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Dai Y, He Q, Huang Y, Duan X, Lin Z. Solution-Processable and Printable Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Inks. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5795-5845. [PMID: 38639932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with layered crystal structures have been attracting enormous research interest for their atomic thickness, mechanical flexibility, and excellent electronic/optoelectronic properties for applications in diverse technological areas. Solution-processable 2D TMD inks are promising for large-scale production of functional thin films at an affordable cost, using high-throughput solution-based processing techniques such as printing and roll-to-roll fabrications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the chemical synthesis of solution-processable and printable 2D TMD ink materials and the subsequent assembly into thin films for diverse applications. We start with the chemical principles and protocols of various synthesis methods for 2D TMD nanosheet crystals in the solution phase. The solution-based techniques for depositing ink materials into solid-state thin films are discussed. Then, we review the applications of these solution-processable thin films in diverse technological areas including electronics, optoelectronics, and others. To conclude, a summary of the key scientific/technical challenges and future research opportunities of solution-processable TMD inks is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiyuan He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Katiyar AK, Hoang AT, Xu D, Hong J, Kim BJ, Ji S, Ahn JH. 2D Materials in Flexible Electronics: Recent Advances and Future Prospectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:318-419. [PMID: 38055207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have recently gained considerable attention due to their potential to provide new and innovative solutions to a wide range of challenges in various electronic fields. These electronics require specific material properties and performance because they need to be integrated into a variety of surfaces or folded and rolled for newly formatted electronics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for flexible electronics due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, as well as their compatibility with other materials, enabling the creation of various flexible electronic devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in developing flexible electronic devices using 2D materials. In addition, it highlights the key aspects of materials, scalable material production, and device fabrication processes for flexible applications, along with important examples of demonstrations that achieved breakthroughs in various flexible and wearable electronic applications. Finally, we discuss the opportunities, current challenges, potential solutions, and future investigative directions about this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Katiyar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Duo Xu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Ji
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Qureshi A, Niazi JH. Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro-nano electrodes: from fabrication to sweat glucose detection. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1580-1607. [PMID: 36880340 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices have received tremendous attention for their non-invasive and personal health monitoring applications. These devices have been fabricated by integrating flexible substrates and graphene nanostructures for non-invasive detection of physiological risk biomarkers from human bodily fluids, such as sweat, and monitoring of human physical motion tracking parameters. The extraordinary properties of graphene nanostructures in fully integrated wearable devices have enabled improved sensitivity, electronic readouts, signal conditioning and communication, energy harvesting from power sources through electrode design and patterning, and graphene surface modification or treatment. This review explores advances made toward the fabrication of graphene-interfaced wearable sensors, flexible and stretchable conductive graphene electrodes, as well as their potential applications in electrochemical sensors and field-effect-transistors (FETs) with special emphasis on monitoring sweat biomarkers, mainly in glucose-sensing applications. The review emphasizes flexible wearable sweat sensors and provides various approaches thus far employed for the fabrication of graphene-enabled conductive and stretchable micro-nano electrodes, such as photolithography, electron-beam evaporation, laser-induced graphene designing, ink printing, chemical-synthesis and graphene surface modification. It further explores existing graphene-interfaced flexible wearable electronic devices utilized for sweat glucose sensing, and their technological potential for non-invasive health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Słoma M. 3D printed electronics with nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5623-5648. [PMID: 36880539 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of printing, deposition and writing techniques have been incorporated to fabricate electronic devices in the last decades. This approach, printed electronics, has gained great interest in research and practical applications and is successfully fuelling the growth in materials science and technology. On the other hand, a new player is emerging, additive manufacturing, called 3D printing, introducing a new capability to create geometrically complex constructs with low cost and minimal material waste. Having such tremendous technology in our hands, it was just a matter of time to combine advances of printed electronics technology for the fabrication of unique 3D structural electronics. Nanomaterial patterning with additive manufacturing techniques can enable harnessing their nanoscale properties and the fabrication of active structures with unique electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, magnetic and biological properties. In this paper, we will briefly review the properties of selected nanomaterials suitable for electronic applications and look closer at the current achievements in the synergistic integration of nanomaterials with additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate 3D printed structural electronics. The focus is fixed strictly on techniques allowing as much as possible fabrication of spatial 3D objects, or at least conformal ones on 3D printed substrates, while only selected techniques are adaptable for 3D printing of electronics. Advances in the fabrication of conductive paths and circuits, passive components, antennas, active and photonic components, energy devices, microelectromechanical systems and sensors are presented. Finally, perspectives for development with new nanomaterials, multimaterial and hybrid techniques, bioelectronics, integration with discrete components and 4D-printing are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Słoma
- Micro- and Nanotechnology Division, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 Sw. A Boboli St., 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Zhang H, Hong E, Chen X, Liu Z. Machine Learning Enables Process Optimization of Aerosol Jet 3D Printing Based on the Droplet Morphology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36892258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a promising noncontact direct ink writing technology that enables flexible and conformal electronic devices to be fabricated onto planar and nonplanar substrates with higher resolution and less waste. Despite possessing many advantages, the limited electrical performance of microelectronic devices caused by the poor printing quality is still the greatest hurdle to overcome for AJP technology. With the motivation to improve the printing quality, a novel hybrid machine learning method is proposed to analyze and optimize the AJP process based on the deposited droplet morphology in this study. The proposed method consists of classic machine learning approaches, including space-filling-based experimental design, clustering, classification, regression, and multiobjective optimization. In the proposed method, a two-dimensional (2D) design space is fully explored using a Latin hypercube sampling approach for experimental design, and a K-means clustering approach is employed to reveal the cause-effect relationship between the deposited droplet morphology and printed line characteristics. Following that, an optimal operating window with respect to the deposited droplet morphology is identified using a support vector machine to ensure the printing quality in a design space. Finally, to achieve high-controllability and sufficient-thickness droplets, Gaussian process regression is adopted to develop the process model of droplet geometrical properties, and the deposited droplet morphology is optimized under dual conflicting objectives of customizing the droplet diameter and maximizing droplet thickness. Different from previous printing quality optimization approaches, the proposed method enables a systemic investigation on the formation mechanisms of printed line characteristics, and the printing quality is fundamentally optimized based on the deposited droplet morphology. Moreover, data-driven-based characteristics can help the proposed approach serve as a guideline for printing quality optimization in other noncontact direct ink writing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Enhang Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xindong Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- China Aerospace Times Feihong Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100854, China
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6
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Chen X, Wang X, Pang Y, Bao G, Jiang J, Yang P, Chen Y, Rao T, Liao W. Printed Electronics Based on 2D Material Inks: Preparation, Properties, and Applications toward Memristors. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201156. [PMID: 36610015 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics, which fabricate electrical components and circuits on various substrates by leveraging functional inks and advanced printing technologies, have recently attracted tremendous attention due to their capability of large-scale, high-speed, and cost-effective manufacturing and also their great potential in flexible and wearable devices. To further achieve multifunctional, practical, and commercial applications, various printing technologies toward smarter pattern-design, higher resolution, greater production flexibility, and novel ink formulations toward multi-functionalities and high quality have been insensitively investigated. 2D materials, possessing atomically thin thickness, unique properties and excellent solution-processable ability, hold great potential for high-quality inks. Besides, the great variety of 2D materials ranging from metals, semiconductors to insulators offers great freedom to formulate versatile inks to construct various printed electronics. Here, a detailed review of the progress on 2D material inks formulation and its printed applications has been provided, specifically with an emphasis on emerging printed memristors. Finally, the challenges facing the field and prospects of 2D material inks and printed electronics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Chen
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiongfeng Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yudong Pang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guocheng Bao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Integrated Circuits and Optoelectronic Chips, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yuankang Chen
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tingke Rao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wugang Liao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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7
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Gamba L, Johnson ZT, Atterberg J, Diaz-Arauzo S, Downing JR, Claussen JC, Hersam MC, Secor EB. Systematic Design of a Graphene Ink Formulation for Aerosol Jet Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3325-3335. [PMID: 36608034 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol jet printing is a noncontact, digital, additive manufacturing technique compatible with a wide variety of functional materials. Although promising, development of new materials and devices using this technique remains hindered by limited rational ink formulation, with most recent studies focused on device demonstration rather than foundational process science. In the present work, a systematic approach to formulating a polymer-stabilized graphene ink is reported, which considers the effect of solvent composition on dispersion, rheology, wetting, drying, and phase separation characteristics that drive process outcomes. It was found that a four-component solvent mixture composed of isobutyl acetate, diglyme, dihydrolevoglucosenone, and glycerol supported efficient ink atomization and controlled in-line drying to reduce overspray and wetting instabilities while maintaining high resolution and electrical conductivity, thus overcoming a trade-off in deposition rate and resolution common to aerosol jet printing. Biochemical sensors were printed for amperometric detection of the pesticide parathion, exhibiting a detection limit of 732 nM and a sensitivity of 34 nA μM-1, demonstrating the viability of this graphene ink for fabricating functional electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Gamba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Zachary T Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Jackie Atterberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Santiago Diaz-Arauzo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia R Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ethan B Secor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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8
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Choi J, Park SG, Choi YJ, Baek SM, Kim HJ, Kim Y, Im KS, An SJ. Viscosity-Controllable Graphene Oxide Colloids Using Electrophoretically Deposited Graphene Oxide Sheets. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2157. [PMID: 36557456 PMCID: PMC9784829 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the interesting ink materials owing to its fascinating properties, such as high dissolubility in water and high controllable electric properties. For versatile printing application, the viscosity of GO colloids should be controlled in order to meet the specific process requirements. Here, we report on the relatively rapid fabrication of viscosity-increased GO (VIGO) colloids mixed with electrophoretically deposited GO sheets (EPD-GO). As the GO colloid concentration, applied voltage, and deposition time increase, the viscosity of the GO colloids becomes high. The reason for the improved viscosity of GO colloids is because EPD-GO has parallel stacked GO sheets. The GO and VIGO colloids are compared and characterized using various chemical and structural analyzers. Consequently, our simple and fast method for the fabrication of GO colloids with enhanced viscosity can be used for producing inks for flexible and printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Park
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mun Baek
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Kim
- Nano Electronic Materials and Components Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi 39171, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkap Kim
- Nano Electronic Materials and Components Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi 39171, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sik Im
- Department of Green Semiconductor System, Daegu Campus, Korea Polytechnics, Daegu 41765, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin An
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
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9
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Aghayar Z, Malaki M, Zhang Y. MXene-Based Ink Design for Printed Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234346. [PMID: 36500969 PMCID: PMC9736873 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are a class of two-dimensional nanomaterials with a rich chemistry, hydrophilic surface and mechano-ceramic nature, and have been employed in a wide variety of applications ranging from medical and sensing devises to electronics, supercapacitors, electromagnetic shielding, and environmental applications, to name a few. To date, the main focus has mostly been paid to studying the chemical and physical properties of MXenes and MXene-based hybrids, while relatively less attention has been paid to the optimal application forms of these materials. It has been frequently observed that MXenes show great potential as inks when dispersed in solution. The present paper aims to comprehensively review the recent knowledge about the properties, applications and future horizon of inks based on 2D MXene sheets. In terms of the layout of the current paper, 2D MXenes have briefly been presented and followed by introducing the formulation of MXene inks, the process of turning MAX to MXene, and ink compositions and preparations. The chemical, tribological and rheological properties have been deeply discussed with an eye to the recent developments of the MXene inks in energy, health and sensing applications. The review ends with a summary of research pitfalls, challenges, and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghayar
- Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-11314, Iran
| | - Massoud Malaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (Y.Z.)
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10
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Jafarpour M, Nüesch F, Heier J, Abdolhosseinzadeh S. Functional Ink Formulation for Printing and Coating of Graphene and Other 2D Materials: Challenges and Solutions. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafarpour
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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11
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Liu J, Li P, Xu S, Xie Y, Wang Q, Ma L. Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity of Giant-Scale Supported Monolayer Graphene. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12162799. [PMID: 36014664 PMCID: PMC9415878 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Past work has focused on the thermal properties of microscale/nanoscale suspended/supported graphene. However, for the thermal design of graphene-based devices, the thermal properties of giant-scale (~mm) graphene, which reflects the effect of grains, must also be investigated and are critical. In this work, the thermal conductivity variation with temperature of giant-scale chemical vapor decomposition (CVD) graphene supported by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is characterized using the differential transient electrothermal technique (diff-TET). Compared to the commonly used optothermal Raman technique, diff-TET employs joule heating as the heating source, a situation under which the temperature difference between optical phonons and acoustic phonons is eased. The thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene (SLG) supported by PMMA was measured as 743 ± 167 W/(m·K) and 287 ± 63 W/(m·K) at 296 K and 125 K, respectively. As temperature decreased from 296 K to 275 K, the thermal conductivity of graphene was decreased by 36.5%, which can be partly explained by compressive strain buildup in graphene due to the thermal expansion mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Shen Xu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangsu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518116, China
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12
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Pola CC, Rangnekar SV, Sheets R, Szydlowska BM, Downing JR, Parate KW, Wallace SG, Tsai D, Hersam MC, Gomes CL, Claussen JC. Aerosol-jet-printed graphene electrochemical immunosensors for rapid and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. 2D MATERIALS 2022; 9:035016. [PMID: 35785019 PMCID: PMC9245948 DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac7339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, inexpensive, and easy-to-use coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) home tests are key tools in addition to vaccines in the world-wide fight to eliminate national and local shutdowns. However, currently available tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are too expensive, painful, and irritating, or not sufficiently sensitive for routine, accurate home testing. Herein, we employ custom-formulated graphene inks and aerosol jet printing (AJP) to create a rapid electrochemical immunosensor for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) in saliva samples acquired non-invasively. This sensor demonstrated limits of detection that are considerably lower than most commercial SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests (22.91 ± 4.72 pg/mL for Spike RBD and 110.38 ± 9.00 pg/mL for Spike S1) as well as fast response time (~30 mins), which was facilitated by the functionalization of printed graphene electrodes in a single-step with SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibody through the carbodiimide reaction without the need for nanoparticle functionalization or secondary antibody or metallic nanoparticle labels. This immunosensor presents a wide linear sensing range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL and does not react with other coexisting influenza viruses such as H1N1 hemagglutinin. By combining high-yield graphene ink synthesis, automated printing, high antigen selectivity, and rapid testing capability, this work offers a promising alternative to current SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícero C. Pola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sonal V. Rangnekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Robert Sheets
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Beata M. Szydlowska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Julia R. Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kshama W. Parate
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shay G. Wallace
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daphne Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carmen L. Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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13
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Yi X, Song Q, Chen Q, Zhao C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Chen Q, Yan C, Wang S. Quantum transport in CVD graphene synthesized with liquid carbon precursor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:355601. [PMID: 35609501 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac72b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large-area high-quality graphene enabled by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can possibly pave the path for advanced flexible electronics and spintronics. CVD-grown method utilizing liquid carbon precursor has recently been demonstrated as an appealing choice for mass graphene production, thanks to its low cost and safe operation. However, the quality of the graphene film has been the major obstacle for the implementation of the liquid-precursor-based CVD method. Here we report the growth of centimeter-scale easily-transferable single-layer graphene (SLG) using acetone as a liquid carbon precursor. The dry-transfer technique was used to prepare the graphene device. The typical mobility of the dry-transferred SLG device is as high as 12 500 cm2V-1s-1at room temperature. Thanks to the high quality of the device, the robust quantum Hall effect can survive up to room temperature. The excellent device quality also enables us to observe the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation in the low magnetic field regime and systemically study the leading scattering mechanism. We extracted both the transport scattering timeτtand the quantum scattering timeτqover a wide range of carrier density. The ratio of the scattering times suggests that the charged-impurity resided near the surface of the graphene restricted the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanwen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Qiao Chen
- Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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14
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Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:236. [PMID: 35633385 PMCID: PMC9146825 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Given the huge economic burden caused by chronic and acute diseases on human beings, it is an urgent requirement of a cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring process to treat and cure the disease in their preliminary stage to avoid severe complications. Wearable biosensors have been developed by using numerous materials for non-invasive, wireless, and consistent human health monitoring. Graphene, a 2D nanomaterial, has received considerable attention for the development of wearable biosensors due to its outstanding physical, chemical, and structural properties. Moreover, the extremely flexible, foldable, and biocompatible nature of graphene provide a wide scope for developing wearable biosensor devices. Therefore, graphene and its derivatives could be trending materials to fabricate wearable biosensor devices for remote human health management in the near future. Various biofluids and exhaled breath contain many relevant biomarkers which can be exploited by wearable biosensors non-invasively to identify diseases. In this article, we have discussed various methodologies and strategies for synthesizing and pattering graphene. Furthermore, general sensing mechanism of biosensors, and graphene-based biosensing devices for tear, sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF), saliva, and exhaled breath have also been explored and discussed thoroughly. Finally, current challenges and future prospective of graphene-based wearable biosensors have been evaluated with conclusion. Graphene is a promising 2D material for the development of wearable sensors. Various biofluids (sweat, tears, saliva and ISF) and exhaled breath contains many relevant biomarkers which facilitate in identify diseases. Biosensor is made up of biological recognition element such as enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle, or complete cell and physical (transducer, amplifier), provide fast response without causing organ harm.
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15
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Printing Technologies as an Emerging Approach in Gas Sensors: Survey of Literature. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093473. [PMID: 35591162 PMCID: PMC9102873 DOI: 10.3390/s22093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we review printing technologies which are commonly approbated at recent time in the course of fabricating gas sensors and multisensor arrays, mainly of chemiresistive type. The most important characteristics of the receptor materials, which need to be addressed in order to achieve a high efficiency of chemisensor devices, are considered. The printing technologies are comparatively analyzed with regard to, (i) the rheological properties of the employed inks representing both reagent solutions or organometallic precursors and disperse systems, (ii) the printing speed and resolution, and (iii) the thickness of the formed coatings to highlight benefits and drawbacks of the methods. Particular attention is given to protocols suitable for manufacturing single miniature devices with unique characteristics under a large-scale production of gas sensors where the receptor materials could be rather quickly tuned to modify their geometry and morphology. We address the most convenient approaches to the rapid printing single-crystal multisensor arrays at lab-on-chip paradigm with sufficiently high resolution, employing receptor layers with various chemical composition which could replace in nearest future the single-sensor units for advancing a selectivity.
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16
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Fakhari A, Fernandes C, Galindo-Rosales FJ. Mapping the Volume Transfer of Graphene-Based Inks with the Gravure Printing Process: Influence of Rheology and Printing Parameters. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072580. [PMID: 35407913 PMCID: PMC8999982 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is a common practice to add rheology modifiers to functional inks, such as graphene inks, to optimize the rheological properties so that they can be printed with a certain printing technique. This practice may lead to inks formulations with poorer electrical, optical, and mechanical performance upon its application, which are of paramount importance in printed electronics. In this study, we demonstrate for three different commercial graphene-based inks that it is possible to control the amount of ink transferred to the flat surface by tweaking printing parameters, such as the velocity and the length scale of the gravure cell, without modifying the rheology of the ink. Finally, the results are summarized in printing maps based on dimensionless numbers, namely, the capillary and Reynolds numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fakhari
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célio Fernandes
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Institute for Polymers and Composites, Polymer Engineering Department, School of Engineering of the University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Francisco José Galindo-Rosales
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Transport Phenomena Research Center (CEFT), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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17
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Abstract
Transformers can produce gases dissolved in oil that can cause damage to their structures, and preventing failures caused by these gases is a goal to be reached. There is a demand for wireless sensors to monitor those gases. Alongside its development, there is a growing interest in new energy sources enabling these technologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators can gather energy from the environment, such as mechanical energy from vibrations, and convert it into electricity from the contact of two dielectric materials. In this work, the authors propose the study of a low-cost and straightforward triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on ZnO nanorods as a positive dielectric material, with PDMS:GO composites at different concentrations as the negative dielectric material. All the studies were carried out in a wide frequency range varying from 45 to 250 Hz. Additionally, an analysis of the addition of a steel spring into the TENG to improve the device’s generating output is shown. A power density of 246 mV m−2 and 4 V of the output voltage was obtained using a PDMS:GO 4% (w/w) composite and a steel spring. A correlation between the “mass-spring” system and the better performance of the triboelectric device is presented. Further, vibration frequencies in several external points of the transformer walls and the device’s performance in these frequencies are shown, and the results gathered from this data are discussed.
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18
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Gao Y, Feng J, Liu F, Liu Z. Effects of Organic Vehicle on the Rheological and Screen-Printing Characteristics of Silver Paste for LTCC Thick Film Electrodes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051953. [PMID: 35269183 PMCID: PMC8911606 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Silver paste is widely used for low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) electrodes. In this work, a kind of LTCC silver paste for fine-line screen-printing was developed by considering the effect of the organic vehicle on rheological behavior and screen-printing properties. A step-by-step volatilization mode was applied to screen the mixed organic solvent of α-terpineol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate (BCA) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). The α-terpineol:BCA:DBP ratio of 5:2:3 is selected by considering the volatility, viscosity, and pseudoplasticity of the organic vehicle. Both viscosity and pseudoplasticity of shear-thinning increase with the increase of ethyl cellulose (EC) organic binder content. Three interval thixotropy test (3ITT) was conducted to discuss the thixotropy of silver paste. The minimum printing line width of 13.27 µm is obtained using silver paste with 10 wt% EC, confirming that the homemade paste has good printability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Gao
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Center of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Feng Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Zhifu Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Center of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Z.L.)
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19
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Tafoya RR, Gallegos MA, Downing JR, Gamba L, Kaehr B, Coker EN, Hersam MC, Secor EB. Morphology and electrical properties of high-speed flexography-printed graphene. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:123. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Zhang CJ, Schneider R, Shakoorioskooie M, Nüesch F, Heier J. A Universal Approach for Room-Temperature Printing and Coating of 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103660. [PMID: 34693561 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Processing 2D materials into printable or coatable inks for the fabrication of functional devices has proven to be quite difficult. Additives are often used in large concentrations to address the processing challenges, but they drastically degrade the electronic properties of the materials. To remove the additives a high-temperature post-deposition treatment can be used, but this complicates the fabrication process and limits the choice of materials (i.e., no heat-sensitive materials). In this work, by exploiting the unique properties of 2D materials, a universal strategy for the formulation of additive-free inks is developed, in which the roles of the additives are taken over by van der Waals (vdW) interactions. In this new class of inks, which is termed "vdW inks", solvents are dispersed within the interconnected network of 2D materials, minimizing the dispersibility-related limitations on solvent selection. Furthermore, flow behavior of the inks and mechanical properties of the resultant films are mainly controlled by the interflake vdW attractions. The structure of the vdW inks, their rheological properties, and film-formation behavior are discussed in detail. Large-scale production and formulation of the vdW inks for major high-throughput printing and coating methods, as well as their application for room-temperature fabrication of functional films/devices are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chuanfang John Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - René Schneider
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mahdieh Shakoorioskooie
- Laboratory for Concrete and Asphalt, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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21
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Pajor-Świerzy A, Szczepanowicz K, Kamyshny A, Magdassi S. Metallic core-shell nanoparticles for conductive coatings and printing. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 299:102578. [PMID: 34864597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The review is focused on bimetallic nanoparticles composed of a core formed by low-cost metal having high electrical conductivity, such as Cu and Ni, and a protective shell composed of stable to oxidation noble metal such as Ag or Au. We present the chemical and physical approaches for synthesis of such particles, as well as the combination of the two, the stability to oxidation of core-shell nanoparticles at various conditions, and the formulation of conductive compositions and their application in conductive coatings and printed electronics.
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22
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Lu B, Jin X, Han Q, Qu L. Planar Graphene-Based Microsupercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006827. [PMID: 33667025 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development of wearable, portable, and implantable electronic devices, flexible and on-chip microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are urgently needed for miniaturized energy storage. Planar MSCs have high power density, fast charge/discharge rate, and long operating lifetime, and can adapt to future flexible, integrated, and miniaturized electronic systems for wide application foreground. Due to the high specific surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, and excellent electron mobility, graphene shows promising advantages in planar MSCs devices, thus stimulates wide-ranging research in the last few years. Herein, the recent progress of planar graphene-based MSCs, including the intrinsic structure regulation of graphene-based electrode materials, the specific fabrication techniques, the multifunctional integration, and various applications of MSCs as flexible and on-chip energy storage is systematically summarized. The key challenges and prospects of future planar graphene-based MSCs are also discussed targeting to realize their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuting Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qing Han
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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23
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Zhang H, Moon SK. Reviews on Machine Learning Approaches for Process Optimization in Noncontact Direct Ink Writing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53323-53345. [PMID: 34042439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, machine learning has gained considerable attention in noncontact direct ink writing because of its novel process modeling and optimization techniques. Unlike conventional fabrication approaches, noncontact direct ink writing is an emerging 3D printing technology for directly fabricating low-cost and customized device applications. Despite possessing many advantages, the achieved electrical performance of produced microelectronics is still limited by the printing quality of the noncontact ink writing process. Therefore, there has been increasing interest in the machine learning for process optimization in the noncontact direct ink writing. Compared with traditional approaches, despite machine learning-based strategies having great potential for efficient process optimization, they are still limited to optimize a specific aspect of the printing process in the noncontact direct ink writing. Therefore, a systematic process optimization approach that integrates the advantages of state-of-the-art machine learning techniques is in demand to fully optimize the overall printing quality. In this paper, we systematically discuss the printing principles, key influencing factors, and main limitations of the noncontact direct ink writing technologies based on inkjet printing (IJP) and aerosol jet printing (AJP). The requirements for process optimization of the noncontact direct ink writing are classified into four main aspects. Then, traditional methods and the state-of-the-art machine learning-based strategies adopted in IJP and AJP for process optimization are reviewed and compared with pros and cons. Finally, to further develop a systematic machine learning approach for the process optimization, we highlight the major limitations, challenges, and future directions of the current machine learning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Seung Ki Moon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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24
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Zeng M, Zavanelli D, Chen J, Saeidi-Javash M, Du Y, LeBlanc S, Snyder GJ, Zhang Y. Printing thermoelectric inks toward next-generation energy and thermal devices. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:485-512. [PMID: 34761784 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of thermoelectric (TE) materials to convert thermal energy to electricity and vice versa highlights them as a promising candidate for sustainable energy applications. Despite considerable increases in the figure of merit zT of thermoelectric materials in the past two decades, there is still a prominent need to develop scalable synthesis and flexible manufacturing processes to convert high-efficiency materials into high-performance devices. Scalable printing techniques provide a versatile solution to not only fabricate both inorganic and organic TE materials with fine control over the compositions and microstructures, but also manufacture thermoelectric devices with optimized geometric and structural designs that lead to improved efficiency and system-level performances. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive framework of printing thermoelectric materials and devices by including recent breakthroughs and relevant discussions on TE materials chemistry, ink formulation, flexible or conformable device design, and processing strategies, with an emphasis on additive manufacturing techniques. In addition, we review recent innovations in the flexible, conformal, and stretchable device architectures and highlight state-of-the-art applications of these TE devices in energy harvesting and thermal management. Perspectives of emerging research opportunities and future directions are also discussed. While this review centers on thermoelectrics, the fundamental ink chemistry and printing processes possess the potential for applications to a broad range of energy, thermal and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Zeng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Duncan Zavanelli
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Mortaza Saeidi-Javash
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Yipu Du
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Saniya LeBlanc
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, 801 22nd St. NW, Suite 739, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - G Jeffrey Snyder
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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25
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Highly Sensitive, Selective, Flexible and Scalable Room-Temperature NO 2 Gas Sensor Based on Hollow SnO 2/ZnO Nanofibers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216475. [PMID: 34770884 PMCID: PMC8588270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting metal oxides can detect low concentrations of NO2 and other toxic gases, which have been widely investigated in the field of gas sensors. However, most studies on the gas sensing properties of these materials are carried out at high temperatures. In this work, Hollow SnO2 nanofibers were successfully synthesized by electrospinning and calcination, followed by surface modification using ZnO to improve the sensitivity of the SnO2 nanofibers sensor to NO2 gas. The gas sensing behavior of SnO2/ZnO sensors was then investigated at room temperature (~20 °C). The results showed that SnO2/ZnO nanocomposites exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to 0.5 ppm of NO2 gas with a response value of 336%, which was much higher than that of pure SnO2 (13%). In addition to the increase in the specific surface area of SnO2/ZnO-3 compared with pure SnO2, it also had a positive impact on the detection sensitivity. This increase was attributed to the heterojunction effect and the selective NO2 physisorption sensing mechanism of SnO2/ZnO nanocomposites. In addition, patterned electrodes of silver paste were printed on different flexible substrates, such as paper, polyethylene terephthalate and polydimethylsiloxane using a facile screen-printing process. Silver electrodes were integrated with SnO2/ZnO into a flexible wearable sensor array, which could detect 0.1 ppm NO2 gas after 10,000 bending cycles. The findings of this study therefore open a general approach for the fabrication of flexible devices for gas detection applications.
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26
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Kwon S, Choi HJ, Shim HC, Yoon Y, Ahn J, Lim H, Kim G, Choi KB, Lee J. Hierarchically Porous, Laser-Pyrolyzed Carbon Electrode from Black Photoresist for On-Chip Microsupercapacitors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112828. [PMID: 34835593 PMCID: PMC8620280 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a laser-pyrolyzed carbon (LPC) electrode prepared from a black photoresist for an on-chip microsupercapacitor (MSC). An interdigitated LPC electrode was fabricated by direct laser writing using a high-power carbon dioxide (CO2) laser to simultaneously carbonize and pattern a spin-coated black SU-8 film. Due to the high absorption of carbon blacks in black SU-8, the laser-irradiated SU-8 surface was directly exfoliated and carbonized by a fast photo-thermal reaction. Facile laser pyrolysis of black SU-8 provides a hierarchically macroporous, graphitic carbon structure with fewer defects (ID/IG = 0.19). The experimental conditions of CO2 direct laser writing were optimized to fabricate high-quality LPCs for MSC electrodes with low sheet resistance and good porosity. A typical MSC based on an LPC electrode showed a large areal capacitance of 1.26 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, outperforming most MSCs based on thermally pyrolyzed carbon. In addition, the results revealed that the high-resolution electrode pattern in the same footprint as that of the LPC-MSCs significantly affected the rate performance of the MSCs. Consequently, the proposed laser pyrolysis technique using black SU-8 provided simple and facile fabrication of porous, graphitic carbon electrodes for high-performance on-chip MSCs without high-temperature thermal pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soongeun Kwon
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyung Cheoul Shim
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nanomechatronics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yeoheung Yoon
- Korea Electric Power Research Institute, 105, Munji-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34056, Korea;
| | - Junhyoung Ahn
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nanomechatronics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Geehong Kim
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Kee-Bong Choi
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
| | - JaeJong Lee
- Nano-Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (H.C.S.); (J.A.); (H.L.); (G.K.); (K.-B.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Nanomechatronics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Progress and Perspectives in Designing Flexible Microsupercapacitors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111305. [PMID: 34832717 PMCID: PMC8621582 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized flexible microsupercapacitors (MSCs) that can be integrated into self-powered sensing systems, detecting networks, and implantable devices have shown great potential to perfect the stand-alone functional units owing to the robust security, continuously improved energy density, inherence high power density, and long service life. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the development of flexible MSCs and their application in integrated wearable electronics. To meet requirements for the scalable fabrication, minimization design, and easy integration of the flexible MSC, the typical assembled technologies consist of ink printing, photolithography, screen printing, laser etching, etc., are provided. Then the guidelines regarding the electrochemical performance improvement of the flexible MSC by materials design, devices construction, and electrolyte optimization are considered. The integrated prototypes of flexible MSC-powered systems, such as self-driven photodetection systems, wearable sweat monitoring units are also discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of flexible MSC are envisioned.
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Seyedin S, Carey T, Arbab A, Eskandarian L, Bohm S, Kim JM, Torrisi F. Fibre electronics: towards scaled-up manufacturing of integrated e-textile systems. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12818-12847. [PMID: 34477768 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quest for a close human interaction with electronic devices for healthcare, safety, energy and security has driven giant leaps in portable and wearable technologies in recent years. Electronic textiles (e-textiles) are emerging as key enablers of wearable devices. Unlike conventional heavy, rigid, and hard-to-wear gadgets, e-textiles can lead to lightweight, flexible, soft, and breathable devices, which can be worn like everyday clothes. A new generation of fibre-based electronics is emerging which can be made into wearable e-textiles. A suite of start-of-the-art functional materials have been used to develop novel fibre-based devices (FBDs), which have shown excellent potential in creating wearable e-textiles. Recent research in this area has led to the development of fibre-based electronic, optoelectronic, energy harvesting, energy storage, and sensing devices, which have also been integrated into multifunctional e-textile systems. Here we review the key technological advancements in FBDs and provide an updated critical evaluation of the status of the research in this field. Focusing on various aspects of materials development, device fabrication, fibre processing, textile integration, and scaled-up manufacturing we discuss current limitations and present an outlook on how to address the future development of this field. The critical analysis of key challenges and existing opportunities in fibre electronics aims to define a roadmap for future applications in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Seyedin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Zavanelli N, Kim J, Yeo WH. Recent Advances in High-Throughput Nanomaterial Manufacturing for Hybrid Flexible Bioelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2973. [PMID: 34072779 PMCID: PMC8197924 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid flexible bioelectronic systems refer to integrated soft biosensing platforms with tremendous clinical impact. In this new paradigm, electrical systems can stretch and deform with the skin while previously hidden physiological signals can be continuously recorded. However, hybrid flexible bioelectronics will not receive wide clinical adoption until these systems can be manufactured at industrial scales cost-effectively. Therefore, new manufacturing approaches must be discovered and studied under the same innovative spirit that led to the adoption of novel materials and soft structures. Recent works have taken mature manufacturing approaches from the graphics industry, such as gravure, flexography, screen, and inkjet printing, and applied them to fully printed bioelectronics. These applications require the cohesive study of many disparate parts. For instance, nanomaterials with optimal properties for each specific application must be dispersed in printable inks with rheology suited to each printing method. This review summarizes recent advances in printing technologies, key nanomaterials, and applications of the manufactured hybrid bioelectronics. We also discuss the existing challenges of the available nanomanufacturing methods and the areas that need immediate technological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jihoon Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (N.Z.); (J.K.)
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Jang S, Kang J, Kwak S, Seol ML, Meyyappan M, Nam I. Methodologies for Fabricating Flexible Supercapacitors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:163. [PMID: 33562424 PMCID: PMC7915198 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spread of wearable and flexible electronics devices has been accelerating in recent years for a wide range of applications. Development of an appropriate flexible power source to operate these flexible devices is a key challenge. Supercapacitors are attractive for powering portable lightweight consumer devices due to their long cycle stability, fast charge-discharge cycle, outstanding power density, wide operating temperatures and safety. Much effort has been devoted to ensure high mechanical and electrochemical stability upon bending, folding or stretching and to develop flexible electrodes, substrates and overall geometrically-flexible structures. Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention and shown many applications on various scales. In this review, we focus on flexible structural design under six categories: paper-like, textile-like, wire-like, origami, biomimetics based design and micro-supercapacitors. Finally, we present our perspective of flexible supercapacitors and emphasize current technical difficulties to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyeon Jang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.J.); (J.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Jihyeon Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.J.); (J.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Soyul Kwak
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.J.); (J.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Myeong-Lok Seol
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; (M.-L.S.); (M.M.)
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; (M.-L.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Inho Nam
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, Institute of Energy Converting Soft Materials, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.J.); (J.K.); (S.K.)
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Tsikriteas ZM, Roscow JI, Bowen CR, Khanbareh H. Flexible ferroelectric wearable devices for medical applications. iScience 2021; 24:101987. [PMID: 33490897 PMCID: PMC7811144 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable electronics are becoming increasingly important for medical applications as they have revolutionized the way physiological parameters are monitored. Ferroelectric materials show spontaneous polarization below the Curie temperature, which changes with electric field, temperature, and mechanical deformation. Therefore, they have been widely used in sensor and actuator applications. In addition, these materials can be used for conversion of human-body energy into electricity for powering wearable electronics. In this paper, we review the recent advances in flexible ferroelectric materials for wearable human energy harvesting and sensing. To meet the performance requirements for medical applications, the most suitable materials and manufacturing techniques are reviewed. The approaches used to enhance performance and achieve long-term sustainability and multi-functionality by integrating other active sensing mechanisms (e.g. triboelectric and piezoresistive effects) are discussed. Data processing and transmission as well as the contribution of wearable piezoelectric devices in early disease detection and monitoring vital signs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zois Michail Tsikriteas
- Materials and Structures Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James I. Roscow
- Materials and Structures Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chris R. Bowen
- Materials and Structures Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Hamideh Khanbareh
- Materials and Structures Research Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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32
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Zhu S, Kang Z, Wang F, Long Y. Copper nanoparticle decorated non-woven polypropylene fabrics with durable superhydrophobicity and conductivity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:035701. [PMID: 33089829 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abae31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a facile method was prepared to fabricate highly flexible, conductive and superhydrophobic polymer fabrics. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were decorated on polypropylene fabrics using a simple spraying method and superhydrophobicity was obtained after vacuum drying for 4 h without any surface modifier. Accumulation of CuNPs constituted coral-like rough micro-nano structures, forming a stable Cassie model and endowing the surface with dense charge transport pathways, thus resulting in excellent superhydrophobicity (water contact angle ∼159°, sliding angle ∼2.3°) and conductivity (sheet resistance ∼0.92 Ω sq-1). The fabrics displayed superior waterproof and self-cleaning properties, as well as great sustainability in the water. Additionally, the superhydrophobicity and conductivity can be almost maintained after heat treatment, wear testing, water droplet impinging, weak alkali/acid treatment and repeated bending-kneading tests. These superhydrophobic and conductive fabrics that are free from moisture and pollution can be a reliable candidate to solve the water-penetration issue in the rapid development of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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Jochem KS, Kolliopoulos P, Zare Bidoky F, Wang Y, Kumar S, Frisbie CD, Francis LF. Self-Aligned Capillarity-Assisted Printing of High Aspect Ratio Flexible Metal Conductors: Optimizing Ink Flow, Plating, and Mechanical Adhesion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystopher S. Jochem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Panayiotis Kolliopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Fazel Zare Bidoky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lorraine F. Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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34
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Zeng M, Kuang W, Khan I, Huang D, Du Y, Saeidi-Javash M, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Hoffman AJ, Zhang Y. Colloidal Nanosurfactants for 3D Conformal Printing of 2D van der Waals Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003081. [PMID: 32851710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Printing techniques using nanomaterials have emerged as a versatile tool for fast prototyping and potentially large-scale manufacturing of functional devices. Surfactants play a significant role in many printing processes due to their ability to reduce interfacial tension between ink solvents and nanoparticles and thus improve ink colloidal stability. Here, a colloidal graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based nanosurfactant is reported to stabilize various types of 2D materials in aqueous inks. In particular, a graphene ink with superior colloidal stability is demonstrated by GQD nanosurfactants via the π-π stacking interaction, leading to the printing of multiple high-resolution patterns on various substrates using a single printing pass. It is found that nanosurfactants can significantly improve the mechanical stability of the printed graphene films compared with those of conventional molecular surfactant, as evidenced by 100 taping, 100 scratching, and 1000 bending cycles. Additionally, the printed composite film exhibits improved photoconductance using UV light with 400 nm wavelength, arising from excitation across the nanosurfactant bandgap. Taking advantage of the 3D conformal aerosol jet printing technique, a series of UV sensors of heterogeneous structures are directly printed on 2D flat and 3D spherical substrates, demonstrating the potential of manufacturing geometrically versatile devices based on nanosurfactant inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Zeng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Wenzheng Kuang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Irfan Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dali Huang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yipu Du
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mortaza Saeidi-Javash
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Lecheng Zhang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhengdong Cheng
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anthony J Hoffman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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35
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Hassan K, Nine MJ, Tung TT, Stanley N, Yap PL, Rastin H, Yu L, Losic D. Functional inks and extrusion-based 3D printing of 2D materials: a review of current research and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19007-19042. [PMID: 32945332 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and related 2D materials offer an ideal platform for next generation disruptive technologies and in particular the potential to produce printed electronic devices with low cost and high throughput. Interest in the use of 2D materials to create functional inks has exponentially increased in recent years with the development of new ink formulations linked with effective printing techniques, including screen, gravure, inkjet and extrusion-based printing towards low-cost device manufacturing. Exfoliated, solution-processed 2D materials formulated into inks permits additive patterning onto both rigid and conformable substrates for printed device design with high-speed, large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing. Each printing technique has some sort of clear advantages over others that requires characteristic ink formulations according to their individual operational principles. Among them, the extrusion-based 3D printing technique has attracted heightened interest due to its ability to create three-dimensional (3D) architectures with increased surface area facilitating the design of a new generation of 3D devices suitable for a wide variety of applications. There still remain several challenges in the development of 2D material ink technologies for extrusion printing which must be resolved prior to their translation into large-scale device production. This comprehensive review presents the current progress on ink formulations with 2D materials and their broad practical applications for printed energy storage devices and sensors. Finally, an outline of the challenges and outlook for extrusion-based 3D printing inks and their place in the future printed devices ecosystem is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrul Hassan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Md Julker Nine
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tran Thanh Tung
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nathan Stanley
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Pei Lay Yap
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hadi Rastin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Le Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. and ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Koskinen T, Juntunen T, Tittonen I. Large-Area Thermal Distribution Sensor Based on Multilayer Graphene Ink. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5188. [PMID: 32932958 PMCID: PMC7570513 DOI: 10.3390/s20185188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emergent applications in wearable electronics require inexpensive sensors suited to scalable manufacturing. This work demonstrates a large-area thermal sensor based on distributed thermocouple architecture and ink-based multilayer graphene film. The proposed device combines the exceptional mechanical properties of multilayer graphene nanocomposite with the reliability and passive sensing performance enabled by thermoelectrics. The Seebeck coefficient of the spray-deposited films revealed an inverse thickness dependence with the largest value of 44.7 μV K-1 at 78 nm, which makes thinner films preferable for sensor applications. Device performance was demonstrated by touch sensing and thermal distribution mapping-based shape detection. Sensor output voltage in the latter application was on the order of 300 μV with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 35, thus enabling accurate detection of objects of different shapes and sizes. The results imply that films based on multilayer graphene ink are highly suitable to thermoelectric sensing applications, while the ink phase enables facile integration into existing fabrication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Koskinen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; (T.J.); (I.T.)
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37
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Hsieh TL, Li CC, Lin PC, Hsu YC. Encapsulating Well-Dispersed Carbon Nanoparticles for Applications in the Autonomous Restoration of Electronic Circuits. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38690-38699. [PMID: 32805920 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two types of conductive microcapsules with a median size of less than 5 μm are proposed, and their high potential as a key functional material for self-restorable conductive pastes for applications in printed electronic circuits is verified. A well-dispersed suspension of carbon nanoparticles in toluene is prepared as the core material of the microcapsules. The restoration capabilities of the microcapsules for the physical structure and electrical conductivity of silver-based electronic circuit lines are compared. In the assessment of the microcapsule restoration efficiency, the two conductive microcapsules exhibit distinct capabilities for the restoration of damages caused by different mechanical fracturing. That is, the smaller microcapsule is more effective than the larger one to restore circuit lines from a tensile test, whereas the opposite result is obtained from a scratching test, demonstrating the significance of microcapsule size for the restoration of dissimilar fractures that may occur in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Li Hsieh
- Department of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Li
- Department of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Lin
- Advanced Material and Process Development Department, General Interface Solution Holding Ltd., No. 16, Kedong 3rd Rd., Zhunan Science Park, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Hsu
- Advanced Material and Process Development Department, General Interface Solution Holding Ltd., No. 16, Kedong 3rd Rd., Zhunan Science Park, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
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38
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Liu L, Shen Z, Zhang X, Ma H. Highly conductive graphene/carbon black screen printing inks for flexible electronics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 582:12-21. [PMID: 32814220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The industrial scale production and application of liquid conductive nanomaterials with well-defined conductive properties, printing adaptability and mechanical properties are crucial for the flexible electronic devices. Although graphene can be used as an attractive liquid nanoink platform for electronic devices, it is still a major challenge to prepare graphene conductive inks with high concentration, conductivity and stability with graphene powders as raw materials and improve the post-treatment process for printed patterns. Here, a novel graphene-based screen printing conductive ink employing liquid-exfoliated graphene powders produced by jet cavitation and carbon black jointly as conductive filler is presented. The inks with graphene powders containing thicker smaller-area flakes and carbon black fraction of 15% in the total conductive fillers exhibit printability down to lines of 90 μm in width and printed pattern electrical conductivity of 2.15 × 104 S/m at 7 μm thickness along with outstanding mechanical properties. Also, special post-treatment, i.e. heating-compression rolling-heating, makes the conductive ink formulation compatible with a wide range of substrates and suitable for Roll-to-Roll applications. Overall, this paper provides a new solution to high-efficiency, low-cost, large-scale production of printed flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Lab. for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Beijing Key Lab. for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab. for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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39
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Kwon YT, Kim YS, Kwon S, Mahmood M, Lim HR, Park SW, Kang SO, Choi JJ, Herbert R, Jang YC, Choa YH, Yeo WH. All-printed nanomembrane wireless bioelectronics using a biocompatible solderable graphene for multimodal human-machine interfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3450. [PMID: 32651424 PMCID: PMC7351733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. However, existing manufacturing methods still rely on a multi-step, error-prone complex process that requires a costly cleanroom facility. Here, we report a new class of additive nanomanufacturing of functional materials that enables a wireless, multilayered, seamlessly interconnected, and flexible hybrid electronic system. All-printed electronics, incorporating machine learning, offers multi-class and versatile human-machine interfaces. One of the key technological advancements is the use of a functionalized conductive graphene with enhanced biocompatibility, anti-oxidation, and solderability, which allows a wireless flexible circuit. The high-aspect ratio graphene offers gel-free, high-fidelity recording of muscle activities. The performance of the printed electronics is demonstrated by using real-time control of external systems via electromyograms. Anatomical study with deep learning-embedded electrophysiology mapping allows for an optimal selection of three channels to capture all finger motions with an accuracy of about 99% for seven classes. Though wearable electronics remain an attractive technology for bioelectronics, fabrication methods that precisely print biocompatible materials for electronics are needed. Here, the authors report an additive manufacturing process that yields all-printed nanomaterial-based wireless electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yun-Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Musa Mahmood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Si-Woo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sung-Oong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jeongmoon J Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Young C Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yong-Ho Choa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Neural Engineering Center, Flexible and Wearable Electronics Advanced Research, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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40
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Shi X, Wu ZS, Bao X. Recent Advancements and Perspective of High-Performance Printed Power Sources with Multiple Form Factors. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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41
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Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Schneider R, Verma A, Heier J, Nüesch F, Zhang CJ. Turning Trash into Treasure: Additive Free MXene Sediment Inks for Screen-Printed Micro-Supercapacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000716. [PMID: 32196130 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Printed functional conductive inks have triggered scalable production of smart electronics such as energy-storage devices, antennas, wearable electronics, etc. Of particular interest are highly conductive-additive-free inks devoid of costly postdeposition treatments to eliminate sacrificial components. Due to the high filler concentration required, formulation of such waste-free inks has proven quite challenging. Here, additive-free, 2D titanium carbide MXene aqueous inks with appropriate rheological properties for scalable screen printing are demonstrated. Importantly, the inks consist essentially of the sediments of unetched precursor and multilayered MXene, which are usually discarded after delamination. Screen-printed structures are presented on paper with high resolution and spatial uniformity, including micro-supercapacitors, conductive tracks, integrated circuit paths, and others. It is revealed that the delaminated nanosheets among the layered particles function as efficient conductive binders, maintaining the mechanical integrity and thus the metallic conductive network. The areal capacitance (158 mF cm-2 ) and energy density (1.64 µWh cm-2 ) of the printed micro-supercapacitors are much superior to other devices based on MXene or graphene. The ink formulation strategy of "turning trash into treasure" for screen printing highlights the potential of waste-free MXene sediment printing for scalable and sustainable production of next-generation wearable smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - René Schneider
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Anand Verma
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Chuanfang John Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
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42
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Zhang D, Huang T, Duan L. Emerging Self-Emissive Technologies for Flexible Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902391. [PMID: 31595613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Featuring a combination of ultrathin and lightweight properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, low power-consumption, and widely tunable saturated emission, flexible displays have opened up a new possibility for optoelectronics. The demands for flexible displays are growing on a continual basis due not only to their successful commercialization but, more importantly, their endless possibilities for wearable integrated systems. Up to now, self-emissive technologies for displays, flexible active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (flex-AMOLED), flexible quantum dot light-emitting diodes (flex-QLEDs), and flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes (flex-PeLEDs) have been widely reported, but despite the significant progress made in these technologies, enormous obstacles and challenges remain for the vision of truly wearable applications, in particular with flex-QLEDs and flex-PeLEDs. Here, a review of the recent progress of all three self-emissive technologies for flexible displays is conducted, including the emissive active materials, device structures and approaches to manufacturing, the flexible substrates, and conductive electrodes, as well as the encapsulation techniques. The fast-paced improvement made to the efficiency of flexible devices in recent years is also summarized. The review concludes by making suggestions on the future development in this area, and is expected to help researchers in gaining a comprehensive understanding about the newly emerging technologies for flexible displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Araki T, Uemura T, Yoshimoto S, Takemoto A, Noda Y, Izumi S, Sekitani T. Wireless Monitoring Using a Stretchable and Transparent Sensor Sheet Containing Metal Nanowires. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902684. [PMID: 31782576 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically and visually imperceptible sensor sheets integrated with lightweight wireless loggers are employed in ultimate flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) to reduce vital stress/nervousness and monitor natural biosignal responses. The key technologies and applications for conceptual sensor system fabrication are reported, as exemplified by the use of a stretchable sensor sheet completely conforming to an individual's body surface to realize a low-noise wireless monitoring system (<1 µV) that can be attached to the human forehead for recording electroencephalograms. The above system can discriminate between Alzheimer's disease and the healthy state, thus offering a rapid in-home brain diagnosis possibility. Moreover, the introduction of metal nanowires to improve the transparency of the biocompatible sensor sheet allows one to wirelessly acquire electrocorticograms of nonhuman primates and simultaneously offers optogenetic stimulation such as toward-the-brain-machine interface under free movement. Also discussed are effective methods of improving electrical reliability, biocompatibility, miniaturization, etc., for metal nanowire based tracks and exploring the use of an organic amplifier as an important component to realize a flexible active probe with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Overall, ultimate FHE technologies are demonstrated to achieve efficient closed-loop systems for healthcare management, medical diagnostics, and preclinical studies in neuroscience and neuroengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Araki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yoshimoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ashuya Takemoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Noda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shintaro Izumi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Calabrese G, Pimpolari L, Conti S, Mavier F, Majee S, Worsley R, Wang Z, Pieri F, Basso G, Pennelli G, Parvez K, Brooks D, Macucci M, Iannaccone G, Novoselov KS, Casiraghi C, Fiori G. Inkjet-printed graphene Hall mobility measurements and low-frequency noise characterization. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6708-6716. [PMID: 32186302 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report room temperature Hall mobility measurements, low temperature magnetoresistance analysis and low-frequency noise characterization of inkjet-printed graphene films on fused quartz and SiO2/Si substrates. We found that thermal annealing in vacuum at 450 °C is a necessary step in order to stabilize the Hall voltage across the devices, allowing their electrical characterization. The printed films present a minimum sheet resistance of 23.3 Ω sq-1 after annealing, and are n-type doped, with carrier concentrations in the low 1020 cm-3 range. The charge carrier mobility is found to increase with increasing film thickness, reaching a maximum value of 33 cm2 V-1 s-1 for a 480 nm-thick film printed on SiO2/Si. Low-frequency noise characterization shows a 1/f noise behavior and a Hooge parameter in the range of 0.1-1. These results represent the first in-depth electrical and noise characterization of transport in inkjet-printed graphene films, able to provide physical insights on the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Pimpolari
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Silvia Conti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Fabrice Mavier
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Subimal Majee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robyn Worsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Francesco Pieri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Basso
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pennelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Khaled Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - David Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Massimo Macucci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Iannaccone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK and Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gianluca Fiori
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy.
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Wang L, Chen S, Shu T, Hu X. Functional Inks for Printable Energy Storage Applications based on 2 D Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1330-1353. [PMID: 31373172 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous portable electronics and the ever-growing internet-of-things have necessitated the emergence of high-end miniaturized devices as well as associated sophisticated printing technologies. With excellent solution processability and tunable electronic properties, 2 D materials stand as a promising candidate for functional inks that are readily printable for energy-storage devices. In this Review, we outline the significance, status, and challenges that we are facing of the developments of 2 D materials-based functional inks. Then, general ink formulation and basic knowledge of printing techniques together with their rheological requirements and enabled applications in energy storage are introduced, providing guidelines for developing inks that match well with the present printing techniques. Last, but not least, we also propose the perspectives on the development of 2 D materials-based inks for energy-storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Shi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xianluo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
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Uz M, Lentner MT, Jackson K, Donta MS, Jung J, Hondred J, Mach E, Claussen J, Mallapragada SK. Fabrication of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Binder-Free Graphene Circuits Using a Microfluidic Approach for Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13529-13539. [PMID: 32083838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple microfluidic method, which can be universally applied to different rigid or flexible substrates, was developed to fabricate high-resolution, conductive, two-dimensional and three-dimensional microstructured graphene-based electronic circuits. The method involves controlled and selective filling of microchannels on substrate surfaces with a conductive binder-free graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) solution. The ethanol-thermal reaction of GNP solution at low temperatures (∼75 °C) prior to microchannel filling (preheating) can further reduce the GNP andprovide a homogeneous GNP solution, which in turn enhances conductivity, reduces sheet resistance (∼0.05 kΩ sq-1), enables room-temperature fabrication, and eliminates harsh postprocessing, which makes this fabrication technique compatible with degradable substrates. This method can also be used in combination with 3D printing to fabricate 3D circuits. The feature sizes of the graphene patterns can range from a few micrometers (down to ∼15 μm in width and ∼5 μm in depth) to a few millimeters and use very small amounts of GNP solution (∼2.5 mg of graphene to obtain ∼0.1 kΩ sq-1 of sheet resistance for 1 cm2). This microfluidic approach can also be implemented using other conductive liquids, such as conductive graphene-silver solutions. This technology has the potential to pave the way for low-cost, disposable, and biodegradable circuits for a range of electronic applications including near-field communication antennas and pressure or strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Uz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Matthew T Lentner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Maxsam S Donta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Juhyung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - John Hondred
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric Mach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jonathan Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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47
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Yi L, Zhao L, Xue Q, Cheng H, Shi H, Fan J, Cai S, Li G, Hu B, Huang L, Tian J. Non-powered capillary force-driven stamped approach for directly printing nanomaterials aqueous solution on paper substrate. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:931-941. [PMID: 32022068 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent boom of nanomaterials printing in the fields of biomedical engineering, bioanalysis and flexible electronics has greatly stimulated researchers' interest in printing technologies. However, specifically formulated nanomaterial inks have limited the types of printable nanomaterials. Here, a unique non-powered capillary force-driven stamped (CFDS) approach, combining a 3D-printed stamper with a paper substrate, is developed for directly printing patterned nanomaterials aqueous solution. The CFDS approach has two processes, including the loading process in which the capillary force of the stamper channel is stronger than gravity, and the deposition process, in which the synergistic action of the capillary force of the paper fibre tubes and gravity is approximately 20 times the capillary force of the stamper channel. Four additive-free nanomaterial aqueous solutions, including nanowires, nanosheets, nanostars and nanogels, are used to print patterns, and show slight diffusion and desired uniformity with a diffusion rate and roundness of 1.12 and 0.78, respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach. Four kinds of nanogel with different fluorescence labels are simultaneously printed to challenge the approach and demonstrate its flexibility and scalability. The resolution of the approach is 0.3 mm. Without any post-processing, the stamped paper substrates directly serve as paper-based surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates with an enhancement factor of 4 × 106 and as electrodes with a resistance of 0.74 Ω, demonstrating their multi-functionality. Due to its general, flexible and scalable applicability, this simple, low-cost and non-powered approach could be widely applied to the personalized printing of nanomaterials on paper substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langlang Yi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Qilu Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - He Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China. and Kunpad Communication Pty Ltd, Kunshan 710126, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinkun Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Shixuan Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Guoqian Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, Shaanxi, PR China. and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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48
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Kröner A, Hirsch T. Current Trends in the Optical Characterization of Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials. Front Chem 2020; 7:927. [PMID: 32047734 PMCID: PMC6997542 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-related materials have received great attention because of their outstanding properties like Young's modulus, chemical inertness, high electrical and thermal conductivity, or large mobility. To utilize two-dimensional (2D) materials in any practical application, an excellent characterization of the nanomaterials is needed as such dimensions, even small variations in size, or composition, are accompanied by drastic changes in the material properties. Simultaneously, it is sophisticated to perform characterizations at such small dimensions. This review highlights the wide range of different characterization methods for the 2D materials, mainly attributing carbon-based materials as they are by far the ones most often used today. The strengths as well as the limitations of the individual methods, ranging from light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (conductive), atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to dynamic light scattering, are discussed. By using these methods, the flake size and shape, the number of layers, the conductivity, the morphology, the number and type of defects, the chemical composition, and the colloidal properties of the 2D materials can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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49
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Li H, Liang J. Recent Development of Printed Micro-Supercapacitors: Printable Materials, Printing Technologies, and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1805864. [PMID: 30941808 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progression of portable and wearable electronics has necessitated the development of high-performing, miniaturized energy-storage devices with flexible form factors and high energy and power delivery. Printed micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), with in-plane interdigital configurations, is touted as a promising choice to fulfill these requirements. New printing technologies can assemble MSCs with fiscal and environmental benefits, large form factors, and at high throughputs, qualities not afforded with conventional microfabrication technologies. Here, recent progress in the preparation of functional ink systems for wearable MSCs, encompassing electrode materials, conductor materials, and electrolytes, is presented. First, a comprehensive background of the fundamentals of printing technology is introduced, with discussions focusing on methods of improving ink functionality while simultaneously retaining good printability. Second, various printing techniques to ensure manufacturable scaling of wearable MSCs with high areal electrochemical performance and small footprint are explored. Within the scope of these two topics, various issues that hinder the full materialization of widespread adoption of printed MSC and next steps to overcome these issues are discussed. Further deep dives in scientific and technical challenges are also presented, including limited functionality of the inks, low printing resolution, overlay accuracy, and complex encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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de Moraes ACM, Obrzut J, Sangwan VK, Downing JR, Chaney LE, Patel D, Elmquist RE, Hersam MC. Elucidating Charge Transport Mechanisms in Cellulose-Stabilized Graphene Inks. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2020; 8:10.1039/D0TC03309J. [PMID: 34131488 PMCID: PMC8201474 DOI: 10.1039/d0tc03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed graphene inks that use ethyl cellulose as a polymer stabilizer are blade-coated into large-area thin films. Following blade-coating, the graphene thin films are cured to pyrolyze the cellulosic polymer, leaving behind an sp2-rich amorphous carbon residue that serves as a binder in addition to facilitating charge transport between graphene flakes. Systematic charge transport measurements, including temperature-dependent Hall effect and non-contact microwave resonant cavity characterization, reveal that the resulting electrically percolating graphene thin films possess high mobility (≈ 160 cm2 V-1 s-1), low energy gap, and thermally activated charge transport, which develop weak localization behavior at cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C M de Moraes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jan Obrzut
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Julia R Downing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lindsay E Chaney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dinesh Patel
- Quantum Measurements Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Randolph E Elmquist
- Quantum Measurements Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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