1
|
Quapp W, Bofill JM. Theory and Examples of Catch Bonds. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4097-4110. [PMID: 38634732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
We discuss slip bonds, catch bonds, and the tug-of-war mechanism using mathematical arguments. The aim is to explain the theoretical tool of molecular potential energy surfaces (PESs). For this, we propose simple 2-dimensional surface models to demonstrate how a molecule under an external force behaves. Examples are selectins. Catch bonds, in particular, are explained in more detail, and they are contrasted to slip bonds. We can support special two-dimensional molecular PESs for E- and L-selectin which allow the catch bond property. We demonstrate that Newton trajectories (NT) are powerful tools to describe these phenomena. NTs form the theoretical background of mechanochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, Leipzig D-04009, Germany
| | - Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez-Cavestany M, Wright OA, Cassidy AM, Carter AT, King MR. Dual Affinity Nanoparticles for the Transport of Therapeutics from Carrier Cells to Target Cells under Physiological Flow Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42748-42761. [PMID: 38024679 PMCID: PMC10652824 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-stage nanoparticle delivery platform was developed based on the dual functionalization of a liposome with moieties that have fundamentally different strengths of adhesion and binding kinetics. The essential concept of this system is that the nanoparticles are designed to loosely bind to the carrier cell until they come into contact with the target cell, to which they bind with greater strength. This allows the nanoparticle to be transferred from one cell to another, circulating for longer periods of time in the blood and delivering the therapeutic agent to the target circulating tumor cell. Liposomes were prepared using the lipid cake and extrusion technique, then functionalized with E-selectin (ES), anti-cell surface vimentin antibody fragments, and TRAIL via click chemistry. The binding of dual affinity (DA) liposomes was confirmed with the neutrophil-like cell line PLB985, the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116, and healthy granulocytes isolated from peripheral whole blood under physiologically relevant fluid shear stress (FSS) in a cone-and-plate viscometer. Transfer of the DA liposomes from PLB985 to HCT116 cells under FSS was greater compared to all of the control liposome formulations. Additionally, DA liposomes demonstrated enhanced apoptotic effects on HCT116 cells in whole blood under FSS, surpassing the efficacy of the ES/TRAIL liposomes previously developed by the King Lab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopez-Cavestany
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Olivia A. Wright
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ava M. Cassidy
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Alexandria T. Carter
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cortes DB, Maddox PS, Nédéléç FJ, Maddox AS. Contractile ring composition dictates kinetics of in silico contractility. Biophys J 2023; 122:3611-3629. [PMID: 36540027 PMCID: PMC10541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constriction kinetics of the cytokinetic ring are expected to depend on dynamic adjustment of contractile ring composition, but the impact of ring component abundance dynamics on ring constriction is understudied. Computational models generally assume that contractile networks maintain constant total amounts of components, which is not always true. To test how compositional dynamics affect constriction kinetics, we first measured F-actin, non-muscle myosin II, septin, and anillin during Caenorhabditis elegans zygotic mitosis. A custom microfluidic device that positioned the cell with the division plane parallel to a light sheet allowed even illumination of the cytokinetic ring. Measured component abundances were implemented in a three-dimensional agent-based model of a membrane-associated contractile ring. With constant network component amounts, constriction completed with biologically unrealistic kinetics. However, imposing the measured changes in component quantities allowed this model to elicit realistic constriction kinetics. Simulated networks were more sensitive to changes in motor and filament amounts than those of crosslinkers and tethers. Our findings highlight the importance of network composition for actomyosin contraction kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Paul S Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Francois J Nédéléç
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Ji J, Song F, Hu J. Intercellular Receptor-ligand Binding: Effect of Protein-membrane Interaction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167787. [PMID: 35952805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insights into the intercellular receptor-ligand binding is of great importance for understanding numerous physiological and pathological processes, and stimulating new strategies in drug design and discovery. In contrast to the in vitro protein interaction in solution, the anchored receptor and ligand molecules interact with membrane in situ, which affects the intercellular receptor-ligand binding. Here, we review theoretical, simulation and experimental works regarding the regulatory effects of protein-membrane interactions on intercellular receptor-ligand binding mainly from the following aspects: membrane fluctuations, membrane curvature, glycocalyx, and lipid raft. In addition, we discuss biomedical significances and possible research directions to advance the field and highlight the importance of understanding of coupling effects of these factors in pharmaceutical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School and Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
CD36-A Host Receptor Necessary for Malaria Parasites to Establish and Maintain Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122356. [PMID: 36557610 PMCID: PMC9785914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PfIEs) present P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 proteins (PfEMP1s) on the cell surface, via which they cytoadhere to various endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) on the walls of human blood vessels. This prevents the parasite from passing through the spleen, which would lead to its elimination. Each P. falciparum isolate has about 60 different PfEMP1s acting as ligands, and at least 24 ECRs have been identified as interaction partners. Interestingly, in every parasite genome sequenced to date, at least 75% of the encoded PfEMP1s have a binding domain for the scavenger receptor CD36 widely distributed on host endothelial cells and many other cell types. Here, we discuss why the interaction between PfIEs and CD36 is optimal to maintain a finely regulated equilibrium that allows the parasite to multiply and spread while causing minimal harm to the host in most infections.
Collapse
|
6
|
Introini V, Govendir MA, Rayner JC, Cicuta P, Bernabeu M. Biophysical Tools and Concepts Enable Understanding of Asexual Blood Stage Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:908241. [PMID: 35711656 PMCID: PMC9192966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.908241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces and mechanical properties of cells and tissues set constraints on biological functions, and are key determinants of human physiology. Changes in cell mechanics may arise from disease, or directly contribute to pathogenesis. Malaria gives many striking examples. Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are single-celled organisms that cannot survive outside their hosts; thus, thost-pathogen interactions are fundamental for parasite’s biological success and to the host response to infection. These interactions are often combinations of biochemical and mechanical factors, but most research focuses on the molecular side. However, Plasmodium infection of human red blood cells leads to changes in their mechanical properties, which has a crucial impact on disease pathogenesis because of the interaction of infected red blood cells with other human tissues through various adhesion mechanisms, which can be probed and modelled with biophysical techniques. Recently, natural polymorphisms affecting red blood cell biomechanics have also been shown to protect human populations, highlighting the potential of understanding biomechanical factors to inform future vaccines and drug development. Here we review biophysical techniques that have revealed new aspects of Plasmodium falciparum invasion of red blood cells and cytoadhesion of infected cells to the host vasculature. These mechanisms occur differently across Plasmodium species and are linked to malaria pathogenesis. We highlight promising techniques from the fields of bioengineering, immunomechanics, and soft matter physics that could be beneficial for studying malaria. Some approaches might also be applied to other phases of the malaria lifecycle and to apicomplexan infections with complex host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Introini
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Viola Introini,
| | - Matt A. Govendir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bernabeu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma R, Lian T, Huang R, Renn JP, Petersen JD, Zimmerberg J, Duffy PE, Tolia NH. Structural basis for placental malaria mediated by Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:380-391. [PMID: 33452495 PMCID: PMC7914210 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA binds to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) on the surface of the syncytiotrophoblast during placental malaria. This interaction facilitates placental sequestration of malaria parasites resulting in severe health outcomes for both the mother and her offspring. Furthermore, CSA is presented by diverse cancer cells and specific targeting of cells by VAR2CSA may become a viable approach for cancer treatment. In the present study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full-length ectodomain of VAR2CSA from P. falciparum strain NF54 in complex with CSA, and VAR2CSA from a second P. falciparum strain FCR3. The architecture of VAR2CSA is composed of a stable core flanked by a flexible arm. CSA traverses the core domain by binding within two channels and CSA binding does not induce major conformational changes in VAR2CSA. The CSA-binding elements are conserved across VAR2CSA variants and are flanked by polymorphic segments, suggesting immune selection outside the CSA-binding sites. This work provides paths for developing interventions against placental malaria and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rick Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Renn
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Vaccine Development Unit, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Correspondence: (N.H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical, developing countries. Controlling these diseases requires a better understanding of host-parasite interactions, including a deep appreciation of parasite distribution in the host. The preferred accumulation of parasites in some tissues of the host has been known for many years, but recent technical advances have allowed a more systematic analysis and quantifications of such tissue tropisms. The functional consequences of tissue tropism remain poorly studied, although it has been associated with important aspects of disease, including transmission enhancement, treatment failure, relapse and clinical outcome. Here, we discuss current knowledge of tissue tropism in Trypanosoma infections in mammals, describe potential mechanisms of tissue entry, comparatively discuss relevant findings from other parasitology fields where tissue tropism has been extensively investigated, and reflect on new questions raised by recent discoveries and their potential impact on clinical treatment and disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Sandra Trindade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Mariana De Niz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lubiana P, Bouws P, Roth LK, Dörpinghaus M, Rehn T, Brehmer J, Wichers JS, Bachmann A, Höhn K, Roeder T, Thye T, Gutsmann T, Burmester T, Bruchhaus I, Metwally NG. Adhesion between P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and human endothelial receptors follows alternative binding dynamics under flow and febrile conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4548. [PMID: 32161335 PMCID: PMC7066226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the adhesive dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IEs) to different endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) in flow is a big challenge considering available methods. This study investigated the adhesive dynamics of IEs to five ECRs (CD36, ICAM-1, P-selectin, CD9, CSA) using simulations of in vivo-like flow and febrile conditions. To characterize the interactions between ECRs and knobby and knobless IEs of two laboratory-adapted P. falciplarum isolates, cytoadhesion analysis over time was performed using a new tracking bioinformatics method. The results revealed that IEs performed rolling adhesion exclusively over CD36, but exhibited stationary binding to the other four ECRs. The absence of knobs affected rolling adhesion both with respect to the distance travelled by IEs and their velocity. Knobs played a critical role at febrile temperatures by stabilizing the binding interaction. Our results clearly underline the complexity of the IE-receptor interaction and the importance of knobs for the survival of the parasite at fever temperatures, and lead us to propose a new hypothesis that could open up new strategies for the treatment of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Bouws
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Torben Rehn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Höhn
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Molecular Physiology Department, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Zoological Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meehan GR, Scales HE, Osii R, De Niz M, Lawton JC, Marti M, Garside P, Craig A, Brewer JM. Developing a xenograft model of human vasculature in the mouse ear pinna. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2058. [PMID: 32029768 PMCID: PMC7004987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanised xenograft models allow for the analysis of human tissue within a physiological environment in vivo. However, current models often rely on the angiogenesis and ingrowth of recipient vasculature to perfuse tissues, preventing analysis of biological processes and diseases involving human blood vessels. This limits the effectiveness of xenografts in replicating human physiology and may lead to issues with translating findings into human research. We have designed a xenograft model of human vasculature to address this issue. Human subcutaneous fat was cultured in vitro to promote blood vessel outgrowth prior to implantation into immunocompromised mice. We demonstrate that implants survived, retained human vasculature and anastomosed with the circulatory system of the recipient mouse. Significantly, by performing transplants into the ear pinna, this system enabled intravital observation of xenografts by multiphoton microscopy, allowing us to visualise the steps leading to vascular cytoadherence of erythrocytes infected with the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This model represents a useful tool for imaging the interactions that occur within human tissues in vivo and permits visualization of blood flow and cellular recruitment in a system which is amenable to intervention for various studies in basic biology together with drug evaluation and mechanism of action studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Meehan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Hannah E Scales
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rowland Osii
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Mariana De Niz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jennifer C Lawton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alister Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dasanna AK, Fedosov DA, Gompper G, Schwarz US. State diagram for wall adhesion of red blood cells in shear flow: from crawling to flipping. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5511-5520. [PMID: 31241632 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells in shear flow show a variety of different shapes due to the complex interplay between hydrodynamics and membrane elasticity. Malaria-infected red blood cells become generally adhesive and less deformable. Adhesion to a substrate leads to a reduction in shape variability and to a flipping motion of the non-spherical shapes during the mid-stage of infection. Here, we present a complete state diagram for wall adhesion of red blood cells in shear flow obtained by simulations, using a particle-based mesoscale hydrodynamics approach, multiparticle collision dynamics. We find that cell flipping at a substrate is replaced by crawling beyond a critical shear rate, which increases with both membrane stiffness and viscosity contrast between the cytosol and suspending medium. This change in cell dynamics resembles the transition between tumbling and tank-treading for red blood cells in free shear flow. In the context of malaria infections, the flipping-crawling transition would strongly increase the adhesive interactions with the vascular endothelium, but might be suppressed by the combined effect of increased elasticity and viscosity contrast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. and Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Interplay between Attenuation- and Virulence-Factors of Babesia bovis and Their Contribution to the Establishment of Persistent Infections in Cattle. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030097. [PMID: 31277392 PMCID: PMC6789890 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is an acute and persistent tick-borne global disease caused mainly by the intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. B. bovis infected erythrocytes sequester in blood capillaries of the host (cytoadhesion), causing malaria-like neurological signs. Cytoadhesion and antigenic variation in B. bovis are linked to the expression of members of the Variant Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (VESA) gene family. Animals that survive acute B. bovis infection and those vaccinated with attenuated strains remain persistently infected, suggesting that B. bovis parasites use immune escape mechanisms. However, attenuated B. bovis parasites do not cause neurological signs in vaccinated animals, indicating that virulence or attenuation factors play roles in modulating parasite virulence phenotypes. Artificial overexpression of the SBP2t11 protein, a defined attenuation factor, was associated with reduced cytoadhesion, suggesting a role for this protein as a key modulator of virulence in the parasite. Hereby, we propose a model that might be functional in the modulation of B. bovis virulence and persistence that relies on the interplay among SBP2t, VESA proteins, cytoadhesion, and the immune responses of the host. Elucidation of mechanisms used by the parasite to establish persistent infection will likely contribute to the design of new methods for the control of bovine babesiosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar S, Trivedi V. Extracellular methemoglobin promotes cyto-adherence of uninfected RBC to endothelial cells: Insight into cerebral malaria pathology. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11140-11149. [PMID: 30701588 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cell barrier is tightly regulated, and disruption or the leaky behavior of the barrier leads to pathology. Disturbance of blood-brain barrier is observed during viral infection, cerebral malaria, and acute hemorrhagic encephalitis. Red blood cells (RBCs) bind to the endothelial cells (ECs) and their affinity towards ECs enhances in the presence of Plasmodium falciparum infection. ECs stimulated with methemoglobin (MetHb; 20 µM) for 1 hour exhibit high levels of cyto-adherence receptors CD36 and ICAM-1 on their cell surface compared with unstimulated cells. These ECs have acquired affinity towards uninfected RBCs in flow at arterial shear stress. SEM analysis indicates that EC-RBC cyto-adherence involved multiple attachment points. Initially, ECs bind single layer of RBCs and the number of RBCs increases over time to give high-order cyto-adherence with more than 30 RBCs adhered to each endothelial cell. The cyto-adherence complexes are stable to high shear stress and can withstand shear stress up to 450 dyne/cm 2 . MetHb-treated ECs exhibited high reactive oxygen species level, and preincubation of ECs with antioxidant (NAC or mannitol) abolished the formation of EC-RBC cyto-adherence complexes. In addition, gallic acid (present in red wine) and green tea extract has inhibited the formation of EC-RBC cyto-adherence complex. A better understanding of gallic acid and tea polyphenol targeting pathological cyto-adherence may allow us to develop a better adjuvant therapy for cerebral malaria and other noninfectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanchez CP, Karathanasis C, Sanchez R, Cyrklaff M, Jäger J, Buchholz B, Schwarz US, Heilemann M, Lanzer M. Single-molecule imaging and quantification of the immune-variant adhesin VAR2CSA on knobs of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2019; 2:172. [PMID: 31098405 PMCID: PMC6506540 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PfEMP1 (erythrocyte membrane protein 1) adhesins play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of falciparum malaria, by mediating sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the microvasculature. PfEMP1 variants are expressed by var genes and are presented on membrane elevations, termed knobs. However, the organization of PfEMP1 on knobs is largely unclear. Here, we use super-resolution microscopy and genetically altered parasites expressing a modified var2csa gene in which the coding sequence of the photoactivatable mEOS2 was inserted to determine the number and distribution of PfEMP1 on single knobs. The data were verified by quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immuno-electron microscopy together with stereology methods. We show that knobs contain 3.3 ± 1.7 and 4.3 ± 2.5 PfEMP1 molecules, predominantly placed on the knob tip, in parasitized erythrocytes containing wild type and sickle haemoglobin, respectively. The ramifications of our findings for cytoadhesion and immune evasion are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Jäger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva LS, Pinheiro AS, Teixeira DE, Silva-Aguiar RP, Peruchetti DB, Scharfstein J, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Kinins Released by Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum Enhance Adhesion of Infected Erythrocytes to Endothelial Cells and Increase Blood Brain Barrier Permeability via Activation of Bradykinin Receptors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:75. [PMID: 31058153 PMCID: PMC6478011 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Plasmodium falciparum, the etiologic agent of malaria, is a major cause of infant death in Africa. Although research on the contact system has been revitalized by recent discoveries in the field of thrombosis, limited efforts were done to investigate the role of its proinflammatory arm, the kallikrein kinin system (KKS), in the pathogenesis of neglected parasitic diseases, such as malaria. Owing to the lack of animal models, the dynamics of central nervous system (CNS) pathology caused by the sequestration of erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum is not fully understood. Given the precedent that kinins destabilize the blood brain barrier (BBB) in ischemic stroke, here we sought to determine whether Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (Pf-iRBC) conditioned medium enhances parasite sequestration and impairs BBB integrity via activation of the kallikrein kinin system (KKS). Methods: Monolayers of human brain endothelial cell line (BMECs) are preincubated with the conditioned medium from Pf-iRBCs or RBCs (controls) in the presence or absence of HOE-140 or DALBK, antagonists of bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) and bradykinin receptor B1 (B1R), respectively. Following washing, the treated monolayers are incubated with erythrocytes, infected or not with P. falciparum mature forms, to examine whether the above treatment (i) has impact on the adhesion of Pf-iRBC to BMEC monolayer, (ii) increases the macromolecular permeability of the tracer BSA-FITC, and (iii) modifies the staining pattern of junctional proteins (ZO-1 and β-catenin). Results: We found that kinins generated in the parasite conditioned medium, acting via bradykinin B2 and/or B1 receptors (i) enhanced Pf-iRBC adhesion to the endothelium monolayer and (ii) impaired the endothelial junctions formed by ZO-1 and β-catenin, consequently disrupting the integrity of the BBB. Conclusions: Our studies raise the possibility that therapeutic targeting of kinin forming enzymes and/or endothelial bradykinin receptors might reduce extent of Pf-iRBC sequestration and help to preserve BBB integrity in cerebral malaria (CM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-Regenera, Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Introini V, Carciati A, Tomaiuolo G, Cicuta P, Guido S. Endothelial glycocalyx regulates cytoadherence in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180773. [PMID: 30958233 PMCID: PMC6303788 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is associated with significant microcirculation disorders, especially when the infection reaches its severe stage. This can lead to a range of fatal conditions, from cerebral malaria to multiple organ failure, of not fully understood pathogenesis. It has recently been proposed that a breakdown of the glycocalyx, the carbohydrate-rich layer lining the vascular endothelium, plays a key role in severe malaria, but direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is still lacking. Here, the interactions between Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells ( PfRBCs) and endothelial glycocalyx are investigated by developing an in vitro, physiologically relevant model of human microcirculation based on microfluidics. Impairment of the glycocalyx is obtained by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues, which, due to their terminal location and net negative charge, are implicated in the initial interactions with contacting cells. We show a more than twofold increase of PfRBC adhesion to endothelial cells upon enzymatic treatment, relative to untreated endothelial cells. As a control, no effect of enzymatic treatment on healthy red blood cell adhesion is found. The increased adhesion of PfRBCs is also associated with cell flipping and reduced velocity as compared to the untreated endothelium. Altogether, these results provide a compelling evidence of the increased cytoadherence of PfRBCs to glycocalyx-impaired vascular endothelium, thus supporting the advocated role of glycocalyx disruption in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Introini
- Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Antonio Carciati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Biological and Soft Systems, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The sickle cell trait affects contact dynamics and endothelial cell activation in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Commun Biol 2018; 1:211. [PMID: 30534603 PMCID: PMC6269544 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell trait, a common hereditary blood disorder, protects carriers from severe disease in infections with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Protection is associated with a reduced capacity of parasitized erythrocytes to cytoadhere to the microvascular endothelium and cause vaso-occlusive events. However, the underpinning cellular and biomechanical processes are only partly understood and the impact on endothelial cell activation is unclear. Here, we show, by combining quantitative flow chamber experiments with multiscale computer simulations of deformable cells in hydrodynamic flow, that parasitized erythrocytes containing the sickle cell haemoglobin displayed altered adhesion dynamics, resulting in restricted contact footprints on the endothelium. Main determinants were cell shape, knob density and membrane bending. As a consequence, the extent of endothelial cell activation was decreased. Our findings provide a quantitative understanding of how the sickle cell trait affects the dynamic cytoadhesion behavior of parasitized erythrocytes and, in turn, endothelial cell activation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dasanna AK, Schwarz US. Adhesion-based sorting of blood cells: an adhesive dynamics simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9061-9070. [PMID: 30394471 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood cells can be sorted in microfluidic devices not only based on their sizes and deformability, but also based on their adhesive properties. In particular, white blood cells have been shown to be sorted out by using adhesive micropatterns made from stripes that are tilted in regard to the direction of shear flow. Here we use adhesive dynamics simulations for round cells to quantitatively investigate this effect and to predict the optimal tilt angle. We then apply our method to predict optimal sorting conditions for malaria-infected red blood cells, which like white blood cells also adhere to and roll on adhesive substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gallego-Lopez GM, Lau AOT, O'Connor RM, Ueti MW, Cooke BM, Laughery JM, Graça T, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Oldiges DP, Allred DR, Suarez CE. Up-regulated expression of spherical body protein 2 truncated copy 11 in Babesia bovis is associated with reduced cytoadhesion to vascular endothelial cells. Int J Parasitol 2018; 49:127-137. [PMID: 30367864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The factors involved in gain or loss of virulence in Babesia bovis are unknown. Spherical body protein 2 truncated copy 11 (sbp2t11) transcripts in B. bovis were recently reported to be a marker of attenuation for B. bovis strains. Increased cytoadhesion of B. bovis-infected red blood cells (iRBC) to vascular endothelial cells is associated with severe disease outcomes and an indicator of parasite virulence. Here, we created a stable B. bovis transfected line over-expressing sbp2t11 to determine whether up-regulation of sbp2t11 is associated with changes in cytoadhesion. This line was designated sbp2t11up and five B. bovis clonal lines were derived from the sbp2t11up line by limiting dilution for characterisation. We compared the ability of iRBCs from the sbp2t11up line and its five derivative clonal lines to adhere to bovine brain endothelial cells, using an in vitro cytoadhesion assay. The same lines were selected for in vitro cytoadhesion and the levels of sbp2t11 transcripts in each selected line were quantified. Our results demonstrate that up-regulation of sbp2t11 is accompanied by a statistically significant reduction in cytoadhesion. Confirmed up-regulation of sbp2t11 in B. bovis concomitant with the reduction of iRBC in vitro cytoadhesion to bovine brain endothelial cell is consistent with our previous finding that up-regulation of sbp2t11 is an attenuation marker in B. bovis and suggests the involvement of sbp2t11 transcription in B. bovis virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Gallego-Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Audrey O T Lau
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DEA, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Roberta M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Brian M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob M Laughery
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Telmo Graça
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
| | - Daiane P Oldiges
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David R Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uskov AN, Soloviev AI, Kravtsov VY, Gudkov RV, Kolomoets EV, Levkovskiy AE. MOLECULAR-GENETIC MECHANISMS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM VIRULENCE AND TROPICAL MALARIA PATHOGENESIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-3-23-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There is introduced the analysis of molecular-genetic mechanisms of tropical malaria pathogenesis and P. falciparum virulence. It is shown, that pathogenesis of tropical malaria is associated with the properties of red blood cells membrane surface (RBCs or erythrocytes) that are infected by P. falciparum. There are «knobs structures» on membrane surface infected RBCs. Knobs structures contains a complex of P. falciparum proteins – PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1). PfEMP1 is associated with virulence of P. falciparum. Complex PfEMP1 has difficult polymorphous structure. Domains of PfEMP1 are able to associate with different cell receptors. Virulence`s individual components of the main factor are selectively sensitive to different tissues and organs. The severity of the clinical malaria infection course depends on the complex structure PfEMP1 of malaria parasites. Composition of polypeptide PfEMP1 is determined by var-complex. Nowadays there are 60 variants of var-complex. Regulation of gene expression, forming part of the var-complex, is carried out on a molecular-genetic level, cellular level, tissue level. Modern research in this area are aimed to explore genes polymorphism of the virulence`s main factor, to identify mechanism of its differential expression. Search of molecular – genetic markers is relevant to develop methods of gene diagnostic and malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Uskov
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | | | - E. V. Kolomoets
- Medical serves of Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia (СВК of UC Rusal)
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grec B, Maury B, Meunier N, Navoret L. A 1D model of leukocyte adhesion coupling bond dynamics with blood velocity. J Theor Biol 2018; 452:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Gupta T, Ghosh R, Ganguly R. Acoustophoretic separation of infected erythrocytes from blood plasma in a microfluidic platform using biofunctionalized, matched-impedance layers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2943. [PMID: 29178405 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acoustophoresis is rapidly gaining prominence in the field of cell manipulation. In recent years, researchers have extensively used this method for separating different types of cells from the bulk fluid. In this paper, we propose a novel acoustophoresis-based technique to capture infected or abnormal erythrocytes from blood plasma. A typical acoustic device consisting of a transducer assembly, microfluidic cavity, and a reflector is considered. Based on the concept of impedance matching, a pair of antibody-coated polystyrene layers is placed in the nodal regions of an acoustic field within the cavity. This technique allows bi-directional migration of the suspended cells to the biofunctionalized surfaces. Therefore, simultaneous capture of infected erythrocytes on both the layers is feasible. Finite element method is used to model the pressure field as well as the motion of erythrocytes under the influence of acoustic radiation, drag, and gravitational forces. A parametric analysis is done by varying the excitation frequency, driving voltage, and the thickness of the polystyrene layers. The resulting changes in the pressure amplitude and field pattern are investigated. The erythrocyte collection efficiency, rate of collection, and the cell distribution on the layer surfaces are also determined under different field conditions. The occurrence of transient cavitation in the blood plasma-filled cavity at the chosen frequency is taken into account by using its threshold pressure value as the limiting factor of pressure amplitude. The study provides an insight into the phenomenon and serves as a guideline to fabricate low-cost, multifunctional rapid diagnostic devices based on acoustophoretic separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritwick Ghosh
- NTPC Limited, Farakka, Murshidabad, 742236, India
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700098, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fackler OT, Kräusslich HG. Integrative analysis of pathogen replication and spread: zooming into increasing complexity. FEBS Lett 2017; 590:1855-7. [PMID: 27405923 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Frank V, Chushkin Y, Fröhlich B, Abuillan W, Rieger H, Becker AS, Yamamoto A, Rossetti FF, Kaufmann S, Lanzer M, Zontone F, Tanaka M. Lensless Tomographic Imaging of Near Surface Structures of Frozen Hydrated Malaria-Infected Human Erythrocytes by Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14081. [PMID: 29074975 PMCID: PMC5658481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lensless, coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy has been drawing considerable attentions for tomographic imaging of whole human cells. In this study, we performed cryogenic coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of human erythrocytes with and without malaria infection. To shed light on structural features near the surface, “ghost cells” were prepared by the removal of cytoplasm. From two-dimensional images, we found that the surface of erythrocytes after 32 h of infection became much rougher compared to that of healthy, uninfected erythrocytes. The Gaussian roughness of an infected erythrocyte surface (69 nm) is about two times larger than that of an uninfected one (31 nm), reflecting the formation of protein knobs on infected erythrocyte surfaces. Three-dimensional tomography further enables to obtain images of the whole cells with no remarkable radiation damage, whose accuracy was estimated using phase retrieval transfer functions to be as good as 64 nm for uninfected and 80 nm for infected erythrocytes, respectively. Future improvements in phase retrieval algorithm, increase in degree of coherence, and higher flux in combination with complementary X-ray fluorescence are necessary to gain both structural and chemical details of mesoscopic architectures, such as cytoskeletons, membraneous structures, and protein complexes, in frozen hydrated human cells, especially under diseased states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Frank
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Chushkin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France.
| | - Benjamin Fröhlich
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wasim Abuillan
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harden Rieger
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Becker
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fernanda F Rossetti
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stefan Kaufmann
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Zontone
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Das S, Lemgruber L, Tay CL, Baum J, Meissner M. Multiple essential functions of Plasmodium falciparum actin-1 during malaria blood-stage development. BMC Biol 2017; 15:70. [PMID: 28810863 PMCID: PMC5557482 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phylum Apicomplexa includes intracellular parasites causing immense global disease burden, the deadliest of them being the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which invades and replicates within erythrocytes. The cytoskeletal protein actin is well conserved within apicomplexans but divergent from mammalian actins, and was primarily reported to function during host cell invasion. However, novel invasion mechanisms have been described for several apicomplexans, and specific functions of the acto-myosin system are being reinvestigated. Of the two actin genes in P. falciparum, actin-1 (pfact1) is ubiquitously expressed in all life-cycle stages and is thought to be required for erythrocyte invasion, although its functions during parasite development are unknown, and definitive in vivo characterisation during invasion is lacking. Results Here we have used a conditional Cre-lox system to investigate the functions of PfACT1 during P. falciparum blood-stage development and host cell invasion. We demonstrate that PfACT1 is crucially required for segregation of the plastid-like organelle, the apicoplast, and for efficient daughter cell separation during the final stages of cytokinesis. Surprisingly, we observe that egress from the host cell is not an actin-dependent process. Finally, we show that parasites lacking PfACT1 are capable of microneme secretion, attachment and formation of a junction with the erythrocyte, but are incapable of host cell invasion. Conclusions This study provides important mechanistic insights into the definitive essential functions of PfACT1 in P. falciparum, which are not only of biological interest, but owing to functional divergence from mammalian actins, could also form the basis for the development of novel therapeutics against apicomplexans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0406-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujaan Das
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Chwen L Tay
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dasanna AK, Lansche C, Lanzer M, Schwarz US. Rolling Adhesion of Schizont Stage Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells in Shear Flow. Biophys J 2017; 112:1908-1919. [PMID: 28494961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To avoid clearance by the spleen, red blood cells infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (iRBCs) adhere to the vascular endothelium through adhesive protrusions called "knobs" that the parasite induces on the surface of the host cell. However, the detailed relation between the developing knob structure and the resulting movement in shear flow is not known. Using flow chamber experiments on endothelial monolayers and tracking of the parasite inside the infected host cell, we find that trophozoites (intermediate-stage iRBCs) tend to flip due to their biconcave shape, whereas schizonts (late-stage iRBCs) tend to roll due to their almost spherical shape. We then use adhesive dynamics simulations for spherical cells to predict the effects of knob density and receptor multiplicity per knob on rolling adhesion of schizonts. We find that rolling adhesion requires a homogeneous coverage of the cell surface by knobs and that rolling adhesion becomes more stable and slower for higher knob density. Our experimental data suggest that schizonts are at the border between transient and stable rolling adhesion. They also allow us to establish an estimate for the molecular parameters for schizont adhesion to the vascular endothelium and to predict bond dynamics in the contact region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Dasanna
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Lansche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
The primate malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has a long-standing history as an experimental malaria model. Studies using this model parasite in combination with its various natural and experimental non-human primate hosts have led to important advances in vaccine development and in our understanding of malaria invasion, immunology and parasite-host interactions. The adaptation to long-term in vitro continuous blood stage culture in rhesus monkey, Macaca fascicularis and human red blood cells, as well as the development of various transfection methodologies has resulted in a highly versatile experimental malaria model, further increasing the potential of what was already a very powerful model. The growing evidence that P. knowlesi is an important human zoonosis in South-East Asia has added relevance to former and future studies of this parasite species.
Collapse
|