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Wang L, Quine S, Frickenstein AN, Lee M, Yang W, Sheth VM, Bourlon MD, He Y, Lyu S, Garcia-Contreras L, Zhao YD, Wilhelm S. Exploring and Analyzing the Systemic Delivery Barriers for Nanoparticles. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 34:2308446. [PMID: 38828467 PMCID: PMC11142462 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202308446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Most nanomedicines require efficient in vivo delivery to elicit diagnostic and therapeutic effects. However, en route to their intended tissues, systemically administered nanoparticles often encounter delivery barriers. To describe these barriers, we propose the term "nanoparticle blood removal pathways" (NBRP), which summarizes the interactions between nanoparticles and the body's various cell-dependent and cell-independent blood clearance mechanisms. We reviewed nanoparticle design and biological modulation strategies to mitigate nanoparticle-NBRP interactions. As these interactions affect nanoparticle delivery, we studied the preclinical literature from 2011-2021 and analyzed nanoparticle blood circulation and organ biodistribution data. Our findings revealed that nanoparticle surface chemistry affected the in vivo behavior more than other nanoparticle design parameters. Combinatory biological-PEG surface modification improved the blood area under the curve by ~418%, with a decrease in liver accumulation of up to 47%. A greater understanding of nanoparticle-NBRP interactions and associated delivery trends will provide new nanoparticle design and biological modulation strategies for safer, more effective, and more efficient nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Skyler Quine
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Alex N. Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Vinit M. Sheth
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Margaret D. Bourlon
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA
| | - Yuxin He
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Shanxin Lyu
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Lucila Garcia-Contreras
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA
| | - Yan D. Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73012, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
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Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Lunova M, Frtús A, Jirsa M, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Lysosomal nanotoxicity: Impact of nanomedicines on lysosomal function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114828. [PMID: 37075952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Although several nanomedicines got clinical approval over the past two decades, the clinical translation rate is relatively small so far. There are many post-surveillance withdrawals of nanomedicines caused by various safety issues. For successful clinical advancement of nanotechnology, it is of unmet need to realize cellular and molecular foundation of nanotoxicity. Current data suggest that lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanoparticles is emerging as the most common intracellular trigger of nanotoxicity. This review analyzes prospect mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction-mediated toxicity induced by nanoparticles. We summarized and critically assessed adverse drug reactions of current clinically approved nanomedicines. Importantly, we show that physicochemical properties have great impact on nanoparticles interaction with cells, excretion route and kinetics, and subsequently on toxicity. We analyzed literature on adverse reactions of current nanomedicines and hypothesized that adverse reactions might be linked with lysosomal dysfunction caused by nanomedicines. Finally, from our analysis it becomes clear that it is unjustifiable to generalize safety and toxicity of nanoparticles, since different particles possess distinct toxicological properties. We propose that the biological mechanism of the disease progression and treatment should be central in the optimization of nanoparticle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Uzhytchak
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Portilla Y, Fernández-Afonso Y, Pérez-Yagüe S, Mulens-Arias V, Morales MP, Gutiérrez L, Barber DF. Different coatings on magnetic nanoparticles dictate their degradation kinetics in vivo for 15 months after intravenous administration in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:543. [PMID: 36578018 PMCID: PMC9795732 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surface coating of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) drives their intracellular trafficking and degradation in endolysosomes, as well as dictating other cellular outcomes. As such, we assessed whether MNP coatings might influence their biodistribution, their accumulation in certain organs and their turnover therein, processes that must be understood in vivo to optimize the design of nanoformulations for specific therapeutic/diagnostic needs. RESULTS In this study, three different MNP coatings were analyzed, each conferring the identical 12 nm iron oxide cores with different physicochemical characteristics: 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APS), dextran (DEX), and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). When the biodistribution of these MNPs was analyzed in C57BL/6 mice, they all mainly accumulated in the spleen and liver one week after administration. The coating influenced the proportion of the MNPs in each organ, with more APS-MNPs accumulating in the spleen and more DMSA-MNPs accumulating in the liver, remaining there until they were fully degraded. The changes in the physicochemical properties of the MNPs (core size and magnetic properties) was also assessed during their intracellular degradation when internalized by two murine macrophage cell lines. The decrease in the size of the MNPs iron core was influenced by their coating and the organ in which they accumulated. Finally, MNP degradation was analyzed in the liver and spleen of C57BL/6 mice from 7 days to 15 months after the last intravenous MNP administration. CONCLUSIONS The MNPs degraded at different rates depending on the organ and their coating, the former representing the feature that was fundamental in determining the time they persisted. In the liver, the rate of degradation was similar for all three coatings, and it was faster than in the spleen. This information regarding the influence of coatings on the in vivo degradation of MNPs will help to choose the best coating for each biomedical application depending on the specific clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadileiny Portilla
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and the NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yilian Fernández-Afonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Nanociencia Y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC and CIBER-BBN, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez-Yagüe
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and the NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and the NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Biomedical Materials and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Pompeu Fabra University, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Puerto Morales
- Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de La Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Nanociencia Y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC and CIBER-BBN, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and the NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Lu Y, Feng J, Liang Z, Lu X, Guo S, Huang L, Xiong W, Chen S, Zhou H, Ma X, Xu Y, Qiu X, Wu A, Chen X, Shen Z. A tumor microenvironment dual responsive contrast agent for contrary contrast-magnetic resonance imaging and specific chemotherapy of tumors. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:403-413. [PMID: 35212333 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) is still one of the research hotspots due to the inherent limitations of T1- or T2-weighted CAs and T1/T2 dual-mode CAs. To dramatically enhance the MRI contrast between tumors and normal tissues, we propose a new concept of contrary contrast-MRI (CC-MRI), whose specific definition is that CC-MRI CAs present a positive or negative signal at normal tissues, but show contrary signals at diseased tissues. To realize CC-MRI of tumors, we designed and developed a tumor microenvironment (TME) dual responsive CA (i.e., SA-FeGdNP-DOX@mPEG), which is almost not responsive under normal physiological conditions, but highly responsive to the acidic and reductive TME. Our SA-FeGdNP-DOX@mPEG shows a negative MRI signal under normal physiological conditions due to the high r2 value (336.9 mM-1 s-1) and high r2/r1 ratio (18.4), but switches to a positive MRI signal in the TME because of the high r1 value (20.32 mM-1 s-1) and low r2/r1 ratio (7.2). Our TME dual responsive SA-FeGdNP-DOX@mPEG significantly enhanced the contrast of MR images between tumors and livers, and the ΔSNR difference reached 501%. In addition, our SA-FeGdNP-DOX2@mPEG2 with tumor targetability and controlled DOX release responding to the TME was also used for tumor-specific chemotherapy with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhiyu Liang
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuanyi Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Sijin Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuehua Ma
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zheyu Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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5
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Trac N, Chung EJ. Overcoming physiological barriers by nanoparticles for intravenous drug delivery to the lymph nodes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2358-2371. [PMID: 33957802 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211010762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymph nodes are major sites of cancer metastasis and immune activity, and thus represent important clinical targets. Although not as well-studied compared to subcutaneous administration, intravenous drug delivery is advantageous for lymph node delivery as it is commonly practiced in the clinic and has the potential to deliver therapeutics systemically to all lymph nodes. However, rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system, tight junctions of the blood vascular endothelium, and the collagenous matrix of the interstitium can limit the efficiency of lymph node drug delivery, which has prompted research into the design of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. In this mini review, we describe the physiological and biological barriers to lymph node targeting, how they inform nanoparticle design, and discuss the future outlook of lymph node targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Trac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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6
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Nie Y, Rui Y, Miao C, Li Q, Hu F, Gu H. A stable USPIO capable for MR lymphography with ultra-low effective dosage. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102233. [PMID: 32522710 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles appear to be promising tools for MR lymphography due to their unique magnetic properties. In clinical diagnosis, the effectiveness of USPIO will greatly affect the clinician's judgment to the enhanced MR images. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of CS015, a PAA-coated USPIO, with subcutaneous and intravenous administration. It appeared that subcutaneously injected particles had much higher efficiency to reach lymph nodes, and even worked at a very small dose 0.075 μmol/kg. Further, we compared CS015 with ferumoxytol and ferumoxtran-10 in MR lymphography and found that CS015 had the best performance. And the lymph node metastases in New Zealand rabbits were successfully detected using CS015 with one single dose. These merits of CS015 make it a promising MR lymphography contrast agent with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanpeng Rui
- Department of Radiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongchong Miao
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinshan Li
- So-Fe Biomedicine, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchen Gu
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Zhou H, Qiu X, Shen Z. [T 1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and their theranostic nanoprobes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:427-444. [PMID: 32376585 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important imaging modality for clinical disease diagnosis, and nearly 50% of clinical MRI examinations require contrast agents to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity. This review provides a summary of the major MRI contrast agents and their classification, and the advantages and limits of the commercially available MRI contrast agents, and elaborates on the exceedingly small magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ES-MIONs), dotted core-shell iron and gadolinium hybrid nanoparticles (FeGd-HN) and exceedingly small gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (ES-GON). These nanoparticles can greatly improve the efficiency of T1-weighted MRI due to their high r1 value and low r2/r1 ratio, and are expected to be translated into clinical contrast agents for T1-weighted MRI. The authors also review the diagnostic and therapeutic integration system that combines MRI contrast agents with various tumor therapies, such as MRI-guided ferroptosis therapy, radiosensitization therapy, and photothermal therapy, which allow efficient treatment as well as real-time monitoring of tumors and serve as potential cancer therapy strategies. The possible future research directions in the field of MRI-based multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic formulations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaozhong Qiu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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8
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Shipunova VO, Nikitin MP, Nikitin PI, Deyev SM. MPQ-cytometry: a magnetism-based method for quantification of nanoparticle-cell interactions. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12764-12772. [PMID: 27279427 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise quantification of interactions between nanoparticles and living cells is among the imperative tasks for research in nanobiotechnology, nanotoxicology and biomedicine. To meet the challenge, a rapid method called MPQ-cytometry is developed, which measures the integral non-linear response produced by magnetically labeled nanoparticles in a cell sample with an original magnetic particle quantification (MPQ) technique. MPQ-cytometry provides a sensitivity limit 0.33 ng of nanoparticles and is devoid of a background signal present in many label-based assays. Each measurement takes only a few seconds, and no complicated sample preparation or data processing is required. The capabilities of the method have been demonstrated by quantification of interactions of iron oxide nanoparticles with eukaryotic cells. The total amount of targeted nanoparticles that specifically recognized the HER2/neu oncomarker on the human cancer cell surface was successfully measured, the specificity of interaction permitting the detection of HER2/neu positive cells in a cell mixture. Moreover, it has been shown that MPQ-cytometry analysis of a HER2/neu-specific iron oxide nanoparticle interaction with six cell lines of different tissue origins quantitatively reflects the HER2/neu status of the cells. High correlation of MPQ-cytometry data with those obtained by three other commonly used in molecular and cell biology methods supports consideration of this method as a prospective alternative for both quantifying cell-bound nanoparticles and estimating the expression level of cell surface antigens. The proposed method does not require expensive sophisticated equipment or highly skilled personnel and it can be easily applied for rapid diagnostics, especially under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V O Shipunova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Vasconcelos Braz S, Monge-Fuentes V, Rodrigues da Silva J, Tomaz C, Tavares MC, Pereira Garcia M, Nair Báo S, Paulino Lozzi S, Bentes de Azevedo R. Morphological Analysis of Reticuloendothelial System in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.) after Meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Administration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140233. [PMID: 26559061 PMCID: PMC4641670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for numerous in vitro and in vivo applications. However, since uptake by the reticuloendothelial system represents an obstacle for the achievement of nanoparticle diagnostic and therapeutic goals, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the uptake of dimercaptosuccinic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles by reticuloendothelial system phagocytic cells present in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver tissue and how the presence of these particles could have an impact on the morphology of these organs in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Animals were intravenously injected with dimercaptosuccinic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles and euthanized 12 hours and 90 days post-injection. Organs were processed by transmission electron microscopy and histological techniques. Samples of spleen and lymph nodes showed no morphological changes. Nevertheless, liver samples collected 90 days post-administration showed slight morphological alteration in space of Disse. Moreover, morphometrical analysis of hepatic mitochondria was performed, suggesting a clear positive correlation between mitochondrial area and dimercaptosuccinic acid coated magnetic nanoparticles administration time. The present results are directly relevant to current safety considerations in clinical diagnostic and therapeutic uses of magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shélida Vasconcelos Braz
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Victoria Monge-Fuentes
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Primate Center and Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Neurocience Graduate Program, University CEUMA, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria Clotilde Tavares
- Primate Center and Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Monica Pereira Garcia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Sônia Nair Báo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, 70919–970 -Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Silene Paulino Lozzi
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910–900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Schütz G, Lohrke J, Pietsch H. Lymph node staging using dedicated magnetic resonance contrast agents--the accumulation mechanism revisited. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:238-49. [PMID: 25266498 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
When diagnosing cancer, assessing the nodal stage is tremendously important in determining the patient's prognosis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) assessments of the regional lymph node (LN) size and shape are currently used for the initial nodal staging in clinical settings, although this approach has a rather low sensitivity, and biopsy often leads to restaging of the LNs. Acknowledging the great medical need to accurately stage LNs, scientists and clinicians have been working since the late 1980s on MR contrast agents that provide more reliable staging results. Different types of molecules (i.e., iron oxide nanoparticles and Gd-based contrast agent) have shown promising LN accumulation and imaging results, but no clinically approved, dedicated LN staging contrast agent is currently available. The literature describes a mechanism of contrast agent accumulation in the LNs that considers some but not all published experimental evidence. However, confidence in the mechanism of LN accumulation is a prerequisite for the directed synthesis of compounds for accurate and sensitive LN staging. To improve our understanding of the LN contrast agent accumulation mechanism, we reviewed the published data on the enrichment of colloidal MR contrast agent candidates in LNs, and we suggest an extended mechanism for contrast agent enrichment in LNs. For further clarification, physiology and results from drug targeting studies are considered where applicable.
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11
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Clemente-Casares X, Santamaria P. Nanomedicine in autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:167-74. [PMID: 24406504 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases is already a reality and is causing a real revolution in how we design new therapies and vaccines. In this review we focus on the applications of nanotechnology in the field of autoimmunity. First, we review scenarios in which iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, mostly through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both in animal models and patients. Second, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles as an immunotherapeutic platform for autoimmune diseases, for now exclusively in pre-clinical models. Finally, we discuss the potential of this field to generate the 'perfect drug' with the capacity to report on its therapeutic efficacy in real time, that is, the birth of theranostics in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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Belete A, Metz H, Mueller T, Maeder K. Benchtop MRI for pharmacokinetic evaluation of two aqueous-based nano-scaled formulations of oleic acid stabilized magnetite nanocrystals. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:406-14. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.871552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Mamani JB, Pavon LF, Miyaki LAM, Sibov TT, Rossan F, Silveira PH, Cárdenas WHZ, Amaro Junior E, Gamarra LF. Intracellular labeling and quantification process by magnetic resonance imaging using iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in rat C6 glioma cell line. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2013; 10:216-21. [PMID: 23052458 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082012000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess intracellular labeling and quantification by magnetic resonance imaging using iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles coated with biocompatible materials in rat C6 glioma cells in vitro. These methods will provide direction for future trials of tumor induction in vivo as well as possible magnetic hyperthermia applications. METHODS Aminosilane, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, and starch-coated magnetic nanoparticles were used in the qualitative assessment of C6 cell labeling via light microscopy. The influence of the transfection agent poly-L-lysine on cellular uptake was examined. The quantification process was performed by relaxometry analysis in T1 and T2weighted phantom images. RESULTS Light microscopy revealed that the aminosilane-coated magnetic nanoparticles alone or complexed with poly-L-lysine showed higher cellular uptake than did the uncoated magnetic particles. The relaxivities of the aminosilane-coated magnetic nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 50nm to a 3-T field were r1=(6.1±0.3)×10(-5) ms-1mL/µg, r2=(5.3±0.1)× 10(-4) ms(-1)mL/µg, with a ratio of r2 / r1 ≅ 9. The iron uptake in the cells was calculated by analyzing the relaxation rates (R1 and R2) using a mathematical relationship. CONCLUSIONS C6 glioma cells have a high uptake efficiency for aminosilane-coated magnetic nanoparticles complexed with the transfection agent poly-L-lysine. The large ratio r2 / r1 ≅ 9 indicates that these magnetic nanoparticles are ideal for quantification by magnetic resonance imaging with T2-weighted imaging techniques.
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Influence of Zn2+ doping on the structural and surface morphological properties of nanocrystalline Ni-Cu spinel ferrite. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5326-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ni0.8-x
Cu0.2Zn
x
Fe2O4 (x = 0.0 ≤ 0.6 with steps of 0.2) ferrite nanophase was achieved by sol–gel auto-combustion technique. The as-prepared samples were thermally characterized by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis to obtain firing temperature of the materials. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicates the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure and shows strong influence of the incorporation of Zn2+ metal ions on the spinel structure. The annealing treatment does not alter the crystal structure but increases the crystallinity of the samples. The morphological investigations and nanometric sizes of the samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The crystallographic texture due to annealing and Zn2+ ion doping was systematically investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Iversen NK, Frische S, Thomsen K, Laustsen C, Pedersen M, Hansen PB, Bie P, Fresnais J, Berret JF, Baatrup E, Wang T. Superparamagnetic iron oxide polyacrylic acid coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles do not affect kidney function but cause acute effect on the cardiovascular function in healthy mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 266:276-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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MRI Assessment of Hepatic Iron Clearance Rates After USPIO Administration in Healthy Adults. Invest Radiol 2012; 47:717-24. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31826dc151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Magnetic nanovectors for drug delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8 Suppl 1:S37-50. [PMID: 22640907 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology holds the promise of novel and more effective treatments for vexing human health issues. Among these are the use of nanoparticle platforms for site-specific delivery of therapeutics to tumors, both by passive and active mechanisms; the latter includes magnetic vectoring of magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) that are functionalized to carry a drug payload that is released at the tumor. The conceptual basis, which actually dates back a number of decades, resides in physical (magnetic) enhancement, with magnetic field gradients aligned non-parallel to the direction of flow in the tumor vasculature, of existing passive mechanisms for extravasation and accumulation of MNP in the tumor interstitial fluid, followed by MNP internalization. In this review, we will assess the most recent developments and current status of this approach, considering MNP that are composed of one or more of the three elements that are ferromagnetic at physiological temperature: nickel, cobalt and iron. The effects on cellular functions in vitro, the ability to successfully vector the platform in vivo, the anti-tumor effects of such localized nano-vectors, and any associated toxicities for these MNP will be presented. The merits and shortcomings of nanomaterials made of each of the three elements will be highlighted, and a roadmap for moving this long-established approach forward to clinical evaluation will be put forth.
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Klostergaard J, Seeney CE. Magnetic nanovectors for drug delivery. Maturitas 2012; 73:33-44. [PMID: 22402027 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology holds the promise of novel and more effective treatments for vexing human health issues. Among these are the use of nanoparticle platforms for site-specific delivery of therapeutics to tumors, both by passive and active mechanisms; the latter includes magnetic vectoring of magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) that are functionalized to carry a drug payload that is released at the tumor. The conceptual basis, which actually dates back a number of decades, resides in physical (magnetic) enhancement, with magnetic field gradients aligned non-parallel to the direction of flow in the tumor vasculature, of existing passive mechanisms for extravasation and accumulation of MNP in the tumor interstitial fluid, followed by MNP internalization. In this review, we will assess the most recent developments and current status of this approach, considering MNP that are composed of one or more of the three elements that are ferromagnetic at physiological temperature: nickel, cobalt and iron. The effects on cellular functions in vitro, the ability to successfully vector the platform in vivo, the anti-tumor effects of such localized nano-vectors, and any associated toxicities for these MNP will be presented. The merits and shortcomings of nanomaterials made of each of the three elements will be highlighted, and a roadmap for moving this long-established approach forward to clinical evaluation will be put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Klostergaard
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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19
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Wensing B, Deserno W, de Bondt R, Marres H, Merkx M, Barentsz J, van den Hoogen F. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance lymphography in preoperative staging of clinically negative necks in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: A pilot study. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:1079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Lee WY, Cheng WY, Yeh YC, Lai CH, Hwang SM, Hsiao CW, Huang CW, Chen MC, Sung HW. Magnetically Directed Self-Assembly of Electrospun Superparamagnetic Fibrous Bundles to Form Three-Dimensional Tissues with a Highly Ordered Architecture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:651-61. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Huang Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Yu DX, Ma XX, Zhang XM, Wang Q, Li CF. Morphological features and clinical feasibility of thoracic duct: detection with nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 32:94-100. [PMID: 20578016 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the detection of the thoracic duct using nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the influence of some related disorders on the lymphatic duct. MATERIALS AND METHODS Highly fluid-sensitive sequence and fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (FS-T2WI) were performed in a total of 139 cases. The axial and coronal images were used to locate the thoracic duct and the measurement and evaluation of its dimensions were performed using a 3D maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction image. The differences in the dimensions among control, portal hypertension, and common bile duct obstruction groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The cisterna chyli was shown in 91% of cases on FS-T2WI, while the thoracic duct appeared in 70% of the MIP images. The common configuration of the cisterna chyli was tubular or saccular in 73%. Eighty thoracic ducts had a slight turn declining to the left at the level of T8-10. There was a significant difference in the transverse diameter of the thoracic duct between the portal hypertension group and other groups (F = 5.638, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Nonenhanced MRI is feasible for locating and depicting the morphological features of the thoracic duct. Portal hypertension may influence the dimension of the thoracic duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-xin Yu
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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22
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Yan GP, Xu W, Yang L, Li L, Liu F, Guo QZ. Dextran Gadolinium Complexes as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Sentinel Lymph Nodes. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1884-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee CM, Jeong HJ, Kim EM, Kim DW, Lim ST, Kim HT, Park IK, Jeong YY, Kim JW, Sohn MH. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual imaging probe for targeting hepatocytes in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2010; 62:1440-6. [PMID: 19859969 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-specific targeting agents are useful for evaluation of the hepatocytic function and the monitoring of disease progress. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) bearing terminal galactose groups exhibit a high affinity for the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the hepatocyte surface. In this study, we synthesized and characterized the dual probe SPION detectable by both nuclear and MR imaging modality for specifically targeting hepatocytes in vivo. SPION with 12-nm diameter were functionalized with dopamine. Surface modification of the SPION was performed to target asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes, using lactobionic acid. Transmission electron microscope images demonstrated that SPION displayed highly uniform characteristics in terms of both particle size and shape. The X-ray diffraction pattern of SPION revealed a nanocrystal structure of magnetite. To radiolabel the magnetite with (99m)Tc, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was conjugated to unreacted functional groups of dopamine. (99m)Tc-labeled lactobionic acid-SPION showed high accumulation in liver, with 38.43 +/- 6.45% injected dose per gram. In MR imaging, the reduction of the T(2) signal in the liver by lactobionic acid-SPION was approximately 50.8 +/- 7.3%. Competition studies and transmission electron microscope images of liver tissues demonstrated that the lactobionic acid-SPION were localized in hepatocytes. Therefore, the lactobionic acid-SPION may be used as a hepatocyte-targeted dual contrast agent for both nuclear and MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Moon Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jellabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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Jeon YH, Kim YH, Choi K, Piao JY, Quan B, Lee YS, Jeong JM, Chung JK, Lee DS, Lee MC, Lee J, Chung DS, Kang KW. In vivo imaging of sentinel nodes using fluorescent silica nanoparticles in living mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:155-62. [PMID: 19830500 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examine the feasibility of fluorescent imaging system for sentinel lymph node detection by using functionalized silica nanoparticles. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a functionalized RITC-SiO(2) nanoparticles containing fluorescent dye, C(28)H(31)N(2)O(3)Cl (rhodamine B isothiocyanate) inside, and subsequently synthesized (68)Ga-NOTA-RITC-SiO(2) nanoparticles. RESULTS At 5 min after RITC-doped silica nanoparticles injection, fluorescent signals were shown in both right axillary lymph node (ALN) and injection site of living mice. Fluorescent signals were also observed at these locations in a biodistribution study. In addition, fluorescence was detected in frozen ALN sections microscopically. The percentages of doses injected per gram of tissue of axillary and brachial lymph nodes near footpad treated with (68)Ga-NOTA-RITC-SiO(2) nanoparticles were 308.3 +/- 3.4 and 41.5 +/- 6.1, respectively. Little (68)Ga radioactivity was found in other organs. CONCLUSION Our data provide strong evidence that functionalized silica nanoparticles has a promising potential as organic lymphatic tracer in biomedical imaging such as pre- and intraoperative surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Pultrum BB, van der Jagt EJ, van Westreenen HL, van Dullemen HM, Kappert P, Groen H, Sietsma J, Oudkerk M, Plukker JTM, van Dam GM. Detection of lymph node metastases with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oesophageal cancer: a feasibility study. Cancer Imaging 2009; 9:19-28. [PMID: 19414293 PMCID: PMC2681289 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this feasibility study we investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) can be used to identify regional and distant lymph nodes, including mediastinal and celiac lymph node metastases in patients with oesophageal cancer. Patients and methods: Ten patients with a potentially curative resectable cancer of the oesophagus were eligible for this study. All patients included in the study had positive lymph nodes on conventional staging (including endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography). Nine patients underwent MRI + USPIO before surgery. Results were restricted to those patients who had both MRI + USPIO and histological examination. Results were compared with conventional staging and histopathologic findings. Results: One patient was excluded due to expired study time. Five out of 9 patients underwent an exploration; in 1 patient prior to surgery MRI + USPIO diagnosed liver metastases and in 3 patients an oesophageal resection was performed. USPIO uptake in mediastinal lymph nodes was seen in 6 out of 9 patients; in 3 patients non-malignant nodes were not visible. In total, 9 lymph node stations (of 6 patients) were separately analysed; 7 lymph node stations were assessed as positive (N1) on MRI+USPIO compared with 9 by conventional staging. According to histology findings, there was one false-positive and one false-negative result in MRI + USPIO. Also, conventional staging modalities had one false-positive and one false-negative result. MRI + USPIO had surplus value in one patient. Not all lymph node stations could be compared due to unforeseen explorations. No adverse effects occurred after USPIO infusion. Conclusion: MRI+USPIO identified the majority of mediastinal and celiac (suspect) lymph nodes in 9 patients with oesophageal cancer. MRI+USPIO could have an additional value in loco-regional staging; however, more supplementary research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Pultrum
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lu D, Wen X, Liang J, Gu Z, Zhang X, Fan Y. A pH-sensitive nano drug delivery system derived from pullulan/doxorubicin conjugate. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 89:177-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cahill RA. Regional nodal staging for early stage colon cancer in the era of endoscopic resection and N.O.T.E.S. Surg Oncol 2009; 18:169-75. [PMID: 19246188 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced endoscopic technologies and techniques capable of providing localized resection of colonic primaries are entering clinical practice. As much as Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (N.O.T.E.S.) may ultimately provide for transmural resection with narrow margins, intraluminal techniques such as endoscopic submucosal resection can now effect excision of early stage tumors from within the colon. However, the limit on the application of these approaches is oncological providence as current staging requires en bloc mesenteric resection in every case to ensure that adequate nodal assessment is assured. Furthermore, this requirement is also a limiting factor on the advance of innovative procedures such as Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery and N.O.T.E.S.-hybrid techniques as these approaches, while likely adept at the definitive management of the primary, have limitations regarding their ability to provide full base mesenteric resection (due mostly to constraints on retraction capacity as well as operating field space and exposure). Therefore a means to accurately and efficiently identify those patients who are truly node negative (and so in whom radical mesenteric lymphadenectomy could be avoided) would allow all of these techniques to advance with a clear focus on address of the primary. This review analyses the current state of the art of regional staging in the colonic mesentery in place of formal lymphadenectomy. It includes deliberation of both preoperative non-invasive testing as well as novel means of employing N.O.T.E.S. approaches to allow direct determination of lymph node status (in particular that of sentinel nodes) by either rapid histopathological examination or by emerging technologies such as Optical Coherence Tomography that may provide optical or 'virtual' biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Cahill
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; European Institute of Surgical Research and Innovation (EISRI), Dublin, Ireland.
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Sharma R, Wendt JA, Rasmussen JC, Adams KE, Marshall MV, Sevick-Muraca EM. New horizons for imaging lymphatic function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1131:13-36. [PMID: 18519956 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1413.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of noninvasive imaging modalities used clinically for the diagnosis of lymphatic diseases, new imaging agents for assessing lymphatic architecture and cancer status of lymph nodes, and emerging near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent optical imaging technologies and agents for functional lymphatic imaging. Given the promise of NIR optical imaging, we provide example results of functional lymphatic imaging in mice, swine, and humans, showing the ability of this technology to quantify lymph velocity and frequencies of propulsion resulting from the contractility of lymphatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 360, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mounzer R, Shkarin P, Papademetris X, Constable T, Ruddle NH, Fahmy TM. Dynamic imaging of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes using a bimodal nanoparticulate contrast agent. Lymphat Res Biol 2008; 5:151-8. [PMID: 18035933 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of lymphedema and lymph node metastasis in humans has relied primarily on invasive or radioactive modalities. While noninvasive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer the potential for true three-dimensional imaging of lymphatic structures, invasive modalities, such as optical fluorescence microscopy, provide higher resolution and clearer delineation of both lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Thus, contrast agents that image lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes by both fluorescence and MRI may further enhance our understanding of the structure and function of the lymphatic system. Recent applications of bimodal (fluorescence and MR) contrast agents in mice have not achieved clear visualization of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Here the authors describe the development of a nanoparticulate contrast agent that is taken up by lymphatic vessels to draining lymph nodes and detected by both modalities. METHODS A unique nanoparticulate contrast agent composed of a polyamidoamine dendrimer core conjugated to paramagnetic contrast agents and fluorescent probes was synthesized. Anesthetized mice were injected with the nanoparticulates in the hind footpads and imaged by MR and fluorescence microscopy. High resolution MR and fluorescence images were obtained and compared to traditional techniques for lymphatic visualization using Evans blue dye. RESULTS Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels were clearly observed by both MRI and fluorescence microscopy using the bimodal nanoparticulate contrast agent. Characteristic tail-lymphatics were also visualized by both modalities. Contrast imaging yielded a higher resolution than the traditional method employing Evans blue dye. MR data correlated with fluorescence and Evans blue dye imaging. CONCLUSION A bimodal nanoparticulate contrast agent facilitates the visualization of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes by both fluorescence microscopy and MRI with strong correlation between the two modalities. This agent may translate to applications such as the assessment of malignancy and lymphedema in humans and the evaluation of lymphatic vessel function and morphology in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Mounzer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agents, clinically established for high resolution magnetic resonance imaging of reticuloendothelial system containing anatomical structures, can additionally be exploited for the non-invasive characterization and quantification of pathology down to the molecular level. In this context, SPIOs can be applied for non-invasive cell tracking, quantification of tissue perfusion and target specific imaging, as well as for the detection of gene expression. This article provides an overview of new applications for clinically approved iron oxides as well of new, modified SPIO contrast agents for parametric and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matuszewski
- Institut für Klinische Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster.
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Song Q, Ding Y, Wang ZL, Zhang ZJ. Formation of orientation-ordered superlattices of magnetite magnetic nanocrystals from shape-segregated self-assemblies. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:25547-50. [PMID: 17166006 DOI: 10.1021/jp0652695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals have been synthesized by combining nonhydrolytic reaction with seed-mediated growth. The shape of these magnetite nanocrystals can be controlled either as pure spheres or a mixture of mainly faceted nanocrystals. Faceted magnetite nanocrystals consist of truncated tetrahedral platelets (TTPs), truncated octahedrons (TOs), and octahedrons (OTs). Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicates that the faceted nanocrystal mixture tends to self-segregate based upon the shape in a self-assembly process, and each shape forms its own distinct crystallographic orientation-ordered superlattice assemblies. Self-assemblies of the Fe3O4 nanocrystals in the shapes of TTP, TO, and OT show hexagonal, primitive cubic, and distorted body-centered cubic (bcc) superlattice structures, respectively. The possible mechanism for the formation of different superstructures is attributed to van der Waals interactions. Nanocrystals with different shapes provide diverse building blocks for bottom-up approaches in building nano- and mesosystems. Furthermore, the self-segregation phenomenon of different shaped nanocrystals in self-assembly processes could be very important in envisioning efficient assembly strategies for nanoscience- and nanotechnology-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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Mowat P, Franconi F, Chapon C, Lemaire L, Dorat J, Hindré F, Benoit JP, Richomme P, Le Jeune JJ. Evaluating SPIO-labelled cell MR efficiency by three-dimensional quantitative T2* MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:21-7. [PMID: 16998951 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro MR-assay for superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle cell labelling assessment via three-dimensional quantitative T(2) (*) MR microscopy was proposed. On high-resolution images, and due to the high susceptibility difference between the particles and the surrounding medium, SPIO internalized in cells induces signal loss which may be counted and measured on T(2) (*) maps. The increase in both labelled cell percentage and the average perturbation volume with an added amount of iron in the incubation medium proved that intracellular iron uptake is dependent upon the initial concentration of incubation iron. It also proved that the observed increases in total cellular iron uptake measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy are due to both an increase in the iron mass per cell and also an increase in labelled cell concentration. MR results were compared with Prussian blue staining histology. The sensitivity of the MR methodology was then used to distinguish labelling differences for two different types of particle coating. The MRI-assay we proposed is a compulsory tool to optimize labelling efficiency in order to improve in vivo cell detection. Key parameters for detection, such as the percentage of cell labelling, the effect on the image for a given amount of internalized iron and labelling distribution among a cell population, are easily obtained. The comparison of different contrast agents for labelling one cell type, the assessment of one type of contrast agent for labelling different cell types and/or the evaluation of labelling strategies, are possible without having recourse to classical methods, and provide improved accuracy, since the principle is based on intracellular relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mowat
- INSERM U 646 'Ingénierie de la Vectorisation', Angers, France
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Briley-Saebo KC, Johansson LO, Hustvedt SO, Haldorsen AG, Bjørnerud A, Fayad ZA, Ahlstrom HK. Clearance of Iron Oxide Particles in Rat Liver. Invest Radiol 2006; 41:560-71. [PMID: 16772849 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000221321.90261.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the effect of the particle size and coating material of various iron oxide preparations on the rate of rat liver clearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following iron oxide formulations were used in this study: dextran-coated ferumoxide (size = 97 nm) and ferumoxtran-10 (size = 21 nm), carboxydextran-coated SHU555A (size = 69 nm) and fractionated SHU555A (size = 12 nm), and oxidized-starch coated materials either unformulated NC100150 (size = 15 nm) or formulated NC100150 injection (size = 12 nm). All formulations were administered to 165 rats at 2 dose levels. Quantitative liver R2* values were obtained during a 63-day time period. The concentration of iron oxide particles in the liver was determined by relaxometry, and these values were used to calculate the particle half-lives in the liver. RESULTS After the administration of a high dose of iron oxide, the half-life of iron oxide particles in rat liver was 8 days for dextran-coated materials, 10 days for carboxydextran materials, 14 days for unformulated oxidized-starch, and 29 days for formulated oxidized-starch. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate that materials with similar coating but different sizes exhibited similar rates of liver clearance. It was, therefore, concluded that the coating material significantly influences the rate of iron oxide clearance in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Briley-Saebo
- Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Luciani A, Itti E, Rahmouni A, Meignan M, Clement O. Lymph node imaging: Basic principles. Eur J Radiol 2006; 58:338-44. [PMID: 16473489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are involved in a wide variety of diseases, particularly in cancer. In the latter, precise nodal staging is essential to guide therapeutic options and to determine prognosis. For long, imaging of the lymphatic system has been limited to lymph vessel,especially via the exclusive use of conventional lymphography, at the expense of invasive procedures and patient's discomfort. Three main technical advances, however, have recently completed the clinical armamentarium for lymph node imaging: first, the refinement of cross sectional imaging, i.e. CT and MRI, combined or not with dedicated contrast agents, has progressively replaced conventional lymphography in oncology situations; second, the development of intra-operative sentinel node mapping has profoundly modified the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in several cancer situations, mostly melanoma and breast cancer; finally, the increased availability of functional imaging, especially through the use of FDG-PET, has greatly contributed to the accuracy improvement of nodal metastases identification. The aim of this review will thus be to briefly review the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic systems and to overview the basic principles of up-to-date lymph node imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Luciani
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
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Misselwitz B. MR contrast agents in lymph node imaging. Eur J Radiol 2006; 58:375-82. [PMID: 16464554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of tumor metastases in lymph nodes is clinically important for tumor staging and therapy planning in cancer patients. However, differentiating between malignant and benign lymph nodes is still a problem because current imaging modalities rely only on the size and shape of the lymph nodes. Thus, small metastases in normal-sized lymph nodes can be missed, and it is difficult to differentiate enlarged nodes (benign hyperplasia versus malignant disease). Therefore, a specific lymphotropic contrast agent is needed to obtain a high contrast between functional and metastatic tissue. Contrast-enhanced MR lymphography is a noninvasive method for the analysis of the lymphatic system after interstitial (intracutaneous or subcutaneous) or intravenous application of contrast media. Interstitial MR lymphography using extracellular, liposomal, polymeric, lipophilic or particulate contrast agents results in high accumulation in regional lymph nodes. The systemic administration of a lymphotropic contrast medium is needed to address each individual lymph node. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles are in late-stage clinical development for this indication, but they take 24h to show sufficient contrast. Recently, a gadolinium-type contrast agent (Gadofluorine M) was described that detected lymph node metastases within 60 min of intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Misselwitz
- Research Laboratories of Schering AG, CRBA Diagnostics and Radiopharmaceuticals, MRI and X-Ray Research, Müllerstrasse 178, D-13342 Berlin, Germany.
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Brochet B, Deloire MSA, Touil T, Anne O, Caillé JM, Dousset V, Petry KG. Early macrophage MRI of inflammatory lesions predicts lesion severity and disease development in relapsing EAE. Neuroimage 2006; 32:266-74. [PMID: 16650776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of great utility in diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). Axonal loss is considered the main cause of accumulating irreversible disability. MRI using ultrasmall-super-paramagnetic-iron-oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles is a new technique to disclose in vivo central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory lesions infiltrated by macrophages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we raised the question of whether USPIO-enhanced MRI could serve as a tool to predict disease severity. We investigated, in a relapsing EAE model with various degrees of disease severity, the interindividual differences at the beginning of CNS inflammation as revealed in vivo by MRI with USPIO in correlation to the severity of both acute and chronic tissue damage including axonal loss. At the onset of the disease, observation of MRI alterations with USPIO allowed assignment of animals into USPIO+ and USPIO- groups. In 54.5% of diseased rats, MRI with USPIO+ at first attack revealed signal abnormalities mainly localized in the brainstem and cerebellum. Although animals did not present any clinically significant differences during the first attack, USPIO+ rats presented significantly more important tissue alterations at the first attack (onset and initiated recovery phase) and, at the second attack, more severe clinical disease with axonal loss compared to USPIO- rats. MRI lesion load and volume at the first attack correlate significantly with inflammation, macrophage recruitment, demyelination, acute axonal damage and, at the second attack, extent of axonal loss. This new MRI application of in vivo monitoring of macrophage infiltration provides a new platform to investigate the severity of inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochet
- Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, EA2966-Neurobiologie des affections de la myéline, BP 78, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux-cedex, France.
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Wunderbaldinger P. Problems and prospects of modern lymph node imaging. Eur J Radiol 2006; 58:325-37. [PMID: 16464553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tsuda N, Tsuji T, Kato N, Fukuda Y, Ando K, Ishikura R, Nakao N. Potential of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide in the Differential Diagnosis of Metastasis and Inflammation in Bone Marrow. Invest Radiol 2005; 40:676-81. [PMID: 16189437 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000178435.04152.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The utility of ferucarbotran for the diagnosis of bone metastases was investigated using tumor-implanted rabbits. The potential of ferucarbotran in the differential diagnosis of metastasis and inflammation was also investigated. METHODS Twelve rabbits were divided into 2 groups (tumor and inflammation groups). Six rabbits of tumor group were inoculated with VX2 tumor cell suspension, and the 6 rabbits of the inflammation group were inoculated with 10% croton oil in the bone marrow of the right femur. All rabbits were imaged using a clinical MRI system. Signal intensity in the bone marrow of the right femur was measured in each rabbit before and after the intravenous injection of 8 micromol Fe/kg of ferucarbotran. As a control, the signal intensity in the bone marrow of the left femur (the normal, intact femur) was measured in each rabbit. The change in signal intensity of each group was compared statistically. After MRI imaging, the femora were removed, and sections were prepared for microscopic examination. RESULTS Signal intensity in the right femur of the tumor group did not change after injection, although that of the inflammation group and the control group decreased. In the histologic findings, tumors were widely spread in the right femur of the tumor group. The infiltration of pseudoeosinocytes was induced in the right femur of the inflammation group. CONCLUSIONS This animal study showed that ferucarbotran was useful to detect bone marrow tumors. In addition, ferucarbotran may have potential in the differential diagnosis of bone metastasis and some kinds of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Tsuda
- Business Unit Diagnostic Imaging, Nihon Schering K. K., Osaka, Japan.
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Abstract
MR-based molecular imaging is a science in infancy. Current clinical contrast agents are often geared toward the assessment of gross physiologic function, rather than targeting specific biochemical pathways. The development of specific targeted smart contrast agents for Food and Drug Administration approval or clinical trials has only begun. The fact that MR imaging can obtain images of extremely high resolution, coupled with its ability to simultaneously assess structure and function through the use of targeted contrast agents indicates that MR will play a pivotal role in clinical molecular imaging of the future. Many of the challenges that face MR imaging and spectroscopy are inherent to all modalities in the rapidly growing field of molecular imaging. The development of smart contrast agents to report on receptor function, and to monitor gene expression or the results of gene therapy in humans is paramount. These compounds need to undergo rigorous testing to be approved for clinical use: the assessment of acute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, long-term accumulation, and subsequent chronic effects. For receptor-targeted contrast agents, the degree of receptor occupancy and the intrinsic agonist or antagonist properties of the probe that may affect normal cellular function need to be determined to avoid undesired side effects. The particular problems that face MR imaging, those of sensitivity and target specificity, need to be overcome. Signal amplification achieved through high relaxivity contrast agents containing multiple paramagnetic centers, or of larger superparamagnetic particles, is the first step in this direction. The modulation of relaxivity through oligomerization, or other modifications that cause restriction of rotational motions, shows great promise for improving the discriminative powers of MR imaging, and may permit multiple targets to be assessed simultaneously. Moreover, the introduction of smart indicators that lead to changes in spectroscopic properties will allow further discrimination to be achieved through the implementation of chemical shift or spectroscopic imaging. The growing number of MR imaging applications in this rapidly expanding field point to a bright future for MR imaging in molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Delikatny
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
This article reviews imaging-based nodal classification, recent advancements in MR imaging techniques for lymph node imaging, and characteristics of MR imaging for necklymphadenopathy. Further technical development of MR imaging is necessary to improve accuracy of diagnosis of lymph node metastases in patients with no head and neck cancer. Development of new tissue-specific MR contrast agents and functional imaging studies to address biologic activity of lymph nodes is essential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 357115, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7115, USA
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Lanza GM, Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Morawski AM, Schmieder AH, Crowder KC, Wickline SA. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with nanoparticles. J Nucl Cardiol 2004; 11:733-43. [PMID: 15592197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents are extending the potential of noninvasive medical diagnosis from basic gross anatomic descriptions to complicated phenotypic characterizations based on the recognition of unique cell surface biochemical signatures. Although originally the purview of nuclear medicine, molecular imaging is now a prominent feature of most clinically relevant imaging modalities, in particular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR nanoparticulate agents afford the opportunity not only for targeted diagnostic studies but also for image-monitored site-specific therapeutic delivery, much like the "magic bullet" envisioned by Paul Erhlich 100 years ago. Combining high-resolution MR molecular imaging with drug delivery will facilitate verification and quantification of treatment (ie, rational targeted therapy) and will offer new clinical approaches to many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Luciani A, Dao TH, Lapeyre M, Schwarzinger M, Debaecque C, Lantieri L, Revelon G, Bouanane M, Kobeiter H, Rahmouni A. Simultaneous bilateral breast and high-resolution axillary MRI of patients with breast cancer: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182:1059-67. [PMID: 15039188 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.182.4.1821059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to develop a standardized one-step procedure for simultaneous high-resolution MRI of the axilla and bilateral breast MRI and to identify nodal features suggestive of metastatic involvement. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We studied 16 women undergoing axillary lymph node dissection after combined bilateral breast MRI and high-resolution MRI of the axilla with a maximum in-plane resolution of 0.6 x 0.4 mm. MRI was performed using a standard double breast coil and a 15-cm round flexible surface coil adapted to the axilla. High-resolution axillary sequences, including inversion recovery T2- and spin-echo T1-weighted sequences, were performed before and after gadolinium chelates bolus injection. Axillary image analysis focused on nodal morphology including size, contour regularity, cortex and hilar appearance, signal intensity, and enhancement parameters. Axillary MRI findings were compared with the final pathogic results from axillary lymph node dissection in all patients. Patients were divided into groups according to the final pathologic axillary status. Differences in MRI lymph node features across the groups were tested using a t test for quantitative data and the chisquare test or Fisher's exact test for binary data. RESULTS The features of the axilla on high-resolution MRI that best discriminated between patients with positive pathologic findings and those with negative pathologic findings were the presence of nodes with irregular contours (p < 10(-4)), high signal intensity on T2 sequences (p < 10(-3)), marked gadolinium enhancement (p < 10(-3)), and round hila and abnormal cortexes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Breast tissue and axillary lymph nodes both can be analyzed on MRI in a one-step process using a bilateral breast coil combined with a surface coil. Morphologic features observed on high-resolution MRI of the axilla can improve the identification of metastatic nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Luciani
- Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil 94010 Cedex, France
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Clément O, Luciani A. Imaging the lymphatic system: possibilities and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 2004; 14:1498-507. [PMID: 15007613 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-004-2265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is anatomically complex and difficult to image. Lymph ducts are responsible for the drainage of part of the body's interstitial fluid. Lymph nodes account for the enrichment of lymph fluid, and can be involved in a large variety of diseases, especially cancer. For a long time, lymphatic imaging was limited to the sole use of conventional lymphography involving invasive procedures and patient discomfort. New contrast agents and techniques in ultrasound, nuclear medicine, and MR imaging are now available for imaging of both the lymphatic vessels and the lymph nodes. The objective of this review is to discuss the different imaging modalities of the lymphatic system, with a special focus on the new possibilities of lymphatic imaging including enhanced MR lymphography, sentinel node and positron emission tomography imaging, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Clément
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Kobayashi H, Kawamoto S, Choyke PL, Sato N, Knopp MV, Star RA, Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y, Brechbiel MW. Comparison of dendrimer-based macromolecular contrast agents for dynamic micro-magnetic resonance lymphangiography. Magn Reson Med 2004; 50:758-66. [PMID: 14523962 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Few methods are currently available to visualize the entire lymphatic system. A method known as micro-magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL), which employs a dendrimer-based MRI contrast agent (PAMAM-G8) and a clinical-grade 1.5T MRI instrument, was recently developed for use in mice. In the present study, three dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents (PAMAM-G8, DAB-G5, and PAMAM-G4) with different pharmacokinetic characteristics were compared to determine the best reagent to visualize the lymphatic system under physiological or pathological conditions. In addition, two established MRI contrast agents (Gadomer-17 and Gd-[DTPA]-dimeglumine (Magnevist)) were used as control agents. In experiments with mice, most of the deep lymphatic system was visualized by micro-MRL with all agents except Gd-[DTPA]-dimeglumine. PAMAM-G8 was best for visualizing lymphatic vessels, whereas DAB-G5 was better for visualizing lymph nodes. PAMAM-G4 was intermediate in character between PAMAM-G8 and DAB-G5, except in exhibiting a low background signal (especially in the liver). The lymphatic system was not clearly visualized with Gd-[DTPA]-dimeglumine; however, the lymph nodes were visualized with Gadomer-17, although not as well as with dendrimer-based agents. In conclusion, DAB-G5 and PAMAM-G4 can be used to identify lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, respectively. Their rapid excretion makes these compounds potentially attractive for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1374, USA.
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Wunderbaldinger P, Turetschek K, Bremer C. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of lymph nodes using a new enzyme sensing activatable macromolecular optical probe. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:2206-11. [PMID: 12802615 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-1932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the use of near infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRF) using enzyme-sensitive optical probes for lymph node detection. An optical contrast probe that is activated by cystein proteases, such as cathepsin B, was used to visualize lymph nodes by NIRF reflectance imaging. In order to quantitate the uptake of the optical probe in lymphatic tissue, the biodistribution was assessed using the Indium-111 labeled optical probe. Sixteen Balb-c mice were injected either intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with the NIRF-probe (2 micromol cyanine (Cy)/animal; i.v., n=10; s.c., n=6) and imaged 24 h after injection. Signal intensities and target-to-background ratios of various lymph nodes were measured by manual regions of interest (ROIs). Additional signal intensity measurements were performed of excised lymph nodes (n=21) from i.v. injected mice (24 h after injection) and compared with excised lymph nodes (n=8) of non-injected mice. The probe employed in this study was lymphotropic with approximately 3-4% accumulation in lymph nodes (3.4+/-0.8% ID/g). Measurements of the excised lymph nodes (after i.v. injection) confirmed a significant increase in lymph node fluorescence signal from baseline 26+/-7.6 arbitary units (AU) to 146+/-10.9 AU (p<0.0001). A significant increase in lymph node fluorescence signal was also seen in vivo throughout the body after i.v. injection (96+/-7.8 AU) and/or regionally after s.c. injection (141+/-11.5 AU) in comparison with baseline autofluorescence (26+/-7.6 AU). Target-to-background ratio was significantly higher after s.c. injection (6.6%+/-0.81) compared with i.v. injection (4.8+/-0.67%). Detection and visualization of lymph nodes is feasible by NIRF imaging using a cystein-protease sensitive optical probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wunderbaldinger
- Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Anzai Y, Piccoli CW, Outwater EK, Stanford W, Bluemke DA, Nurenberg P, Saini S, Maravilla KR, Feldman DE, Schmiedl UP, Brunberg JA, Francis IR, Harms SE, Som PM, Tempany CM. Evaluation of neck and body metastases to nodes with ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR imaging: phase III safety and efficacy study. Radiology 2003; 228:777-88. [PMID: 12954896 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2283020872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the safety and efficacy of ferumoxtran 10-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for diagnosis of metastases to lymph nodes and the clinical usefulness of ferumoxtran 10 in nodal staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred fifty-two patients were injected with ferumoxtran 10. Readers independently evaluated precontrast MR images by using node size criteria and subjective assessment of other imaging features. Ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR images were evaluated alone and paired with precontrast images for comparison. The diagnostic performances of precontrast MR size criteria and postcontrast MR imaging were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Lymph node signal intensity was correlated with histopathologic findings. MR imaging and histopathologic nodal stages were compared. RESULTS Node-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of precontrast MR imaging were 54%, 82%, and 68%, respectively, with node size criterion alone; 91%, 51%, and 71%, respectively, with subjective reader assessment; 85%, 85%, and 85%, respectively, with postcontrast MR imaging alone; and 83%, 77%, and 80%, respectively, with paired pre- and postcontrast MR imaging. Compared with size criteria, subjective reader assessment had higher sensitivity but substantially lower specificity. Areas under the ROC curve for pre- and postcontrast MR imaging were 0.76 and 0.83, respectively. Nonmetastatic nodes had significantly lower signal intensity than metastatic nodes on postcontrast T2-weighted MR images (P <.001). Postcontrast nodal staging was significantly more accurate than precontrast nodal staging (P <.01). Headache, back pain, vasodilatation, and urticaria each occurred in 6% of patients. CONCLUSION Ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR imaging was safe and effective and facilitated improved diagnostic performance. Use of iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging increased the positive predictive value by 20% and the accuracy by 14% compared with reader assessment. Differentiating patients with no nodal metastatic involvement was more reliable with ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR imaging than with precontrast MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Anzai
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195-7115, USA.
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Billotey C, Wilhelm C, Devaud M, Bacri JC, Bittoun J, Gazeau F. Cell internalization of anionic maghemite nanoparticles: quantitative effect on magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49:646-54. [PMID: 12652535 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anionic iron oxide nanoparticles are efficiently internalized into macrophages where they concentrate within micrometric endosomes, conferring on them a high magnetic susceptibility. The uptake of anionic maghemite nanoparticles by macrophages was quantified by an electron spin resonance (ESR) experiment. MR spin-echo sequences were performed with various TEs and TRs. The contrast enhancement was compared between two types of agarose phantoms with the same equivalent ferrite concentrations but containing either dispersed isolated nanoparticles or magnetically labeled macrophages. It is shown that the intracellular confinement of maghemite nanoparticles within micrometric endosomes results in a significant decrease of the longitudinal relaxivity and a moderate decrease of the transverse relaxivity compared to the relaxivities of the dispersed isolated nanoparticles. As a consequence, the signature of endosomal magnetic labeling consists of a negative contrast on T(1)-weighted images in the whole ferrite concentration range, whereas the presence of extracellular isolated nanoparticles can result in a positive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Billotey
- Laboratoire des Milieux Désordonnés et Hétérogènes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex, France
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Kobayashi H, Brechbiel MW. Dendrimer-based Macromolecular MRI Contrast Agents: Characteristics and Application. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:1-10. [PMID: 12926232 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200303100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous macromolecular MRI contrast agents prepared employing relatively simple chemistry may be readily available that can provide sufficient enhancement for multiple applications. These agents operate using a ~100-fold lower concentration of gadolinium ions in comparison to the necessary concentration of iodine employed in CT imaging. Herein, we describe some of the general potential directions of macromolecular MRI contrast agents using our recently reported families of dendrimer-based agents as examples. Changes in molecular size altered the route of excretion. Smaller-sized contrast agents less than 60 kDa molecular weight were excreted through the kidney resulting in these agents being potentially suitable as functional renal contrast agents. Hydrophilic and larger-sized contrast agents were found better suited for use as blood pool contrast agents. Hydrophobic variants formed with polypropylenimine diaminobutane dendrimer cores created liver contrast agents. Larger hydrophilic agents are useful for lymphatic imaging. Finally, contrast agents conjugated with either monoclonal antibodies or with avidin are able to function as tumor-specific contrast agents, which also might be employed as therapeutic drugs for either gadolinium neutron capture therapy or in conjunction with radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4N109, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374, USA.
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Fink C, Bock M, Kiessling F, Delorme S. Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography with gadobutrol in rats: evaluation of contrast kinetics. Invest Radiol 2002; 37:655-62. [PMID: 12446998 DOI: 10.1097/00004424-200212000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the contrast kinetics of gadobutrol for interstitial MR lymphography. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 11 rats, 0.5 mL undiluted gadobutrol was injected subcutaneously into the hind paw. Contrast kinetics were measured in lymph nodes, kidney, liver, muscle, and blood of six animals using a time-resolved 2D GRE sequence. Additionally, high-resolution 3D T1-weighted data sets were obtained in five animals. RESULTS Immediately after injection, a pronounced signal intensity loss was observed in popliteal, inguinal and aorto-iliac lymph nodes, followed by a continuous signal intensity increase. From the data peak concentrations of up to 78 mmol/L were estimated for selected lymph nodes. A contrast enhancement was also observed in kidneys, liver, muscle, and blood. Regional lymphatic vessels, the thoracic duct, as well as popliteal, inguinal, aorto-iliac, and axillary lymph node groups could be visualized with the high-resolution 3D MRI. CONCLUSION Gadobutrol is suitable for interstitial MR lymphography, as it rapidly appears in the lymphatic system. Based on estimates of local tissue concentrations future studies have to assess the optimal contrast agent dosage. Furthermore, the investigation of metastatic lymph nodes is required to evaluate the further potential of gadobutrol for interstitial MR lymphography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fink
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie, Heidelberg, Germany.
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