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Yan Q, Gomis Perez C, Karatekin E. Cell Membrane Tension Gradients, Membrane Flows, and Cellular Processes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38501962 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane tension affects and is affected by many fundamental cellular processes, yet it is poorly understood. Recent experiments show that membrane tension can propagate at vastly different speeds in different cell types, reflecting physiological adaptations. Here we briefly review the current knowledge about membrane tension gradients, membrane flows, and their physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Carolina Gomis Perez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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2
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Lin Z, Mao Z, Ma R. Inferring biophysical properties of membranes during endocytosis using machine learning. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:651-660. [PMID: 38164011 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental cellular process in eukaryotic cells that facilitates the transport of molecules into the cell. With the help of fluorescence microscopy and electron tomography, researchers have accumulated extensive geometric data of membrane shapes during endocytosis. These data contain rich information about the mechanical properties of membranes, which are hard to access via experiments due to the small dimensions of the endocytic patch. In this study, we propose an approach that combines machine learning with the Helfrich theory of membranes to infer the mechanical properties of membranes during endocytosis from a dataset of membrane shapes extracted from electron tomography. Our results demonstrate that machine learning can output solutions that both match the experimental profile and satisfy the membrane shape equations derived from Helfrich theory. The learning results show that during the early stage of endocytosis, the inferred membrane tension is negative, indicating the presence of strong compressive forces at the boundary of the endocytic invagination. Our method presents a generic framework for extracting membrane information from super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhiping Mao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling and High-Performance Scientific Computing, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Guo S, Hoeprich GJ, Magliozzi JO, Gelles J, Goode BL. Dynamic remodeling of actin networks by cyclase-associated protein and CAP-Abp1 complexes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4484-4495.e5. [PMID: 37797614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
How actin filaments are spatially organized and remodeled into diverse higher-order networks in vivo is still not well understood. Here, we report an unexpected F-actin "coalescence" activity driven by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) and enhanced by its interactions with actin-binding protein 1 (Abp1). We directly observe S. cerevisiae CAP and Abp1 rapidly transforming branched or linear actin networks by bundling and sliding filaments past each other, maximizing filament overlap, and promoting compaction into bundles. This activity does not require ATP and is conserved, as similar behaviors are observed for the mammalian homologs of CAP and Abp1. Coalescence depends on the CAP oligomerization domain but not the helical folded domain (HFD) that mediates its functions in F-actin severing and depolymerization. Coalescence by CAP-Abp1 further depends on interactions between CAP and Abp1 and interactions between Abp1 and F-actin. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which the formation of energetically favorable sliding CAP and CAP-Abp1 crosslinks drives F-actin bundle compaction. Roles for CAP and CAP-Abp1 in actin remodeling in vivo are supported by strong phenotypes arising from deletion of the CAP oligomerization domain and by genetic interactions between sac6Δ and an srv2-301 mutant that does not bind Abp1. Together, these observations identify a new actin filament remodeling function for CAP, which is further enhanced by its direct interactions with Abp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Guo
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory J Hoeprich
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Joseph O Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jeff Gelles
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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4
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Ren Y, Yang J, Fujita B, Jin H, Zhang Y, Berro J. Force redistribution in clathrin-mediated endocytosis revealed by coiled-coil force sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1535. [PMID: 37831774 PMCID: PMC10575576 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Forces are central to countless cellular processes, yet in vivo force measurement at the molecular scale remains difficult if not impossible. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, forces produced by the actin cytoskeleton are transmitted to the plasma membrane by a multiprotein coat for membrane deformation. However, the magnitudes of these forces remain unknown. Here, we present new in vivo force sensors that induce protein condensation under force. We measured the forces on the fission yeast Huntingtin-Interacting Protein 1 Related (HIP1R) homolog End4p, a protein that links the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. End4p is under ~19-piconewton force near the actin cytoskeleton, ~11 piconewtons near the clathrin lattice, and ~9 piconewtons near the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that forces are collected and redistributed across the endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ren
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Barbara Fujita
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Huaizhou Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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5
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Zhang Y, Jiang M, Du G, Zhong X, He C, Qin M, Hou Y, Liu R, Sun X. An antigen self-assembled and dendritic cell-targeted nanovaccine for enhanced immunity against cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3518-3534. [PMID: 37655327 PMCID: PMC10465870 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of nanotechnology has opened new horizons for cancer immunotherapy. However, most nanovaccines fabricated with nanomaterials suffer from carrier-related concerns, including low drug loading capacity, unpredictable metabolism, and potential systemic toxicity, which bring obstacles for their clinical translation. Herein, we developed an antigen self-assembled nanovaccine, which was resulted from a simple acryloyl modification of the antigen to induce self-assembly. Furthermore, a dendritic cell targeting head mannose monomer and a mevalonate pathway inhibitor zoledronic acid (Zol) were integrated or absorbed onto the nanoparticles (denoted as MEAO-Z) to intensify the immune response. The synthesized nanovaccine with a diameter of around 70 nm showed successful lymph node transportation, high dendritic cell internalization, promoted costimulatory molecule expression, and preferable antigen cross-presentation. In virtue of the above superiorities, MEAO-Z induced remarkably higher titers of serum antibody, stronger cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune responses and IFN-γ secretion than free antigen and adjuvants. In vivo, MEAO-Z significantly suppressed EG7-OVA tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. These results indicated the translation promise of our self-assembled nanovaccine for immune potentiation and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunting He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Zouhar J, Cao W, Shen J, Rojo E. Retrograde transport in plants: Circular economy in the endomembrane system. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151309. [PMID: 36933283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of endomembrane trafficking is crucial for understanding how cells and whole organisms function. Moreover, there is a special interest in investigating endomembrane trafficking in plants, given its role in transport and accumulation of seed storage proteins and in secretion of cell wall material, arguably the two most essential commodities obtained from crops. The mechanisms of anterograde transport in the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways of plants have been thoroughly discussed in recent reviews, but, comparatively, retrograde trafficking pathways have received less attention. Retrograde trafficking is essential to recover membranes, retrieve proteins that have escaped from their intended localization, maintain homeostasis in maturing compartments, and recycle trafficking machinery for its reuse in anterograde transport reactions. Here, we review the current understanding on retrograde trafficking pathways in the endomembrane system of plants, discussing their integration with anterograde transport routes, describing conserved and plant-specific retrieval mechanisms at play, highlighting contentious issues and identifying open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Wenhan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Enrique Rojo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Li C, Zheng Z, Wu X, Xie Q, Liu P, Hu Y, Chen M, Liu L, Zhao W, Chen L, Guo J, Song Y. Stiff matrix induced srGAP2 tension gradients control migration direction in triple-negative breast cancer. Theranostics 2023; 13:59-76. [PMID: 36593959 PMCID: PMC9800732 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cells migrating through interstitial matrix enables stiffening of the tumor micro-environment. To overcome the stiff resistance of extracellular matrix, aggressive cells require the extracellular mechanosensory activation and intracellular tension response. Mechanotransduction linker srGAP2 can synergistically control the mechanical-biochemical process of malignant cell migration. Methods: To mimic the tumor micro-environment containing abundant collagen fibers and moving durotaxis of triple-negative breast cancer cells, the stiff-directed matrix was established. The newly designed srGAP2 tension probe was used to real-time supervise srGAP2 tension in living cells. The phosphorylation sites responsible for srGAP2 tension were identified by phosphorylated mutagenesis. Transwell assays and Xenograft mouse model were performed to evaluate TNBC cells invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence staining and membrane protein isolation were used to detect protein localization. Results: The present study shows srGAP2 serves as a linker to transmit the mechanical signals among cytoskeleton and membrane. SrGAP2 exhibits tension gradients among different parts in the stiff-directionally migrating triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cells showing the polarized tension that increased in the leading edge move faster, particularly guided by the stiff interstitial matrix. The srGAP2 tension-directed cell migration results from the upstream events of PKCα-mediated phosphorylation at Ser206 in the F-bar domain of srGAP2. In addition, Syndecan-4 (SDC4), a transmembrane mechanoreceptor protein, drives PKCα regional recruit on the area of membrane trending deformation, which requires the distinct extent of extracellular mechanics. Conclusion: SDC4-PKCα polarized distribution leads to the intracellular tension gradient of srGAP2, presenting the extra- and intracellular physiochemical integration and essential for persistent cell migration in stiff matrix and caner progression. Targeting the srGAP2-related physicochemical signaling could be developed into the therapeutic strategies of inhibiting breast cancer cell invasion and durotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zihui Zheng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, PR China
| | - Qiu Xie
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wangxing Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Linlin Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Jun Guo, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China. E-mail: ; Dr Ying Song, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210029, China. E-mail:
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Jun Guo, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China. E-mail: ; Dr Ying Song, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Gulou District, Nanjing 210029, China. E-mail:
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8
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Arginylation Regulates Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Division and Affects Mitochondria in Fission Yeast. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0026122. [PMID: 36226970 PMCID: PMC9670973 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00261-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginylation mediated by arginyltransferase Ate1 is a posttranslational modification of emerging importance implicated in the regulation of mammalian embryogenesis, the cardiovascular system, tissue morphogenesis, cell migration, neurodegeneration, cancer, and aging. Ate1 deletion results in embryonic lethality in mice but does not affect yeast viability, making yeast an ideal system to study the molecular pathways regulated by arginylation. Here, we conducted a global analysis of cytoskeleton-related arginylation-dependent phenotypes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a fission yeast species that shares many fundamental features of higher eukaryotic cells. Our studies revealed roles of Ate1 in cell division, cell polarization, organelle transport, and interphase cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. We also found a role of Ate1 in mitochondria morphology and maintenance. Furthermore, targeted mass spectrometry analysis of the total Sc. pombe arginylome identified a number of arginylated proteins, including those that play direct roles in these processes; lack of their arginylation may be responsible for ate1-knockout phenotypes. Our work outlines global biological processes potentially regulated by arginylation and paves the way to unraveling the functions of protein arginylation that are conserved at multiple levels of evolution and potentially constitute the primary role of this modification in vivo.
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9
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Xiao K, Ma R, Wu CX. Force-induced wrapping phase transition in activated cellular uptake. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:044411. [PMID: 36397463 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.044411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens, including all viruses and many bacteria, enter a host cell through either passive endocytosis or active self-propulsion. Though the cellular uptake of passive particles via endocytic process has been studied extensively, little work has been done on the active entry of self-propelled pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Here, we present a theoretical model to investigate the adhesive wrapping of a self-propelled particle by a plasma membrane, and find a type of first-order wrapping transition from a small partial wrapping state to a large partial wrapping state triggered by the active force. The phase diagram displays more complex behaviors compared with the passive wrapping mediated merely by adhesion. We also find that a tubular protrusion can be formed if the active force exceeds a force barrier. These results may provide a useful guidance to the study of activity-driven cellular entry of active particles into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325016, People's Republic of China and Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Xu Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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10
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TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis. Biochem J 2022; 479:1917-1940. [PMID: 36149412 PMCID: PMC9555796 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As first demonstrated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), all eukaryotic cells contain two, distinct multi-component protein kinase complexes that each harbor the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) polypeptide as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, dubbed TORC1 and TORC2, function as universal, centrally important sensors, integrators, and controllers of eukaryotic cell growth and homeostasis. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome (or, in yeast, on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole), has emerged as a primary nutrient sensor that promotes cellular biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane, plays a major role in maintaining the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all plasma membrane components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins). This article surveys what we have learned about signaling via the TORC2 complex, largely through studies conducted in S. cerevisiae. In this yeast, conditions that challenge plasma membrane integrity can, depending on the nature of the stress, stimulate or inhibit TORC2, resulting in, respectively, up-regulation or down-regulation of the phosphorylation and thus the activity of its essential downstream effector the AGC family protein kinase Ypk1. Through the ensuing effect on the efficiency with which Ypk1 phosphorylates multiple substrates that control diverse processes, membrane homeostasis is maintained. Thus, the major focus here is on TORC2, Ypk1, and the multifarious targets of Ypk1 and how the functions of these substrates are regulated by their Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these processes.
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11
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Skruzny M. The endocytic protein machinery as an actin-driven membrane-remodeling machine. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151267. [PMID: 35970066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a principal membrane trafficking route of all eukaryotic cells, forces are applied to invaginate the plasma membrane and form endocytic vesicles. These forces are provided by specific endocytic proteins and the polymerizing actin cytoskeleton. One of the best-studied endocytic systems is endocytosis in yeast, known for its simplicity, experimental amenability, and overall similarity to human endocytosis. Importantly, the yeast endocytic protein machinery generates and transmits tremendous force to bend the plasma membrane, making this system beneficial for mechanistic studies of cellular force-driven membrane reshaping. This review summarizes important protein players, molecular functions, applied forces, and open questions and perspectives of this robust, actin-powered membrane-remodeling protein machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skruzny
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Jin M, Shirazinejad C, Wang B, Yan A, Schöneberg J, Upadhyayula S, Xu K, Drubin DG. Branched actin networks are organized for asymmetric force production during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3578. [PMID: 35732852 PMCID: PMC9217951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Interestingly, actin does not assemble at all CME sites in mammalian cells. How actin networks are organized with respect to mammalian CME sites and how assembly forces are harnessed, are not fully understood. Here, branched actin network geometry at CME sites was analyzed using three different advanced imaging approaches. When endocytic dynamics of unperturbed CME sites are compared, sites with actin assembly show a distinct signature, a delay between completion of coat expansion and vesicle scission, indicating that actin assembly occurs preferentially at stalled CME sites. In addition, N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex are recruited to one side of CME sites, where they are positioned to stimulate asymmetric actin assembly and force production. We propose that actin assembles preferentially at stalled CME sites where it pulls vesicles into the cell asymmetrically, much as a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cyna Shirazinejad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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13
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Nickaeen M, Berro J, Pollard TD, Slepchenko BM. A model of actin-driven endocytosis explains differences of endocytic motility in budding and fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar16. [PMID: 34910589 PMCID: PMC9250386 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-07-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study (Sun et al., 2019) showed that the abundance of proteins at sites of endocytosis in fission and budding yeast is more similar in the two species than previously thought, yet membrane invaginations in fission yeast elongate twofold faster and are nearly twice as long as in budding yeast. Here we use a three-dimensional model of a motile endocytic invagination (Nickaeen et al., 2019) to investigate factors affecting elongation of the invaginations. We found that differences in turgor pressure in the two yeast species can largely explain the paradoxical differences observed experimentally in endocytic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nickaeen
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, and
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Thomas D. Pollard
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, and
| | - Boris M. Slepchenko
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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14
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Reda B, Alphée M, Julien H, Olivia DR. Non-linear elastic properties of actin patches to partially rescue yeast endocytosis efficiency in the absence of the cross-linker Sac6. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1479-1488. [PMID: 35088793 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01437d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin mediated endocytosis is an essential and complex cellular process involving more than 60 proteins. In yeast, successful endocytosis requires counteracting a large turgor pressure. To this end, yeasts assemble actin patches, which accumulate elastic energy during their assembly. We investigated the material properties of reconstituted actin patches from a wild-type (WT) strain and a mutant strain lacking the cross-linker Sac6 (sac6Δ), which has reduced endocytosis efficiency in live cells. We hypothesized that a change in the viscous properties of the actin patches, which would dissipate more mechanical energy, could explain this reduced efficiency. There was however no significant difference in the viscosity of both types of patches. However, we discovered a significantly different non-linear elastic response. While WT patches had a constant elastic modulus at different stress values, sac6Δ patches had a lower elastic modulus at low stress, before stiffening at higher ones, up to values similar to those of WT patches. To understand the consequences of this discovery, we performed, in vivo, a precise analysis of actin patch dynamics. Our analysis reveals that a small fraction of actin patches successfully complete endocytosis in sac6Δ cells, provided that those assemble an excess of actin at the membrane compared to WT. This observation indicates that the non-linear elastic properties of actin networks in sac6Δ cells contribute to rescue endocytosis, requiring nevertheless more actin material to build-up the necessary stored elastic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belbahri Reda
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Michelot Alphée
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Heuvingh Julien
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - du Roure Olivia
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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15
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Ren Y, Berro J. Isolated THATCH domain of End4 is unable to bind F-actin independently in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000508. [PMID: 35024575 PMCID: PMC8738963 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe critically depends on the connection between the lipid membrane and F-actin. The fission yeast endocytic protein End4 (homologous to Sla2 in budding yeast and HIP1R in human) contains a N-terminal domain that binds to PIP2 on the membrane, and a C-terminal THATCH domain that is postulated to be a binding partner of F-actin in vivo. Purified THATCH domain of the budding yeast Sla2, however, shows low affinity to F-actin in vitro. We tested if isolated THATCH domain still has low affinity to F-actin in vivo, using TEV protease (TEVp)-mediated protein cleaving to separate the THATCH domain from the rest of End4. Our results indicate that the isolated THATCH domain of End4 is unable to bind F-actin independently in vivo, consistent with the low affinity of the THATCH domain to F-actin measured from in vitro binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ren
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine
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16
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Bergeron-Sandoval LP, Kumar S, Heris HK, Chang CLA, Cornell CE, Keller SL, François P, Hendricks AG, Ehrlicher AJ, Pappu RV, Michnick SW. Endocytic proteins with prion-like domains form viscoelastic condensates that enable membrane remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2113789118. [PMID: 34887356 PMCID: PMC8685726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113789118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane invagination and vesicle formation are key steps in endocytosis and cellular trafficking. Here, we show that endocytic coat proteins with prion-like domains (PLDs) form hemispherical puncta in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae These puncta have the hallmarks of biomolecular condensates and organize proteins at the membrane for actin-dependent endocytosis. They also enable membrane remodeling to drive actin-independent endocytosis. The puncta, which we refer to as endocytic condensates, form and dissolve reversibly in response to changes in temperature and solution conditions. We find that endocytic condensates are organized around dynamic protein-protein interaction networks, which involve interactions among PLDs with high glutamine contents. The endocytic coat protein Sla1 is at the hub of the protein-protein interaction network. Using active rheology, we inferred the material properties of endocytic condensates. These experiments show that endocytic condensates are akin to viscoelastic materials. We use these characterizations to estimate the interfacial tension between endocytic condensates and their surroundings. We then adapt the physics of contact mechanics, specifically modifications of Hertz theory, to develop a quantitative framework for describing how interfacial tensions among condensates, the membrane, and the cytosol can deform the plasma membrane to enable actin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Catherine L A Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
| | - Caitlin E Cornell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
| | - Sarah L Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
| | - Paul François
- Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Adam G Hendricks
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Allen J Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130;
| | - Stephen W Michnick
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
- Centre Robert-Cedergren, Bio-Informatique et Génomique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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17
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Lucero D, Dikilitas O, Mendelson MM, Aligabi Z, Islam P, Neufeld EB, Bansal AT, Freeman LA, Vaisman B, Tang J, Combs CA, Li Y, Voros S, Kullo IJ, Remaley AT. Transgelin: A New Gene Involved in LDL Endocytosis Identified by a Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen. J Lipid Res 2021; 63:100160. [PMID: 34902367 PMCID: PMC8953622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients with elevated LDL and a clinical presentation of familial hypercholesterolemia do not carry known genetic mutations associated with hypercholesterolemia, such as defects in the LDL receptor. To identify new genes involved in the cellular uptake of LDL, we developed a novel whole-genome clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 KO screen in HepG2 cells. We identified transgelin (TAGLN), an actin-binding protein, as a potentially new gene involved in LDL endocytosis. In silico validation demonstrated that genetically predicted differences in expression of TAGLN in human populations were significantly associated with elevated plasma lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C) in the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium and lipid-related phenotypes in the UK Biobank. In biochemical studies, TAGLN-KO HepG2 cells showed a reduction in cellular LDL uptake, as measured by flow cytometry. In confocal microscopy imaging, TAGLN-KO cells had disrupted actin filaments as well as an accumulation of LDL receptor on their surface because of decreased receptor internalization. Furthermore, TAGLN-KO cells exhibited a reduction in total and free cholesterol content, activation of SREBP2, and a compensatory increase in cholesterol biosynthesis. TAGLN deficiency also disrupted the uptake of VLDL and transferrin, other known cargoes for receptors that depend upon clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our data suggest that TAGLN is a novel factor involved in the actin-dependent phase of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of LDL. The identification of novel genes involved in the endocytic uptake of LDL may improve the diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia and provide future therapeutic targets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lucero
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ozan Dikilitas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinician-Investigator Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael M Mendelson
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahra Aligabi
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Promotto Islam
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward B Neufeld
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aruna T Bansal
- Acclarogen Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Boris Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian A Combs
- NHLBI Light Microscopy Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuesheng Li
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Abella M, Andruck L, Malengo G, Skruzny M. Actin-generated force applied during endocytosis measured by Sla2-based FRET tension sensors. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2419-2426.e4. [PMID: 34473942 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are integral to many cellular processes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a principal membrane trafficking route into the cell. During endocytosis, forces provided by endocytic proteins and the polymerizing actin cytoskeleton reshape the plasma membrane into a vesicle. Assessing force requirements of endocytic membrane remodeling is essential for understanding endocytosis. Here, we determined actin-generated force applied during endocytosis using FRET-based tension sensors inserted into the major force-transmitting protein Sla2 in yeast. We measured at least 8 pN force transmitted over Sla2 molecule, hence possibly more than 300-880 pN applied during endocytic vesicle formation. Importantly, decreasing cell turgor pressure and plasma membrane tension reduced force transmitted over the Sla2. The measurements in hypotonic conditions and mutants lacking BAR-domain membrane scaffolds then showed the limits of the endocytic force-transmitting machinery. Our study provides force values and force profiles critical for understanding the mechanics of endocytosis and potentially other key cellular membrane-remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Abella
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lynell Andruck
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Malengo
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Facility, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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19
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Clathrin: the molecular shape shifter. Biochem J 2021; 478:3099-3123. [PMID: 34436540 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is best known for its contribution to clathrin-mediated endocytosis yet it also participates to a diverse range of cellular functions. Key to this is clathrin's ability to assemble into polyhedral lattices that include curved football or basket shapes, flat lattices or even tubular structures. In this review, we discuss clathrin structure and coated vesicle formation, how clathrin is utilised within different cellular processes including synaptic vesicle recycling, hormone desensitisation, spermiogenesis, cell migration and mitosis, and how clathrin's remarkable 'shapeshifting' ability to form diverse lattice structures might contribute to its multiple cellular functions.
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20
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), yet the NE carries out many functions distinct from those of bulk ER. This functional specialization depends on a unique protein composition that defines NE identity and must be both established and actively maintained. The NE undergoes extensive remodeling in interphase and mitosis, so mechanisms that seal NE holes and protect its unique composition are critical for maintaining its functions. New evidence shows that closure of NE holes relies on regulated de novo lipid synthesis, providing a link between lipid metabolism and generating and maintaining NE identity. Here, we review regulation of the lipid bilayers of the NE and suggest ways to generate lipid asymmetry across the NE despite its direct continuity with the ER. We also discuss the elusive mechanism of membrane fusion during nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis. We propose a model in which NPC biogenesis is carefully controlled to ensure that a permeability barrier has been established before membrane fusion, thereby avoiding a major threat to compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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21
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Landajuela A, Braun M, Rodrigues CDA, Martínez-Calvo A, Doan T, Horenkamp F, Andronicos A, Shteyn V, Williams ND, Lin C, Wingreen NS, Rudner DZ, Karatekin E. FisB relies on homo-oligomerization and lipid binding to catalyze membrane fission in bacteria. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001314. [PMID: 34185788 PMCID: PMC8274934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about mechanisms of membrane fission in bacteria despite their requirement for cytokinesis. The only known dedicated membrane fission machinery in bacteria, fission protein B (FisB), is expressed during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis and is required to release the developing spore into the mother cell cytoplasm. Here, we characterized the requirements for FisB-mediated membrane fission. FisB forms mobile clusters of approximately 12 molecules that give way to an immobile cluster at the engulfment pole containing approximately 40 proteins at the time of membrane fission. Analysis of FisB mutants revealed that binding to acidic lipids and homo-oligomerization are both critical for targeting FisB to the engulfment pole and membrane fission. Experiments using artificial membranes and filamentous cells suggest that FisB does not have an intrinsic ability to sense or induce membrane curvature but can bridge membranes. Finally, modeling suggests that homo-oligomerization and trans-interactions with membranes are sufficient to explain FisB accumulation at the membrane neck that connects the engulfment membrane to the rest of the mother cell membrane during late stages of engulfment. Together, our results show that FisB is a robust and unusual membrane fission protein that relies on homo-oligomerization, lipid binding, and the unique membrane topology generated during engulfment for localization and membrane scission, but surprisingly, not on lipid microdomains, negative-curvature lipids, or curvature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Landajuela
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martha Braun
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | | | - Thierry Doan
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseilles, France
| | - Florian Horenkamp
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna Andronicos
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Shteyn
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nathan D Williams
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ned S Wingreen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Z Rudner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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22
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Lemière J, Ren Y, Berro J. Rapid adaptation of endocytosis, exocytosis and eisosomes after an acute increase in membrane tension in yeast cells. eLife 2021; 10:62084. [PMID: 33983119 PMCID: PMC9045820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in eukaryotes, actin assembly is required to overcome large membrane tension and turgor pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the actin machinery adapts to varying membrane tension remain unknown. In addition, how cells reduce their membrane tension when they are challenged by hypotonic shocks remains unclear. We used quantitative microscopy to demonstrate that cells rapidly reduce their membrane tension using three parallel mechanisms. In addition to using their cell wall for mechanical protection, yeast cells disassemble eisosomes to buffer moderate changes in membrane tension on a minute time scale. Meanwhile, a temporary reduction in the rate of endocytosis for 2–6 min and an increase in the rate of exocytosis for at least 5 min allow cells to add large pools of membrane to the plasma membrane. We built on these results to submit the cells to abrupt increases in membrane tension and determine that the endocytic actin machinery of fission yeast cells rapidly adapts to perform CME. Our study sheds light on the tight connection between membrane tension regulation, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Lemière
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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23
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Abstract
Notch signaling is a conserved system of communication between adjacent cells, influencing numerous cell fate decisions in the development of multicellular organisms. Aberrant signaling is also implicated in many human pathologies. At its core, Notch has a mechanotransduction module that decodes receptor-ligand engagement at the cell surface under force to permit proteolytic cleavage of the receptor, leading to the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). NICD enters the nucleus and acts as a transcriptional effector to regulate expression of Notch-responsive genes. In this article, we review and integrate current understanding of the detailed molecular basis for Notch signal transduction, highlighting quantitative, structural, and dynamic features of this developmentally central signaling mechanism. We discuss the implications of this mechanistic understanding for the functionality of the signaling pathway in different molecular and cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sprinzak
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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24
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Lee SK, Hong WJ, Silva J, Kim EJ, Park SK, Jung KH, Kim YJ. Global Identification of ANTH Genes Involved in Rice Pollen Germination and Functional Characterization of a Key Member, OsANTH3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:609473. [PMID: 33927731 PMCID: PMC8076639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.609473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pollen in angiosperms plays a critical role in double fertilization by germinating and elongating pollen tubes rapidly in one direction to deliver sperm. In this process, the secretory vesicles deliver cell wall and plasma membrane materials, and excessive materials are sequestered via endocytosis. However, endocytosis in plants is poorly understood. AP180 N-terminal homology (ANTH) domain-containing proteins function as adaptive regulators for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in eukaryotic systems. Here, we identified 17 ANTH domain-containing proteins from rice based on a genome-wide investigation. Motif and phylogenomic analyses revealed seven asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF)-rich and 10 NPF-less subgroups of these proteins, as well as various clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related motifs in their C-terminals. To investigate their roles in pollen germination, we performed meta-expression analysis of all genes encoding ANTH domain-containing proteins in Oryza sativa (OsANTH genes) in anatomical samples, including pollen, and identified five mature pollen-preferred OsANTH genes. The subcellular localization of four OsANTH proteins that were preferentially expressed in mature pollen can be consistent with their role in endocytosis in the plasma membrane. Of them, OsANTH3 represented the highest expression in mature pollen. Functional characterization of OsANTH3 using T-DNA insertional knockout and gene-edited mutants revealed that a mutation in OsANTH3 decreased seed fertility by reducing the pollen germination percentage in rice. Thus, our study suggests OsANTH3-mediated endocytosis is important for rice pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kyoung Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jeniffer Silva
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
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25
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Ma R, Berro J. Endocytosis against high turgor pressure is made easier by partial coating and freely rotating base. Biophys J 2021; 120:1625-1640. [PMID: 33675763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a patch of flat plasma membrane is deformed into a vesicle. In walled cells, such as plants and fungi, the turgor pressure is high and pushes the membrane against the cell wall, thus hindering membrane internalization. In this work, we study how a patch of membrane is deformed against turgor pressure by force and by curvature-generating proteins. We show that a large amount of force is needed to merely start deforming the membrane and an even larger force is needed to pull a membrane tube. The magnitude of these forces strongly depends on how the base of the membrane is constrained and how the membrane is coated with curvature-generating proteins. In particular, these forces can be reduced by partially, but not fully, coating the membrane patch with curvature-generating proteins. Our theoretical results show excellent agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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26
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Omidvar R, Ayala YA, Brandel A, Hasenclever L, Helmstädter M, Rohrbach A, Römer W, Madl J. Quantification of nanoscale forces in lectin-mediated bacterial attachment and uptake into giant liposomes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4016-4028. [PMID: 33503085 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07726g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the bacterial lectin LecA with the host cells glycosphingolipid Gb3 have been shown to be crucial for the cellular uptake of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LecA-induced Gb3 clustering, referred to as lipid zipper mechanism, leads to full membrane engulfment of the bacterium. Here, we aim for a nanoscale force characterization of this mechanism using two complementary force probing techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT). The LecA-Gb3 interactions are reconstituted using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), a well-controlled minimal system mimicking the plasma membrane and nanoscale forces between either bacteria (PAO1 wild-type and LecA-deletion mutant strains) or LecA-coated probes (as minimal, synthetic bacterial model) and vesicles are measured. LecA-Gb3 interactions strengthen the bacterial attachment to the membrane (1.5-8-fold) depending on the membrane tension and the applied technique. Moreover, significantly less energy (reduction up to 80%) is required for the full uptake of LecA-coated beads into Gb3-functionalized vesicles. This quantitative approach highlights that lectin-glycolipid interactions provide adequate forces and energies to drive bacterial attachment and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Omidvar
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yareni A Ayala
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Hasenclever
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rohrbach
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Cavin1 intrinsically disordered domains are essential for fuzzy electrostatic interactions and caveola formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:931. [PMID: 33568658 PMCID: PMC7875971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are spherically shaped nanodomains of the plasma membrane, generated by cooperative assembly of caveolin and cavin proteins. Cavins are cytosolic peripheral membrane proteins with negatively charged intrinsically disordered regions that flank positively charged α-helical regions. Here, we show that the three disordered domains of Cavin1 are essential for caveola formation and dynamic trafficking of caveolae. Electrostatic interactions between disordered regions and α-helical regions promote liquid-liquid phase separation behaviour of Cavin1 in vitro, assembly of Cavin1 oligomers in solution, generation of membrane curvature, association with caveolin-1, and Cavin1 recruitment to caveolae in cells. Removal of the first disordered region causes irreversible gel formation in vitro and results in aberrant caveola trafficking through the endosomal system. We propose a model for caveola assembly whereby fuzzy electrostatic interactions between Cavin1 and caveolin-1 proteins, combined with membrane lipid interactions, are required to generate membrane curvature and a metastable caveola coat.
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28
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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29
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Balzer CJ, James ML, Narvaez-Ortiz HY, Helgeson LA, Sirotkin V, Nolen BJ. Synergy between Wsp1 and Dip1 may initiate assembly of endocytic actin networks. eLife 2020; 9:60419. [PMID: 33179595 PMCID: PMC7707826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin filament nucleator Arp2/3 complex is activated at cortical sites in Schizosaccharomyces pombe to assemble branched actin networks that drive endocytosis. Arp2/3 complex activators Wsp1 and Dip1 are required for proper actin assembly at endocytic sites, but how they coordinately control Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly is unknown. Alone, Dip1 activates Arp2/3 complex without preexisting actin filaments to nucleate ‘seed’ filaments that activate Wsp1-bound Arp2/3 complex, thereby initiating branched actin network assembly. In contrast, because Wsp1 requires preexisting filaments to activate, it has been assumed to function exclusively in propagating actin networks by stimulating branching from preexisting filaments. Here we show that Wsp1 is important not only for propagation but also for initiation of endocytic actin networks. Using single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy we show that Wsp1 synergizes with Dip1 to co-activate Arp2/3 complex. Synergistic co-activation does not require preexisting actin filaments, explaining how Wsp1 contributes to actin network initiation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Balzer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Michael L James
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, United States
| | - Heidy Y Narvaez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Luke A Helgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Vladimir Sirotkin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, United States
| | - Brad J Nolen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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30
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Phuyal S, Baschieri F. Endomembranes: Unsung Heroes of Mechanobiology? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:597721. [PMID: 33195167 PMCID: PMC7642594 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.597721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have profound effects on the cellular architecture and functions. Over the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in unraveling the molecular machineries that confer cells the ability to sense and transduce mechanical input into biochemical signals. This has resulted in the identification of several force-sensing proteins or mechanically activated ion channels distributed throughout most cell types, whereby the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus have garnered much attention. Although organelles from the endomembrane system make up significant portion of cell volume and play pivotal roles in the spatiotemporal distribution of signaling molecules, they have received surprisingly little attention in mechanobiology. In this mini-review, we summarize results that document participation of the endomembrane system in sensing and responding to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Baschieri
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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31
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Day KJ, Stachowiak JC. Biophysical forces in membrane bending and traffic. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:72-77. [PMID: 32229366 PMCID: PMC7529674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking requires extensive changes in membrane morphology. Cells use several distinct molecular factors and physical cues to remodel membranes. Here, we highlight recent advances in identifying the biophysical mechanisms of membrane curvature generation. In particular, we focus on the cooperation of molecular and physical drivers of membrane bending during three stages of vesiculation: budding, cargo selection, and scission. Taken together, the studies reviewed here emphasize that, rather than a single dominant mechanism, several mechanisms typically work in parallel during each step of membrane remodeling. Important challenges for the future of this field are to understand how multiple mechanisms work together synergistically and how a series of stochastic events can be combined to achieve a deterministic result-assembly of the trafficking vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey J Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Norman Hackerman Building, 100 East 24th St., NHB 4500, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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32
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Jaumouillé V, Waterman CM. Physical Constraints and Forces Involved in Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1097. [PMID: 32595635 PMCID: PMC7304309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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33
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Llorente García I, Marsh M. A biophysical perspective on receptor-mediated virus entry with a focus on HIV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183158. [PMID: 31863725 PMCID: PMC7156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of their entry and infection strategy, viruses interact with specific receptor molecules expressed on the surface of target cells. The efficiency and kinetics of the virus-receptor interactions required for a virus to productively infect a cell is determined by the biophysical properties of the receptors, which are in turn influenced by the receptors' plasma membrane (PM) environments. Currently, little is known about the biophysical properties of these receptor molecules or their engagement during virus binding and entry. Here we review virus-receptor interactions focusing on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a model system. HIV is one of the best characterised enveloped viruses, with the identity, roles and structure of the key molecules required for infection well established. We review current knowledge of receptor-mediated HIV entry, addressing the properties of the HIV cell-surface receptors, the techniques used to measure these properties, and the macromolecular interactions and events required for virus entry. We discuss some of the key biophysical principles underlying receptor-mediated virus entry and attempt to interpret the available data in the context of biophysical mechanisms. We also highlight crucial outstanding questions and consider how new tools might be applied to advance understanding of the biophysical properties of viral receptors and the dynamic events leading to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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34
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Marek M, Vincenzetti V, Martin SG. Sterol biosensor reveals LAM-family Ltc1-dependent sterol flow to endosomes upon Arp2/3 inhibition. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202001147. [PMID: 32320462 PMCID: PMC7265315 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterols are crucial components of biological membranes, which are synthetized in the ER and accumulate in the plasma membrane (PM). Here, by applying a genetically encoded sterol biosensor (D4H), we visualize a sterol flow between PM and endosomes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using time-lapse and correlative light-electron microscopy, we found that inhibition of Arp2/3-dependent F-actin assembly promotes the reversible relocalization of D4H from the PM to internal sterol-rich compartments (STRIC) labeled by synaptobrevin Syb1. Retrograde sterol internalization to STRIC is independent of endocytosis or an intact Golgi, but depends on Ltc1, a LAM/StARkin-family protein localized to ER-PM contact sites. The PM in ltc1Δ cells over-accumulates sterols and upon Arp2/3 inhibition forms extended ER-interacting invaginations, indicating that sterol transfer contributes to PM size homeostasis. Anterograde sterol movement from STRIC is independent of canonical vesicular trafficking but requires Arp2/3, suggesting a novel role for this complex. Thus, transfer routes orthogonal to vesicular trafficking govern the flow of sterols in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Rampello AJ, Laudermilch E, Vishnoi N, Prophet SM, Shao L, Zhao C, Lusk CP, Schlieker C. Torsin ATPase deficiency leads to defects in nuclear pore biogenesis and sequestration of MLF2. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151708. [PMID: 32342107 PMCID: PMC7265317 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope herniations (blebs) containing FG-nucleoporins and ubiquitin are the phenotypic hallmark of Torsin ATPase manipulation. Both the dynamics of blebbing and the connection to nuclear pore biogenesis remain poorly understood. We employ a proteomics-based approach to identify myeloid leukemia factor 2 (MLF2) as a luminal component of the bleb. Using an MLF2-based live-cell imaging platform, we demonstrate that nuclear envelope blebbing occurs rapidly and synchronously immediately after nuclear envelope reformation during mitosis. Bleb formation is independent of ubiquitin conjugation within the bleb, but strictly dependent on POM121, a transmembrane nucleoporin essential for interphase nuclear pore biogenesis. Nup358, a late marker for interphase nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis, is underrepresented relative to FG-nucleoporins in nuclear envelopes of Torsin-deficient cells. The kinetics of bleb formation, its dependence on POM121, and a reduction of mature NPCs in Torsin-deficient cells lead us to conclude that the hallmark phenotype of Torsin manipulation represents aberrant NPC intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rampello
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Nidhi Vishnoi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sarah M Prophet
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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36
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Kapara A, Brunton V, Graham D, Faulds K. Investigation of cellular uptake mechanism of functionalised gold nanoparticles into breast cancer using SERS. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5819-5829. [PMID: 34094083 PMCID: PMC8159335 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used in various applications such as cancer imaging and drug delivery. The functionalisation of AuNPs has been shown to affect their cellular internalisation, accumulation and targeting efficiency. The mechanism of cellular uptake of functionalised AuNPs by different cancer cells is not well understood. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the molecular processes is necessary to improve AuNPs for their selective uptake and fate in specific cellular systems. This knowledge can greatly help in designing nanotags with higher cellular uptake for more selective and specific targeting capabilities with less off-target effects. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a straightforward and non-destructive 3D surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging approach to track the cellular uptake and localisation of AuNPs functionalised with an anti-ERα (estrogen receptor alpha) antibody in MCF-7 ERα-positive human breast cancer cells under different conditions including temperature and dynamin inhibition. 3D SERS enabled information rich monitoring of the intracellular internalisation of the SERS nanotags. It was found that ERα-AuNPs were internalised by MCF-7 cells in a temperature-dependent manner suggesting an active endocytosis-dependent mechanism. 3D SERS cell mapping also indicated that the nanotags entered MCF-7 cells using dynamin dependent endocytosis, since dynamin inhibition resulted in the SERS signal being obtained from, or close to, the cell surface rather than inside the cells. Finally, ERα-AuNPs were found to enter MCF-7 cells using an ERα receptor-mediated endocytosis process. This study addresses the role of functionalisation of SERS nanotags in biological environments and highlights the benefits of using 3D SERS for the investigation of cellular uptake processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kapara
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1RD UK
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh Crewe Road South Edinburgh Scotland EH4 2XU UK
| | - Valerie Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh Crewe Road South Edinburgh Scotland EH4 2XU UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1RD UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1RD UK
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37
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Joseph JG, Liu AP. Mechanical Regulation of Endocytosis: New Insights and Recent Advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900278. [PMID: 32402120 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanosensitive process. It involves remodeling of the plasma membrane from a flat shape to a budded morphology, often at the sub-micrometer scale. This remodeling process is energy-intensive and is influenced by mechanical factors such as membrane tension, membrane rigidity, and physical properties of cargo and extracellular surroundings. The cellular responses to a variety of mechanical factors by distinct endocytic pathways are important for cells to counteract rapid and extreme disruptions in the mechanohomeostasis of cells. Recent advances in microscopy and mechanical manipulation at the cellular scale have led to new discoveries of mechanoregulation of endocytosis by the aforementioned factors. While factors such as membrane tension and membrane rigidity are generally shown to inhibit endocytosis, other mechanical stimuli have complex relationships with endocytic pathways. At this juncture, it is now possible to utilize experimental techniques to interrogate theoretical predictions on mechanoregulation of endocytosis in cells and even living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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38
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Joseph BB, Wang Y, Edeen P, Lažetić V, Grant BD, Fay DS. Control of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by NIMA family kinases. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008633. [PMID: 32069276 PMCID: PMC7048319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis, the process by which cells internalize plasma membrane and associated cargo, is regulated extensively by posttranslational modifications. Previous studies suggested the potential involvement of scores of protein kinases in endocytic control, of which only a few have been validated in vivo. Here we show that the conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2/NEK8/9 and NEKL-3/NEK6/7 (the NEKLs) control clathrin-mediated endocytosis in C. elegans. Loss of NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 activities leads to penetrant larval molting defects and to the abnormal localization of trafficking markers in arrested larvae. Using an auxin-based degron system, we also find that depletion of NEKLs in adult-stage C. elegans leads to gross clathrin mislocalization and to a dramatic reduction in clathrin mobility at the apical membrane. Using a non-biased genetic screen to identify suppressors of nekl molting defects, we identified several components and regulators of AP2, the major clathrin adapter complex acting at the plasma membrane. Strikingly, reduced AP2 activity rescues both nekl mutant molting defects as well as associated trafficking phenotypes, whereas increased levels of active AP2 exacerbate nekl defects. Moreover, in a unique example of mutual suppression, NEKL inhibition alleviates defects associated with reduced AP2 activity, attesting to the tight link between NEKL and AP2 functions. We also show that NEKLs are required for the clustering and internalization of membrane cargo required for molting. Notably, we find that human NEKs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in nekl mutant worms, suggesting that the control of intracellular trafficking is an evolutionarily conserved function of NEK family kinases. In order to function properly, cells must continually import materials from the outside. This process, termed endocytosis, is necessary for the uptake of nutrients and for interpreting signals coming from the external environment or from within the body. These signals are critical during animal development but also affect many types of cell behaviors throughout life. In our current work, we show that several highly conserved proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, NEKL-2 and NEKL-3, regulate endocytosis. The human counterparts of NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 have been implicated in cardiovascular and renal diseases as well as many types of cancers. However, their specific functions within cells is incompletely understood and very little is known about their role in endocytosis or how this role might impact disease processes. Here we use several complementary approaches to characterize the specific functions of C. elegans NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 in endocytosis and show that their human counterparts likely have very similar functions. This work paves the way to a better understanding of fundamental biological processes and to determining the cellular functions of proteins connected to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Phil Edeen
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Lažetić
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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40
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Lacy MM, Baddeley D, Berro J. Single-molecule turnover dynamics of actin and membrane coat proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. eLife 2019; 8:52355. [PMID: 31855180 PMCID: PMC6977972 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics generate forces to deform the membrane and overcome the cell’s high turgor pressure during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in yeast, but precise molecular details are still unresolved. Our previous models predicted that actin filaments of the endocytic meshwork continually polymerize and disassemble, turning over multiple times during an endocytic event, similar to other actin systems. We applied single-molecule speckle tracking in live fission yeast to directly measure molecular turnover within CME sites for the first time. In contrast with the overall ~20 s lifetimes of actin and actin-associated proteins in endocytic patches, we detected single-molecule residence times around 1 to 2 s, and similarly high turnover rates of membrane-associated proteins in CME. Furthermore, we find heterogeneous behaviors in many proteins’ motions. These results indicate that endocytic proteins turn over up to five times during the formation of an endocytic vesicle, and suggest revising quantitative models of force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lacy
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States.,Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - David Baddeley
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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41
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Lacy MM, Baddeley D, Berro J. Single-molecule turnover dynamics of actin and membrane coat proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. eLife 2019; 8. [PMID: 31855180 DOI: 10.1101/617746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics generate forces to deform the membrane and overcome the cell's high turgor pressure during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in yeast, but precise molecular details are still unresolved. Our previous models predicted that actin filaments of the endocytic meshwork continually polymerize and disassemble, turning over multiple times during an endocytic event, similar to other actin systems. We applied single-molecule speckle tracking in live fission yeast to directly measure molecular turnover within CME sites for the first time. In contrast with the overall ~20 s lifetimes of actin and actin-associated proteins in endocytic patches, we detected single-molecule residence times around 1 to 2 s, and similarly high turnover rates of membrane-associated proteins in CME. Furthermore, we find heterogeneous behaviors in many proteins' motions. These results indicate that endocytic proteins turn over up to five times during the formation of an endocytic vesicle, and suggest revising quantitative models of force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lacy
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - David Baddeley
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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42
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Sun Y, Schöneberg J, Chen X, Jiang T, Kaplan C, Xu K, Pollard TD, Drubin DG. Direct comparison of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding and fission yeast reveals conserved and evolvable features. eLife 2019; 8:50749. [PMID: 31829937 PMCID: PMC6908435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved proteins drive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), which from yeast to humans involves a burst of actin assembly. To gain mechanistic insights into this process, we performed a side-by-side quantitative comparison of CME in two distantly related yeast species. Though endocytic protein abundance in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae is more similar than previously thought, membrane invagination speed and depth are two-fold greater in fission yeast. In both yeasts, accumulation of ~70 WASp molecules activates the Arp2/3 complex to drive membrane invagination. In contrast to budding yeast, WASp-mediated actin nucleation plays an essential role in fission yeast endocytosis. Genetics and live-cell imaging revealed core CME spatiodynamic similarities between the two yeasts, although the assembly of two zones of actin filaments is specific for fission yeast and not essential for CME. These studies identified conserved CME mechanisms and species-specific adaptations with broad implications that are expected to extend from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xuyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Tommy Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Charlotte Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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43
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Mechanical stiffness of reconstituted actin patches correlates tightly with endocytosis efficiency. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000500. [PMID: 31652255 PMCID: PMC6834286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves the sequential assembly of more than 60 proteins at the plasma membrane. An important fraction of these proteins regulates the assembly of an actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3)-branched actin network, which is essential to generate the force during membrane invagination. We performed, on wild-type (WT) yeast and mutant strains lacking putative actin crosslinkers, a side-by-side comparison of in vivo endocytic phenotypes and in vitro rigidity measurements of reconstituted actin patches. We found a clear correlation between softer actin networks and a decreased efficiency of endocytosis. Our observations support a chain-of-consequences model in which loss of actin crosslinking softens Arp2/3-branched actin networks, directly limiting the transmission of the force. Additionally, the lifetime of failed endocytic patches increases, leading to a larger number of patches and a reduced pool of polymerizable actin, which slows down actin assembly and further impairs endocytosis. This study uses in vitro reconstitution of endocytic actin patches and mechanical measurements with chains of superparamagnetic microbeads to reveal a tight correlation between the stiffness of actin networks and the efficiency of endocytosis in yeast.
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44
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Balzer CJ, Wagner AR, Helgeson LA, Nolen BJ. Single-Turnover Activation of Arp2/3 Complex by Dip1 May Balance Nucleation of Linear versus Branched Actin Filaments. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3331-3338.e7. [PMID: 31564494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filaments important for cellular motility, endocytosis, meiosis, and cellular differentiation [1-4]. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins (WASPs), the prototypical Arp2/3 complex activators, activate Arp2/3 complex only once it is bound to the side of an actin filament [5, 6]. This ensures WASP-activated Arp2/3 complex only nucleates branched actin filaments but means branched actin networks must be seeded with an initial preformed filament. Dip1 and other WISH/DIP/SPIN90 family proteins activate Arp2/3 complex without preformed filaments [7], creating seed filaments that activate WASP-bound Arp2/3 complex [8]. Importantly, Dip1-mediated activation of Arp2/3 complex creates linear filaments instead of branches [7]. Cells may therefore need to limit Dip1 activity relative to WASP to preserve the dendritic nature of actin networks, although it is unclear whether such regulatory mechanisms exist. Here, we use total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to show that Dip1 causes actin assembled with WASP and Arp2/3 complex to form disconnected networks with many linear filaments rather than highly branched arrays. We discover a key biochemical difference between Dip1 and WASP that may limit linear filament nucleation in cells; although WASP must be released for nucleation, Dip1 stays associated with Arp2/3 complex on the pointed ends of nucleated actin filaments, so Dip1 is consumed in the reaction. Using live-cell imaging of fission yeast, we provide evidence that Dip1 is a single-turnover activator of Arp2/3 complex in vivo, revealing a mechanism by which Dip1 can initiate branched actin networks at endocytic sites without disrupting their branched architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Balzer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Andrew R Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Luke A Helgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Brad J Nolen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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45
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Martin N. Dynamic Synthetic Cells Based on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2553-2568. [PMID: 31039282 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Living cells have long been a source of inspiration for chemists. Their capacity of performing complex tasks relies on the spatiotemporal coordination of matter and energy fluxes. Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the bottom-up construction of cell-like models capable of reproducing aspects of such dynamic organisation. Liquid-liquid phase-separation (LLPS) processes in water are increasingly recognised as representing a viable compartmentalisation strategy through which to produce dynamic synthetic cells. Herein, we highlight examples of the dynamic properties of LLPS used to assemble synthetic cells, including their biocatalytic activity, reversible condensation and dissolution, growth and division, and recent directions towards the design of higher-order structures and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
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46
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Ma R, Berro J. Crosslinking actin networks produces compressive force. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:346-354. [PMID: 31278856 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin has been shown to be essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast. However, actin polymerization alone is likely insufficient to produce enough force to deform the membrane against the huge turgor pressure of yeast cells. In this paper, we used Brownian dynamics simulations to demonstrate that crosslinking of a meshwork of nonpolymerizing actin filaments is able to produce compressive forces. We show that the force can be up to several thousand pico-Newtons if the crosslinker has a high stiffness. The force decays over time as a result of crosslinker turnover, and is a result of converting chemical binding energy into elastic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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47
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Nickaeen M, Berro J, Pollard TD, Slepchenko BM. Actin assembly produces sufficient forces for endocytosis in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2014-2024. [PMID: 31242058 PMCID: PMC6727779 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We formulated a spatially resolved model to estimate forces exerted by a polymerizing actin meshwork on an invagination of the plasma membrane during endocytosis in yeast cells. The model, which approximates the actin meshwork as a visco-active gel exerting forces on a rigid spherocylinder representing the endocytic invagination, is tightly constrained by experimental data. Simulations of the model produce forces that can overcome resistance of turgor pressure in yeast cells. Strong forces emerge due to the high density of polymerized actin in the vicinity of the invagination and because of entanglement of the meshwork due to its dendritic structure and cross-linking. The model predicts forces orthogonal to the invagination that are consistent with formation of a flask shape, which would diminish the net force due to turgor pressure. Simulations of the model with either two rings of nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) as in fission yeast or a single ring of NPFs as in budding yeast produce enough force to elongate the invagination against the turgor pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nickaeen
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Julien Berro
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and of Cell Biology.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Thomas D Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and of Cell Biology.,Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Boris M Slepchenko
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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48
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Karatekin E, Rothman JE. FEBS Letters Special Issue on Exocytosis and Endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2019; 592:3477-3479. [PMID: 30417372 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Karatekin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - James E Rothman
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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49
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From Flat to Curved Clathrin: Controlling a Plastic Ratchet. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:241-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Wu C, Wu Y, Jin Y, Zhu P, Shi W, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Han Y, Zhao X. Endosomal/lysosomal location of organically modified silica nanoparticles following caveolae-mediated endocytosis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13855-13862. [PMID: 35519602 PMCID: PMC9063904 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Wu
- School of Medicine
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Yifan Wu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Piaoyu Zhu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nantong 226001
- China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Departments of Gastroenterology
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University
- Wuxi 214023
- China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health
- Nantong University
- Nantong 226019
- China
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