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Filippi A, Aurelian J, Mocanu MM. Analysis of the Gene Networks and Pathways Correlated with Tissue Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3626. [PMID: 38612439 PMCID: PMC11011430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent non-cutaneous cancer in men. Early PCa detection has been made possible by the adoption of screening methods based on the serum prostate-specific antigen and Gleason score (GS). The aim of this study was to correlate gene expression with the differentiation level of prostate adenocarcinomas, as indicated by GS. We used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and included 497 prostate cancer patients, 52 of which also had normal tissue sample sequencing data. Gene ontology analysis revealed that higher GSs were associated with greater responses to DNA damage, telomere lengthening, and cell division. Positive correlation was found with transcription factor activator of the adenovirus gene E2 (E2F) and avian myelocytomatosis viral homolog (MYC) targets, G2M checkpoints, DNA repair, and mitotic spindles. Immune cell deconvolution revealed high M0 macrophage counts and an increase in M2 macrophages dependent on the GS. The molecular pathways most correlated with GSs were cell cycle, RNA transport, and calcium signaling (depleted). A combinatorial approach identified a set of eight genes able to differentiate by k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) between normal tissues, low-Gleason tissues, and high-Gleason tissues with high accuracy. In conclusion, our study could be a step forward to better understanding the link between gene expression and PCa progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Filippi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Justin Aurelian
- Department of Specific Disciplines, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Urology, “Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 050653 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria-Magdalena Mocanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Chisholm J, Haas-Neill S, Margetts P, Al-Nedawi K. Characterization of proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs of circulating extracellular vesicles from prostate cancer patients compared to healthy subjects. Front Oncol 2022; 12:895555. [PMID: 36568159 PMCID: PMC9776661 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.895555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the fifth leading cause of death in men globally. Measurement of the blood PSA level is still considered the gold-standard biomarker test for PC despite its high rate of delivering false positives and negatives that result in an inappropriate medical response, including overtreatment. We collected extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the blood plasma of PC patients with organ-confined, extracapsular-invading, and seminal vesicle-invading tumors and from healthy subjects. We examined the protein, mRNA, and miRNA content of these EVs using mass spectrometry (MS), a human PC PCR array, and a miScript miRNA PCR array, respectively. The proteomic analysis showed distinct groups of proteins that are differently expressed in each group of patients, as well as in healthy subjects. Samples from healthy subjects and each tumor type were used for both mRNA and miRNA arrays. The mRNA analysis showed distinct groups of mRNAs that were overexpressed in healthy or in one of the three tumor types but not in the EVs of the other groups. The miRNA analysis showed distinct groups of miRNAs as well. The fold of regulation in the expression of the identified mRNA and miRNA of each stage of the disease from healthy subjects showed that various mRNAs and miRNAs could discriminate the disease stage. Overall, our data suggest many molecular marker candidates for distinguishing between healthy subjects and PC patients using the cargo of circulating vesicles, as well as markers to discriminate between the different tumor types. Once verified, these markers might have a diagnostic value for PC.
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Bogdanova NV, Radmanesh H, Ramachandran D, Knoechelmann AC, Christiansen H, Derlin T, von Klot CAJ, Merten R, Henkenberens C. The Prognostic Value of Liquid Biopsies for Benefit of Salvage Radiotherapy in Relapsed Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174095. [PMID: 36077632 PMCID: PMC9454496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around 30% of patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer relapse will benefit from local PET/CT-guided ablative radiotherapy (RT) with improved progression-free and ADT (Androgene Deprivation Therapy)-free survivals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for predictive testing for therapeutic benefits prior to initiation. Various tests have already been established on tumor specimens for the prediction of prostate cancer’s behavior or therapy outcome. However, in imaging-proven relapse tumor tissue from the local recurrence or metastases is often not available. Hence, there is a need for a liquid biopsy-based testing. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of CTCs- associated mRNA and blood-derived RNA for the benefit of PSMA PET-guided salvage RT in oligometastatic prostate cancer relapses. Significant correlations were found between the relative transcript levels of several investigated genes and clinicopathological parameters. Furthermore, distinct “transcriptional signatures” were found in patients with temporary and long-term benefits from RT. Abstract To assess the prognostic value of “liquid biopsies” for the benefit of salvage RT in oligometastatic prostate cancer relapse, we enrolled 44 patients in the study between the years 2016 and 2020. All the patients were diagnosed as having an oligometastatic prostate cancer relapse on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET-CT and underwent irradiation at the Department of Radiotherapy at the Hannover Medical School. Tumor cells and total RNA, enriched from the liquid biopsies of patients, were processed for the subsequent quantification analysis of relative transcript levels in real-time PCR. In total, 54 gene transcripts known or suggested to be associated with prostate cancer or treatment outcome were prioritized for analysis. We found significant correlations between the relative transcript levels of several investigated genes and the Gleason score, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) value, or UICC stage (tumor node metastasis -TNM classification of malignant tumors from Union for International Cancer Control). Furthermore, a significant association of MTCO2, FOXM1, SREBF1, HOXB7, FDXR, and MTRNR transcript profiles was found with a temporary and/or long-term benefit from RT. Further studies on larger patients cohorts are necessary to prove our preliminary findings for establishing liquid biopsy tests as a predictive examination method prior to salvage RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Bogdanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hoda Radmanesh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dhanya Ramachandran
- Gynecology Research Unit, Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hans Christiansen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thorsten Derlin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Roland Merten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-511-532-3590
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Ma F, Arai S, Wang K, Calagua C, Yuan AR, Poluben L, Gu Z, Russo JW, Einstein DJ, Ye H, He MX, Liu Y, Van Allen E, Sowalsky AG, Bhasin MK, Yuan X, Balk SP. Autocrine Canonical Wnt Signaling Primes Noncanonical Signaling through ROR1 in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1518-1533. [PMID: 35131873 PMCID: PMC9018564 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling driven by genomic alterations in genes including APC and CTNNB, which encodes β-catenin, have been implicated in prostate cancer development and progression to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, nongenomic drivers and downstream effectors of Wnt signaling in prostate cancer and the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in prostate cancer have not been fully established. Here we analyzed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer and identified effectors distinct from those found in other tissues, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor and RUNX1, which are linked to stem cell maintenance, and ROR1, a noncanonical Wnt5a coreceptor. Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated increases in ROR1 enhanced noncanonical responses to Wnt5a. Regarding upstream drivers, APC genomic loss, but not its epigenetic downregulation commonly observed in prostate cancer, was strongly associated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in clinical samples. Tumor cell upregulation of the Wnt transporter Wntless (WLS) was strongly associated with Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity in primary prostate cancer but also associated with both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in mCRPC. IHC confirmed tumor cell WLS expression in primary prostate cancer and mCRPC, and patient-derived prostate cancer xenografts expressing WLS were responsive to treatment with Wnt synthesis inhibitor ETC-1922159. These findings reveal that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer drives stem cell maintenance and invasion and primes for noncanonical Wnt signaling through ROR1. They further show that autocrine Wnt production is a nongenomic driver of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in prostate cancer, which can be targeted with Wnt synthesis inhibitors to suppress tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE This work provides fundamental insights into Wnt signaling and prostate cancer cell biology and indicates that a subset of prostate cancer driven by autocrine Wnt signaling is sensitive to Wnt synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Ma
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Hospital; Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Carla Calagua
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amanda R. Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Larysa Poluben
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Zhongkai Gu
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joshua W. Russo
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J. Einstein
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Meng Xiao He
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Program in System Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eliezer Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam G. Sowalsky
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manoj K. Bhasin
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, Emory School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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An advanced network pharmacology study to explore the novel molecular mechanism of Compound Kushen Injection for treating hepatocellular carcinoma by bioinformatics and experimental verification. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:54. [PMID: 35236335 PMCID: PMC8892752 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compound Kushen Injection (CKI) is a Chinese patent drug that exerts curative effects in the clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore the targets and potential pharmacological mechanisms of CKI in the treatment of HCC. Methods In this study, network pharmacology was used in combination with molecular biology experiments to predict and verify the molecular mechanism of CKI in the treatment of HCC. The constituents of CKI were identified by UHPLC-MS/MS and literature search. The targets corresponding to these compounds and the targets related to HCC were collected based on public databases. To screen out the potential hub targets of CKI in the treatment of HCC, a compound-HCC target network was constructed. The underlying pharmacological mechanism was explored through the subsequent enrichment analysis. Interactive Gene Expression Profiling Analysis and Kaplan-Meier plotter were used to examine the expression and prognostic value of hub genes. Furthermore, the effects of CKI on HCC were verified through molecular docking simulations and cell experiments in vitro. Results Network analysis revealed that BCHE, SRD5A2, EPHX2, ADH1C, ADH1A and CDK1 were the key targets of CKI in the treatment of HCC. Among them, only CDK1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues, while the other 5 targets were lowly expressed. Furthermore, the six hub genes were all closely related to the prognosis of HCC patients in survival analysis. Molecular docking revealed that there was an efficient binding potential between the constituents of CKI and BCHE. Experiments in vitro proved that CKI inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells and up-regulated SRD5A2 and ADH1A, while down-regulated CDK1 and EPHX2. Conclusions This study revealed and verified the targets of CKI on HCC based on network pharmacology and experiments and provided a scientific reference for further mechanism research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03530-3.
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hsa_circ_0001275 Is One of a Number of circRNAs Dysregulated in Enzalutamide Resistant Prostate Cancer and Confers Enzalutamide Resistance In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246383. [PMID: 34945002 PMCID: PMC8715667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although newer generations of androgen deprivation therapy such as enzalutamide are providing hope, it is clinically challenging to deliver effective therapy to individuals with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Between 20–40% of patients have intrinsic resistance to therapy and all patients will ultimately experience disease progression due to acquired resistance, which is a significant clinical dilemma. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer as part of the effort to identify useful biomarkers for patient selection and potential new therapeutic targets. We confirmed that hsa_circ_0001275 was highly upregulated in an enzalutamide resistant cell line and demonstrated that its overexpression resulted in increased enzalutamide resistance. Our data showed that hsa_circ_0001275 was not expressed abundantly in patient plasma samples, however, a trend of expression was evident which paralleled disease activity indicating a possible association with enzalutamide resistance. Overall, we have provided evidence that hsa_circ_0001275 promotes enzalutamide resistance and thus may serve as a potential therapeutic target. Abstract Background: Enzalutamide is part of the treatment regimen for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (MCRPC). However, both intrinsic and acquired resistance to the drug remain substantial clinical quandaries. circRNAs, a novel type of non-coding RNA, have been identified in a number of cancers including prostate cancer and have been associated with cancer development and progression. circRNAs have shown great potential as clinically useful blood-based ‘liquid biopsies’ and as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the role of circRNA transcripts in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells and assess their utility as biomarkers. Methods: An isogenic cell line model of enzalutamide resistance was subjected to circRNA microarray profiling. Several differentially expressed circRNAs, along with their putative parental genes were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). circRNAs of interest were stably overexpressed in the control cell line and drug sensitivity was assessed using an ELISA-based proliferation assay. The candidate circRNA, hsa_circ_0001275, was measured in patient plasma samples using RT-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). Results: hsa_circ_0001275 and its parental gene, PLCL2, were significantly up-regulated in strongly resistant clones vs. control (p < 0.05). Overexpression of hsa_circ_0001275 in the control cell line resulted in increased resistance to enzalutamide (p < 0.05). While RT-ddPCR analysis of hsa_circ_0001275 expression in plasma samples of 44 clinical trial participants showed a trend that mirrored the stages of disease activity (as defined by PSA level), the association did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Our data suggest that increased levels of hsa_circ_0001275 contribute to enzalutamide resistance. hsa_circ_0001275 plasma expression showed a trend that mirrors the PSA level at specific disease time points, indicating that circRNAs mirror disease recurrence and burden and may be associated with enzalutamide resistance.
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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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Sopyllo K, Erickson AM, Mirtti T. Grading Evolution and Contemporary Prognostic Biomarkers of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040628. [PMID: 33562508 PMCID: PMC7914622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer treatment decisions are based on clinical stage and histological diagnosis, including Gleason grading assessed by a pathologist, in biopsies. Prior to staging and grading, serum or blood prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are measured and often trigger diagnostic examinations. However, PSA is best suited as a marker of cancer relapse after initial treatment. In this review, we first narratively describe the evolution of histological grading, the current status of Gleason pattern-based diagnostics and glance into future methodology of risk assessment by histological examination. In the second part, we systematically review the biomarkers that have been shown, independent from clinical characteristics, to correlate with clinically relevant end-points, i.e., occurrence of metastases, disease-specific mortality and overall survival after initial treatment of localized prostate cancer. Abstract Gleason grading remains the strongest prognostic parameter in localized prostate adenocarcinoma. We have here outlined the evolution and contemporary practices in pathological evaluation of prostate tissue samples for Gleason score and Grade group. The state of more observer-independent grading methods with the aid of artificial intelligence is also reviewed. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of biomarkers that hold promise in adding independent prognostic or predictive value on top of clinical parameters, Grade group and PSA. We especially focused on hard end points during the follow-up, i.e., occurrence of metastasis, disease-specific mortality and overall mortality. In peripheral blood, biopsy-detected prostate cancer or in surgical specimens, we can conclude that there are more than sixty biomarkers that have been shown to have independent prognostic significance when adjusted to conventional risk assessment or grouping. Our search brought up some known putative markers and panels, as expected. Also, the synthesis in the systematic review indicated markers that ought to be further studied as part of prospective trials and in well characterized patient cohorts in order to increase the resolution of the current clinico-pathological prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sopyllo
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Andrew M. Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Pathology, HUS Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Lv X, Zhang W, Xia S, Huang Z, Shi P. Clioquinol inhibits cell growth in a SERCA2-dependent manner. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22727. [PMID: 33511738 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clioquinol has been reported to act as a potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We have previously reported that clioquinol induces S-phase cell cycle arrest through the elevation of calcium levels in human neurotypic SH-SY5Y cells. In this study, different types of cells were observed to detect if the effect of clioquinol on intracellular calcium levels is cell type-specific. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed that clioquinol exhibited varying degrees of concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in different cell lines, and that the growth inhibition caused by it was not related to cell source or carcinogenesis. In addition, the inhibition of cell growth by clioquinol was positively associated with its effect on intracellular calcium content ([Ca2+ ]i ). Furthermore, the elevation of [Ca2+ ]i induced by clioquinol led to S-phase cell cycle arrest. Similar to our previous studies, the increase in [Ca2+ ]i was attributed to changes in the expression levels of the calcium pump SERCA2. Comparison of expression levels of SERCA2 between cell lines showed that cells with high levels of SERCA2 were more sensitive to clioquinol. In addition, analysis using UALCAN and the Human Protein Atlas also showed that the expression of SERCA2 in the corresponding human tissues was similar to that of the cells tested in this study, suggesting potential in the application of clioquinol in the future. In summary, our results expand the understanding of the molecular mechanism of clioquinol and provide an important strategy for the rational use of clioquinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengli Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Doludin YV, Limonova AS, Kozlova VA, Efimova AI, Borisova AL, Meshkov AN, Pokrovskaya MS, Drapkina OM. Collection and storage of DNA-containing biomaterial and isolated DNA. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2020. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances of biomedicine include the new technologies, diagnosis and treatment techniques, as well as the practical use of new types of biological targets, in particular, nucleic acids. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), extracellular DNA (exDNA) and microbiome DNA obtained from different types of samples (tissues, blood and its derivatives, feces, etc.) are used as objects of genetic research. The use of new technologies for DNA analysis required the development of standardized methods for processing biological samples in order to obtain high-quality DNA samples. The research uses various methods for collecting, preparing samples and storing various DNA-containing biomaterials and isolated DNA, as well as methods for assessing the quality of samples and biobank standards. It is obvious that the use of uniform standards will allow large-scale genetic research on the basis of biobanks and research laboratories. Specialists from professional organizations such as International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER), Biobanking and BioMolecular Resources Research Infrastructure-European Research Infrastructure Consortium (BBMRI-ERIC), European, Middle Eastern & African Society for Biopreservationa and Biobanking (ESBB) and the Russian National Association of Biobanks and Biobanking Professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. V. Doludin
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. S. Limonova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. A. Kozlova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. I. Efimova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. L. Borisova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - A. N. Meshkov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - M. S. Pokrovskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - O. M. Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
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Keam SP, Halse H, Nguyen T, Wang M, Van Kooten Losio N, Mitchell C, Caramia F, Byrne DJ, Haupt S, Ryland G, Darcy PK, Sandhu S, Blombery P, Haupt Y, Williams SG, Neeson PJ. High dose-rate brachytherapy of localized prostate cancer converts tumors from cold to hot. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000792. [PMID: 32581061 PMCID: PMC7319782 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) has a profoundly immunosuppressive microenvironment and is commonly immune excluded with few infiltrative lymphocytes and low levels of immune activation. High-dose radiation has been demonstrated to stimulate the immune system in various human solid tumors. We hypothesized that localized radiation therapy, in the form of high dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT), would overcome immune suppression in PCa. METHODS To investigate whether HDRBT altered prostate immune context, we analyzed preradiation versus postradiation human tissue from a cohort of 24 patients with localized PCa that received HDRBT as primary treatment (RadBank cohort). We performed Nanostring immune gene expression profiling, digital spatial profiling, and high-throughput immune cell multiplex immunohistochemistry analysis. We also resolved tumor and nontumor zones in spatial and bioinformatic analyses to explore the immunological response. RESULTS Nanostring immune profiling revealed numerous immune checkpoint molecules (eg, B7-H3, CTLA4, PDL1, and PDL2) and TGFβ levels were increased in response to HDRBT. We used a published 16-gene tumor inflammation signature (TIS) to divide tumors into distinct immune activation states (high:hot, intermediate and low:cold) and showed that most localized PCa are cold tumors pre-HDRBT. Crucially, HDRBT converted 80% of these 'cold'-phenotype tumors into an 'intermediate' or 'hot' class. We used digital spatial profiling to show these HDRBT-induced changes in prostate TIS scores were derived from the nontumor regions. Furthermore, these changes in TIS were also associated with pervasive changes in immune cell density and spatial relationships-in particular, between T cell subsets and antigen presenting cells. We identified an increased density of CD4+ FOXP3+ T cells, CD68+ macrophages and CD68+ CD11c+ dendritic cells in response to HDRBT. The only subset change specific to tumor zones was PDL1- macrophages. While these immune responses were heterogeneous, HDRBT induced significant changes in immune cell associations, including a gained T cell and HMWCK+ PDL1+ interaction in tumor zones. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we showed HDRBT converted "cold" prostate tumors into more immunologically activated "hot" tissues, with accompanying spatially organized immune infiltrates and signaling changes. Understanding and potentially harnessing these changes will have widespread implications for the future treatment of localized PCa, including rational use of combination radio-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Keam
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heloise Halse
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thu Nguyen
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minyu Wang
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Mitchell
- Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franco Caramia
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Byrne
- Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina Ryland
- Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Genitourinary Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piers Blombery
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott G Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Copy number alterations are associated with metastatic-lethal progression in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 23:494-506. [PMID: 32071439 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Aside from Gleason score few factors accurately identify the subset of prostate cancer (PCa) patients at high risk for metastatic progression. We hypothesized that copy number alterations (CNAs), assessed using CpG methylation probes on Illumina Infinium® Human Methylation450 (HM450K) BeadChip arrays, could identify primary prostate tumors with potential to develop metastatic progression. METHODS Epigenome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed in surgically resected primary tumor tissues from two cohorts of PCa patients with clinically localized disease who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) as primary therapy and were followed prospectively for at least 5 years: (1) a Fred Hutchinson (FH) Cancer Research Center-based cohort (n = 323 patients); and (2) an Eastern Virginia (EV) Medical School-based cohort (n = 78 patients). CNAs were identified using the R package ChAMP. Metastasis was confirmed by positive bone scan, MRI, CT or biopsy, and death certificates confirmed cause of death. RESULTS We detected 15 recurrent CNAs were associated with metastasis in the FH cohort and replicated in the EV cohort (p < 0.05) without adjusting for Gleason score in the model. Eleven of the recurrent CNAs were associated with metastatic progression in the FH cohort and validated in the EV cohort (p < 0.05) when adjusting for Gleason score. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that CNAs can be reliably detected from HM450K-based DNA methylation data. There are 11 recurrent CNAs showing association with metastatic-lethal events following RP and improving prediction over Gleason score. Genes affected by these CNAs may functionally relate to tumor aggressiveness and metastatic progression.
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13
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Eggener SE, Rumble RB, Armstrong AJ, Morgan TM, Crispino T, Cornford P, van der Kwast T, Grignon DJ, Rai AJ, Agarwal N, Klein EA, Den RB, Beltran H. Molecular Biomarkers in Localized Prostate Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2019; 38:1474-1494. [PMID: 31829902 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This guideline provides recommendations for available tissue-based prostate cancer biomarkers geared toward patient selection for active surveillance, identification of clinically significant disease, choice of postprostatectomy adjuvant versus salvage radiotherapy, and to address emerging questions such as the relative value of tissue biomarkers compared with magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS An ASCO multidisciplinary Expert Panel, with representatives from the European Association of Urology, American Urological Association, and the College of American Pathologists, conducted a systematic literature review of localized prostate cancer biomarker studies between January 2013 and January 2019. Numerous tissue-based molecular biomarkers were evaluated for their prognostic capabilities and potential for improving management decisions. Here, the Panel makes recommendations regarding the clinical use and indications of these biomarkers. RESULTS Of 555 studies identified, 77 were selected for inclusion plus 32 additional references selected by the Expert Panel. Few biomarkers had rigorous testing involving multiple cohorts and only 5 of these tests are commercially available currently: Oncotype Dx Prostate, Prolaris, Decipher, Decipher PORTOS, and ProMark. With various degrees of value and validation, multiple biomarkers have been shown to refine risk stratification and can be considered for select men to improve management decisions. There is a paucity of prospective studies assessing short- and long-term outcomes of patients when these markers are integrated into clinical decision making. RECOMMENDATIONS Tissue-based molecular biomarkers (evaluating the sample with the highest volume of the highest Gleason pattern) may improve risk stratification when added to standard clinical parameters, but the Expert Panel endorses their use only in situations in which the assay results, when considered as a whole with routine clinical factors, are likely to affect a clinical decision. These assays are not recommended for routine use as they have not been prospectively tested or shown to improve long-term outcomes-for example, quality of life, need for treatment, or survival. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/genitourinary-cancer-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Todd M Morgan
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Philip Cornford
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alex J Rai
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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14
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Cheng A, Zhao S, FitzGerald LM, Wright JL, Kolb S, Karnes RJ, Jenkins RB, Davicioni E, Ostrander EA, Feng Z, Fan JB, Dai JY, Stanford JL. A four-gene transcript score to predict metastatic-lethal progression in men treated for localized prostate cancer: Development and validation studies. Prostate 2019; 79:1589-1596. [PMID: 31376183 PMCID: PMC6715522 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular studies have tried to address the unmet need for prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer (PCa). Some gene expression tests improve upon clinical factors for prediction of outcomes, but additional tools for accurate prediction of tumor aggressiveness are needed. METHODS Based on a previously published panel of 23 gene transcripts that distinguished patients with metastatic progression, we constructed a prediction model using independent training and testing datasets. Using the validated messenger RNAs and Gleason score (GS), we performed model selection in the training set to define a final locked model to classify patients who developed metastatic-lethal events from those who remained recurrence-free. In an independent testing dataset, we compared our locked model to established clinical prognostic factors and utilized Kaplan-Meier curves and receiver operating characteristic analyses to evaluate the model's performance. RESULTS Thirteen of 23 previously identified gene transcripts that stratified patients with aggressive PCa were validated in the training dataset. These biomarkers plus GS were used to develop a four-gene (CST2, FBLN1, TNFRSF19, and ZNF704) transcript (4GT) score that was significantly higher in patients who progressed to metastatic-lethal events compared to those without recurrence in the testing dataset (P = 5.7 × 10-11 ). The 4GT score provided higher prediction accuracy (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-0.83; partial area under the ROC curve [pAUC] = 0.008) than GS alone (AUC = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.56-0.70; pAUC = 0.002), and it improved risk stratification in subgroups defined by a combination of clinicopathological features (ie, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment-Surgery). CONCLUSION Our validated 4GT score has prognostic value for metastatic-lethal progression in men treated for localized PCa and warrants further evaluation for its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liesel M. FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAZ, Australia
| | - Jonathan L. Wright
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziding Feng
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jian-Bing Fan
- AnchorDx Corporation, Guangzhou, 510300, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - James Y. Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Greene J, Baird AM, Casey O, Brady L, Blackshields G, Lim M, O'Brien O, Gray SG, McDermott R, Finn SP. Circular RNAs are differentially expressed in prostate cancer and are potentially associated with resistance to enzalutamide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10739. [PMID: 31341219 PMCID: PMC6656767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most forms of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) for survival. While, enzalutamide provides a substantial survival benefit, it is not curative and many patients develop resistance to therapy. Although not yet fully understood, resistance can develop through a number of mechanisms, such as AR copy number gain, the generation of splice variants such as AR-V7 and mutations within the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the AR. circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNA, which can regulate the function of miRNA, and may play a key role in the development of drug resistance. circRNAs are highly resistant to degradation, are detectable in plasma and, therefore may serve a role as clinical biomarkers. In this study, AR-V7 expression was assessed in an isogenic model of enzalutamide resistance. The model consisted of age matched control cells and two sub-line clones displaying varied resistance to enzalutamide. circRNA profiling was performed on the panel using a high throughout microarray assay. Bioinformatic analysis identified a number of differentially expressed circRNAs and predicted five miRNA binding sites for each circRNA. miRNAs were stratified based on known associations with prostate cancer, and targets were validated using qPCR. Overall, circRNAs were more often down regulated in resistant cell lines compared with control (588 vs. 278). Of particular interest was hsa_circ_0004870, which was down-regulated in enzalutamide resistant cells (p ≤ 0.05, vs. sensitive cells), decreased in cells that highly express AR (p ≤ 0.01, vs. AR negative), and decreased in malignant cells (p ≤ 0.01, vs. benign). The associated parental gene was identified as RBM39, a member of the U2AF65 family of proteins. Both genes were down-regulated in resistant cells (p < 0.05, vs. sensitive cells). This is one of the first studies to profile and demonstrate discrete circRNA expression patterns in an enzalutamide resistant cell line model of prostate cancer. Our data suggests that hsa_circ_0004870, through RBM39, may play a critical role in the development of enzalutamide resistance in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greene
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Orla Casey
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Gordon Blackshields
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marvin Lim
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | | | - Steven G Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,HOPE Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Raymond McDermott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Translational Medical Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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16
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Zhang L, Liang Y, Li S, Zeng F, Meng Y, Chen Z, Liu S, Tao Y, Yu F. The interplay of circulating tumor DNA and chromatin modification, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:36. [PMID: 30849971 PMCID: PMC6408771 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is DNA that is detected in plasma or serum fluid with a cell-free status. For cancer patients, cfDNA not only originates from apoptotic cells but also from necrotic tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells that have escaped into the blood during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, cfDNA derived from tumors, also known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), carries tumor-associated genetic and epigenetic changes in cancer patients, which makes ctDNA a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of tumors, monitory and therapeutic evaluations, and prognostic assessments, among others, for various kinds of cancer. Moreover, analyses of cfDNA chromatin modifications can reflect the heterogeneity of tumors and have potential for predicting tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Fanyuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yongan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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17
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Johnston WL, Catton CN, Swallow CJ. Unbiased data mining identifies cell cycle transcripts that predict non-indolent Gleason score 7 prostate cancer. BMC Urol 2019; 19:4. [PMID: 30616540 PMCID: PMC6322345 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-018-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with newly diagnosed non-metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma are typically classified as at low, intermediate, or high risk of disease progression using blood prostate-specific antigen concentration, tumour T category, and tumour pathological Gleason score. Classification is used to both predict clinical outcome and to inform initial management. However, significant heterogeneity is observed in outcome, particularly within the intermediate risk group, and there is an urgent need for additional markers to more accurately hone risk prediction. Recently developed web-based visualization and analysis tools have facilitated rapid interrogation of large transcriptome datasets, and querying broadly across multiple large datasets should identify predictors that are widely applicable. METHODS We used camcAPP, cBioPortal, CRN, and NIH NCI GDC Data Portal to data mine publicly available large prostate cancer datasets. A test set of biomarkers was developed by identifying transcripts that had: 1) altered abundance in prostate cancer, 2) altered expression in patients with Gleason score 7 tumours and biochemical recurrence, 3) correlation of expression with time until biochemical recurrence across three datasets (Cambridge, Stockholm, MSKCC). Transcripts that met these criteria were then examined in a validation dataset (TCGA-PRAD) using univariate and multivariable models to predict biochemical recurrence in patients with Gleason score 7 tumours. RESULTS Twenty transcripts met the test criteria, and 12 were validated in TCGA-PRAD Gleason score 7 patients. Ten of these transcripts remained prognostic in Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7, a sub-group of Gleason score 7 patients typically considered at a lower risk for poor outcome and often not targeted for aggressive management. All transcripts positively associated with recurrence encode or regulate mitosis and cell cycle-related proteins. The top performer was BUB1, one of four key MIR145-3P microRNA targets upregulated in hormone-sensitive as well as castration-resistant PCa. SRD5A2 converts testosterone to its more active form and was negatively associated with biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Unbiased mining of large patient datasets identified 12 transcripts that independently predicted disease recurrence risk in Gleason score 7 prostate cancer. The mitosis and cell cycle proteins identified are also implicated in progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer, revealing a pivotal role for loss of cell cycle control in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Johnston
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Charles N Catton
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol J Swallow
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Zhao S, Leonardson A, Geybels MS, McDaniel AS, Yu M, Kolb S, Zong H, Carter K, Siddiqui J, Cheng A, Wright JL, Pritchard CC, Lance R, Troyer D, Fan J, Ostrander EA, Dai JY, Tomlins SA, Feng Z, Stanford JL. A five-CpG DNA methylation score to predict metastatic-lethal outcomes in men treated with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Prostate 2018; 78:1084-1091. [PMID: 29956356 PMCID: PMC6120526 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic biomarkers for localized prostate cancer (PCa) could improve personalized medicine. Our group previously identified a panel of differentially methylated CpGs in primary tumor tissue that predict disease aggressiveness, and here we further validate these biomarkers. METHODS Pyrosequencing was used to assess CpG methylation of eight biomarkers previously identified using the HumanMethylation450 array; CpGs with strongly correlated (r >0.70) results were considered technically validated. Logistic regression incorporating the validated CpGs and Gleason sum was used to define and lock a final model to stratify men with metastatic-lethal versus non-recurrent PCa in a training dataset. Coefficients from the final model were then used to construct a DNA methylation score, which was evaluated by logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses in an independent testing dataset. RESULTS Five CpGs were technically validated and all were retained (P < 0.05) in the final model. The 5-CpG and Gleason sum coefficients were used to calculate a methylation score, which was higher in men with metastatic-lethal progression (P = 6.8 × 10-6 ) in the testing dataset. For each unit increase in the score there was a four-fold increase in risk of metastatic-lethal events (odds ratio, OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 1.8-14.3). At 95% specificity, sensitivity was 74% for the score compared to 53% for Gleason sum alone. The score demonstrated better prediction performance (AUC = 0.91; pAUC = 0.037) compared to Gleason sum alone (AUC = 0.87; pAUC = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS The DNA methylation score improved upon Gleason sum for predicting metastatic-lethal progression and holds promise for risk stratification of men with aggressive tumors. This prognostic score warrants further evaluation as a tool for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesBiostatistics and Computational Biology BranchResearch Triangle ParkDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Amy Leonardson
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Milan S. Geybels
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of EpidemiologyGROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew S. McDaniel
- Departments of Pathology and UrologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Ming Yu
- Division of Clinical ResearchFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Hong Zong
- Division of Clinical ResearchFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Kelly Carter
- Division of Clinical ResearchFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Departments of Pathology and UrologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Jonathan L. Wright
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Colin C. Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Raymond Lance
- Department of UrologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginia
| | - Dean Troyer
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Molecular Cell BiologyEastern Virginia Medical SchoolNorfolkVirginia
| | - Jian‐Bing Fan
- Department of OncologyIllumina, Inc.San DiegoCalifornia
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMaryland
| | - James Y. Dai
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Departments of Pathology and UrologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Ziding Feng
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of BiostatisticsMD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchison Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Washington School of Public HealthSeattleWashington
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19
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Gene expression signature of Gleason score is associated with prostate cancer outcomes in a radical prostatectomy cohort. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43035-43047. [PMID: 28496006 PMCID: PMC5522125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Gleason score (GS) is one of the best predictors of PCa aggressiveness, but additional tumor biomarkers may improve its prognostic accuracy. We developed a gene expression signature of GS to enhance the prediction of PCa outcomes. Elastic net was used to construct a gene expression signature by contrasting GS 8-10 vs. ≤6 tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The constructed signature was then evaluated for its ability to predict recurrence and metastatic-lethal (ML) progression in a Fred Hutchinson (FH) patient cohort (N=408; NRecurrence=109; NMLprogression=27). The expression signature included transcripts representing 49 genes. In the FH cohort, a 25% increase in the signature was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.51 (P=2.7×10-5) for recurrence. The signature's area under the curve (AUC) for predicting recurrence and ML progression was 0.68 and 0.76, respectively. Compared to a model with age at diagnosis, pathological stage and GS, the gene expression signature improved the AUC for recurrence (3%) and ML progression (6%). Higher levels of the signature were associated with increased expression of genes in cell cycle-related pathways and decreased expression of genes in androgen response, estrogen response, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis. This gene expression signature based on GS may improve the prediction of recurrence as well as ML progression in PCa patients after radical prostatectomy.
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20
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Fujimura T, Takayama K, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Estrogen and Androgen Blockade for Advanced Prostate Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10020029. [PMID: 29360794 PMCID: PMC5836061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been widely prescribed for patients with advanced prostate cancer (PC) to control key signaling pathways via androgen receptor (AR) and AR-collaborative transcriptional factors; however, PC gradually acquires a lethal phenotype and results in castration-resistant PC (CRPC) during ADT. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are required in clinical practice. In addition, ARs; estrogen receptors (ERs; ERα and ERβ); and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs; ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ) have been reported to be involved in the development or regulation of PC. Recent investigations have revealed the role of associated molecules, such as KLF5, FOXO1, PDGFA, VEGF-A, WNT5A, TGFβ1, and micro-RNA 135a of PC, via ERs and ERRs. Selective ER modulators (SERMs) have been developed. Recently, estrogen and androgen blockade (EAB) using a combination of toremifene and ADT has been demonstrated to improve biochemical recurrence rate in treatment-naïve bone metastatic PC. In the future, the suitability of ADT alone or EAB for individuals may be evaluated by making clinical decisions on the basis of information obtained from RT-PCR, gene-panel, or liquid biopsy to create a “personalized medicine” or “precision medicine”. In this review, we summarize ER and ERR signaling pathways, molecular diagnosis, and SERMs as candidates for advanced PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Takayama
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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