1
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Song WX, Tang Q, Zhao J, Veron M, Zhou X, Zheng Y, Cai D, Cheng Y, Xin T, Liu ZP, Song Z. Tuning the Crystallization Mechanism by Composition Vacancy in Phase Change Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38498850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Interface-influenced crystallization is crucial to understanding the nucleation- and growth-dominated crystallization mechanisms in phase-change materials (PCMs), but little is known. Here, we find that composition vacancy can reduce the interface energy by decreasing the coordinate number (CN) at the interface. Compared to growth-dominated GeTe, nucleation-dominated Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) exhibits composition vacancies in the (111) interface to saturate or stabilize the Te-terminated plane. Together, the experimental and computational results provide evidence that GST prefers (111) with reduced CN. Furthermore, the (8 - n) bonding rule, rather than CN6, in the nuclei of both GeTe and GST results in lower interface energy, allowing crystallization to be observed at the simulation time in general PCMs. In comparison to GeTe, the reduced CN in the GST nuclei further decreases the interface energy, promoting faster nucleation. Our findings provide an approach to designing ultrafast phase-change memory through vacancy-stabilized interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Song
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qiongyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Muriel Veron
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, SIMAP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Xilin Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Daolin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tianjiao Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhitang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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2
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Cai S, Li Z, Zhang Y, Liu T, Wang P, Ju MG, Pang S, Lau SP, Zeng XC, Zhou Y. Intragrain impurity annihilation for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2329. [PMID: 38485944 PMCID: PMC10940583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Intragrain impurities can impart detrimental effects on the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells, but they are indiscernible to conventional characterizations and thus remain unexplored. Using in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy, we reveal that intragrain impurity nano-clusters inherited from either the solution synthesis or post-synthesis storage can revert to perovskites upon irradiation stimuli, leading to the counterintuitive amendment of crystalline grains. In conjunction with computational modelling, we atomically resolve crystallographic transformation modes for the annihilation of intragrain impurity nano-clusters and probe their impacts on optoelectronic properties. Such critical fundamental findings are translated for the device advancement. Adopting a scanning laser stimulus proven to heal intragrain impurity nano-clusters, we simultaneously boost the efficiency and stability of formamidinium-cesium perovskite solar cells, by virtual of improved optoelectronic properties and relaxed intra-crystal strain, respectively. This device engineering, inspired and guided by atomic-scale in situ microscopic imaging, presents a new prototype for solar cell advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Cai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tanghao Liu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ming-Gang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Shuping Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Liu Y, Liu S, Xu L, Ma M, Zhang X, Chen X, Wei F, Song B, Cheng T, Yuan J, Shen B. Atomic Imaging of Multi-Dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper Interfaces in Lead-Halide Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400013. [PMID: 38433394 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) interface with defined stacking structure will fundamentally influence the optoelectronic performances of lead-halide perovskite (LHP) materials and devices. However, it remains challenging to observe the atomic local structures in LHPs, especially for multi-dimensional RP interface hidden inside the nanocrystal. In this work, the advantages of two imaging modes in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), including high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) and integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) STEM, are successfully combined to study the bulk and local structures of inorganic and organic/inorganic hybrid LHP nanocrystals. Then, the multi-dimensional RP interfaces in these LHPs are atomically resolved with clear gap and blurred transition region, respectively. In particular, the complex interface by the RP stacking in 3D directions can be analyzed in 2D projected image. Finally, the phase transition, ion missing, and electronic structures related to this interface are investigated. These results provide real-space evidence for observing and analyzing atomic multi-dimensional RP interfaces, which may help to better understand the structure-property relation of LHPs, especially their complex local structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Suya Liu
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Building A, No.2537, Jinke Road. Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianyu Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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4
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Song K, Fan Y, Qin W. Structure and Charge Carrier Separation Promotion Effects of Antiphase Boundaries in Cesium Lead Bromide. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2255-2261. [PMID: 38381005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Defects in lead halide perovskites (LHPs) may have a significant impact on charge carrier separation, but the roles of the defects are not fully understood. Here, using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), different types of antiphase boundaries (APBs) are discovered in CsPbBr3 platelets. APBs with a displacement vector of 1/4[111] are characterized by double layers of CsBr layers at the (110) or (001) planes, while APBs at the (112) planes are formed through edge sharing of PbBr6 ̵octahedra. Significant lattice distortions are determined at (001) and (110) APBs on the basis of quantitative analyses of STEM images. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that all three types of APBs can induce band offsets at their valence bands and conduction bands. The APBs are intended to promote the separation of photogenerated charge carriers in LHPs. These findings provide a crystal engineering technique for enhancing the optoelectronic properties of LHPs by controlling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Song
- Electron Microscopy Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingcai Fan
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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5
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Gao Z, Leng C, Zhao H, Wei X, Shi H, Xiao Z. The Electrical Behaviors of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Optoelectronic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304855. [PMID: 37572037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline optoelectronic materials are widely used for photoelectric signal conversion and energy harvesting and play an irreplaceable role in the semiconductor field. As an important factor in determining the optoelectronic properties of polycrystalline materials, grain boundaries (GBs) are the focus of research. Particular emphases are placed on the generation and height of GB barriers, how carriers move at GBs, whether GBs act as carrier transport channels or recombination sites, and how to change the device performance by altering the electrical behaviors of GBs. This review introduces the evolution of GB theory and experimental observation history, classifies GB electrical behaviors from the perspective of carrier dynamics, and summarizes carrier transport state under external conditions such as bias and illumination and the related band bending. Then the carrier scattering at GBs and the electrical differences between GBs and twin boundaries are discussed. Last, the review describes how the electrical behaviors of GBs can be influenced and modified by treatments such as passivation or by consciously adjusting the distribution of grain boundary elements. By studying the carrier dynamics and the relevant electrical behaviors of GBs in polycrystalline materials, researchers can develop optoelectronics with higher performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- Research Center for Quantum Information, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Research Center for Nanofabrication and System Integration, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Chongqian Leng
- Research Center for Nanofabrication and System Integration, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Hongquan Zhao
- Research Center for Quantum Information, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Xingzhan Wei
- Research Center for Nanofabrication and System Integration, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Haofei Shi
- Research Center for Nanofabrication and System Integration, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Zeyun Xiao
- Research Center for Quantum Information, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- Research Center for Thin Film Solar Cells, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
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6
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Liu J, Zhu C, Pols M, Zhang Z, Hu F, Wang L, Zhang C, Liu Z, Tao S, Xiao M, Wang X. Discrete Elemental Distributions inside a Single Mixed-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal for the Self-Assembly of Multiple Quantum-Light Sources. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10089-10096. [PMID: 37890167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the structure-property relationships in semiconductor mixed-halide perovskites is critical for their potential applications in various light-absorbing and light-emitting optoelectronic devices. Here we show that during the crystal growth of mixed-halide CsPbBr1.2I1.8 nanocrystals (NCs), abundant Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) plane stacking faults are formed to release the lattice strain. These RP planes hinder the exchange of halide species across them, resulting in the presence of multiple nanodomains with discrete mixed-halide compositions inside a single CsPbBr1.2I1.8 NC. Photoluminescence peaks from these pre-segregated nanodomains, whose correlated intensity and wavelength variations signify the interactions of coupled quantum dots within a single CsPbBr1.2I1.8 NC, can be simultaneously resolved at cryogenic temperature. Our findings thus point to a fascinating scenario in which a semiconductor nanostructure can be further divided into multiple quantum-light sources, the interaction and manipulation of which will promote novel photophysics to facilitate their potential applications in quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, and School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mike Pols
- Materials Simulation & Modelling, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Shuxia Tao
- Materials Simulation & Modelling, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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7
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Ma M, Zhang X, Chen X, Xiong H, Xu L, Cheng T, Yuan J, Wei F, Shen B. In situ imaging of the atomic phase transition dynamics in metal halide perovskites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7142. [PMID: 37932253 PMCID: PMC10628210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase transition dynamics are an important concern in the wide applications of metal halide perovskites, which fundamentally determine the optoelectronic properties and stabilities of perovskite materials and devices. However, a more in-depth understanding of such a phase transition process with real atomic resolution is still limited by the immature low-dose electron microscopy and in situ imaging studies to date. Here, we apply an emergent low-dose imaging technique to identify different phase structures (α, β and γ) in CsPbI3 nanocrystals during an in-situ heating process. The rotation angles of PbI6 octahedrons can be measured in these images to quantitatively describe the thermal-induced phase distribution and phase transition. Then, the dynamics of such a phase transition are studied at a macro time scale by continuously imaging the phase distribution in a single nanocrystal. The structural evolution process of CsPbI3 nanocrystals at the particle level, including the changes in morphology and composition, is also visualized with increasing temperature. These results provide atomic insights into the transition dynamics of perovskite phases, indicating a long-time transition process with obvious intermediate states and spatial distribution that should be generally considered in the further study of structure-property relations and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianyu Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, PR China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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8
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Wang X, Ma S, Liu B, Wang S, Huang W. Imperfect makes perfect: defect engineering of photoelectrodes towards efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10044-10066. [PMID: 37551587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02843g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting for hydrogen evolution has been considered as a promising technology to solve the energy and environmental issues. However, the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies of current PEC systems are far from meeting the commercial demand (10%) due to the lack of efficient photoelectrode materials. The recent rapid development of defect engineering of photoelectrodes has significantly improved the PEC performance, which is expected to break through the bottleneck of low STH efficiency. In this review, the category and the construction methods of different defects in photoelectrode materials are summarized. Based on the in-depth summary and analysis of existing reports, the PEC performance enhancement mechanism of defect engineering is critically discussed in terms of light absorption, carrier separation and transport, and surface redox reactions. Finally, the application prospects and challenges of defect engineering for PEC water splitting are presented, and the future research directions in this field are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Siqing Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Boyan Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Songcan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.
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9
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Prabhakaran A, Dang Z, Dhall R, Camerin F, Marín-Aguilar S, Dhanabalan B, Castelli A, Brescia R, Manna L, Dijkstra M, Arciniegas MP. Real-Time In Situ Observation of CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoplatelets Transforming into Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37406164 PMCID: PMC10373526 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of nano-objects through heating is an effective strategy for inducing structural modifications and therefore changing the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting materials. Despite its potential, the underlying mechanism of the structural transformations remains elusive, largely due to the challenges associated with their in situ observations. To address these issues, we synthesize temperature-sensitive CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoplatelets and investigate their structural evolution at the nanoscale using in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. We observe the morphological changes that start from the self-assembly of the nanoplatelets into ribbons on a substrate. We identify several paths of merging nanoplates within ribbons that ultimately lead to the formation of nanosheets dispersed randomly on the substrate. These observations are supported by molecular dynamics simulations. We correlate the various paths for merging to the random orientation of the initial ribbons along with the ligand mobility (especially from the edges of the nanoplatelets). This leads to the preferential growth of individual nanosheets and the merging of neighboring ones. These processes enable the creation of structures with tunable emission, ranging from blue to green, all from a single material. Our real-time observations of the transformation of perovskite 2D nanocrystals reveal a route to achieve large-area nanosheets by controlling the initial orientation of the self-assembled objects with potential for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarya Prabhakaran
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Zhiya Dang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fabrizio Camerin
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Marín-Aguilar
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Castelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Kim HS, An JS, Bae HB, Chung SY. Atomic-scale observation of premelting at 2D lattice defects inside oxide crystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2255. [PMID: 37081020 PMCID: PMC10119109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since two major criteria for melting were proposed by Lindemann and Born in the early 1900s, many simulations and observations have been carried out to elucidate the premelting phenomena largely at the crystal surfaces and grain boundaries below the bulk melting point. Although dislocations and clusters of vacancies and interstitials were predicted as possible origins to trigger the melting, experimental direct observations demonstrating the correlation of premelting with lattice defects inside a crystal remain elusive. Using atomic-column-resolved imaging with scanning transmission electron microscopy in polycrystalline BaCeO3, here we clarify the initiation of melting at two-dimensional faults inside the crystals below the melting temperature. In particular, melting in a layer-by-layer manner rather than random nucleation at the early stage was identified as a notable finding. Emphasizing the value of direct atomistic observation, our study suggests that lattice defects inside crystals should not be overlooked as preferential nucleation sites for phase transformation including melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon, 34129, Korea
| | - Ji-Sang An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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11
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Schäffer S, Ogolla CO, Loth Y, Haeger T, Kreusel C, Runkel M, Riedl T, Butz B, Wigger AK, Bolívar PH. Imaging the Terahertz Nanoscale Conductivity of Polycrystalline CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2074-2080. [PMID: 36862532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation is a valuable tool to investigate the electronic properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs). However, attaining high-resolution information remains elusive, as the diffraction-limited spatial resolution (∼300 μm) of conventional THz methods prevents a direct analysis of microscopic effects. Here, we employ THz scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (THz-sSNOM) for nanoscale imaging of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) thin films down to the single grain level at 600 GHz. Adopting a scattering model, we are able to derive the local THz nanoscale conductivity in a contact-free fashion. Increased THz near-field signals at CsPbBr3 grain boundaries complemented by correlative transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elemental analysis point to the formation of halide vacancies (VBr) and Pb-Pb bonds, which induce charge carrier trapping and can lead to nonradiative recombination. Our study establishes THz-sSNOM as a powerful THz nanoscale analysis platform for thin-film semiconductors such as LHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schäffer
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Yannik Loth
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haeger
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Cedric Kreusel
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Manuel Runkel
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedl
- Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Micro-and Nanoanalytics Group, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Wigger
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Peter Haring Bolívar
- Institute for High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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12
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Liu D, Wu Y, Vasenko AS, Prezhdo OV. Grain boundary sliding and distortion on a nanosecond timescale induce trap states in CsPbBr 3: ab initio investigation with machine learning force field. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:285-293. [PMID: 36484318 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) in perovskite solar cells and optoelectronic devices are widely regarded as detrimental defects that accelerate charge and energy losses through nonradiative carrier trapping and recombination, but the mechanism is still under debate owing to the diversity of GB configurations and behaviors. We combine ab initio electronic structure and machine learning force field to investigate evolution of the geometric and electronic structure of a CsPbBr3 GB on a nanosecond timescale, which is comparable with the carrier recombination time. We demonstrate that the GB slides spontaneously within a few picoseconds increasing the band gap. Subsequent structural oscillations dynamically produce midgap trap states through Pb-Pb interactions across the GB. After several hundred picoseconds, structural distortions start to occur, increasing the occurrence of deep midgap states. We identify a distinct correlation of the average Pb-Pb distance and fluctuations in the ion coordination numbers with the appearance of the midgap states. Suppressing GB distortions through annealing and breaking up Pb-Pb dimers by passivation can efficiently alleviate the detrimental effects of GBs in perovskites. The study provides new insights into passivation of the detrimental GB defects, and demonstrates that structural and charge carrier dynamics in perovskites are intimately coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Andrey S Vasenko
- HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
- I.E. Tamm Department of Theoretical Physics, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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13
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Wu Y, Liu D, Chu W, Wang B, Vasenko AS, Prezhdo OV. Fluctuations at Metal Halide Perovskite Grain Boundaries Create Transient Trap States: Machine Learning Assisted Ab Initio Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55753-55761. [PMID: 36475599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskites are promising candidates for solar energy and optoelectronic applications, despite their polycrystalline nature with a large density of grain boundaries (GBs) due to facile solution-processed fabrication. GBs exhibit complex atomistic structures undergoing slow rearrangements. By studying evolution of the Σ5(210) CsPbBr3 GB on a nanosecond time scale, comparable to charge carrier lifetimes, we demonstrate that GB deformations appear every ∼100 ps and increase significantly the probability of deep charge traps. However, the deep traps form only transiently for a few hundred femtoseconds. In contrast, shallow traps appear continuously at the GB. Shallow traps are localized in the GB layer, while deep traps are in a sublayer, which is still distorted from the pristine structure and can be jammed in unfavorable conformations. The GB electronic properties correlate with bond angles, with notable exception of the Br-Br distance, which provides a signature of halide migration along GBs. The transient nature of trap states and localization of electrons and holes at different parts of GBs indicate that charge carrier lifetimes should be long. At the same time, charge mobility can be reduced. The complex, multiscale evolution of geometric and electronic structures of GBs rationalize the contradictory statements made in the literature regarding both benign and detrimental roles of GBs in perovskite performance and provide new atomistic insights into perovskite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Weibin Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Bipeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrey S Vasenko
- HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- I.E. Tamm Department of Theoretical Physics, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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14
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Lee AY, Park JH, Kim H, Jeong HY, Lee JH, Song MH. Blue Perovskite Nanocrystal Light-Emitting Diodes: Overcoming RuddlesdenPopper Fault-Induced Nonradiative Recombination via Post-Halide Exchange. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205011. [PMID: 36354161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained traction as emitters owing to their excellent optical properties, such as facile bandgap tuning, defect tolerance, and high color purity. Nevertheless, blue-emitting MHP light-emitting diodes (LEDs) show only marginal progress in device efficiency compared with green and red LEDs. Herein, the origin of the drop in efficiency of blue-emitting perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) by mixing halides and the genesis of Ruddlesden-Popper faults (RPFs) in CsPbBrX Cl3-X nanocrystals is investigated. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations, the authors have found that RPFs induce possible nonradiative recombination pathways owing to the high chloride vacancy concentration nearby. The authors further confirm that the blue-emitting PNCs do not show RPFs post-halide exchange in the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. By introducing the post-halide exchange treatment, high-efficiency pure blue-emitting (464 nm) PNC-based LEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 2.1% and excellent spectral stability with a full-width at half-maximum of 14 nm are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongju Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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15
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Song K, Fan Y, Liu J, Qi D, Lu N, Qin W. Carrier Separation Enhanced by High Angle Twist Grain Boundaries in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7206-7212. [PMID: 35912980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) have a profound impact on mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of polycrystalline materials. Comprehension of atomic and electronic structures of different GBs in materials can help to understand their impact on materials' properties. Here, with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), the atomic structure of a 90° twist GB s in CsPbBr3 is determined, and its impact on electron-hole pair separation is predicted. The 90° twist GB has a coherent interface and the same chemical composition as the bulk except for the lattice twist. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results indicate that the twist GB has an electronic structure similar to that of the bulk CsPbBr3. An electronic potential at the GBs enhances the separation of photogenerated carriers and promotes the motion of electrons across the GBs. These results extend the understanding of atomic and electronic structure of GBs in halide perovskites and propose a potential strategy to eliminate the influence of GBs by GB engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yingcai Fan
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiakai Liu
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Dongqing Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ning Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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16
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Park JS. Stabilization and Self-Passivation of Grain Boundaries in Halide Perovskite by Rigid Body Translation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4628-4633. [PMID: 35587377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of grain boundaries in halide perovskites, especially their atomic structure, have not been fully understood yet. We report that Σ5 [130] symmetrical tilt grain boundaries can be stabilized by rigid body translation which is moving one side of the grain parallel with respect to the adjacent grain. Such reconstruction passivates grain boundaries by removing Pb-Pb and I-I interactions that introduce shallow defect states in the band gap. Rigid body translation also stabilizes the [110] antiphase boundary as well in both CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sang Park
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
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17
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Song K, Liu J, Qi D, Lu N, Qin W. Unravelling Structure and Formation Mechanisms of Ruddlesden-Popper-Phase-like Nanodomains in Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2117-2123. [PMID: 35226493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastable CsPbBr3 nanoplates against electron beam irradiations are fabricated and nanodomains with anomalous high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) contrasts are observed within CsPbBr3 nanoplates. Atomic resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, which requires even higher beam currents and may cause significant damages on electron beam sensitive materials, are obtained without any detectable damages or decomposition. Combining HAADF-STEM images, atomic resolution EDS mapping, and image simulations has revealed detailed structure and chemistry of the nanodomains to be induced by Ruddlesden-Popper faults (RP faults) rather than any chemical intermixing or formation of new phases. A formation mechanism is also proposed on the basis of the atomic structure of the nanodomains. This result promotes an atomic-level understanding of inorganic lead halide perovskites and may help to reveal their structure-property relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiakai Liu
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Dongqing Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ning Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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18
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Abstract
The NdNiO3 (NNO) system has attracted a considerable amount of attention owing to the discovery of superconductivity in Nd0.8Sr0.2NiO2. In rare-earth nickelates, Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) faults play a significant role in functional properties, motivating our exploration of its microstructural characteristics and the electronic structure. Here, we employed aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy to study a NdNiO3 film grown by layer-by-layer molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We found RP faults with multiple configurations in high-angle annular dark-field images. Elemental intermixing occurs at the SrTiO3–NdNiO3 interface and in the RP fault regions. Quantitative analysis of the variation in lattice constants indicates that large strains exist around the substrate–film interface. We demonstrate that the Ni valence change around RP faults is related to a strain and structure variation. This work provides insights into the microstructure and electronic-structure modifications around RP faults in nickelates.
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19
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Liu J, Zheng X, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM. Self-Assembly and Regrowth of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Optoelectronic Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:262-274. [PMID: 35037453 PMCID: PMC8811956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Over the past decade, the impressive development
of metal halide
perovskites (MHPs) has made them leading candidates for applications
in photovoltaics (PVs), X-ray scintillators, and light-emitting diodes
(LEDs). Constructing MHP nanocrystals (NCs) with promising optoelectronic
properties using a low-cost approach is critical to realizing their
commercial potential. Self-assembly and regrowth techniques provide
a simple and powerful “bottom-up” platform for controlling
the structure, shape, and dimensionality of MHP NCs. The soft ionic
nature of MHP NCs, in conjunction with their low formation energy,
rapid anion exchange, and ease of ion migration, enables the rearrangement
of their overall appearance via self-assembly or regrowth. Because
of their low formation energy and highly dynamic surface ligands,
MHP NCs have a higher propensity to regrow than conventional hard-lattice
NCs. Moreover, their self-assembly and regrowth can be achieved simultaneously.
The self-assembly of NCs into close-packed, long-range-ordered mesostructures
provides a platform for modulating their electronic properties (e.g.,
conductivity and carrier mobility). Moreover, assembled MHP NCs exhibit
collective properties (e.g., superfluorescence, renormalized emission,
longer phase coherence times, and long exciton diffusion lengths)
that can translate into dramatic improvements in device performance.
Further regrowth into fused MHP nanostructures with the removal of
ligand barriers between NCs could facilitate charge carrier transport,
eliminate surface point defects, and enhance stability against moisture,
light, and electron-beam irradiation. However, the synthesis strategies,
diversity and complexity of structures, and optoelectronic applications
that emanate from the self-assembly and regrowth of MHPs have not
yet received much attention. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding
of the design principles of self-assembled and fused MHP nanostructures
will fuel further advances in their optoelectronic applications. In this Account, we review the latest developments in the self-assembly
and regrowth of MHP NCs. We begin with a survey of the mechanisms,
driving forces, and techniques for controlling MHP NC self-assembly.
We then explore the phase transition of fused MHP nanostructures at
the atomic level, delving into the mechanisms of facet-directed connections
and the kinetics of their shape-modulation behavior, which have been
elucidated with the aid of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM) and first-principles density functional theory calculations
of surface energies. We further outline the applications of assembled
and fused nanostructures. Finally, we conclude with a perspective
on current challenges and future directions in the field of MHP NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Liu
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M. Bakr
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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20
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Zhang W, Ono LK, Xue J, Qi Y. Atomic Level Insights into Metal Halide Perovskite Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Luis K. Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Jiamin Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
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21
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Cai S, Dai J, Shao Z, Rothmann MU, Jia Y, Gao C, Hao M, Pang S, Wang P, Lau SP, Zhu K, Berry JJ, Herz LM, Zeng XC, Zhou Y. Atomically Resolved Electrically Active Intragrain Interfaces in Perovskite Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1910-1920. [PMID: 35060705 PMCID: PMC8815067 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Deciphering the atomic and electronic
structures of interfaces
is key to developing state-of-the-art perovskite semiconductors. However,
conventional characterization techniques have limited previous studies
mainly to grain-boundary interfaces, whereas the intragrain-interface
microstructures and their electronic properties have been much less
revealed. Herein using scanning transmission electron microscopy,
we resolved the atomic-scale structural information on three prototypical
intragrain interfaces, unraveling intriguing features clearly different
from those from previous observations based on standalone films or
nanomaterial samples. These intragrain interfaces include composition
boundaries formed by heterogeneous ion distribution, stacking faults
resulted from wrongly stacked crystal planes, and symmetrical twinning
boundaries. The atomic-scale imaging of these intragrain interfaces
enables us to build unequivocal models for the ab initio calculation of electronic properties. Our results suggest that these
structure interfaces are generally electronically benign, whereas
their dynamic interaction with point defects can still evoke detrimental
effects. This work paves the way toward a more complete fundamental
understanding of the microscopic structure–property–performance
relationship in metal halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Cai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Zhipeng Shao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 458500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mathias Uller Rothmann
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Yinglu Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Caiyun Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 458500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Hao
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuping Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 458500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Joseph J. Berry
- Material Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, People’s Republic of China
- Smart Society Laboratory, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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22
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Li B, Yang X, Wu D, Feng S, Li L, Rogach AL, Gu M. Twist-to-Untwist Evolution and Cation Polarization Behavior of Hybrid Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets Revealed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12187-12195. [PMID: 34918929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) have emerged as promising optoelectronic materials because of their remarkable properties in defect tolerance, band gap tunability, and light emission. However, the detailed formation mechanism, in particular the atomic structure information in the initial nucleation stage, stands as a mystery because of the intrinsic vulnerability toward moisture, electron beams, etc. By virtue of the imaging technique under the extremely low electron dose of the cryogenic TEM, atomic structures of MAPbI3 NPLs are imaged, and a twist-to-untwist structural evolution is captured. According to theoretical calculation results, the twist-to-untwist evolution is a spontaneous process, and the band gap will be reduced, which is further verified by the red shift of photoluminescence peaks with aging time. Moreover, MA cation polarization is observed by quantitative analysis of the atomic-resolution image of single-crystalline MAPbI3 NPLs, which demonstrates the high ion mobility in the lattice of the hybrid halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shixun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xuming Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Duojie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Shihui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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23
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Qi H, Chen X, Benckiser E, Wu M, Cristiani G, Logvenov G, Keimer B, Kaiser U. Formation mechanism of Ruddlesden-Popper faults in compressive-strained ABO 3 perovskite superlattices. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20663-20669. [PMID: 34878472 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) faults have emerged as a promising candidate for defect engineering in epitaxial ABO3 perovskites. Functionalities could be fine-tuned by incorporating RP faults into ABO3 thin films and superlattices. However, due to the lattice expansion at AO-AO interfaces, it is generally believed that RP faults are only energetically favorable under tensile strain. Contrary to this common cognition, here we present that compressive strain must be regarded as an alternative driving force for creating RP faults. Unlike the conventional perovskite-to-rock-salt transition, the RP faults originated from Shockley partial dislocations bounded by stacking faults on the basal plane. The edge-type partials gave rise to strain relaxation, facilitating the formation of RP faults under compressive strain. We envisage that our results will give new insights into the rational design and defect engineering in epitaxial-strained ABO3 perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry & Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Benckiser
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and Center of Integrated Quantum Network, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meng Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and Center of Integrated Quantum Network, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Cristiani
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and Center of Integrated Quantum Network, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gennady Logvenov
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and Center of Integrated Quantum Network, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernhard Keimer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and Center of Integrated Quantum Network, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Yu GN, Yi GY, Cui WB, Zhang LL, Li XS, Gong WJ. Quantum transmission through the n-p-n heterojunction of massive 8- Pmmnborophene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:085401. [PMID: 34787103 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the quantum transmission through the n-p-n heterojunction of massive 8-Pmmnborophene. It is found that the Dirac mass of the electron interacts nontrivially with the anisotropy of the 8-Pmmnborophene, leading to the occurrence of new transmission behaviors in this n-p-n heterojunction. Firstly, the effective energy range of nonzero transmission can be reduced but deviates from the mass amplitude, which induces the further controllability of the transmission property. Secondly, even if the equal-energy surfaces in the p and n parts do not encounter in thek-space, finite transmission is allowed to occur as well. In addition, the existence of Dirac mass can change the reflection manner from the retroreflection to the specular reflection under appropriate conditions. The findings in this work can be helpful in describing the quantum transport properties of the heterojunction based on 8-Pmmnborophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Na Yu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yu Yi
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Bin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Lian Zhang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Si Li
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jiang Gong
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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Zhong J, Sun Y, Liu B, Zhu C, Cao Y, Sun E, He K, Zhang W, Liao K, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang L. Thickness dependent properties of ultrathin perovskite nanosheets with Ruddlesden-Popper-like atomic stackings. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18961-18966. [PMID: 34783820 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites possess a rich variety of multiple phases due to their mixed organic cations and variable layer numbers. However, the direct observation of these phases and their optical performance in ultrathin nanosheets, have rarely been reported. Here we demonstrate, through a one-pot CVD synthesis method to incorporate MA+ and NMA+ cations into PbI2 simultaneously, that the stackings of Ruddlesden-Popper phases with a distribution of a number of layers 〈n〉 can be produced within a single perovskite nanosheet. As featured by the micro-, time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements, the optical properties are highly dependent on the nanosheet thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Frontiers Science Centre for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Encheng Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kaiyue He
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Kan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Rules of hierarchical melt and coordinate bond to design crystallization in doped phase change materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6473. [PMID: 34753920 PMCID: PMC8578292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While alloy design has practically shown an efficient strategy to mediate two seemingly conflicted performances of writing speed and data retention in phase-change memory, the detailed kinetic pathway of alloy-tuned crystallization is still unclear. Here, we propose hierarchical melt and coordinate bond strategies to solve them, where the former stabilizes a medium-range crystal-like region and the latter provides a rule to stabilize amorphous. The Er0.52Sb2Te3 compound we designed achieves writing speed of 3.2 ns and ten-year data retention of 161 °C. We provide a direct atomic-level evidence that two neighbor Er atoms stabilize a medium-range crystal-like region, acting as a precursor to accelerate crystallization; meanwhile, the stabilized amorphous originates from the formation of coordinate bonds by sharing lone-pair electrons of chalcogenide atoms with the empty 5d orbitals of Er atoms. The two rules pave the way for the development of storage-class memory with comprehensive performance to achieve next technological node. In phase-change memory, writing speed and data retention are two seemingly conflicting performances. Here the authors report hierarchical melt and coordinate bond strategies to stabilize a medium-range crystal-like region and amorphous region, respectively.
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Dutta SK, Bera S, Behera RK, Hudait B, Pradhan N. Cs-Lattice Extension and Expansion for Inducing Secondary Growth of CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16183-16193. [PMID: 34636535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increase of the stability of perovskite nanocrystals with respect to exposure to polar media, layers growth, or shelling with different materials is in demand. While these are widely studied for metal chalcogenide nanocrystals, it has yet to be explored for perovskite nanocrystals. Even growth of a single monolayer on any facet or on the entire surface of these nanocrystals could not be established yet. To address this, herein, a secondary growth approach leading to creation of a secondary lattice with subsequent expansion on preformed CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals is reported. As direct layer growth by adding precursors was not successful, Cs-lattice extension to preformed CsPbBr3 nanocrystals was performed by coupling CsBr to these nanocrystals. Opening both {110}/{002} and {200} facets of parent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, CsBr was observed to be connected with lattice matching to the {200} facets. Further with Pb(II) incorporation, the Cs-sublattices of CsBr were expanded to CsPbBr3 and led to cube-couple nanocrystals. However, as cubes in these nanostructures were differently oriented, these showed lattice mismatch at their junctions. This lattice mismatch though restricted complete shelling but successfully favored the secondary growth on specific facets of parent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. Details of this secondary growth via lattice extension and expansion are microscopically analyzed and reported. These results further suggest that lead halide perovskite nanocrystals can be epitaxially grown under proper reaction design and more complex as well as heterostructures of these materials can be fabricated to meet the current demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Dutta
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suman Bera
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Behera
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswajit Hudait
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Narayan Pradhan
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata 700032, India
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Zhang W, Ono LK, Xue J, Qi Y. Atomic Level Insights into Metal Halide Perovskite Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112352. [PMID: 34647403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite materials (MHPMs) have attracted significant attention because of their superior optoelectronic properties and versatile applications. The power conversion efficiency of MHPM solar cells (PSCs) has skyrocketed to 25.5 %. Although the performance of PSCs is already competitive, several important challenges still need to be solved to realize commercial applications. A thorough understanding of surface atomic structures and structure-property relationships is at the heart of these remaining issues. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) can be used to characterize the surface properties of MHPMs, which can offer crucial insights into MHPMs at the atomic scale. This Review summarizes recent progress in STM and STS studies on MHPMs, with a focus on the surface properties. We provide understanding from the comparative perspective of several different MHPMs. We also highlight a series of novel phenomena observed by STM and STS. Finally, we outline a few research topics of primary importance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jiamin Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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Local-electrostatics-induced oxygen octahedral distortion in perovskite oxides and insight into the structure of Ruddlesden-Popper phases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5527. [PMID: 34545102 PMCID: PMC8452630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the physical properties of ABX3 perovskite-based oxides strongly depend on the geometry of oxygen octahedra containing transition-metal cations, precise identification of the distortion, tilt, and rotation of the octahedra is an essential step toward understanding the structure-property correlation. Here we discover an important electrostatic origin responsible for remarkable Jahn-Teller-type tetragonal distortion of oxygen octahedra during atomic-level direct observation of two-dimensional [AX] interleaved shear faults in five different perovskite-type materials, SrTiO3, BaCeO3, LaCoO3, LaNiO3, and CsPbBr3. When the [AX] sublayer has a net charge, for example [LaO]+ in LaCoO3 and LaNiO3, substantial tetragonal elongation of oxygen octahedra at the fault plane is observed and this screens the strong repulsion between the consecutive [LaO]+ layers. Moreover, our findings on the distortion induced by local charge are identified to be a general structural feature in lanthanide-based An + 1BnX3n + 1-type Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) oxides with charged [LnO]+ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Eu, and Gd) sublayers, among more than 80 RP oxides and halides with high symmetry. The present study thus demonstrates that the local uneven electrostatics is a crucial factor significantly affecting the crystal structure of complex oxides.
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30
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Morrell MV, Pickett A, Bhattacharya P, Guha S, Xing Y. Inorganic Ruddlesden-Popper Faults in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38579-38585. [PMID: 34358425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the layered hybrid Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) halide perovskites have already established themselves as the frontrunners among the candidates in optoelectronics, their all-inorganic counterparts remain least explored in the RP-type perovskite family. Herein, we study and compare the optoelectronic properties of all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with and without RP planar faults. We find that the RP-CsPbBr3 PNCs possess both higher exciton binding energy and longer exciton lifetimes. The former is ascribed to a quantum confinement effect in the PNCs induced by the RP faults. The latter is attributed to a spatial electron-hole separation across the RP faults. A striking difference is found in the up-conversion photoluminescence response in the two types of CsPbBr3 PNCs. For the first time, all-inorganic RP-CsPbBr3 PNCs are tested in light-emitting devices and shown to significantly outperform the non-RP CsPbBr3 PNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Morrell
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Alec Pickett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Payal Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yangchuan Xing
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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31
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Bhattacharya P, Morrell MV, Xing Y, Mathai CJ, Yu P, Guha S. Enhanced Third Harmonic Generation in Lead Bromide Perovskites with Ruddlesden-Popper Planar Faults. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4092-4097. [PMID: 33885324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites provide a test bed for exploring nonlinear optical properties. Although the underlying centrosymmetric crystal structure of 3D lead halide perovskites precludes the phenomenon of second harmonic generation, the third and higher-order harmonic generation are allowed. In this work, we probe the third harmonic generation (THG) from CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) and compare it to the THG from CsPbBr3 NCs with Ruddlesden-Popper planar faults (RP-CsPbBr3), formed via postsynthetic fusion-growth. The THG from CsPbBr3 NCs is negligible compared with that of RP-CsPbBr3 NCs within a wide range of femtosecond excitation wavelengths. We further compare the THG from a thin film of RP-CsPbBr3 with that of a single crystal of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3). The THG efficiency of RP-CsPbBr3 is found to be three times greater than that of MAPbBr3. An effective third-order susceptibility of the order of 10-18 m2 V-2 is obtained for a RP-CsPbBr3 film, opening up the prospect of inorganic halide perovskite NCs with planar defects for a range of nonlinear optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Maria V Morrell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yangchuan Xing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Cherian J Mathai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Suchismita Guha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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32
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Ondry JC, Alivisatos AP. Application of Dislocation Theory to Minimize Defects in Artificial Solids Built with Nanocrystal Building Blocks. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1419-1429. [PMID: 33576596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusOriented atomic attachment of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals represents a powerful synthetic method for preparing complex inorganic superstructures. Examples include fusion of nanocrystals into dimer and superlattice structures. If the attachment were perfect throughout, then the resulting materials would have single crystal-like alignment of the individual nanocrystals' atomic lattices. While individual colloidal nanocrystals typically are free of many defects, there are a multitude of pathways that can generate defects upon nanocrystal attachment. These attachment generated defects are typically undesirable, and thus developing strategies to favor defect-free attachment or heal defective interfaces are essential. There may also be some cases where attachment-derived defects are desirable. In this Account, we summarize our current understanding of how these defects arise, in order to offer guidance to those who are designing nanocrystal derived solids.The small size of inorganic nanocrystals means short diffusion lengths to the surface, which favor the formation of nanocrystal building blocks with pristine atomic structures. Upon attachment, however, there are numerous pathways that can lead to atomic scale defects, and bulk crystal dislocation theory provides an invaluable guide to understanding these phenomena. As an example, an atomic step edge can be incorporated into the interface leading to an extra half-plane of atoms, known as an edge dislocation. These dislocations can be well described by the Burgers vector description of dislocations, which geometrically identifies planes in which a dislocation can move. Our in situ measurements have verified that bulk dislocation theory predictions for 1D defects hold true at few-nanometer length scales in PbTe and CdSe nanocrystal interfaces. Ultimately, the applicability of dislocation theory to nanocrystal attachment enables the predictive design of attachment to prevent or facilitate healing of defects upon nanocrystal attachment. We applied similar logic to understand formation of planar (2D) defects such as stacking faults upon nanocrystal attachment. Again concepts from bulk crystal defect crystallography can identify attachment pathways that can prevent or deterministically form planar defects upon nanocrystal attachment. The concepts we discuss work well for identifying favorable attachment geometries for nanocrystal pairs; however it is currently unclear how to translate these ideas to near-simultaneous multiparticle attachment. Geometric frustration, which prevents nanocrystal rotation, and yet-to-be considered defect generation pathways unique to multiparticle attachment complicate defect-free superlattice attachment. New imaging methods now allow for the direct observation of local attachment trajectories and may enable improved understanding of such multiparticle phenomena. With further refinement, a unified framework for understanding and ultimately eliminating structural defects in fused nanocrystal superstructures may well be achievable in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Liu X, Wang J, Ma C, Huang X, Liu K, Xu Z, Wang W, Wang L, Bai X. Atomic-scale visualization of metallic lead leak related fine structure in CsPbBr 3 quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:124-130. [PMID: 33326538 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic lead halide perovskites (AILHPs) quantum dots (QDs) have been widely investigated as promising materials for optoelectronic applications because of their outstanding luminescence properties. Lead leakage, a common impurity and environmental pollution source that majorly hinders the commercialization of lead halide perovskite devices, has lately attracted considerable attention. Its detrimental influence on the luminescence performance has been widely reported. However, an in-depth experimental study of the chemistry geometry relating to lead leakage in CsPbBr3 QDs has been rarely reported to date. Herein, combining real-time (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) with density functional theory calculations, we showed detailed atomic and electronic structure study of the phase boundaries in CsPbBr3 QDs during the lead leakage process. A phenomenon of two-phase coexistence was reported to be linked with the lead precipitating in CsPbBr3 QDs. A phase boundary between the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase and conventional orthorhombic perovskite was developed when the lead particle was aggregating in the QDs. Our results suggested that in considering the detrimental exciton quenching process not only the role of lead nanoparticles should be considered but also the influence of the phase boundary on electron-hole transport is worthy of attention. The direct visualization of the delicate atomic and electronic structures associated with lead aggregation in CsPbBr3 sheds light on how the leakage process influences the luminescence performance and provides a potential route for suppressing the generation of environmentally harmful byproducts for advanced devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Bak J, Bae HB, Oh C, Son J, Chung SY. Effect of Lattice Strain on the Formation of Ruddlesden-Popper Faults in Heteroepitaxial LaNiO 3 for Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7253-7260. [PMID: 32677839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of research has recently been focused on Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) two-dimensional planar faults consisting of intervened [AO] monolayers in an ABO3 perovskite framework due to the structurally peculiar shear configuration. In this work, we scrutinize the effect of elastic strain on the generation behavior of RP faults, which are electrocatalytically very active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), in (001) epitaxial LaNiO3 thin films through by using two distinct single-crystal substrates with different cubic lattice parameters. Atomic-scale direct observations reveal that RP faults can be more favorably created when tensile misfit strain is exerted. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the controlled growth of thin films show notably enhanced OER activity by the RP faults. The findings in this study highlight the impact of symmetry-breaking defect formation for better oxygen electrocatalysis in perovskite oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumi Bak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chadol Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Junwoo Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Paul S, Bladt E, Richter AF, Döblinger M, Tong Y, Huang H, Dey A, Bals S, Debnath T, Polavarapu L, Feldmann J. Mangan‐Dotierung von Perowskit‐Nanokristallen: Quanteneinschränkung Aufgrund von Ruddlesden‐Popper‐Defekten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Paul
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMATUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Alexander F. Richter
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 (E) 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Yu Tong
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - He Huang
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Amrita Dey
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Sara Bals
- EMATUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Tushar Debnath
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Lakshminarayana Polavarapu
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Königinstr. 10 80539 München Deutschland
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36
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Paul S, Bladt E, Richter AF, Döblinger M, Tong Y, Huang H, Dey A, Bals S, Debnath T, Polavarapu L, Feldmann J. Manganese-Doping-Induced Quantum Confinement within Host Perovskite Nanocrystals through Ruddlesden-Popper Defects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6794-6799. [PMID: 32003102 PMCID: PMC7186832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The concept of doping Mn2+ ions into II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) was recently extended to perovskite NCs. To date, most studies on Mn2+ doped NCs focus on enhancing the emission related to the Mn2+ dopant via an energy transfer mechanism. Herein, we found that the doping of Mn2+ ions into CsPbCl3 NCs not only results in a Mn2+ -related orange emission, but also strongly influences the excitonic properties of the host NCs. We observe for the first time that Mn2+ doping leads to the formation of Ruddlesden-Popper (R.P.) defects and thus induces quantum confinement within the host NCs. We find that a slight doping with Mn2+ ions improves the size distribution of the NCs, which results in a prominent excitonic peak. However, with increasing the Mn2+ concentration, the number of R.P. planes increases leading to smaller single-crystal domains. The thus enhanced confinement and crystal inhomogeneity cause a gradual blue shift and broadening of the excitonic transition, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Paul
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMATUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpBelgium
| | - Alexander F. Richter
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13 (E)81377MunichGermany
| | - Yu Tong
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - He Huang
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Amrita Dey
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Sara Bals
- EMATUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020AntwerpBelgium
| | - Tushar Debnath
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Lakshminarayana Polavarapu
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Chair for Photonics and OptoelectronicsNano-Institute MunichDepartment of PhysicsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Königinstrasse 1080539MunichGermany
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37
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Hudait B, Dutta SK, Patra A, Nasipuri D, Pradhan N. Facets Directed Connecting Perovskite Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7207-7217. [PMID: 32207966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Connecting nanocrystals with removal of interface ligand barriers is one of the key steps for efficient carrier transportation in optoelectronic device fabrication. Typically, ion migration for crystal deformation or connection with other nanocrystals needs a solvent as medium. However, on the contrary, this has been observed for CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals in film where nanocrystals were swollen to get wider and fused with adjacent nanocrystals in self-assembly on film during solvent evaporation. Depending on precursor composition and exposed facets, again these connections could be programmed for tuning their connecting directions leading to different shapes. Aging further on solid substrate, these were also turned to continuous film of nanostructures eliminating all interparticle gaps on the film. This transformation could be ceased at any point of time, simply by heating or adding sufficient ligands. Analysis suggested that these unique and controlled connections were only observed with polyhedron shaped nanostructures with certain compositions and not with traditionally cubes. Details of this solid-surface transformation during solvent evaporation were analyzed, and an interparticle material transfer type mechanism was proposed. As these observations were not seen in chalcogenide and oxide nanocrystals and exclusively observed in perovskite nanocrystals, this would add new fundamentals to the insights of crystal growths of nanocrystals and would also help in obtaining films of connecting nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Hudait
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Dutta
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Avijit Patra
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Diptam Nasipuri
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Narayan Pradhan
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
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38
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Dang Z, Dhanabalan B, Castelli A, Dhall R, Bustillo KC, Marchelli D, Spirito D, Petralanda U, Shamsi J, Manna L, Krahne R, Arciniegas MP. Temperature-Driven Transformation of CsPbBr 3 Nanoplatelets into Mosaic Nanotiles in Solution through Self-Assembly. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1808-1818. [PMID: 31991086 PMCID: PMC7997623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional colloidal halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising materials for light-emitting applications. Recent studies have focused on nanoplatelets that are able to self-assemble and transform on solid substrates. However, the mechanism behind the process and the atomic arrangement of their assemblies remain unclear. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the transformation of self-assembled stacks of CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets in solution over a period of a few months by using ex situ transmission electron microscopy and surface analysis. We demonstrate that the transformation mechanism can be understood as oriented attachment, proceeding through the following steps: (i) desorption of the ligands from the surfaces of the particles, causing the seamless atomic merging of nanoplatelet stacks into nanobelts; (ii) merging of neighboring nanobelts that form more extended nanoplates; and (iii) attachment of nanobelts and nanoplates, forming objects with an atomic structure that resembles a mosaic made of broken nanotiles. We reveal that aged nanobelts and nanoplates, which are mainly stabilized by amine/ammonium ions, link through a bilayer of CsBr, with the atomic columns of neighboring perovskite lattices shifted by a half-unit-cell, forming Ruddlesden-Popper planar faults. We also show, via in situ monitoring of the nanocrystal photoluminescence combined with transmission electron microscopy analysis, that the transformation is temperature driven and that it can take place within tens of minutes in solution and in spin-coated films. Understanding this process gives crucial information for the design and fabrication of perovskite materials, where control over the type and density of defects is desired, stimulating the development of perovskite nanocrystal structures with tailored electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Dang
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Balaji Dhanabalan
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Castelli
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rohan Dhall
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C. Bustillo
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dorwal Marchelli
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Spirito
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Urko Petralanda
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Javad Shamsi
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Roman Krahne
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Milena P. Arciniegas
- Nanochemistry
Department and Optoelectronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- E-mail:
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39
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Hieulle J, Luo S, Son DY, Jamshaid A, Stecker C, Liu Z, Na G, Yang D, Ohmann R, Ono LK, Zhang L, Qi Y. Imaging of the Atomic Structure of All-Inorganic Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:818-823. [PMID: 31933374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic halide perovskites are promising materials for optoelectronic applications. The surface or interface structure of the perovskites plays a crucial role in determining the optoelectronic conversion efficiency, as well as the material stability. A thorough understanding of surface atomic structures of the inorganic perovskites and their contributions to their optoelectronic properties and stability is lacking. Here we show a scanning tunneling microscopy investigation on the atomic and electronic structure of CsPbBr3 perovskite. Two different surface structures with a stripe and an armchair domain are identified, which originates from a complex interplay between Cs cations and Br anions. Our findings are further supported and correlated with density functional theory calculations and photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The stability evaluation of photovoltaic devices indicates a higher stability for CsPbBr3 in comparison with MAPbBr3, which is closely related to the low volatility of Cs from the perovskite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Hieulle
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Shulin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and College of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Dae-Yong Son
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Afshan Jamshaid
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Collin Stecker
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Zonghao Liu
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Guangren Na
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and College of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Dongwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and College of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Robin Ohmann
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE and College of Materials Science and Engineering , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU) , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha , Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
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40
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Ondry JC, Philbin JP, Lostica M, Rabani E, Alivisatos AP. Resilient Pathways to Atomic Attachment of Quantum Dot Dimers and Artificial Solids from Faceted CdSe Quantum Dot Building Blocks. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12322-12344. [PMID: 31246407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to identify favored pathways for preparation of defect-resilient attached wurtzite CdX (X = S, Se, Te) nanocrystals. We seek guidelines for oriented attachment of faceted nanocrystals that are most likely to yield pairs of nanocrystals with either few or no electronic defects or electronic defects that are in and of themselves desirable and stable. Using a combination of in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electronic structure calculations, we evaluate the relative merits of atomic attachment of wurtzite CdSe nanocrystals on the {11̅00} or {112̅0} family of facets. Pairwise attachment on either facet can lead to perfect interfaces, provided the nanocrystal facets are perfectly flat and the angles between the nanocrystals can adjust during the assembly. Considering defective attachment, we observe for {11̅00} facet attachment that only one type of edge dislocation forms, creating deep hole traps. For {112̅0} facet attachment, we observe that four distinct types of extended defects form, some of which lead to deep hole traps whereas others only to shallow hole traps. HRTEM movies of the dislocation dynamics show that dislocations at {11̅00} interfaces can be removed, albeit slowly. Whereas only some extended defects at {112̅0} interfaces could be removed, others were trapped at the interface. Based on these insights, we identify the most resilient pathways to atomic attachment of pairs of wurtzite CdX nanocrystals and consider how these insights can translate to the creation of electronically useful materials from quantum dots with other crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - John P Philbin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Michael Lostica
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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41
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Zhang J, Hodes G, Jin Z, Liu S(F. All‐Inorganic CsPbX
3
Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15596-15618. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Zhiwen Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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42
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Zhang J, Hodes G, Jin Z, Liu S(F. Anorganische CsPbX
3
‐Perowskit‐Solarzellen: Fortschritte und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P. R. China
| | - Gary Hodes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Zhiwen Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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43
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Akkerman Q, Bladt E, Petralanda U, Dang Z, Sartori E, Baranov D, Abdelhady AL, Infante I, Bals S, Manna L. Fully Inorganic Ruddlesden-Popper Double Cl-I and Triple Cl-Br-I Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:2182-2190. [PMID: 32952295 PMCID: PMC7497717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) are currently based on either a single halide composition (CsPbCl3, CsPbBr3, and CsPbI3) or an alloyed mixture of bromide with either Cl- or I- [i.e., CsPb(Br:Cl)3 or CsPb(Br:I)3]. In this work, we present the synthesis as well as a detailed optical and structural study of two halide alloying cases that have not previously been reported for LHP NCs: Cs2PbI2Cl2 NCs and triple halide CsPb(Cl:Br:I)3 NCs. In the case of Cs2PbI2Cl2, we observe for the first time NCs with a fully inorganic Ruddlesden-Popper phase (RPP) crystal structure. Unlike the well-explored organic-inorganic RPP, here, the RPP formation is triggered by the size difference between the halide ions. These NCs exhibit a strong excitonic absorption, albeit with a weak photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). In the case of the triple halide CsPb(Cl:Br:I)3 composition, the NCs comprise a CsPbBr2Cl perovskite crystal lattice with only a small amount of incorporated iodide, which segregates at RPP planes' interfaces within the CsPb(Cl:Br:I)3 NCs. Supported by density functional theory calculations and postsynthetic surface treatments to enhance the PLQY, we show that the combination of iodide segregation and defective RPP interfaces are most likely linked to the strong PL quenching observed in these nanostructures. In summary, this work demonstrates the limits of halide alloying in LHP NCs because a mixture that contains halide ions of very different sizes leads to the formation of defective RPP interfaces and a severe quenching of LHP NC's optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten
A. Akkerman
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMAT,
Department of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Urko Petralanda
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Zhiya Dang
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sartori
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Dmitry Baranov
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ahmed L. Abdelhady
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ivan Infante
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- E-mail: (I.I.)
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT,
Department of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
- E-mail: (S.B.)
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- E-mail: (L.M.)
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