells through Modulation of Cell Surface Glycosylation by Dexamethasone Treatment. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1427. [PMID: 29163502 PMCID: PMC5670353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cellular therapies and dendritic cell vaccines show promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, the prolongation of graft survival in transplantation, and in educating the immune system to fight cancers. Cell surface glycosylation plays a crucial role in the cell–cell interaction, uptake of antigens, migration, and homing of DCs. Glycosylation is known to change with environment and the functional state of DCs. Tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) are commonly generated using corticosteroids including dexamethasone, however, to date, little is known on how corticosteroid treatment alters glycosylation and what functional consequences this may have. Here, we present a comprehensive profile of rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, examining their cell surface glycosylation profile before and after Dexa treatment as resolved by both lectin microarrays and lectin-coupled flow cytometry. We further examine the functional consequences of altering cell surface glycosylation on immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of DCs. Dexa treatment of rat DCs leads to profoundly reduced expression of markers of immunogenicity (MHC I/II, CD80, CD86) and pro-inflammatory molecules (IL-6, IL-12p40, inducible nitric oxide synthase) indicating a tolerogenic phenotype. Moreover, by comprehensive lectin microarray profiling and flow cytometry analysis, we show that sialic acid (Sia) is significantly upregulated on tDCs after Dexa treatment, and that this may play a vital role in the therapeutic attributes of these cells. Interestingly, removal of Sia by neuraminidase treatment increases the immunogenicity of immature DCs and also leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines while tDCs are moderately protected from this increase in immunogenicity. These findings may have important implications in strategies aimed at increasing tolerogenicity where it is advantageous to reduce immune activation over prolonged periods. These findings are also relevant in therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the immunogenicity of cells, for example, in the context of tumor specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lynch
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Oliver Treacy
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jared Q Gerlach
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Glycoscience Group, NCBES National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heidi Annuk
- Glycoscience Group, NCBES National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul Lohan
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joana Cabral
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, NCBES National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aideen E Ryan
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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22
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Dixon KO, O'Flynn J, Klar-Mohamad N, Daha MR, van Kooten C. Properdin and factor H production by human dendritic cells modulates their T-cell stimulatory capacity and is regulated by IFN-γ. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:470-480. [PMID: 28105653 PMCID: PMC5363362 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and complement are both key members of the innate and adaptive immune response. Recent experimental mouse models have shown that production of alternative pathway (AP) components by DCs strongly affects their ability to activate and regulate T-cell responses. In this study we investigated the production and regulation of properdin (fP) and factor H (fH) both integral regulators of the AP, by DCs and tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs). Both fP and fH were produced by DCs, with significantly higher levels of both AP components produced by tolDCs. Upon activation with IFN-γ both cells increased fH production, while simultaneously decreasing production of fP. IL-27, a member of the IL-12 family, increased fH, but production of fP remained unaffected. The functional capacity of fP and fH produced by DCs and tolDCs was confirmed by their ability to bind C3b. Inhibition of fH production by DCs resulted in a greater ability to induce allogenic CD4+ T-cell proliferation. In contrast, inhibition of fP production led to a significantly reduced allostimulatory capacity. In summary, this study shows that production of fP and fH by DCs, differentially regulates their immunogenicity, and that the local cytokine environment can profoundly affect the production of fP and fH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Dixon
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph O'Flynn
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ngaisah Klar-Mohamad
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Whirledge S, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids and Reproduction: Traffic Control on the Road to Reproduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:399-415. [PMID: 28274682 PMCID: PMC5438761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate diverse cellular functions and are essential to facilitate normal physiology. However, stress-induced levels of glucocorticoids result in several pathologies including profound reproductive dysfunction. Compelling new evidence indicates that glucocorticoids are crucial to the establishment and maintenance of reproductive function. The fertility-promoting or -inhibiting activity of glucocorticoids depends on timing, dose, and glucocorticoid responsiveness within a given tissue, which is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The GR gene and protein are subject to cellular processing, contributing to signaling diversity and providing a mechanism by which both physiological and stress-induced levels of glucocorticoids function in a cell-specific manner. Understanding how glucocorticoids regulate fertility and infertility may lead to novel approaches to the regulation of reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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24
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Moreau A, Alliot-Licht B, Cuturi MC, Blancho G. Tolerogenic dendritic cell therapy in organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2016; 30:754-764. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- INSERM UMR1064; Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Nephrologie (ITUN); Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Brigitte Alliot-Licht
- INSERM UMR1064; Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Nephrologie (ITUN); Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Maria-Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM UMR1064; Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Nephrologie (ITUN); Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- INSERM UMR1064; Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Nephrologie (ITUN); Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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25
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Kouwenberg M, Jacobs CWM, van der Vlag J, Hilbrands LB. Allostimulatory Effects of Dendritic Cells with Characteristic Features of a Regulatory Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159986. [PMID: 27525971 PMCID: PMC4985155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to prolong graft survival after transplantation. Tolerogenic DCs are in general characterized by a low expression of co-stimulatory molecule and a high IL-10:IL-12 production ratio. Based on promising results with earlier used alternatively activated DCs, we aimed to generate in culture potentially tolerogenic DC by simultaneously blocking GSK3 by lithium chloride (LiCl) and stimulating TLR2 by PAM3CysSerLys4. Materials and Methods Bone marrow-derived LiClPAM3 DCs were generated by the addition of LiCl 24 hours before harvesting, and one hour later PAM3CysSerLys4. The phenotype of the DCs was assessed by determining the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in flow cytometry and cytokine production in ELISA, whereas their functional properties were tested in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. A fully MHC mismatched heterotopic heart transplant preceded by infusion of donor-derived LiClPAM3 DC was performed to assess the tolerogenic potential of LiClPAM3 DCs in vivo. Results LiClPAM3 DCs displayed a tolerogenic phenotype accompanied with a low expression of co-stimulatory molecules and a high IL-10:IL-12 production ratio. However, in mixed lymphocyte reaction, LiClPAM3 DCs appeared superior in T cell stimulation, and induced Th1 and Th17 differentiation. Moreover, mice pretreated with LiClPAM3 DC displayed a reduced graft survival. Analysis of LiClPAM3 DC culture supernatant revealed high levels of CXCL-1, which was also found in supernatants of co-cultures of LiClPAM3 DC and T cells. Nevertheless, we could not show a role for CXCL-1 in T cell proliferation or activation in vitro. Discussion LiClPAM3 DCs display in vitro a tolerogenic phenotype with a high IL-10:IL-12 ratio, but appeared to be highly immunogenic, since allograft rejection was accelerated. As yet unidentified LiClPAM3 DC-derived factors, may explain the immunogenic character of LiClPAM3 DCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C W M Jacobs
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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26
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The Effect of Traditional Chinese Formula Danchaiheji on the Differentiation of Regulatory Dendritic Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9179470. [PMID: 27525028 PMCID: PMC4976157 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9179470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs), a newly described dendritic cell subset with potent immunomodulatory function, have attracted increased attention for their utility in treating immune response-related diseases, such as graft-versus-host disease, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune diseases. Danchaiheji (DCHJ) is a traditional Chinese formula that has been used for many years in the clinic. However, whether DCHJ can program dendritic cells towards a regulatory phenotype and the underlying mechanism behind this process remain unknown. Herein, we investigate the effects of traditional Chinese DCHJ on DCregs differentiation and a mouse model of skin transplantation. The current study demonstrates that DCHJ can induce dendritic cells to differentiate into DCregs, which are represented by high CD11b and low CD86 and HLA-DR expression as well as the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. In addition, DCHJ inhibited DC migration and T cell proliferation, which correlated with increased IDO expression. Furthermore, DCHJ significantly prolonged skin graft survival time in a mouse model of skin transplantation without any liver or kidney toxicity. The traditional Chinese formula DCHJ has the potential to be a potent immunosuppressive agent with high efficiency and nontoxicity.
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27
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Uptake of HLA Alloantigens via CD89 and CD206 Does Not Enhance Antigen Presentation by Indirect Allorecognition. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4215684. [PMID: 27413760 PMCID: PMC4931073 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4215684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In organ transplantation, alloantigens are taken up by antigen presenting cells and presented via the indirect pathway to T-cells which in turn can induce allograft rejection. Monitoring of these T-cells is of major importance; however no reliable assay is available to routinely monitor indirect allorecognition. Recently we showed that HLA monomers can be successfully used to monitor indirect allorecognition. Targeting antigens to endocytic receptors on antigen presenting cells may further enhance the presentation of antigens via HLA class II and improve the efficiency of this assay. In the current study we explored targeting of HLA monomers to either CD89 expressing monocytes or mannose receptor expressing dendritic cells. Monomer-antibody complexes were generated using biotin-labeled monomers and avidin labeling of the antibodies. We demonstrate that targeting the complexes to these receptors resulted in a dose-dependent HLA class II mediated presentation to a T-cell clone. The immune-complexes were efficiently taken up and presented to T-cells. However, the level of T-cell reactivity was similar to that when only exogenous antigen was added. We conclude that HLA-A2 monomers targeted for presentation through CD89 on monocytes or mannose receptor on dendritic cells lead to proper antigen presentation but do not enhance indirect allorecognition via HLA-DR.
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28
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Singleton H, Graham SP, Bodman-Smith KB, Frossard JP, Steinbach F. Establishing Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Systems for Studying the Interaction with PRRSV-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:832. [PMID: 27313573 PMCID: PMC4889594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMØ) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) are two model systems well established in human and rodent systems that can be used to study the interaction of pathogens with host cells. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect myeloid cells, such as macrophages (MØ) and dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, this study aimed to establish systems for the differentiation and characterization of MoMØ and MoDC for subsequent infection with PRRSV-1. M-CSF differentiated MoMØ were stimulated with activators for classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation. GM-CSF and IL-4 generated MoDC were activated with the well established maturation cocktail containing PAMPs and cytokines. In addition, MoMØ and MoDC were treated with dexamethasone and IL-10, which are known immuno-suppressive reagents. Cells were characterized by morphology, phenotype, and function and porcine MØ subsets highlighted some divergence from described human counterparts, while MoDC, appeared more similar to mouse and human DCs. The infection with PRRSV-1 strain Lena demonstrated different replication kinetics between MoMØ and MoDC and within subsets of each cell type. While MoMØ susceptibility was significantly increased by dexamethasone and IL-10 with an accompanying increase in CD163/CD169 expression, MoDC supported only a minimal replication of PRRSV These findings underline the high variability in the susceptibility of porcine myeloid cells toward PRRSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Singleton
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
| | | | | | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health AgencySurrey, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreySurrey, UK
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29
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Sniping the scout: Targeting the key molecules in dendritic cell functions for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Dixon KO, van der Kooij SW, Vignali DAA, van Kooten C. Human tolerogenic dendritic cells produce IL-35 in the absence of other IL-12 family members. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1736-47. [PMID: 25820702 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-35 is a cytokine of the IL-12 family, existing as a heterodimer of IL-12p35 and Ebi3. IL-35 has anti-inflammatory properties and is produced by regulatory T cells in humans and mice, where it is required for optimal suppression of immune responses. Distinct from other IL-12 cytokines, the expression of IL-35 has not been described in antigen-presenting cells. In view of the immune-regulatory properties of IL-35, we investigated the expression, regulation, and function of IL-12p35 and Ebi3 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs). These tolDCs do not produce IL-12p70 or the homodimer IL-12p40. We demonstrate that tolDCs completely lack transcriptional expression of IL-12p40. However, tolDCs maintain mRNA expression of IL-12p35 and Ebi3. Using intracellular flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, we show that tolDCs produce Ebi3 and IL-12p35, and both can be enhanced upon stimulation with IFN-γ, LPS, or CD40L. tolDCs supernatants have the capacity to suppress T-cell activation. Using IL12A silencing, we demonstrate that IL-12p35 is required for tolDCs to reach their full suppressive potential. Taken together, our results indicate that tolDCs produce IL-35, providing an additional novel mechanism by which tolDCs elicit their tolerogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Dixon
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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31
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Calcium signaling mediates antifungal activity of triazole drugs in the Aspergilli. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 81:182-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Bolton EM, Bradley JA. Avoiding immunological rejection in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2015; 10:287-304. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of regenerative medicine is repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues by transfer of differentiated stem cells or stem cell-derived tissues. The possibility that these tissues will be destroyed by immunological rejection remains a challenge that can only be overcome through a better understanding of the nature and expression of potentially immunogenic molecules associated with cell replacement therapy and the mechanisms and pathways resulting in their immunologic rejection. This review draws on clinical experience of organ and tissue transplantation, and on transplantation immunology research to consider practical approaches for avoiding and overcoming the possibility of rejection of stem cell-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Bolton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Andrew Bradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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33
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones with widespread effects. They control intermediate metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilize amino acids from extra hepatic tissues, inhibit glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, and stimulate fat breakdown in adipose tissue. They also mediate stress response. They exert potent immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory effects particularly when administered pharmacologically. Understanding these diverse effects of glucocorticoids requires a detailed knowledge of their mode of action. Research over the years has uncovered several details on the molecular action of this hormone, especially in immune cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the latest findings on the action of glucocorticoids in immune cells with a view of identifying important control points that may be relevant in glucocorticoid therapy.
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34
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Im SA, Gerelchuluun T, Lee CK. Evidence for Direct Inhibition of MHC-Restricted Antigen Processing by Dexamethasone. Immune Netw 2014; 14:328-32. [PMID: 25550699 PMCID: PMC4275390 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) was shown to inhibit the differentiation, maturation, and antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells (DC) when added during DC generation or maturation stages. Here, we examined the direct effects of Dex on MHC-restricted antigen processing. Macrophages were incubated with microencapsulated ovalbumin (OVA) in the presence of different concentrations of Dex for 2 h, and the efficacy of OVA peptide presentation was evaluated using OVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells. Dex inhibited both class I- and class II-restricted presentation of OVA to T cells; this inhibitory effect on antigen presentation was much more potent in immature macrophages than in mature macrophages. The presentation of the exogenously added OVA peptide SIINFEKL was not blocked by Dex. In addition, short-term treatment of macrophages with Dex had no discernible effects on the phagocytic activity, total expression levels of MHC molecules or co-stimulatory molecules. These results demonstrate that Dex inhibits intracellular processing events of phagocytosed antigens in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Turmunkh Gerelchuluun
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology and Nutrition School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 210646, Mongolia
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
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35
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Mimiola E, Marini O, Perbellini O, Micheletti A, Vermi W, Lonardi S, Costantini C, Meneghelli E, Andreini A, Bonetto C, Vassanelli A, Cantini M, Zoratti E, Massi D, Zamo' A, Leso A, Quaresmini G, Benedetti F, Pizzolo G, Cassatella MA, Tecchio C. Rapid reconstitution of functionally active 6-sulfoLacNAc(+) dendritic cells (slanDCs) of donor origin following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:129-41. [PMID: 24853271 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is critical in determining the extent of graft-versus-host response. The goal of this study was to analyse slanDCs, a subset of human proinflammatory DCs, in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) sources, as well as to evaluate their 1-year kinetics of reconstitution, origin and functional capacities in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) of patients who have undergone HSCT, and their presence in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) tissue specimens. slanDCs were also compared to myeloid (m)DCs, plasmacytoid (p)DCs and monocytes in HSC sources and in patients' PB and BM throughout reconstitution. slanDCs accounted for all HSC sources. In patients' PB and BM, slanDCs were identified from day +21, showing median frequencies comparable to healthy donors, donor origin and kinetics of recovery similar to mDCs, pDCs, and monocytes. Under cyclosporin treatment, slanDCs displayed a normal pattern of maturation, and maintained an efficient chemotactic activity and capacity of releasing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. None the less, they were almost undetectable in GVHD tissue specimens, being present only in intestinal acute GVHD samples. slanDCs reconstitute early, being donor-derived and functionally competent. The absence of slanDCs from most of the GVHD-targeted tissue specimens seems to rule out the direct participation of these cells in the majority of the local reactions characterizing GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mimiola
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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36
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Elze MC, Ciocarlie O, Heinze A, Kloess S, Gardlowski T, Esser R, Klingebiel T, Bader P, Huenecke S, Serban M, Köhl U, Hutton JL. Dendritic cell reconstitution is associated with relapse-free survival and acute GVHD severity in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 50:266-73. [PMID: 25387093 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DCs are potent APCs and key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. After allo-SCT, their reconstitution in the peripheral blood (PB) to levels similar to those in healthy individuals tends to be slow. We investigate the age- and sex-dependant immune reconstitution of myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in the PB of 45 children with leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome (aged 1-17 years, median 10) after allo-SCT with regard to relapse, acute GVHD (aGVHD) and relapse-free survival. Low pDC/μL PB up to day 60 post SCT are associated with higher incidence of moderate or severe aGVHD (P=0.035), whereas high pDC/μL PB up to day 60 are associated with higher risk of relapse (P<0.001). The time-trend of DCs/μL PB for days 0-200 is a significant predictor of relapse-free survival for both mDCs (P<0.001) and pDCs (P=0.020). Jointly modelling DC reconstitution and complications improves on these simple criteria. Compared with BM, PBSC transplants tend to show slower mDC/pDC reconstitution (P=0.001, 0.031, respectively), but have no direct effect on relapse-free survival. These results suggest an important role for both mDCs and pDCs in the reconstituting immune system. The inclusion of mDCs and pDCs may improve existing models for complication prediction following allo-SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Elze
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - O Ciocarlie
- 1] Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany [2] Paediatrics Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - A Heinze
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Kloess
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Gardlowski
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Klingebiel
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - P Bader
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Huenecke
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Serban
- Paediatrics Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - U Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J L Hutton
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Hoffmann S, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A. Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis - if, when, how, and how much? Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:211-21. [PMID: 25069701 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the most commonly used immune-directed therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG). However, to date, GC have not proven their effectiveness in the setting of a randomized clinical trial that complies with currently accepted standards. The rationale for the use of GC in MG is the autoimmune nature of the disease, which is supported by consistent positive results from retrospective studies. Well-defined recommendations for treatment of MG with GC are lacking and further hampered by inter- and intra-individual differences in the disease course and responses to GC treatment. Uncertainties concerning GC treatment in MG encompass the indication for treatment initiation, exact dosage, dose adjustment in specific conditions (e.g., pregnancy, thymectomy), mode of tapering, and surveillance of adverse events (AE). This review illustrates the mode of action of GC in the treatment for MG, presents the currently available data on GC treatment in MG, and attempts to translate the currently available information into clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Kohler
- Department of Neurology; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Ziegler
- Department of Neurology; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Meisel
- Department of Neurology; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charite - Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
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Ren Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Xie R, Fan H. Tolerogenic dendritic cells modified by tacrolimus suppress CD4+ T-cell proliferation and inhibit collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Breman E, van Miert PP, van der Steen DM, Heemskerk MH, Doxiadis II, Roelen D, Claas FH, van Kooten C. HLA monomers as a tool to monitor indirect allorecognition. Transplantation 2014; 97:1119-27. [PMID: 24798312 PMCID: PMC4032218 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of donor antigens can occur through two separate pathways: the direct pathway (non-self HLA on donor cells) and the indirect pathway (self-restricted presentation of donor derived peptides on recipient cells). Indirect allorecognition is important in the development of humoral rejection; therefore, there is an increasing interest in the monitoring of indirect alloreactive T-cells. We have used an in vitro model to determine the optimal requirements for indirect presentation and assessed the risk for semidirect presentation in this system. METHODS HLA-typed monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were incubated with cellular fragments or necrotic cells and incubated with either indirect or direct alloreactive T-cell clones. T-cell reactivity was measured through proliferation or cytokine secretion. HLA-typed moDC, monocytes, or PBMCs were incubated with HLA class I monomers, in combination with either direct/indirect T-cell clones. RESULTS Although both were efficiently taken up, alloreactivity was limited to the semi-direct pathway, as measured by allospecific CD4 (indirect) and CD8 T-cell clones (direct) when cells were used. In contrast, HLA-A2 monomers were not only efficiently taken up but also processed and presented by HLA-typed moDC, monocytes, and PBMCs. Activation was shown by a dose-dependent induction of IFN-γ production and proliferation by the CD4 T-cell clone. Antigen presentation was most efficient when the monomers were cultured for longer periods (24-48 hr) in the presence of the T-cells. Using this method, no reactivity was observed by the CD8 T-cell clone, confirming no semidirect alloreactivity. CONCLUSION We have developed a system that could be used to monitor indirect alloreactive T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Breman
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands. 2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands. 3 Department of Hematology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands. 4 Address correspondence to: Cees van Kooten, MD, PhD, Albinusdreef 2, C07-35 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Guillén-Gómez E, Guirado L, Belmonte X, Maderuelo A, Santín S, Juarez C, Ars E, Facundo C, Ballarín JA, Vidal S, Díaz-Encarnación MM. Monocyte implication in renal allograft dysfunction. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:323-31. [PMID: 24134783 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the development and progression of kidney fibrosis. The aim of this study was to analyse the phenotype of circulating monocytes and their ability to predict kidney allograft dysfunction in living kidney transplant recipients. Whole blood samples from 25 kidney recipients and 17 donors were collected at five time-points. Monocyte phenotype was analysed by flow cytometry, and interleukin (IL)-10 and soluble CD163 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One week after transplantation, surface CD163 and IL-10 levels increased significantly from baseline [2·99 ± 1·38 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to 5·18 ± 2·42 MFI for CD163; 4·5 ± 1·46 pg/ml to 6·7 ± 2·5 pg/ml for IL-10]. This CD163 increase correlated with 4-month creatinine levels (r = 0·4394, P = 0·04). However, soluble CD163 decreased significantly from baseline at 1 week (797·11 ± 340·45 ng/ml to 576·50 ± 293·60 ng/ml). CD14(+) CD16(-) monocytes increased at 4 months and correlated positively with creatinine levels at 12 and 24 months (r = 0·6348, P = 0·002 and r = 0·467, P = 0·028, respectively) and negatively with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) at 12 months (r = 0·6056, P = 0·003). At 4 months, IL-10 decreased significantly (P = 0·008) and correlated positively with creatinine at 2 years (r = 0·68, P = 0·010) and with CD14(+) CD16(-) monocytes at 4 months (r = 0·732, P = 0·004). At 24 h, levels of human leucocyte antigen D-related declined from 12·12 ± 5·99 to 5·21 ± 3·84 and CD86 expression decreased from 2·76 ± 1·08 to 1·87 ± 0·95. Both markers recovered progressively until 12 months, when they decreased again. These results indicate that monitoring monocytes could be a promising new prognostic tool of graft dysfunction in renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guillén-Gómez
- Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, REDinREN, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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Tolerogenic dendritic cells and induction of T suppressor cells in transplant recipients. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1034:359-71. [PMID: 23775751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-493-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic antigen presenting cells (APC), primarily dendritic cells (DC), are essential to the induction and maintenance of immunologic tolerance in clinical transplantation. They induce the differentiation of CD8+ T suppressor (Ts) and CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) or anergic cells, which prevent transplant rejection maintaining a state of quiescence. Tolerogenic APC express high levels of inhibitory receptors such as Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)3 and 4 which inhibit the effector function of T cells that recognize HLA-peptide complexes on APC. Here, we describe the methods for detection of tolerogenic APC induced by allospecific Ts/Treg cells.
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Gordon JR, Ma Y, Churchman L, Gordon SA, Dawicki W. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24550907 PMCID: PMC3907717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recognize well the abilities of dendritic cells to activate effector T cell (Teff cell) responses to an array of antigens and think of these cells in this context as pre-eminent antigen-presenting cells, but dendritic cells are also critical to the induction of immunologic tolerance. Herein, we review our knowledge on the different kinds of tolerogenic or regulatory dendritic cells that are present or can be induced in experimental settings and humans, how they operate, and the diseases in which they are effective, from allergic to autoimmune diseases and transplant tolerance. The primary conclusions that arise from these cumulative studies clearly indicate that the agent(s) used to induce the tolerogenic phenotype and the status of the dendritic cell at the time of induction influence not only the phenotype of the dendritic cell, but also that of the regulatory T cell responses that they in turn mobilize. For example, while many, if not most, types of induced regulatory dendritic cells lead CD4+ naïve or Teff cells to adopt a CD25+Foxp3+ Treg phenotype, exposure of Langerhans cells or dermal dendritic cells to vitamin D leads in one case to the downstream induction of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell responses, while in the other to Foxp3− type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) responses. Similarly, exposure of human immature versus semi-mature dendritic cells to IL-10 leads to distinct regulatory T cell outcomes. Thus, it should be possible to shape our dendritic cell immunotherapy approaches for selective induction of different types of T cell tolerance or to simultaneously induce multiple types of regulatory T cell responses. This may prove to be an important option as we target diseases in different anatomic compartments or with divergent pathologies in the clinic. Finally, we provide an overview of the use and potential use of these cells clinically, highlighting their potential as tools in an array of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Yanna Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Laura Churchman
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Sara A Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
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Sharma AA, Jen R, Brant R, Ladd M, Huang Q, Skoll A, Senger C, Turvey SE, Marr N, Lavoie PM. Hierarchical maturation of innate immune defences in very preterm neonates. Neonatology 2014; 106:1-9. [PMID: 24603545 PMCID: PMC4556450 DOI: 10.1159/000358550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm neonates are highly vulnerable to infection. OBJECTIVES To investigate the developmental contribution of prematurity, chorioamnionitis and antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) on the maturation of neonatal microbial pathogen recognition responses. METHODS Using standardized protocols, we assayed multiple inflammatory cytokine responses (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12/23p40) to three prototypic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, i.e. TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide), TLR5 (flagellin) and TLR7/8 (R848), and to the non-TLR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor agonist, in cord blood mononuclear cells from neonates born before 33 weeks of gestation and at term. RESULTS TLR responses develop asynchronously in preterm neonates, whereby responses to TLR7/8 were more mature and were followed by the development of TLR4 responses, which were also heterogeneous. Responses to TLR5 were weakest and most immature. Maturity in TLR responses was not influenced by sex. Overall, we detected no significant contribution of ANS and chorioamnionitis to the developmental attenuation of either TLR or RIG-I responses. CONCLUSIONS The maturation of anti-microbial responses in neonates born early in gestation follows an asynchronous developmental hierarchy independently of an exposure to chorioamnionitis and ANS. Our data provide an immunological basis for the predominance of specific microbial infections in this age group.
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Levitsky J, Miller J, Huang X, Chandrasekaran D, Chen L, Mathew JM. Inhibitory effects of belatacept on allospecific regulatory T-cell generation in humans. Transplantation 2013; 96:689-96. [PMID: 23883971 PMCID: PMC3800494 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829f1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear if new costimulatory blockade agents, such as the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-Ig molecule belatacept (BEL), promote or inhibit the potential for immunologic tolerance in transplantation. We therefore tested the in vitro effects of BEL on human regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) alone and in combination with maintenance agents used in transplant recipients. METHODS BEL, mycophenolic acid (MPA), and sirolimus, either alone or in combination, were added to healthy volunteer Treg-MLR, testing (a) H-TdR incorporation for inhibition of lymphoproliferation and (b) flow cytometry to analyze for newly generated CD4+ CD25(high) FOXP3+ Tregs in carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled MLR responders. In addition, the modulatory effects of putative Tregs generated in the presence of these drugs were also tested using the lymphoproliferation and flow cytometric assays. RESULTS In comparison with medium controls, BEL dose-dependently inhibited both lymphoproliferation and Treg generation in human leukocyte antigen DR matched and mismatched MLRs either alone or in combination with MPA or sirolimus. However, MPA alone inhibited lymphoproliferation but significantly enhanced Treg generation at subtherapeutic concentrations (P<0.01). In addition, purified CD4+ CD127- cells generated in MLR in the presence of MPA and added as third component modulators in fresh MLRs significantly enhanced newly developed Tregs in the proliferating responder cells compared with those generated with BEL or medium controls. CONCLUSIONS BEL alone and in combination with agents used in transplant recipients inhibits the in vitro generation of human Tregs. BEL might therefore be a less optimal agent for tolerance induction in human organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Levitsky
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. 2 Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. 3 Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL. 4 Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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45
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Dendritic cell-based approaches for therapeutic immune regulation in solid-organ transplantation. J Transplant 2013; 2013:761429. [PMID: 24307940 PMCID: PMC3824554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid immune rejection, allograft recipients require drug-based immunosuppression, which has significant toxicity. An emerging approach is adoptive transfer of immunoregulatory cells. While mature dendritic cells (DCs) present donor antigen to the immune system, triggering rejection, regulatory DCs interact with regulatory T cells to promote immune tolerance. Intravenous injection of immature DCs of either donor or host origin at the time of transplantation have prolonged allograft survival in solid-organ transplant models. DCs can be treated with pharmacological agents before injection, which may attenuate their maturation in vivo. Recent data suggest that injected immunosuppressive DCs may inhibit allograft rejection, not by themselves, but through conventional DCs of the host. Genetically engineered DCs have also been tested. Two clinical trials in type-1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis have been carried out, and other trials, including one trial in kidney transplantation, are in progress or are imminent.
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46
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Chen DL, Wang X, Yamamoto S, Carpenter D, Engle JT, Li W, Lin X, Kreisel D, Krupnick AS, Huang HJ, Gelman AE. Increased T cell glucose uptake reflects acute rejection in lung grafts. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2540-9. [PMID: 23927673 PMCID: PMC3956601 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although T cells are required for acute lung rejection, other graft-infiltrating cells such as neutrophils accumulate in allografts and are also high glucose utilizers. Positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose probe [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) has been employed to image solid organ acute rejection, but the sources of glucose utilization remain undefined. Using a mouse model of orthotopic lung transplantation, we analyzed glucose probe uptake in the grafts of syngeneic and allogeneic recipients with or without immunosuppression treatment. Pulmonary microPET scans demonstrated significantly higher [(18)F]FDG uptake in rejecting allografts when compared to transplanted lungs of either immunosuppressed or syngeneic recipients. [(18)F]FDG uptake was also markedly attenuated following T cell depletion therapy in lung recipients with ongoing acute rejection. Flow cytometric analysis using the fluorescent deoxyglucose analog 2-NBDG revealed that T cells, and in particular CD8(+) T cells, were the largest glucose utilizers in acutely rejecting lung grafts followed by neutrophils and antigen-presenting cells. These data indicate that imaging modalities tailored toward assessing T cell metabolism may be useful in identifying acute rejection in lung recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine L. Chen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, MO 63110 USA,Address correspondence to either: Delphine L. Chen, Division of
Radiological Sciences and Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of
Medicine, Box 8223, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110
or Andrew E. Gelman, Division of
Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8234, 660
S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xingan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Sumiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Danielle Carpenter
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Jacquelyn T. Engle
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Alexander S. Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Howard J. Huang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine,
St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110 USA,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA,Address correspondence to either: Delphine L. Chen, Division of
Radiological Sciences and Nuclear Medicine, Washington University School of
Medicine, Box 8223, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110
or Andrew E. Gelman, Division of
Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8234, 660
S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
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Cell-intrinsic regulation of murine dendritic cell function and survival by prereceptor amplification of glucocorticoid. Blood 2013; 122:3288-97. [PMID: 24081658 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-489138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the inhibitory effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids (GCs) on dendritic cells (DCs) are well established, the roles of endogenous GCs in DC homeostasis are less clear. A critical element regulating endogenous GC concentrations involves local conversion of inactive substrates to active 11-hydroxyglucocorticoids, a reduction reaction catalyzed within the endoplasmic reticulum by an enzyme complex containing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). In this study, we found that this GC amplification pathway operates both constitutively and maximally in steady state murine DC populations and is unaffected by additional inflammatory stimuli. Under physiologic conditions, 11βHSD1-H6PDH increases the sensitivity of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to GC-induced apoptosis and restricts the survival of this population through a cell-intrinsic mechanism. Upon CpG activation, the effects of enzyme activity are overridden, with pDCs becoming resistant to GCs and fully competent to release type I interferon. CD8α(+) DCs are also highly proficient in amplifying GC levels, leading to impaired maturation following toll-like receptor-mediated signaling. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of 11βHSD1 synergized with CpG to enhance specific T-cell responses following vaccination targeted to CD8α(+) DCs. In conclusion, amplification of endogenous GCs is a critical cell-autonomous mechanism for regulating the survival and functions of DCs in vivo.
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Spirig R, Schaub A, Kropf A, Miescher S, Spycher MO, Rieben R. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein modulates activation of human leukocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71235. [PMID: 23967171 PMCID: PMC3743844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An anti-inflammatory effect of reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein (rHDL) has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis and in sepsis models. An increase of adhesion molecules as well as tissue factor expression on endothelial cells in response to inflammatory or danger signals are attenuated by the treatment with rHDL. Here we show the inhibitory effect of rHDL on the activation of human leukocytes in a whole blood assay as well as on monocyte-derived human dendritic cells (DC). Multiplex analysis of human whole blood showed that phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced secretion of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12(p40), IL-15 and IFN-α was inhibited. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect on the production of the chemokines CCL-2, CCL-4, CCL-5, CXCL-9 and CXCL-10 was observed. Activation of granulocytes and CD14+ monocytes by PHA is inhibited dose-dependently by rHDL shown as decreased up-regulation of ICAM-1 surface expression. In addition, we found a strong inhibitory effect of rHDL on toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-mediated maturation of DC. Treatment of DC with rHDL prevented the up-regulation of cell surface molecules CD80, CD83 and CD86 and it inhibited the TLR-driven activation of inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. These findings suggest that rHDL prevents activation of crucial cellular players of cellular immunity and could therefore be a useful reagent to impede inflammation as well as the link between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Spirig
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Rieben
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ezzelarab M, Zahorchak A, Lu L, Morelli A, Chalasani G, Demetris A, Lakkis F, Wijkstrom M, Murase N, Humar A, Shapiro R, Cooper D, Thomson A. Regulatory dendritic cell infusion prolongs kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1989-2005. [PMID: 23758811 PMCID: PMC4070451 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg), generated from cytokine-mobilized donor blood monocytes in vitamin D3 and IL-10, on renal allograft survival in a clinically relevant rhesus macaque model. DCreg expressed low MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but comparatively high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (B7-H1), and were resistant to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced maturation. They were infused intravenously (3.5-10 × 10(6) /kg), together with the B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent CTLA4Ig, 7 days before renal transplantation. CTLA4Ig was given for up to 8 weeks and rapamycin, started on Day -2, was maintained with tapering of blood levels until full withdrawal at 6 months. Median graft survival time was 39.5 days in control monkeys (no DC infusion; n = 6) and 113.5 days (p < 0.05) in DCreg-treated animals (n = 6). No adverse events were associated with DCreg infusion, and there was no evidence of induction of host sensitization based on circulating donor-specific alloantibody levels. Immunologic monitoring also revealed regulation of donor-reactive memory CD95(+) T cells and reduced memory/regulatory T cell ratios in DCreg-treated monkeys compared with controls. Termination allograft histology showed moderate combined T cell- and Ab-mediated rejection in both groups. These findings justify further preclinical evaluation of DCreg therapy and their therapeutic potential in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ezzelarab
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.F. Zahorchak
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - L. Lu
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.E. Morelli
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G. Chalasani
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A.J. Demetris
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - F.G. Lakkis
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M. Wijkstrom
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - N. Murase
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A. Humar
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - R. Shapiro
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - D.K.C. Cooper
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Corresponding author: Angus W. Thomson, PhD DSc, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, W1540 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, Phone: (412) 624-6392,
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Orange DE, Blachere NE, Fak J, Parveen S, Frank MO, Herre M, Tian S, Monette S, Darnell RB. Dendritic cells loaded with FK506 kill T cells in an antigen-specific manner and prevent autoimmunity in vivo. eLife 2013; 2:e00105. [PMID: 23390586 PMCID: PMC3564474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FK506 (Tacrolimus) is a potent inhibitor of calcineurin that blocks IL2 production and is widely used to prevent transplant rejection and treat autoimmunity. FK506 treatment of dendritic cells (FKDC) limits their capacity to stimulate T cell responses. FK506 does not prevent DC survival, maturation, or costimulatory molecule expression, suggesting that the limited capacity of FKDC to stimulate T cells may be due to inhibition of calcineurin signaling in the DC. Instead, we demonstrate that DC inhibit T cells by sequestering FK506 and continuously releasing the drug over several days. T cells encountering FKDC proliferate but fail to upregulate the survival factor bcl-xl and die, and IL2 restores both bcl-xl and survival. In mice, FKDC act in an antigen-specific manner to inhibit T-cell mediated autoimmune arthritis. This establishes that DCs can act as a cellular drug delivery system to target antigen specific T cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00105.001 Although our health depends on our immune system's ability to recognize and attack foreign material, this same response can cause the body to reject an organ transplant or even to spontaneously attack itself (this is called autoimmune disease). To help prevent rejection, patients who receive donated organs are given immunosuppressant drugs, with a compound called FK506, or Tacrolimus, the most commonly used. However, FK506 can have a number of serious side effects, including high blood pressure, kidney damage and diabetes. The job of starting an immune response falls in large part to a type of white blood cell called the dendritic cell, which patrols the body in search of cells in trouble—such as those infected with viruses. Dendritic cells are efficient at engulfing dying cells, which they break down and display fragments of on their cell surface. These fragments—which are known as antigens—are presented directly to T cells, which trigger a cascade of additional immune responses leading ultimately to the destruction of infected cells. In some cases of autoimmune disease, however, T cells begin to mistake the body's own cells for infected cells and to launch attacks against healthy tissue. Evidence suggests that immunosuppressive drugs such as FK506 can help to tone down these inappropriate immune responses. However, the use of FK506 to treat autoimmune disease has been limited by its side effects. Now, Orange et al. have shown that dendritic cells can be exploited to deliver drugs such as FK506 in a targeted and controlled manner. When the researchers loaded dendritic cells with FK506, they found that the cells sequestered the drug and then released it slowly in quantities that were sufficient to inhibit T-cell responses for at least 72 hr. Using a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis—an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of joint tissue—Orange and co-workers demonstrated that their novel drug delivery system could be therapeutically useful. They loaded dendritic cells displaying the antigen that triggers the mouse immune system to attack joint tissue, with FK506, and used the resulting cells to treat arthritic mice. Mice that received these cells showed less severe arthritis than control animals treated with dendritic cells that had not been loaded with FK506. Moreover, the total dose of FK506 that the mice were exposed to was very low, with the result that they showed no evidence of the side effects typically seen with this drug. This proof-of-concept study suggests that dendritic cells could be used for the gradual and controlled delivery of drugs to specific target cells within the immune system. By precisely targeting relevant immune cells, it should be possible to use much lower drug doses, and thereby reduce side effects. Follow-up studies are now required to determine whether dendritic cells can be used as vehicles for the delivery of other drugs to treat a range of diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00105.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Orange
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology , The Rockefeller University , New York , United States ; Division of Rheumatology , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , United States
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