1
|
Errandonea D, Turnbull R, Osman HHH, Hebboul Z, Botella P, Bura N, Zhang P, Rodrigo Ramon JL, Sanchez-Martin J, Popescu C, Manjón FJ. Effects of Compression on the Local Iodine Environment in Dipotassium Zinc Tetraiodate(V) Dihydrate K 2Zn(IO 3) 4·2H 2O. Inorg Chem 2025; 64:7784-7796. [PMID: 40208225 PMCID: PMC12124715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Combining X-ray diffraction with density-functional theory and electron topology calculations, we found that pressure substantially modifies the bonding in K2Zn(IO3)4·2H2O. We discovered that under compression, there is a progressive change from primary covalent I-O bonds and secondary halogen I···O interactions toward O-I-O electron-deficient multicenter bonds. Because of this, iodine hypercoordination converts IO3 trigonal pyramids toward IO6 units. The formation of these IO6 units breaks the typical isolation of iodate molecules, forming an infinite two-dimensional iodate network. Hypercoordination influences the hydrogen atoms too, such that multicenter O-H-O bonds are also promoted with increasing pressure. We have determined that K2Zn(IO3)4·2H2O is one of the most compressible iodates studied to date, with a bulk modulus of 22(3) GPa. The pressure-induced structural changes strongly modify the electronic structure as shown by optical-absorption measurements and band-structure calculations. The band gap energy closes from 4.2(1) eV at ambient pressure to 3.4(1) eV at 20 GPa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Errandonea
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Robin Turnbull
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Hussien H. H. Osman
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
- Instituto
de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada,
MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022València, Spain
| | - Zoulikha Hebboul
- Laboratoire
Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Université
Amar Telidji de Laghouat, BP 37G, Route de Ghardaia, Laghouat03000, Algeria
| | - Pablo Botella
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Neha Bura
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Peijie Zhang
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rodrigo Ramon
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Josu Sanchez-Martin
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, 46100Valencia, Spain
| | - Catalin Popescu
- CELLS-ALBA
Synchrotron Light Facility, Cerdanyola, 08290Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Manjón
- Instituto
de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada,
MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Conrads L, Bontke F, Mathwieser A, Buske P, Wuttig M, Schmitt R, Holly C, Taubner T. Infrared beam-shaping on demand via tailored geometric phase metasurfaces employing the plasmonic phase-change material In 3SbTe 2. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3698. [PMID: 40251195 PMCID: PMC12008226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Conventional optical elements are bulky and limited to specific functionalities, contradicting the increasing demand of miniaturization and multi-functionalities. Optical metasurfaces enable tailoring light-matter interaction at will, especially important for the infrared spectral range which lacks commercially available beam-shaping elements. While the fabrication of those metasurfaces usually requires cumbersome techniques, direct laser writing promises a simple and convenient alternative. Here, we exploit the non-volatile laser-induced insulator-to-metal transition of the plasmonic phase-change material In3SbTe2 (IST) for optical programming of large-area metasurfaces for infrared beam-shaping. We tailor the geometric phase of metasurfaces with rotated crystalline IST rod antennas to achieve beam steering, lensing, and beams carrying orbital angular momenta. Finally, we investigate multi-functional and cascaded metasurfaces exploiting enlarged holography, and design a single metasurface creating two different holograms along the optical axis. Our approach facilitates fabrication of large-area metasurfaces within hours, enabling rapid-prototyping of customized infrared meta-optics for sensing, imaging and quantum information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Conrads
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Florian Bontke
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mathwieser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Buske
- Chair for Technology of Optical Systems, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlo Holly
- Chair for Technology of Optical Systems, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Taubner
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Powell AV, Vaqueiro P, Tippireddy S, Prado-Gonjal J. Exploiting chemical bonding principles to design high-performance thermoelectric materials. Nat Rev Chem 2025; 9:241-260. [PMID: 40133505 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-025-00695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
Thermoelectric materials offer unique opportunities to convert otherwise wasted thermal energy into useful electrical energy. Many of the traditional thermoelectric materials, such as bismuth telluride and lead telluride, contain scarce and toxic elements. This has motivated the search for new high-performance materials containing readily-available and environmentally-less-damaging elements. Numerous advances in the development of high-performance thermoelectric materials exploit fundamental chemical-bonding principles. Much of the thermoelectric literature lies at the interface of chemistry, physics and materials science. In this Review, progress in the design of high-performance materials is discussed in terms of ideas that are familiar in chemistry. This includes the influence of concepts such as bonding heterogeneity, covalency, polarizability, lone pairs and different bonding models, including multi-centre, metallic and iono-covalent archetypes. In this way, we seek to present aspects of this diverse field of research in terms that are accessible to the chemistry community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paz Vaqueiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sahil Tippireddy
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Jesús Prado-Gonjal
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim D, Kim S, Jung J, Kim J, Choi S, Schön CF, Lee C, Lim H, Jeong J, Yu S, Jeong Y, Lee H, Kim S, Nam D, Eom I, Jang D, Kim KS, Im S, Han S, Kim H, Cho MH. Nonmelting Disordering Facilitated by Electron Delocalization. ACS NANO 2025; 19:9317-9326. [PMID: 40008557 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Disordering atomic structures offers a functionality hardly expected in ordered states, including phase-change memory and photonic computing, offering the potential to renovate von Neumann architecture for neuromorphic engineering with low latency. However, significant energy consumption during the disordering compromises the data reliability and integration efficiency, which is traditionally regarded to take place after melting. Here, we investigate time for disordering in isochronal and isochoric manners, challenging the conventional melt-quenching theory. The disordering times of pure Sb, Ag-In-Sb-Te, and In surpass that of InSb by over 50 times, despite a higher melting point and a lower laser absorption rate of Sb compared to InSb. This nontrivial contrast is elucidated by theoretical calculation that delocalized electrons enable flexible modification of bond lengths even below the melting points where undermined bond directionality provides room for atoms to depart from their original positions. Facilitated by delocalized electrons, specifically through metavalent and metallic bonding rather than covalent bonding, atoms can be disordered without undergoing melting, which aligns with the rapid disordering of Sb compared to that of InSb. The results bridge the unaddressed gap between chemical interaction and kinetic behaviors during the disordering and suggest design rules highlighting electron-delocalization rather than solely relying on melting points to improve energy efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasol Kim
- Aachen. I. Institute of Physics, Physics of Novel Materials, RWTH-Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Center for Ultrafast Phase Transformation, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- Samsung electronics, Suwon 16677, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Kim
- Center for Ultrafast Phase Transformation, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Center for Ultrafast Phase Transformation, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Carl-Friedrich Schön
- Aachen. I. Institute of Physics, Physics of Novel Materials, RWTH-Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwook Lim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehun Jeong
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Samsung electronics, Suwon 16677, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuck Yu
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Samsung electronics, Suwon 16677, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jeong
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogeun Jang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongil Im
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwu Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Center for Ultrafast Phase Transformation, Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mann-Ho Cho
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of System Semiconductor Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Y, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhang S, Zhang S, Kang Q, Sharafudeen K, Lian H, Saravanakumar S, Zhang X, Xu J, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Han G, Li Y. In Situ Slow-Release Hydrogen Sulfide Therapeutics for Advanced Disease Treatments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2410909. [PMID: 39838647 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas therapygarners significant attention for its potential to improve outcomes in various disease treatments. The quantitative control of H2S release is crucial for effective the rapeutic interventions; however, traditional researchon H2S therapy frequently utilizes static release models and neglects the dynamic nature of blood flow. In this study, we propose a novel slow-release in-situ H2S release model that leverages the dynamic hydrolysis of H2S donorswithin the bloodstream. Calcium sulfide nanoparticles (CaS NPs) withmicrosolubility characteristics exhibit continuous H2S release, surpassing 24 h at normal blood flow velocities. The extended-release profile demonstrates superior potential in aligning with the bell-shapedpharmacological effect of H2S, compared to NaHS. Moreover, we synthesisedrare earth-doped CaS NPs (CaS: Eu2+, Sm3+ NPs) tha texhibit persistent luminescence, enabling visualisation of the continuous H2S release in trials. Our results demonstrate that lowdose CaS: Eu2+, Sm3+ NPs significantly reduces seizureduration to 1.2 ± 0.7 minutes, while high dose effectively suppresses colontumor growth with a tumor inhibition rate of 54%. Remarkably, these findings closely resemble endogenous H2S levels in treating epilepsy and tumors. This innovative slow-release, in-situ H2S the rapeutic approach via hydrolysis rejuvenates the development of H2S-basedtherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zhishan Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingzhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shaoan Zhang
- Institute of Light+X Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qiyun Kang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | | | - Huiwang Lian
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Subramanian Saravanakumar
- Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to Be University), Krishnan Koil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jialong Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Light+X Science and Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Walfort S, Holle N, Vehndel J, Yimam DT, Vollmar N, Kooi BJ, Salinga M. The Photoinduced Response of Antimony from Femtoseconds to Minutes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2414687. [PMID: 39806839 PMCID: PMC11881669 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202414687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
As a phase change material (PCM), antimony exhibits a set of desirable properties that make it an interesting candidate for photonic memory applications. These include a large optical contrast between crystalline and amorphous solid states over a wide wavelength range. Switching between the states is possible on nanosecond timescales by applying short heating pulses. The glass state is reached through melting and rapid quenching through a supercooled liquid regime. While initial and final states are easily characterized, little is known about the optical properties on the path to forming a glass. Here we resolve the entire switching cycle of antimony with femtosecond resolution in stroboscopic optical pump-probe measurements and combine the experimental results with ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations. The glass formation process of antimony is revealed to be a complex multi-step process, where the intermediate transient states exhibit distinct optical properties with even larger contrasts than those observed between crystal and glass. The provided quantitative understanding forms the basis for exploitation in high bandwidth photonic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Walfort
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of MünsterWilhelm‐Klemm‐Str. 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Nils Holle
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of MünsterWilhelm‐Klemm‐Str. 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Julia Vehndel
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of MünsterWilhelm‐Klemm‐Str. 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Daniel T. Yimam
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 3Groningen9747The Netherlands
| | - Niklas Vollmar
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of MünsterWilhelm‐Klemm‐Str. 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Bart J. Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 3Groningen9747The Netherlands
| | - Martin Salinga
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of MünsterWilhelm‐Klemm‐Str. 1048149MünsterGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang Y, Sun S, Zhang H, Wang X, Lei Y, Mazzarello R, Zhang W. Ab initio investigation of layered TMGeTe 3 alloys for phase-change applications. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:4372-4380. [PMID: 39829375 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr04728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) are among the most mature candidates for next-generation memory technology. Recently, CrGeTe3 (CrGT) emerged as a promising PCM due to its enhanced amorphous stability and fast crystallization for embedded memory applications. The amorphous stability of CrGT was attributed to the complex layered structure of the crystalline motifs needed to initiate crystallization. A subsequent computational screening work identified several similar compounds with good thermal stability, such as InGeTe3, CrSiTe3 and BiSiTe3. Here, we explored the substitution of Cr in CrGT with other 3d metals and predicted four additional layered alloys to be dynamically stable, namely ScGeTe3, TiGeTe3, ZnGeTe3 and MnGeTe3. Thorough ab initio simulations performed on both crystalline and amorphous models of these materials indicate the former three alloys to be potential PCMs with sizable resistance contrast. Furthermore, we found that crystalline MnGeTe3 exhibits ferromagnetic behavior, whereas the amorphous state probably forms a spin glass phase. This makes MnGeTe3 a promising candidate for magnetic phase-change applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Suyang Sun
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Institute of Materials, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiaozhe Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yibo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Bürger JC, Polin N, Meledin A, Mayer J, Wuttig M, Daus A. Thermally Assisted Atomic-Scale Intermixing and Ordering in GeTe-Sb 2Te 3 Superlattices. ACS NANO 2025; 19:6130-6141. [PMID: 39913945 PMCID: PMC11841033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/19/2025]
Abstract
Interfacial phase change memory (iPCM) devices have been shown to switch with significantly reduced power consumption, compared with conventional phase-change memory devices. These iPCMs are based on a periodic structure of nanometer-sized layers of chalcogenides called a chalcogenide superlattice (CSL). Strong temperature increases have been observed within the CSL during the switching procedure, questioning the stability of the CSL structure. In this study, we conduct a detailed quantitative analysis to investigate the evolution of the structure and composition of the sputter-deposited GeTe-Sb2Te3 CSL upon a temperature increase using atom probe tomography. We find that GeTe-Sb2Te3 CSLs already feature significant interdiffusion during the synthesis, with a considerable fraction of Sb found in GeTe and Ge in Sb2Te3. Upon heating the atoms rearrange considerably and form layers of stable Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge3Sb2Te6 phases, which can be described as a layered solid of GeTe and Sb2Te3 blocks, i.e., Ge2Sb2Te5 = 2 × GeTe + Sb2Te3, while Ge3Sb2Te6 = 3 × GeTe + Sb2Te3. Moreover, these layered solids form in such a way as to preserve and maximize the number of van der Waals (vdW)-like contacts. Interestingly, our electrothermal simulations indicate that the transformation of the original CSL structure into layered stacks of Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge3Sb2Te6 will have a beneficial effect on device performance. Finally, we discuss the mechanism behind the interdiffusion and phase formation and its implications for iPCM devices. In doing so, the applicability of atom probe tomography to directly investigate intermixing and phase formation on the nanoscale in phase change and related memory devices is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- I.
Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- INATECH, University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Straße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin-Clara Bürger
- IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikita Polin
- I.
Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Meledin
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre (ER-C-2), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre (ER-C-2), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- I.
Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen
Research Alliance (JARA-HPC and JARA-FIT), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute
(PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alwin Daus
- IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Conrads L, Schüler L, Wirth KG, Cleri A, Heßler A, Jung L, Wuttig M, Chigrin D, Maria JP, Taubner T. Real-space imaging of confined infrared surface plasmon polaritons on doped semiconductors covered with phase-change materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadr6844. [PMID: 39919187 PMCID: PMC11804914 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adr6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/09/2025]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) describe the excitation of photons coupled with free charge carriers at the interface of metals (visible) or doped semiconductors (infrared). While SPPs in the mid-infrared spectral range have been demonstrated in 2D materials such as graphene, their short propagation length combined with weak confinement in bulk materials has prevented real-space imaging of those SPPs. Here, we demonstrate real-space imaging of propagating SPPs on the doped semiconductors CdO and InAs with tunable plasma frequencies in the infrared via scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. Adding a thin film of phase-change materials (PCMs) to these doped semiconductors increases the polariton confinement, leading to simplified SPP imaging and SPP resonator fabrication. We investigate optically written circular resonators of the plasmonic PCM In3SbTe2 on CdO with near-field spectroscopy and Fabry-Perot resonators of the dielectric PCM Ge3Sb2Te6 on InAs with far-field spectroscopy. Our work enables rapid prototyping of reconfigurable SPP resonators in mid-infrared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Conrads
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Luis Schüler
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Angela Cleri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andreas Heßler
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Jung
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Chigrin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas Taubner
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoff F, Kerres P, Veslin T, Jalil AR, Schmidt T, Ritarossi S, Köttgen J, Bothe L, Frank J, Schön C, Xu Y, Kim D, Mertens J, Mayer J, Mazzarello R, Wuttig M. Bond Confinement-Dependent Peierls Distortion in Epitaxially Grown Bismuth Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2416938. [PMID: 39740119 PMCID: PMC11837888 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202416938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
A systematic study of the impact of film thickness on the properties of thin Bi films is presented. To this end, epitaxial films of high quality have been grown on a Si (111) substrate with thicknesses ranging from 1.9 to 29.9 nm. Broadband optical spectroscopy reveals a notable decline in the optical dielectric constant and the absorption peak height as the film thickness decreases, alongside a shift of the absorption maximum to higher photon energies. Raman and pump-probe spectroscopy show that the phonon mode frequencies increase upon decreasing film thickness, with the in-plane mode frequency rising by 10% from the thickest to the thinnest sample. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals an increasing Peierls distortion for thinner films, explaining the observed property changes. Quantum chemical bonding analysis and density functional theory calculations show that the properties of thin bismuth are influenced by the interplay between electron localization and delocalization, characteristic of metavalently bonded solids. This study shows that for solids that utilize metavalent bonding, a thickness reduction leads to significant property changes. The effect can even be employed to tailor material properties without the need to change material stoichiometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hoff
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Peter Kerres
- Peter Grünberg Institute – JARA‐Institute Energy Efficient Information Technology (PGI‐10)Wilhelm‐Johnen‐Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Timo Veslin
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Abdur Rehman Jalil
- Peter Grünberg Institute – JARA‐Institute Energy Efficient Information Technology (PGI‐10)Wilhelm‐Johnen‐Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Simone Ritarossi
- Dipartimento di FisicaSapienza University of RomePiazzale Aldo Moro 5Rome00185Italy
| | - Jan Köttgen
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Lucas Bothe
- Peter Grünberg Institute – JARA‐Institute Energy Efficient Information Technology (PGI‐10)Wilhelm‐Johnen‐Straße52428JülichGermany
| | - Jonathan Frank
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Carl‐Friedrich Schön
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Yazhi Xu
- Department of Applied PhysicsSchool of ScienceChang'an UniversityXi'an710064China
| | - Dasol Kim
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Julian Mertens
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
| | - Joachim Mayer
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyRWTH Aachen UniversityAhornstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Riccardo Mazzarello
- Dipartimento di FisicaSapienza University of RomePiazzale Aldo Moro 5Rome00185Italy
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen UniversitySommerfeldstraße 1452074AachenGermany
- Peter Grünberg Institute – JARA‐Institute Energy Efficient Information Technology (PGI‐10)Wilhelm‐Johnen‐Straße52428JülichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weinelt L, Steinberg S. Exploring the correlation between chemical bonding and structural distortions in TbCu 0.33Te 2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2025; 37:115501. [PMID: 39840492 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ada411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
The design of solid-state materials requests a thorough understanding of the structural preferences among plausible structure models. Since the bond energy contributes to the formation energy of a given structure model, it also is decisive to determine the nature of chemical bonding for a given material. In this context, we were motivated to explore the correlation between chemical bonding and structural distortions within the low-dimensional tellurium fragments in TbCu0.33Te2. The ternary telluride was obtained from high-temperature solid-state reactions, while structure determinations based on x-ray diffraction experiments did not point to the presence of any structural distortion above 100 K. However, the results of first-principles-based computations indicate that a potential structural distortion within the low-dimensional tellurium fragments also correlates to an optimization of overall bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leander Weinelt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Steinberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jones RO. The properties of solids: 'If you want to understand function, study structure'. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2025; 37:113001. [PMID: 39780356 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ada412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
The importance of the structure-function relationship in molecular biology was confirmed dramatically by the recent award of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 'for computational protein design' and 'for protein structure prediction'. The relationship is also important in chemistry and condensed matter physics, and we survey here structural concepts that have been developed over the past century, particularly in chemistry. As an example we take structural phase transitions in phase-change materials (PCM), which can be switched rapidly and reversibly between amorphous and crystalline states. Alloys of Ge, Sb, and Te are the materials of choice for PCM optical memory; they satisfy practical demands of stability and rapid crystallization, which results in metastable, rock salt structures, not the most stable (layered) crystalline forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R O Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bouška M, Gutwirth J, Bečvář K, Kucek V, Šlang S, Janíček P, Prokeš L, Havel J, Nazabal V, Němec P. Sc-doped GeTe thin films prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. Sci Rep 2025; 15:627. [PMID: 39753741 PMCID: PMC11698982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering method employing GeTe and Sc targets was exploited for the deposition of Sc doped GeTe thin films. Different characterization techniques (scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, sheet resistance temperature-dependent measurements, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometry) were used to evaluate the properties of as-deposited (amorphous) and annealed (crystalline) Ge-Te-Sc thin films. Prepared amorphous thin films have Ge48Te52, Ge46Te50Sc4, Ge44Te48Sc8, Ge43Te47Sc10 and Ge41Te45Sc14 chemical composition. The crystallization temperatures were found in the region of ~ 153-272 °C and they increase with scandium content. Upon amorphous-crystalline material phase change, large changes in sheet resistance were measured, with electrical contrast in terms of sheet resistance ratio Rannealed/Ras-deposited in the range of 1.37.10-4 - 9.1.10-7. Simultaneously, huge variations of optical functions were found as demonstrated by absolute values of optical contrast values (at 405 nm) in the range of |Δn|+|Δk| = 1.88-3.75 reaching maximum for layer containing 8 at% of Sc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bouška
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gutwirth
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Bečvář
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kucek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Šlang
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. legií 565, Pardubice, 530 02, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janíček
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nám. Čs. legií 565, Pardubice, 530 02, Czech Republic
- Institute of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Havel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Nazabal
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, CNRS, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Petr Němec
- Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vashishtha A, Balakrishnan SK, Dror Y, Kumar J, Parambil PC, Edri E. What Can Chemical Bonding Tell Us about Photoinduced Phase Transition Reactions in Inorganic Semiconductors? Insight from Bismuth-Antimony Selenide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:22492-22501. [PMID: 39526979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Photoreactive self-healing semiconductors with suitable bandgaps for solar energy conversion offer an intriguing path to making resilient and low-cost photovoltaic devices through the introduction of a self-recovery path. However, only a few inorganic photovoltaic materials have such quality, and the underlying chemical properties that enable it are unknown, which poses a significant limit to our ability to study and discover new self-healing semiconductors. Recently, we have found that antimony trichalcogenide (Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3) and chalcohalides (e.g., SbSeI) can undergo a reversible photoinduced phase transition (PIPT) in which the structure is restored after photoinduced damage incurs to the materials. This group of materials offer a unique opportunity for studying PIPT and its limits. In particular, this group of materials facilitate the study of functional permutation to specific crystalline sites and to finding the limits of PIPT occurrence, which sheds light on the origin of the PIPT and self-recovery of this class of materials. Using Raman spectroscopy of thin films, and following signature vibrations of transition species, we have found that the PIPT magnitude decays upon gradual BiSb(1) substitution in a Sb2-xBixSe3 homologous series, until nearly one in five Sb ions is substituted with Bi. Then, the PIPT diminishes completely. The homologous series occurs along a transition from covalent to metavalent chemical bonding. By expanding our search, we find that a correlation between bonding type and photoreactivity does exist but conclude that it is an insufficient condition. Instead, we suggest, based on bond order and additional DFT calculations, that sufficient bonding states at the bottom of the conduction band are also required. This joint experimental and computational study pushes the limits of designing self-healing inorganic semiconductors for various applications and provides tools for further expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Vashishtha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | | | - Yaniv Dror
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Priyakumari Chakkingal Parambil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali 140306, India
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Eran Edri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Be'er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tang G, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Nan P, Ying P, Gong Y, Zhang X, Ge B, Lin N, Miao X, Song K, Schön CF, Cagnoni M, Kim D, Yu Y, Wuttig M. Interplay between metavalent bonds and dopant orbitals enables the design of SnTe thermoelectrics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9133. [PMID: 39443492 PMCID: PMC11500016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineering the electronic band structures upon doping is crucial to improve the thermoelectric performance of materials. Understanding how dopants influence the electronic states near the Fermi level is thus a prerequisite to precisely tune band structures. Here, we demonstrate that the Sn-s states in SnTe contribute to the density of states at the top of the valence band. This is a consequence of the half-filled p-p σ-bond (metavalent bonding) and its resulting symmetry of the orbital phases at the valence band maximum (L point of the Brillouin zone). This insight provides a recipe for identifying superior dopants. The overlap between the dopant s- and the Te p-state is maximized, if the spatial overlap of both orbitals is maximized and their energetic difference is minimized. This simple design rule has enabled us to screen out Al as a very efficient dopant to enhance the local density of states for SnTe. In conjunction with doping Sb to tune the carrier concentration and alloying with AgBiTe2 to promote band convergence, as well as introducing dislocations to impede phonon propagation, a record-high average ZT of 1.15 between 300 and 873 K and a large ZT of 0.36 at 300 K is achieved in Sn0.8Al0.08Sb0.15Te-4%AgBiTe2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, Engineering Research Center of Materials Behavior and Design, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Yuqi Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, Engineering Research Center of Materials Behavior and Design, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Pengfei Nan
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Pan Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, Engineering Research Center of Materials Behavior and Design, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yaru Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, Engineering Research Center of Materials Behavior and Design, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Nanostructure and Functional Materials, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan, Ningxia, 756000, China.
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Binghui Ge
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xuefei Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Casting Technologies, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, Engineering Research Center of Materials Behavior and Design, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kun Song
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, China
| | | | - Matteo Cagnoni
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politechnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Dasol Kim
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institute-JARA-Institute Energy-Efficient Information Technology (PGI-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52428, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu M, Guo M, Lyu H, Lai Y, Zhu Y, Guo F, Yang Y, Yu K, Dong X, Liu Z, Cai W, Wuttig M, Yu Y, Sui J. Doping strategy in metavalently bonded materials for advancing thermoelectric performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8286. [PMID: 39333543 PMCID: PMC11436876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metavalent bonding is a unique bonding mechanism responsible for exceptional properties of materials used in thermoelectric, phase-change, and optoelectronic devices. For thermoelectrics, the desired performance of metavalently bonded materials can be tuned by doping foreign atoms. Incorporating dopants to form solid solutions or second phases is a crucial route to tailor the charge and phonon transport. Yet, it is difficult to predict if dopants will form a secondary phase or a solid solution, which hinders the tailoring of microstructures and material properties. Here, we propose that the solid solution is more easily formed between metavalently bonded solids, while precipitates prefer to exist in systems mixed by metavalently bonded and other bonding mechanisms. We demonstrate this in a metavalently bonded GeTe compound alloyed with different sulfides. We find that S can dissolve in the GeTe matrix when alloyed with metavalently bonded PbS. In contrast, S-rich second phases are omnipresent via alloying with covalently bonded GeS and SnS. Benefiting from the reduced phonon propagation and the optimized electrical transport properties upon doping PbS in GeTe, a high figure-of-merit ZT of 2.2 at 773 K in (Ge0.84Sb0.06Te0.9)(PbSe)0.05(PbS)0.05 is realized. This strategy can be applied to other metavalently bonded materials to design properties beyond thermoelectrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Muchun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Lyu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yingda Lai
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuke Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fengkai Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Yueyang Yang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kuai Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xingyan Dong
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zihang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Green IT (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jiehe Sui
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang D, Guo L, Yuan Q, Shen K, Li D, Cheng L. Three-Supercenter Two-Electron Bonds in C 16H 10: Two-Dimensional Analogue of Halogen-Bridge Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8137-8143. [PMID: 39284747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-center two-electron bridging bonding plays a vital role in rationalizing structures and stabilities of certain molecules. Herein, the π electron rule of pyrene (C16H10) was unraveled based on a newly proposed two-dimensional (2D) superatomic-molecule theory, where the superatomic sextet rule was regarded as a π electron counting target. C16H10 can be taken as a ◊N2◊F2 superatomic molecule, where ◊N and ◊F denote 2D superatoms bearing 3π and 5π electrons, respectively. Interestingly, it represents the first 2D superatomic halogen-bridge molecule, which realizes π electronic shell-closure via two three-supercenter two-electron bridging bonds. Additionally, a N-doped nanoporous graphene with a wide band gap (1.22 eV) was designed based on C16H10, which can be considered as a periodic aggregate of 2D superatomic wires composed of 2π-◊C and bridging ◊F superatoms. This work enriches the 2D superatomic-molecule chemistry and provides a practicable bottom-up assemble approach to obtain 2D functional materials with tunable band gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lijiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Kaidong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hara T, Hasebe M, Tsuneda T, Naito T, Nakamura Y, Katayama N, Taketsugu T, Sawa H. Unveiling the Nature of Chemical Bonds in Real Space. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23825-23830. [PMID: 39021088 PMCID: PMC11363912 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Recent advent of diverse chemical entities necessitates a re-evaluation of chemical bond concepts, underscoring the importance of experimental evidence. Our prior study introduced a general methodology, termed Core Differential Fourier Synthesis (CDFS), for mapping the distribution of valence electron density (VED) in crystalline substances within real space. In this study, we directly compare the VED distributions obtained through CDFS with those derived from high-accuracy theoretical calculation using long-range corrected density functional theory, which quantitatively reproduces accurate orbital energies. This comparison serves to demonstrate the precision of the CDFS in replicating complex details. The VED patterns observed experimentally exhibited detailed structures and phases of wave functions indicative of sp3 hybrid orbitals, closely aligning with theoretical predictions. This alignment underscores the utility of our approach in gathering quantum chemical data experimentally, a crucial step for discussing the chemical properties, such as reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Department
of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hasebe
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuneda
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate
School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-0013, Japan
| | - Toshio Naito
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Ehime
University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yuiga Nakamura
- Japan
Synchrotron
Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- Department
of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sawa
- Department
of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sarkar D, Bhui A, Maria I, Dutta M, Biswas K. Hidden structures: a driving factor to achieve low thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric performance. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6100-6149. [PMID: 38717749 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The long-range periodic atomic arrangement or the lack thereof in solids typically dictates the magnitude and temperature dependence of their lattice thermal conductivity (κlat). Compared to crystalline materials, glasses exhibit a much-suppressed κlat across all temperatures as the phonon mean free path reaches parity with the interatomic distances therein. While the occurrence of such glass-like thermal transport in crystalline solids captivates the scientific community with its fundamental inquiry, it also holds the potential for profoundly impacting the field of thermoelectric energy conversion. Therefore, efficient manipulation of thermal transport and comprehension of the microscopic mechanisms dictating phonon scattering in crystalline solids are paramount. As quantized lattice vibrations (i.e., phonons) drive κlat, atomistic insights into the chemical bonding characteristics are crucial to have informed knowledge about their origins. Recently, it has been observed that within the highly symmetric 'averaged' crystal structures, often there are hidden locally asymmetric atomic motifs (within a few Å), which exert far-reaching influence on phonon transport. Phenomena such as local atomic off-centering, atomic rattling or tunneling, liquid-like atomic motion, site splitting, local ordering, etc., which arise within a few Å scales, are generally found to drastically disrupt the passage of heat carrying phonons. Despite their profound implication(s) for phonon dynamics, they are often overlooked by traditional crystallographic techniques. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the fundamental aspects of heat transport and explore the status quo of innately low thermally conductive crystalline solids, wherein the phonon dynamics is majorly governed by local structural phenomena. We also discuss advanced techniques capable of characterizing the crystal structure at the sub-atomic level. Subsequently, we delve into the emergent new ideas with examples linked to local crystal structure and lattice dynamics. While discussing the implications of the local structure for thermal conductivity, we provide the state-of-the-art examples of high-performance thermoelectric materials. Finally, we offer our viewpoint on the experimental and theoretical challenges, potential new paths, and the integration of novel strategies with material synthesis to achieve low κlat and realize high thermoelectric performance in crystalline solids via local structure designing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debattam Sarkar
- New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials and International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Animesh Bhui
- New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials and International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Ivy Maria
- New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials and International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Moinak Dutta
- New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials and International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Kanishka Biswas
- New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials and International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Manjón FJ, Osman HH, Savastano M, Vegas Á. Electron-Deficient Multicenter Bonding in Phase Change Materials: A Chance for Reconciliation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2840. [PMID: 38930210 PMCID: PMC11204841 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In the last few years, a controversy has been raised regarding the nature of the chemical bonding present in phase change materials (PCMs), many of which are minerals such as galena (PbS), clausthalite (PbSe), and altaite (PbTe). Two opposite bonding models have claimed to be able to explain the extraordinary properties of PCMs in the last decade: the hypervalent (electron-rich multicenter) bonding model and the metavalent (electron-deficient) bonding model. In this context, a third bonding model, the electron-deficient multicenter bonding model, has been recently added. In this work, we comment on the pros and cons of the hypervalent and metavalent bonding models and briefly review the three approaches. We suggest that both hypervalent and metavalent bonding models can be reconciled with the third way, which considers that PCMs are governed by electron-deficient multicenter bonds. To help supporters of the metavalent and hypervalent bonding model to change their minds, we have commented on the chemical bonding in GeSe and SnSe under pressure and in several polyiodides with different sizes and geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Manjón
- Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Hussien H. Osman
- Instituto de Diseño para la Fabricación y Producción Automatizada, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de la Universitat de València, MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Department of Human Sciences for the Promotion of Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Roma, via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ángel Vegas
- Universidad de Burgos, Hospital del Rey, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhou H, Wang S, Wang H, Wang L, Chen J, Jia G, Yang X. CsZnPbBr 3/ZnS core/shell perovskite nanocrystals for stable and efficient white light-emitting diodes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10064-10070. [PMID: 38712853 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00880d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The widespread applicability of perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) is impeded by their intrinsic instability. A promising solution is utilizing robust chalcogenides as a protective shell to shield the sensitive luminescent cores from the external environment. However, the inferior structural stability and surface lability of PeNCs usually lead to perovskite phase transition during shell growth. Herein, we introduced smaller Zn ions to partially replace Pb ions in perovskites, which reduces the Pb-X bond length and enhances the Pb-X bond energy for inner lattice stabilization. Simultaneously, extra oleylammonium bromide (OAmBr) was added to protect the labile surface of PeNCs by compensating for the detachment of ligands and the loss of surface Br ions. As a result, the dual strategies enable the epitaxial growth of a ZnS shell and significantly enhance the chemical stability of CsZnPbBr3/ZnS core/shell PeNCs. After three thermal cycles ranging from 300 to 450 K, the core/shell PeNCs retained 70% of their initial photoluminescence (PL) intensity. In stark contrast, the pristine CsPbBr3 PeNCs exhibit complete PL quenching after just the first temperature cycle. For practical applications, the green core/shell PeNCs were integrated with commercially available red-emitting phosphors on a blue-emitting InGaN chip to fabricate a white light-emitting diode (WLED), which demonstrates a high luminous efficacy (LE) of 61.3 lm W-1 and nearly constant Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates under varying operating currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Haihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jiayi Chen
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Guohua Jia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Xuyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Müller PC, Elliott SR, Dronskowski R, Jones RO. Chemical bonding in phase-change chalcogenides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:325706. [PMID: 38697198 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad46d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Almost all phase-change memory materials (PCM) contain chalcogen atoms, and their chemical bonds have been denoted both as 'electron-deficient' [sometimes referred to as 'metavalent'] and 'electron-rich' ['hypervalent', multicentre]. The latter involve lone-pair electrons. We have performed calculations that can discriminate unambiguously between these two classes of bond and have shown that PCM have electron-rich, 3c-4e ('hypervalent') bonds. Plots of charge transferred between (ET) and shared with (ES) neighbouring atoms cannot on their own distinguish between 'metavalent' and 'hypervalent' bonds, both of which involve single-electron bonds. PCM do not exhibit 'metavalent' bonding and are not electron-deficient; the bonding is electron-rich of the 'hypervalent' or multicentre type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Müller
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörper- and Quantenchemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S R Elliott
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - R Dronskowski
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörper- and Quantenchemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R O Jones
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Raty JY, Bichara C, Schön CF, Gatti C, Wuttig M. Reply to Lee and Elliott: Changes of bonding upon crystallization in phase change materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2405294121. [PMID: 38683983 PMCID: PMC11087775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405294121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Raty
- Condensed Matter Simulation, Université de Liège, Sart-TilmanB4000, Belgium
| | | | - Carl-Friedrich Schön
- Institute of Physics 1A, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen52074, Germany
| | - Carlo Gatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Milano20133, Italy
- Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, Milano20121, Italy
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics 1A, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen52074, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich52428, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
An D, Zhang S, Zhai X, Yang W, Wu R, Zhang H, Fan W, Wang W, Chen S, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Zhang XM, Wuttig M, Yu Y. Metavalently bonded tellurides: the essence of improved thermoelectric performance in elemental Te. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3177. [PMID: 38609361 PMCID: PMC11014947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Elemental Te is important for semiconductor applications including thermoelectric energy conversion. Introducing dopants such as As, Sb, and Bi has been proven critical for improving its thermoelectric performance. However, the remarkably low solubility of these elements in Te raises questions about the mechanism with which these dopants can improve the thermoelectric properties. Indeed, these dopants overwhelmingly form precipitates rather than dissolve in the Te lattice. To distinguish the role of doping and precipitation on the properties, we have developed a correlative method to locally determine the structure-property relationship for an individual matrix or precipitate. We reveal that the conspicuous enhancement of electrical conductivity and power factor of bulk Te stems from the dopant-induced metavalently bonded telluride precipitates. These precipitates form electrically beneficial interfaces with the Te matrix. A quantum-mechanical-derived map uncovers more candidates for advancing Te thermoelectrics. This unconventional doping scenario adds another recipe to the design options for thermoelectrics and opens interesting pathways for microstructure design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decheng An
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xin Zhai
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Wutao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Riga Wu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Huaide Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wenhao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shaoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghobashy MM, Sharshir AI, Zaghlool RA, Mohamed F. Investigating the impact of electron beam irradiation on electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of XLPE/Co 3O 4 nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4829. [PMID: 38413685 PMCID: PMC10899620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, many researchers aim to fill polymer materials with inorganic nanoparticles to enhance the polymer properties and gain the merits of the polymeric host matrix. Sol-gel synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles are subjected to different doses of electron beam (10, 20, and 30 kGy) to study their physiochemical properties and choose the optimized nanoparticles to fill our polymeric matrix. Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) has been filled with 5 wt % of un-irradiated cobalt oxide nanoparticles using the melt extruder method. The structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of the XLPE/Co3O4 nanocomposite before and after exposure to different doses of electron beam radiation have been characterized. The crystallite size of face-centered cubic spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles has been confirmed by XRD whereas and their unique truncated octahedral shape obviously appears in SEM micrographs. The crystallite size of Co3O4 nanoparticles has decreased from 47.5 to 31.5 nm upon irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy, and significantly decreased to 18.5 nm upon filling inside XLPE matrix. Related to the oxidation effect of the electron beam, the Co2+/Co3+ ratio on the surface of Co3O4 nanoparticles has decreased upon irradiation as verified by XPS technique. This consequently caused the partial elimination of oxygen vacancies, mainly responsible for the weak ferromagnetic behavior of Co3O4 in its nanoscale. This appears as decreased saturation magnetization as depicted by VSM. The XLPE/Co3O4 nanocomposite has also shown weak ferromagnetic behavior but the coercive field (Hc) has increased from 112.57 to 175.72 G upon filling inside XLPE matrix and decreased to 135.18 G after irradiating the nanocomposite at a dose of 30 kGy. The ionic conductivity of XLPE has increased from 0.133 × 10-7 to 2.198 × 10-3 S/cm upon filling with Co3O4 nanoparticles while a slight increase is observed upon irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A I Sharshir
- Solid State and Electronic Accelerators Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - R A Zaghlool
- Solid State and Electronic Accelerators Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - F Mohamed
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wuttig M, Schön C, Kim D, Golub P, Gatti C, Raty J, Kooi BJ, Pendás ÁM, Arora R, Waghmare U. Metavalent or Hypervalent Bonding: Is There a Chance for Reconciliation? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308578. [PMID: 38059800 PMCID: PMC10853697 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A family of solids including crystalline phase change materials such as GeTe and Sb2 Te3 , topological insulators like Bi2 Se3, and halide perovskites such as CsPbI3 possesses an unconventional property portfolio that seems incompatible with ionic, metallic, or covalent bonding. Instead, evidence is found for a bonding mechanism characterized by half-filled p-bands and a competition between electron localization and delocalization. Different bonding concepts have recently been suggested based on quantum chemical bonding descriptors which either define the bonds in these solids as electron-deficient (metavalent) or electron-rich (hypervalent). This disagreement raises concerns about the accuracy of quantum-chemical bonding descriptors is showed. Here independent of the approach chosen, electron-deficient bonds govern the materials mentioned above is showed. A detailed analysis of bonding in electron-rich XeF2 and electron-deficient GeTe shows that in both cases p-electrons govern bonding, while s-electrons only play a minor role. Yet, the properties of the electron-deficient crystals are very different from molecular crystals of electron-rich XeF2 or electron-deficient B2 H6 . The unique properties of phase change materials and related solids can be attributed to an extended system of half-filled bonds, providing further arguments as to why a distinct nomenclature such as metavalent bonding is adequate and appropriate for these solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wuttig
- I. Institute of PhysicsPhysics of Novel MaterialsRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Jülich‐Aachen Research Alliance (JARA FIT and JARA HPC)RWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- Green IT (PGI 10)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Carl‐Friedrich Schön
- I. Institute of PhysicsPhysics of Novel MaterialsRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Dasol Kim
- I. Institute of PhysicsPhysics of Novel MaterialsRWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| | - Pavlo Golub
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryJ. Heyrovský Institute of Physical ChemistryDolejškova 2155/3Prague18223Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR‐SCITECIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”sezione di via Golgi, via Golgi 19Milano20133Italy
| | | | - Bart J. Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747AGThe Netherlands
| | | | - Raagya Arora
- Theoretical Sciences UnitSchool of Advanced MaterialsJNCASRJakkurBangalore560064India
| | - Umesh Waghmare
- Theoretical Sciences UnitSchool of Advanced MaterialsJNCASRJakkurBangalore560064India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Raty JY, Bichara C, Schön CF, Gatti C, Wuttig M. Tailoring chemical bonds to design unconventional glasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316498121. [PMID: 38170754 PMCID: PMC10786265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316498121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Glasses are commonly described as disordered counterparts of the corresponding crystals; both usually share the same short-range order, but glasses lack long-range order. Here, a quantification of chemical bonding in a series of glasses and their corresponding crystals is performed, employing two quantum-chemical bonding descriptors, the number of electrons transferred and shared between adjacent atoms. For popular glasses like SiO2, GeSe2, and GeSe, the quantum-chemical bonding descriptors of the glass and the corresponding crystal hardly differ. This explains why these glasses possess a similar short-range order as their crystals. Unconventional glasses, which differ significantly in their short-range order and optical properties from the corresponding crystals are only found in a distinct region of the map spanned by the two bonding descriptors. This region contains crystals of GeTe, Sb2Te3, and GeSb2Te4, which employ metavalent bonding. Hence, unconventional glasses are only obtained for solids, whose crystals employ theses peculiar bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Raty
- Condensed Matter Simulation, Université de Liège, Sart-TilmanB4000, Belgium
| | - Christophe Bichara
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Carl-Friedrich Schön
- Institute of Physics 1A, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlo Gatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Milano20133, Italy
- Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, Milano20121, Italy
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics 1A, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich52428, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guo M, Liu M, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Guo F, Cai W, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Sui J. Mechanism of Thermoelectric Performance Enhancement in CaMg 2 Bi 2 -Based Materials with Different Cation Site Doping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306251. [PMID: 37691045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical bonds determine electron and phonon transport in solids. Tailoring chemical bonding in thermoelectric materials causes desirable or compromise thermoelectric transport properties. In this work, taking an example of CaMg2 Bi2 with covalent and ionic bonds, density functional theory calculations uncover that element Zn, respectively, replacing Ca and Mg sites cause the weakness of ionic and covalent bonding. Electrically, Zn doping at both Ca and Mg sites increases carrier concentration, while the former leads to higher carrier concentration than that of the latter because of its lower vacancy formation energy. Both doping types increase density-of-state effective mass but their mechanisms are different. The Zn doping Ca site induces resonance level in valence band and Zn doping Mg site promotes orbital alignment. Thermally, point defect and the change of phonon dispersion introduced by doping result in pronounced reduction of lattice thermal conductivity. Finally, combining with the further increase of carrier concentration caused by Na doping and the modulation of band structure and the decrease of lattice thermal conductivity caused by Ba doping, a high figure-of-merit ZT of 1.1 at 823 K in Zn doping Ca sample is realized, which is competitive in 1-2-2 Zintl phase thermoelectric systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muchun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Ming Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuke Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fengkai Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wei Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - QinYong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Jiehe Sui
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fujita T, Chen Y, Kono Y, Takahashi S, Kasai H, Campi D, Bernasconi M, Ohara K, Yumoto H, Koyama T, Yamazaki H, Senba Y, Ohashi H, Inoue I, Hayashi Y, Yabashi M, Nishibori E, Mazzarello R, Wei S. Pressure-induced reversal of Peierls-like distortions elicits the polyamorphic transition in GeTe and GeSe. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7851. [PMID: 38062025 PMCID: PMC10703813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
While polymorphism is prevalent in crystalline solids, polyamorphism draws increasing interest in various types of amorphous solids. Recent studies suggested that supercooling of liquid phase-change materials (PCMs) induces Peierls-like distortions in their local structures, underlying their liquid-liquid transitions before vitrification. However, the mechanism of how the vitrified phases undergo a possible polyamorphic transition remains elusive. Here, using high-energy synchrotron X-rays, we can access the precise pair distribution functions under high pressure and provide clear evidence that pressure can reverse the Peierls-like distortions, eliciting a polyamorphic transition in GeTe and GeSe. Combined with simulations based on machine-learned-neural-network potential, our structural analysis reveals a high-pressure state characterized by diminished Peierls-like distortion, greater coherence length, reduced compressibility, and a narrowing bandgap. Our finding underscores the crucial role of Peierls-like distortions in amorphous octahedral systems including PCMs. These distortions can be controlled through pressure and composition, offering potentials for designing properties in PCM-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Yoshio Kono
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Seiya Takahashi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Davide Campi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Bernasconi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Koji Ohara
- Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hirokatsu Yumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takahisa Koyama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yasunori Senba
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ohashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | | | - Shuai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- iMAT Centre for Integrated Materials Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stenz C, Pries J, Surta TW, Gaultois MW, Wuttig M. Evolution of Short-Range Order of Amorphous GeTe Upon Structural Relaxation Obtained by TEM Diffractometry and RMC Methods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304323. [PMID: 37908162 PMCID: PMC10754132 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Glasses frequently reveal structural relaxation that leads to changes in their physical properties including enthalpy, specific volume, and resistivity. Analyzing the short-range order (SRO) obtained from electron diffraction by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with Reverse-Monte-Carlo (RMC) simulations is shown to provide information on the atomic arrangement. The technique elaborated here features several benefits including reliability, accessibility, and allows for obtaining detailed structural data quickly. This is demonstrated with a detailed view of the structural changes in the as-deposited amorphous phase change material (PCM) GeTe. The data show a significant increase in the average bond angle upon thermal treatment. At the same time the fraction of tetrahedrally coordinated Ge atoms decreases due to an increase in octahedrally distorted and pyramidal motifs. This finding provides further evidence for the atomic processes that govern structural relaxation in amorphous GeTe and other PCMs. A thorough literature review finally unveils possible origins of the large discrepancies reported on the structure of amorphous GeTe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stenz
- Institute of Physics IARWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Julian Pries
- Institute of Physics IARWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | | | - Michael W. Gaultois
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool, Materials Innovation FactoryLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics IARWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hempelmann J, Müller PC, Reitz L, Dronskowski R. Quantum Chemical Similarities of Bonding in Polyiodides and Phase-Change Materials. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37988253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Covalent chemical bonding beyond the two-center two-electron (2c-2e) bond is well-known for (inter)halogenic compounds, in particular, electron-rich multicenter (or hypervalent) bonding of the three-center four-electron (3c-4e) type to explain both their structure and stability. In the present work, we examine different solid-state polyiodides by combining both local orbital wave function and projected force constant analysis in order to numerically quantify the influence of multicenter (hypervalent) bonding based on periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. After linking our findings to established qualitative theories on multicenter bonding, particularly, Alcock's "secondary" bonding, we relate the bonding behavior in polyiodides to industrially relevant phase-change materials of the Ge-Sb-Te class, finding further evidence for the same underlying cause as regards chemical bonding in both material classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hempelmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter C Müller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Linda Reitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-CSD), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yao W, Zhang Y, Lyu T, Huang W, Huang N, Li X, Zhang C, Liu F, Wuttig M, Yu Y, Hong M, Hu L. Two-step phase manipulation by tailoring chemical bonds results in high-performance GeSe thermoelectrics. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100522. [PMID: 37915362 PMCID: PMC10616397 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In thermoelectrics, phase engineering serves a crucial function in determining the power factor by affecting the band degeneracy. However, for low-symmetry compounds, the mainstream one-step phase manipulation strategy, depending solely on the valley or orbital degeneracy, is inadequate to attain a high density-of-states effective mass and exceptional zT. Here, we employ a distinctive two-step phase manipulation strategy through stepwise tailoring chemical bonds in GeSe. Initially, we amplify the valley degeneracy via CdTe alloying, which elevates the crystal symmetry from a covalently bonded orthorhombic to a metavalently bonded rhombohedral phase by significantly suppressing the Peierls distortion. Subsequently, we incorporate Pb to trigger the convergence of multivalence bands and further enhance the density-of-states effective mass by moderately restraining the Peierls distortion. Additionally, the atypical metavalent bonding in rhombohedral GeSe enables a high Ge vacancy concentration and a small band effective mass, leading to increased carrier concentration and mobility. This weak chemical bond along with strong lattice anharmonicity also reduces lattice thermal conductivity. Consequently, this unique property ensemble contributes to an outstanding zT of 0.9 at 773 K for Ge0.80Pb0.20Se(CdTe)0.25. This work underscores the pivotal role of the two-step phase manipulation by stepwise tailoring of chemical bonds in improving the thermoelectric performance of p-bonded chalcogenides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tu Lyu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weibo Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nuoxian Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chaohua Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- PGI 10 (Green IT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Min Hong
- Center for Future Materials and School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Lipeng Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu Y, Yu Y, Zhang H, Qin Y, Wang ZY, Zhan S, Liu D, Lin N, Tao Y, Hong T, Wang S, Ge ZH, Wuttig M, Zhao LD. Large Mobility Enables Higher Thermoelectric Cooling and Power Generation Performance in n-type AgPb 18+xSbTe 20 Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37922502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The room-temperature thermoelectric performance of materials underpins their thermoelectric cooling ability. Carrier mobility plays a significant role in the electronic transport property of materials, especially near room temperature, which can be optimized by proper composition control and growing crystals. Here, we grow Pb-compensated AgPb18+xSbTe20 crystals using a vertical Bridgman method. A large weighted mobility of ∼410 cm2 V-1 s-1 is achieved in the AgPb18.4SbTe20 crystal, which is almost 4 times higher than that of the polycrystalline counterpart due to the elimination of grain boundaries and Ag-rich dislocations verified by atom probe tomography, highlighting the significant benefit of growing crystals for low-temperature thermoelectrics. Due to the largely promoted weighted mobility, we achieve a high power factor of ∼37.8 μW cm-1 K-2 and a large figure of merit ZT of ∼0.6 in AgPb18.4SbTe20 crystal at 303 K. We further designed a 7-pair thermoelectric module using this n-type crystal and a commercial p-type (Bi, Sb)2Te3-based material. As a result, a high cooling temperature difference (ΔT) of ∼42.7 K and a power generation efficiency of ∼3.7% are achieved, revealing promising thermoelectric applications for PbTe-based materials near room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcai Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Huaide Zhang
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongxin Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shaoping Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongrui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yinghao Tao
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tao Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Ge
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Li-Dong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province (2021E10022), Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang C, Lai Q, Wang W, Zhou X, Lan K, Hu L, Cai B, Wuttig M, He J, Liu F, Yu Y. Gibbs Adsorption and Zener Pinning Enable Mechanically Robust High-Performance Bi 2 Te 3 -Based Thermoelectric Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302688. [PMID: 37386820 PMCID: PMC10502665 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Bi2 Te3 -based alloys have great market demand in miniaturized thermoelectric (TE) devices for solid-state refrigeration and power generation. However, their poor mechanical properties increase the fabrication cost and decrease the service durability. Here, this work reports on strengthened mechanical robustness in Bi2 Te3 -based alloys due to thermodynamic Gibbs adsorption and kinetic Zener pinning at grain boundaries enabled by MgB2 decomposition. These effects result in much-refined grain size and twofold enhancement of the compressive strength and Vickers hardness in (Bi0.5 Sb1.5 Te3 )0.97 (MgB2 )0.03 compared with that of traditional powder-metallurgy-derived Bi0.5 Sb1.5 Te3 . High mechanical properties enable excellent cutting machinability in the MgB2 -added samples, showing no missing corners or cracks. Moreover, adding MgB2 facilitates the simultaneous optimization of electron and phonon transport for enhancing the TE figure of merit (ZT). By further optimizing the Bi/Sb ratio, the sample (Bi0.4 Sb1.6 Te3 )0.97 (MgB2 )0.03 shows a maximum ZT of ≈1.3 at 350 K and an average ZT of 1.1 within 300-473 K. As a consequence, robust TE devices with an energy conversion efficiency of 4.2% at a temperature difference of 215 K are fabricated. This work paves a new way for enhancing the machinability and durability of TE materials, which is especially promising for miniature devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional MaterialsShenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of CeramicsGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsInstitute of Deep Underground Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen University518060ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Qiangwen Lai
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional MaterialsShenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of CeramicsGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsInstitute of Deep Underground Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen University518060ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Wu Wang
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH40237DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kailiang Lan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional MaterialsShenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of CeramicsGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsInstitute of Deep Underground Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen University518060ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional MaterialsShenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of CeramicsGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsInstitute of Deep Underground Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen University518060ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Bowen Cai
- Shenzhen Jianju Technology Co. Ltd.518000ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
- PGI 10 (Green IT)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52428JülichGermany
| | - Jiaqing He
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional MaterialsShenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of CeramicsGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsInstitute of Deep Underground Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen University518060ShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA)RWTH Aachen University52056AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang W, Zhang H, Sun S, Wang X, Lu Z, Wang X, Wang J, Jia C, Schön C, Mazzarello R, Ma E, Wuttig M. Metavalent Bonding in Layered Phase-Change Memory Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300901. [PMID: 36995041 PMCID: PMC10214272 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metavalent bonding (MVB) is characterized by the competition between electron delocalization as in metallic bonding and electron localization as in covalent or ionic bonding, serving as an essential ingredient in phase-change materials for advanced memory applications. The crystalline phase-change materials exhibits MVB, which stems from the highly aligned p orbitals and results in large dielectric constants. Breaking the alignment of these chemical bonds leads to a drastic reduction in dielectric constants. In this work, it is clarified how MVB develops across the so-called van der Waals-like gaps in layered Sb2 Te3 and Ge-Sb-Te alloys, where coupling of p orbitals is significantly reduced. A type of extended defect involving such gaps in thin films of trigonal Sb2 Te3 is identified by atomic imaging experiments and ab initio simulations. It is shown that this defect has an impact on the structural and optical properties, which is consistent with the presence of non-negligible electron sharing in the gaps. Furthermore, the degree of MVB across the gaps is tailored by applying uniaxial strain, which results in a large variation of dielectric function and reflectivity in the trigonal phase. At last, design strategies are provided for applications utilizing the trigonal phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Hangming Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Suyang Sun
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Xiaozhe Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Zhewen Lu
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Jiang‐Jing Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Chunlin Jia
- School of MicroelectronicsState Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | | | | | - En Ma
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics IAJARA‐FITRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu Y, Zhou C, Ghosh T, Schön CF, Zhou Y, Wahl S, Raghuwanshi M, Kerres P, Bellin C, Shukla A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Wuttig M. Doping by Design: Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of GeSe Alloys Through Metavalent Bonding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300893. [PMID: 36920476 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Doping is usually the first step to tailor thermoelectrics. It enables precise control of the charge-carrier concentration and concomitant transport properties. Doping should also turn GeSe, which features an intrinsically a low carrier concentration, into a competitive thermoelectric. Yet, elemental doping fails to improve the carrier concentration. In contrast, alloying with Ag-V-VI2 compounds causes a remarkable enhancement of thermoelectric performance. This advance is closely related to a transition in the bonding mechanism, as evidenced by sudden changes in the optical dielectric constant ε∞ , the Born effective charge, the maximum of the optical absorption ε2 (ω), and the bond-breaking behavior. These property changes are indicative of the formation of metavalent bonding (MVB), leading to an octahedral-like atomic arrangement. MVB is accompanied by a thermoelectric-favorable band structure featuring anisotropic bands with small effective masses and a large degeneracy. A quantum-mechanical map, which distinguishes different types of chemical bonding, reveals that orthorhombic GeSe employs covalent bonding, while rhombohedral and cubic GeSe utilize MVB. The transition from covalent to MVB goes along with a pronounced improvement in thermoelectric performance. The failure or success of different dopants can be explained by this concept, which redefines doping rules and provides a "treasure map" to tailor p-bonded chalcogenides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chongjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tanmoy Ghosh
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carl-Friedrich Schön
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophia Wahl
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohit Raghuwanshi
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Kerres
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- PGI 10 (Green IT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christophe Bellin
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Abhay Shukla
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- PGI 10 (Green IT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich - Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT and JARA-HPC), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu R, Yu Y, Jia S, Zhou C, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Wuttig M. Strong charge carrier scattering at grain boundaries of PbTe caused by the collapse of metavalent bonding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:719. [PMID: 36759611 PMCID: PMC9911745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) play a significant role in controlling the transport of mass, heat and charge. To unravel the mechanisms underpinning the charge carrier scattering at GBs, correlative microscopy combined with local transport measurements is realized. For the PbTe material, the strength of carrier scattering at GBs depends on its misorientation angle. A concomitant change in the barrier height is observed, significantly increasing from low- to high-angle GBs. Atom probe tomography measurements reveal a disruption of metavalent bonding (MVB) at the dislocation cores of low-angle GBs, as evidenced by the abrupt change in bond-rupture behavior. In contrast, MVB is completely destroyed at high-angle GBs, presumably due to the increased Peierls distortion. The collapse of MVB is accompanied by a breakdown of the dielectric screening, which explains the enlarged GB barrier height. These findings correlate charge carrier scattering with bonding locally, promising new avenues for the design of advanced functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riga Wu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuan Yu
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Shuo Jia
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chongjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, and Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics (IA), RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 14, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI 10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|